1983:
wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes). Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.
2218:
1227:
1540:
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59:
1916:. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.
2644:
5856:
1571:
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4357:
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1998:
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2153:, is a type of vinegar made from sour grapes in the Middle East. It is produced by crushing unripened grapes, collecting and salting the juice, simmering it to remove foam, and then storing it with a layer of olive oil to prevent contamination and oxidation. It is then used as an acidic ingredient in salads and stuffed vegetables. Unripened
1954:. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern
2813:
According to A. de
Candolle (L'Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit
1982:
Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils. Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or
2421:
Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities, some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits. Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.
2240:) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties. Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with
708:
wine jars, which were discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s, were the oldest of their kind in the world, dating back to 3,500 BC. Moreover, Commandaria, a sweet dessert wine from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world, its origins traced as far back as 2000 BC.
2751:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2136:, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.
3733:
Xu, Changmou; Yagiz, Yavuz; Zhao, Lu; Simonne, Amarat; Lu, Jiang; Marshall, Maurice R. (2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States".
2007:
In most of Europe and North
America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents.
641:, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in
2827:
2750:
3403:
Parry, J.; Su, L.; Moore, J.; Cheng, Z.; Luther, M.; Rao, J. N.; Wang, J. Y.; Yu, L. L. (2006). "Chemical
Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours".
1928:
by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using
2081:
of
Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.
750:
that grow in clusters of 15 to 300 and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape.
3847:
Beveridge, T. H. J.; Girard, B.; Kopp, T.; Drover, J. C. G. (2005). "Yield and
Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects".
2398:
and is thought to occur due to the protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine, among other dietary practices. Alcohol consumption in moderation may be cardioprotective by its minor
3882:
Crews, C.; Hough, P.; Godward, J.; Brereton, P.; Lees, M.; Guiet, S.; Winkelmann, W. (2006). "Quantitation of the Main
Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin".
2942:
2070:, two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.
3591:
Muhlack, Richard A.; Potumarthi, Ravichandra; Jeffery, David W. (2018). "Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products".
2885:
2730:
1906:(wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked. While almost all of them belong to the same species,
2858:
697:
growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in
3917:
Tangolar, S. G. K.; Özoğul, Y. I.; Tangolar, >S.; Torun, A. (2009). "Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes".
3358:, in "Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates", Information Bulletin 234, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, retrieved December 30, 2008.
3645:
Cantos, E.; Espín, J. C.; Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2002). "Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS".
615:
3023:
1238:(FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as
102:
The cultivation of grapes began approximately 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food throughout its history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as
2357:
grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.
3351:
2390:
Comparing diets among
Western countries, researchers have discovered that, although French people tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of
3168:
Brouillard, R.; Chassaing, S.; Fougerousse, A. (2003). "Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?".
2120:. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the
1941:
4055:
3982:
Li, X.; Wu, B.; Wang, L.; Li, S. (2006). "Extractable
Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level".
6140:
4205:
1213:
3001:
2493:. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The
6953:
1945:
2814:
without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.
3540:
Gómez-Brandón, María; Lores, Marta; Insam, Heribert; Domínguez, Jorge (2019-04-02). "Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc".
2950:
4109:
De Lange, D. W.; Van De Wiel, A. (2004). "Drink to
Prevent: Review on the Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Alcohol and Red Wine Polyphenols".
901:, a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to
5506:
4043:
861:, a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:
3501:
Cosme, F., Pinto, T., & Vilela, A. (2018). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: A chemical and sensory view.
2436:
The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop
5444:
3812:
Mattivi, F.; Guzzon, R.; Vrhovsek, U.; Stefanini, M.; Velasco, R. (2006). "Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins".
4222:
3777:
Pastrana-Bonilla, E.; Akoh, C. C.; Sellappan, S.; Krewer, G. (2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes".
3334:
6958:
4403:
2876:
2758:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1249:
There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is
771:
in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a
3681:
2722:
1936:
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources:
1253:, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600 km (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is
5913:
3473:
3230:
7110:
5184:
4255:
4152:
Sato, M.; Maulik, N.; Das, D. K. (2002). "Cardioprotection with alcohol: Role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants".
2244:, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.
5060:
4342:
2763:
2181:
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called
7125:
7026:
4068:
Mukamal, K. J.; Kennedy, M.; Cushman, M.; Kuller, L. H.; Newman, A. B.; Polak, J.; Criqui, M. H.; Siscovick, D. S. (2007).
2777:
1961:
An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched
3259:
3213:
2595:
6613:
4309:
4284:
5110:
717:
633:
is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.
5164:
5090:
3063:
2980:
2658:
2466:. Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages sometimes use grape juice as the "cup" or "wine" in the
2431:
2374:
1235:
2924:
4017:
Providência, R. (2006). "Cardiovascular protection from alcoholic drinks: Scientific basis of the French Paradox".
3368:
Shi, J.; Yu, J.; Pohorly, J. E.; Kakuda, Y. (2003). "Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality".
3348:
5614:
3963:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11 June 2015
4501:
3037:
4833:
4070:"Alcohol Consumption and Lower Extremity Arterial Disease among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study"
2104:
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or
5537:
5169:
4396:
2583:
1242:. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no
4999:
2568:
611:
7120:
6710:
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2903:
2718:
3311:
3288:
2497:(1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt.
1924:
Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are
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5906:
5189:
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17:
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compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.
1902:
or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make
5316:
2993:
2453:
2320:
720:, but they were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century,
602:
4202:
7031:
6739:
5511:
5409:
5321:
5239:
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114:), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in
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5419:
4389:
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because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the
2124:
industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "
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5521:
5374:
5115:
5095:
4559:
4420:
4412:
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660:
was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that
2189:. Grape pomace – some 10-30% of the total mass of grapes crushed – contains various
499:
7115:
6963:
6276:
5899:
5542:
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5249:
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44:
2458:
Christians have traditionally used wine during worship services as a means of remembering the
1226:
460:
5478:
5424:
5244:
4624:
3459:
2685:
2610:
473:
3076:
Walker, A. R.; Lee, E.; Bogs, J.; McDavid, D. A. J.; Thomas, M. R.; Robinson, S. P. (2007).
6313:
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5583:
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3326:
3177:
3126:
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2437:
2332:
2229:
1930:
768:
525:
486:
96:
1246:" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
913:(the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from
8:
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6554:
6364:
6339:
6017:
5607:
5496:
5473:
4803:
3709:
3682:"Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines"
3481:
2277:
and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.
2250:
grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes. In muscadine skins,
2105:
694:
614:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4869:
4486:
4165:
3604:
3181:
3130:
2185:(also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as
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for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).
1913:
1258:
909:
889:
690:
512:
440:
224:
6927:
5736:
4223:"Why do most Methodist churches serve grape juice instead of wine for Holy Communion?"
3189:
3078:"White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes"
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7000:
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39:
This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. For the European grapevine, see
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3154:
809:-ounce) reference amount of raw grapes supplies 288 kilojoules (69 kilocalories) of
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6523:
6174:
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6145:
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3134:
3089:
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772:
756:
329:
6776:
4854:
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4768:
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2798:
893:(the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma
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Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.
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proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many
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58:
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Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine
2753:
2486:
2395:
2385:
2296:
2290:
1950:
1908:
1266:
918:
885:), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.
874:
857:
763:, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other
730:
649:
78:
40:
3930:
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2190:
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2046:
1962:
897:
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735:
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682:
678:
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638:
180:
107:
4361:
1912:, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through
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record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient
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686:
669:
634:
551:
156:
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4629:
4122:
2717:
738:, which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.
712:
In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus
7036:
6988:
6983:
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6727:
6688:
6673:
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2128:". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from
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878:, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the
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119:
82:
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2485:, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine become the
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Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either
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3327:"WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine"
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grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually
2059:
1955:
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764:
653:
379:
258:
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2205:, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and
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2975:, New Illustrated Edition, pp. 58, 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004,
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2113:
2054:
Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French
2013:
2001:
1992:
1270:
902:
665:
657:
656:, dating to around 4000 BC. By the 9th century AD, the city of
362:
103:
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6791:
6734:
6427:
6231:
6222:
6194:
6158:
6078:
5623:
5302:
5138:
4934:
4644:
4569:
3524:
Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages
2414:
2162:
1997:
834:
747:
661:
170:
91:
74:
50:
6591:
5022:
2629:
6816:
6786:
6476:
6402:
6352:
6301:
6248:
5562:
5404:
5359:
4067:
3916:
2394:
remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the
2125:
2121:
2109:
1903:
86:
2826:
This, Patrice; Lacombe, Thierry; Thomash, Mark R. (2006).
2723:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
6796:
6060:
3881:
3846:
3644:
3263:
2828:"Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes"
2744:
1872:
792:
200:
5592:
3590:
118:. Other grape-derived products include various types of
3526:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi. p. 116.
2878:
Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture
3679:
2165:
are mentioned in a 12th century document found in the
704:
In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that some
3321:
3319:
3919:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
3075:
2874:
2625:
2425:
668:, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make
4108:
3289:"Ranking Of Countries That Produce The Most Grapes"
2169:. In Iran, a sour grape vinegar is used for making
3732:
3439:
3367:
3316:
2755:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
4337:(Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI.
4215:
3680:Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ (1996).
3438:
3402:
2904:"Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture"
1986:
450:
268:
7092:
2666:, a traditional Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes
2477:continues to use wine in the celebration of the
2440:(the sudden development of kidney failure) with
2132:, while white grape juice is commonly made from
2025:, the word in French refers to the fresh fruit;
931:Top grape exporting countries by years (in USD)
99:type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
6954:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2444:(a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.
4281:"The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist"
2943:"Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave"
1221:
135:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
62:"Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green)
6607:
5907:
5608:
5054:
4397:
4151:
2711:
2266:, and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.
5507:Effects of climate change on wine production
3231:"The most widely planted grape in the world"
3117:Waterhouse, A. L. (2002). "Wine phenolics".
2689:, a poisonous species resembling wild grapes
2489:and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as
2176:
4016:
3312:Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert
2901:
6614:
6600:
5914:
5900:
5615:
5601:
5061:
5047:
4404:
4390:
4154:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3984:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3981:
3884:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3849:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3814:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3779:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3647:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3406:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3119:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3116:
2719:United States Food and Drug Administration
6959:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4085:
3640:
3638:
3093:
1230:Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012.
4256:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1413"
4044:Alcohol, wine and cardiovascular disease
3535:
3533:
3211:Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012
3048:
2495:Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church
2408:
2216:
2089:
1996:
1889:
1885:
1225:
838:
57:
49:
27:Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters
4333:Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009).
3805:
3584:
2193:, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol,
2033:is derived) refers to the bunch (as in
843:Concord is a variety of North American
759:of white grapes turn off production of
14:
7093:
5921:
3635:
3264:UN Food & Agriculture Organization
1873:UN Food & Agriculture Organization
1504:Top grape producing countries by years
6595:
5895:
5596:
5042:
4385:
3728:
3726:
3530:
3347:Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens M-H.
2965:
7027:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
3518:
3460:participating institution membership
2940:
2307:products. Grape seed oil, including
4411:
4306:"Altar wine, Catholic encyclopedia"
3953:
2819:
851:Most domesticated grapes come from
637:, one of the earliest domesticated
24:
5735:
5111:International Grape Genome Program
4327:
4174:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02911.x
4058:. Harvard School of Public Health.
3723:
3512:
3260:"Production of Grape by countries"
3139:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x
2077:was originally a raisin made from
1966:
1919:
1257:. Other popular varieties include
870:, the most important Asian species
767:chemicals of the larger family of
25:
7142:
5091:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
4349:
4019:Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
3542:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
2659:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2432:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
2426:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
2379:
2375:Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
1236:Food and Agriculture Organization
7075:
7074:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5854:
5579:
5578:
5021:
4369:
4355:
4074:American Journal of Epidemiology
3337:from the original on 2011-07-16.
3095:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x
2891:from the original on 2013-10-04.
2642:
2628:
2609:
2594:
2582:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2360:
2037:). A raisin in French is called
1817:
1786:
1755:
1724:
1693:
1662:
1631:
1600:
1569:
1538:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1391:
1375:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1311:
5068:
4312:from the original on 2012-02-05
4298:
4287:from the original on 2012-01-11
4273:
4248:
4196:
4145:
4102:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4010:
3975:
3910:
3875:
3840:
3770:
3673:
3495:
3474:"Thompson Seedless Grape Juice"
3466:
3432:
3396:
3361:
3341:
3305:
3281:
3252:
3223:
3204:
3161:
3110:
3069:
3030:
3016:
3004:from the original on 2018-01-09
2986:
2941:Owen, James (12 January 2011).
2799:"ANGŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2780:from the original on 2024-05-09
2733:from the original on 2024-03-27
2413:Using grape leaves in cuisine (
4212:. The Merck Veterinary Manual.
3748:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163
2998:Better Health Channel Victoria
2934:
2914:
2895:
2884:. Princeton University Press.
2868:
2791:
2464:shed for the remission of sins
2447:
2338:
2299:from crushed seeds is used in
2273:, syringetin 3-O-galactoside,
1987:Raisins, currants and sultanas
783:Raw grapes are 81% water, 18%
741:
13:
1:
7111:Crops originating from Europe
6621:
5538:Glossary of viticulture terms
5170:Diurnal temperature variation
4360:The dictionary definition of
4308:. Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01.
4283:. Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01.
4111:Seminars in Vascular Medicine
4046:. American Heart Association.
3554:10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514
3190:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1
2875:McGovern, Patrick E. (2003).
2704:
828:
728:, cultivated seeds from wild
89:of the flowering plant genus
5548:Glossary of winemaking terms
4502:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
4258:. Vatican.va. Archived from
3613:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011
1965:content of grape seeds (see
778:
610:Percentages estimated using
7:
7126:Flora of Palestine (region)
7057:Issues relating to biofuels
7047:Energy return on investment
4231:The United Methodist Church
2621:
2321:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2139:
1977:
1293:Top producers of grapesfor
1222:Distribution and production
603:Link to USDA Database entry
10:
7147:
5317:Integrated pest management
3382:10.1089/109662003772519831
3038:"Oldest manufactured wine"
2500:
2454:Christian views on alcohol
2451:
2429:
2383:
2364:
2342:
2284:
2232:in purple grapes, whereas
2097:
2017:is any dried grape. While
1990:
832:
624:
145:288 kJ (69 kcal)
38:
31:
7070:
7032:Energy content of biofuel
7014:
6946:
6862:
6753:
6629:
6566:
6550:Tizra heartwood and root
6507:
6475:
6426:
6401:
6351:
6300:
6124:
6115:
6083:Tanner's sumach leaves -
6014:
5930:
5849:
5806:
5790:
5747:
5733:
5639:
5630:
5622:
5576:
5530:
5512:Environmental stewardship
5487:
5393:
5350:
5268:
5225:
5155:
5076:
5016:
4842:
4749:Malvasia Bianca di Candia
4676:
4667:
4550:
4437:
4428:
4419:
3931:10.1080/09637480701581551
3698:10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57
3447:Oxford English Dictionary
3370:Journal of Medicinal Food
3058:(Mitchell Beazley, 1986,
3056:Vines, Grapes & Wines
2920:Keys, David (2003-12-28)
2847:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008
2693:Propagation of grapevines
2177:Pomace and phytochemicals
1948:, all being cultivars of
1868:
1211:
813:and a moderate amount of
609:
599:
595:
587:
575:
571:
563:
550:
537:
524:
511:
498:
485:
472:
459:
438:
434:
430:
417:
404:
391:
378:
361:
345:
328:
311:
294:
277:
256:
252:
248:
241:
237:
221:
217:
213:
197:
193:
189:
179:
169:
153:
149:
139:
134:
7006:Thermal depolymerization
6979:Industrial biotechnology
5992:Myrtan or black marlock
5881:Category:Vegetable juice
5440:Great French Wine Blight
2280:
2085:
2029:(from which the English
925:
825:in significant amounts.
664:red wine is named after
32:Not to be confused with
6974:Fischer–Tropsch process
6964:Biomass heating systems
6575:Anadenanthera colubrina
5522:Sustainable agriculture
5303:Frost damage prevention
5185:Regional climate levels
4645:Syrah / Shiraz
4560:Alicante Henri Bouschet
3452:Oxford University Press
2680:List of grape varieties
2315:) and high contents of
2212:
1972:
1926:vegetatively propagated
1894:Wine grapes on the vine
612:US recommendations
6277:Myracrodruon urundeuva
5741:
5543:Glossary of wine terms
3266:. 2011. Archived from
3042:Guinness World Records
2698:The Fox and the Grapes
2418:
2367:Health effects of wine
2222:
2095:
2004:
1895:
1231:
848:
791:, and have negligible
726:Concord, Massachusetts
616:the National Academies
66:
55:
45:Grape (disambiguation)
43:. For other uses, see
5739:
4123:10.1055/s-2004-835376
3478:sweetwatercellars.com
3024:"Wine History Cyprus"
2686:Menispermum canadense
2603:La Union, Philippines
2460:blood of Jesus Christ
2412:
2220:
2093:
2035:une grappe de raisins
2000:
1893:
1886:Table and wine grapes
1229:
842:
795:(table). A 100-gram (
746:Grapes are a type of
243:Vitamins and minerals
61:
53:
6314:Bergenia crassifolia
6036:Anogeissus latifolia
6018:hydrolysable tannins
5871:Category:Fruit juice
4507:Muscat of Alexandria
4378:at Wikimedia Commons
2675:List of grape dishes
2438:acute kidney failure
2333:alpha-linolenic acid
2228:tend to be the main
734:vines to create the
130:Grapes, red or green
7121:Plants in the Bible
7062:Sustainable biofuel
6555:Searsia pentaphylla
6365:Rumex hymenosepalus
6340:Coriaria myrtifolia
6089:or Chinese gall on
5497:Adaptive management
4804:Trebbiano Romagnolo
4689:Ansonica / Inzolia
4166:2002NYASA.957..122S
3605:2018WaMan..72...99M
3450:(Online ed.).
3182:2003PChem..64.1179B
3131:2002NYASA.957...21W
2973:"The Story of Wine"
2947:National Geographic
2221:Grape cross-section
1507:
1298:
932:
650:oldest known winery
330:Pantothenic acid (B
131:
126:, vinegar and oil.
95:. Grapes are a non-
79:botanically a berry
6567:Undetermined organ
6519:sp. bark and wood
6496:Quercus infectoria
6489:Quercus lusitanica
6440:Libidibia coriaria
6211:Conocarpus erectus
6071:Quercus macrolepis
6048:Terminalia chebula
5997:Eucalyptus redunca
5814:Cold-pressed juice
5742:
5415:Botrytis bunch rot
5235:Grapevine planting
5165:Climate categories
4754:Melon de Bourgogne
4580:Cabernet Sauvignon
4208:2007-09-29 at the
4087:10.1093/aje/kwm274
3686:Am. J. Enol. Vitic
3354:2008-06-19 at the
3216:2011-07-13 at the
3066:), pp. 8, 18, 228.
2927:2013-06-03 at the
2835:Trends in Genetics
2491:transubstantiation
2419:
2287:Grape seed extract
2223:
2096:
2056:raisin de Corinthe
2005:
1914:selective breeding
1896:
1503:
1297:, by area planted
1292:
1259:Cabernet Sauvignon
1232:
930:
910:Vitis rotundifolia
890:Vitis mustangensis
849:
577:Other constituents
129:
67:
56:
7088:
7087:
7001:Sabatier reaction
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6415:Senegalia catechu
6377:Quercus coccifera
5985:Acacia mollissima
5934:condensed tannins
5889:
5888:
5590:
5589:
5435:Grapevine yellows
5036:
5035:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
4794:Torrontés Riojano
4663:
4662:
4537:Trebbiano Toscano
4374:Media related to
4343:978-1-84593-401-9
4025:(11): 1043–1058.
3996:10.1021/jf061722y
3990:(23): 8804–8811.
3896:10.1021/jf060338y
3890:(17): 6261–6265.
3861:10.1021/jf040295q
3826:10.1021/jf061538c
3820:(20): 7692–7702.
3791:10.1021/jf030113c
3785:(18): 5497–5503.
3659:10.1021/jf0204102
3653:(20): 5691–5696.
3458:(Subscription or
3418:10.1021/jf060325k
3412:(11): 3773–3778.
3349:"Seedless Grapes"
3082:The Plant Journal
3054:Jancis Robinson,
2931:. archaeology.ws.
2803:iranicaonline.org
2765:978-0-309-48834-1
2576:Troodos Mountains
2157:grapes sent from
1938:Thompson Seedless
1883:
1882:
1878:
1506:(in metric tons)
1501:
1500:
1234:According to the
1219:
1218:
821:), with no other
622:
621:
567:
566:
16:(Redirected from
7138:
7078:
7077:
6922:Pongamia pinnata
6616:
6609:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6543:Notholithocarpus
6524:Prosopis humilis
6206:Button mangrove
6175:Senna auriculata
6152:Acacia decurrens
6146:Acacia pycnantha
6122:
6121:
6043:Myrobalan fruit
5916:
5909:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5879:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5861:Drink portal
5859:
5858:
5857:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5582:
5581:
5466:Uncinula necator
5455:Pierce's disease
5063:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5026:
5025:
4985:Touriga Nacional
4880:Corvina Veronese
4799:Trebbiano Giallo
4789:Roupeiro / Siria
4674:
4673:
4487:Grüner Veltliner
4482:Glera / Prosecco
4435:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4373:
4359:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4233:. Archived from
4219:
4213:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3855:(5): 1799–1804.
3844:
3838:
3837:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3708:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3593:Waste Management
3588:
3582:
3581:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3470:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3365:
3359:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3323:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3237:. Archived from
3227:
3221:
3220:faostat.fao.org.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3176:(7): 1179–1186.
3165:
3159:
3158:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3073:
3067:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3000:. October 2015.
2990:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2949:. Archived from
2938:
2932:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2906:. Archived from
2902:McGovern, P. E.
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2857:. Archived from
2832:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2715:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2613:
2598:
2586:
2574:Vineyard in the
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2147:, also known as
1942:Russian Seedless
1877:(F=FAO estimate)
1876:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1291:
933:
929:
808:
807:
803:
800:
773:prolate spheroid
757:regulatory genes
718:Native Americans
676:Ancient Egyptian
454:
366:
350:
333:
316:
299:
282:
272:
239:
238:
132:
128:
21:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7131:Flora of Israel
7091:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7066:
7042:Energy forestry
7010:
6942:
6904:Jatropha curcas
6865:
6858:
6766:Camelina sativa
6756:
6749:
6625:
6620:
6590:
6581:
6562:
6503:
6471:
6464:Moullava digyna
6452:Acacia nilotica
6422:
6397:
6347:
6296:
6187:Acacia nilotica
6137:
6133:General :
6117:
6111:
6016:
6010:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5890:
5885:
5855:
5853:
5845:
5802:
5786:
5749:Vegetable juice
5743:
5731:
5635:
5626:
5621:
5591:
5586:
5572:
5558:Outline of wine
5526:
5517:Organic farming
5502:Biodynamic wine
5489:
5483:
5474:Red spider mite
5395:
5389:
5346:
5308:Green harvest (
5293:Erosion control
5270:
5264:
5245:Row orientation
5227:
5221:
5157:
5151:
5096:Grape varieties
5078:
5072:
5067:
5037:
5032:
5028:Food portal
5020:
5004:
4838:
4719:Fetească regală
4669:
4659:
4546:
4527:Sauvignon blanc
4462:Cayetana blanca
4430:
4421:Grape varieties
4415:
4413:Grape varieties
4410:
4352:
4330:
4328:Further reading
4325:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4210:Wayback Machine
4201:
4197:
4150:
4146:
4107:
4103:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4015:
4011:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3915:
3911:
3880:
3876:
3845:
3841:
3810:
3806:
3775:
3771:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3678:
3674:
3643:
3636:
3589:
3585:
3538:
3531:
3517:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3437:
3433:
3401:
3397:
3366:
3362:
3356:Wayback Machine
3346:
3342:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3218:Wayback Machine
3209:
3205:
3166:
3162:
3115:
3111:
3074:
3070:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2929:Wayback Machine
2919:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2589:seedless grapes
2587:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2560:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2503:
2475:Catholic Church
2456:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2365:Main articles:
2363:
2349:Resveratrol, a
2347:
2341:
2293:
2285:Main articles:
2283:
2215:
2179:
2142:
2102:
2088:
2041:("dry grape").
1995:
1989:
1980:
1975:
1922:
1920:Seedless grapes
1888:
1879:
1818:
1816:
1787:
1785:
1756:
1754:
1725:
1723:
1694:
1692:
1663:
1661:
1632:
1630:
1601:
1599:
1570:
1568:
1539:
1537:
1505:
1488:
1486:
1472:
1470:
1456:
1454:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1390:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1312:
1310:
1263:Sauvignon blanc
1224:
928:
867:Vitis amurensis
837:
831:
805:
801:
798:
796:
781:
744:
627:
605:
600:
558:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
480:
467:
455:
425:
412:
399:
386:
373:
364:
356:
348:
340:
331:
323:
314:
306:
297:
289:
280:
273:
244:
233:
228:
209:
204:
165:
160:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6918:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6893:Chinese tallow
6890:
6883:
6878:
6870:
6868:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6761:
6759:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6740:Water hyacinth
6737:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6596:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:Prosopis nigra
6527:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6481:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6435:Divi-divi pod
6432:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:Uncaria gambir
6319:
6318:
6317:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6156:
6143:(most notably
6138:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:Rhus chinensis
6076:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5974:Vitis vinifera
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5938:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5863:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5633:List of juices
5631:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5460:Powdery mildew
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5310:Vendange verte
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Trellis design
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5146:Vitis vinifera
5142:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:Touriga Franca
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4885:Criolla Grande
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4759:Muscat Ottonel
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Grenache blanc
4736:
4734:Gewürztraminer
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:Cabernet Franc
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4542:Welschriesling
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:Müller-Thurgau
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4367:
4351:
4350:External links
4348:
4347:
4346:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4297:
4272:
4247:
4214:
4203:Raisins/Grapes
4195:
4160:(1): 122–135.
4144:
4117:(2): 173–186.
4101:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4009:
3974:
3952:
3909:
3874:
3839:
3804:
3769:
3736:Food Chemistry
3722:
3672:
3634:
3583:
3548:(4): 437–450.
3529:
3511:
3494:
3465:
3431:
3395:
3376:(4): 291–299.
3360:
3340:
3331:WineLoversPage
3315:
3304:
3280:
3251:
3235:freshplaza.com
3222:
3203:
3170:Phytochemistry
3160:
3109:
3088:(5): 772–785.
3068:
3047:
3029:
3015:
2985:
2971:Hugh Johnson,
2964:
2933:
2913:
2910:on 2013-05-30.
2894:
2867:
2864:on 2013-10-04.
2841:(9): 511–519.
2818:
2790:
2764:
2743:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2601:Grapes in the
2600:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2550:Grapes in Iran
2549:
2542:
2540:
2538:Immature fruit
2537:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2449:
2446:
2430:Main article:
2427:
2424:
2396:French paradox
2386:French paradox
2384:Main article:
2381:
2380:French paradox
2378:
2362:
2359:
2343:Main article:
2340:
2337:
2301:cosmeceuticals
2297:Grape seed oil
2291:Grape seed oil
2282:
2279:
2269:The flavonols
2214:
2211:
2191:phytochemicals
2178:
2175:
2141:
2138:
2134:Niagara grapes
2130:Concord grapes
2108:and made into
2098:Main article:
2087:
2084:
2079:Sultana grapes
1991:Main article:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1951:Vitis vinifera
1931:tissue culture
1921:
1918:
1909:Vitis vinifera
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:United States
1371:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1267:Cabernet Franc
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:United States
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:Gulf of Mexico
906:
894:
886:
875:Vitis labrusca
871:
858:Vitis vinifera
833:Main article:
830:
827:
823:micronutrients
780:
777:
743:
740:
731:Vitis labrusca
639:microorganisms
626:
623:
620:
619:
607:
606:
601:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
585:
584:
579:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:
548:
547:
543:
541:
535:
534:
530:
528:
522:
521:
517:
515:
509:
508:
504:
502:
496:
495:
491:
489:
483:
482:
478:
476:
470:
469:
465:
463:
457:
456:
449:
444:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
423:
421:
415:
414:
410:
408:
402:
401:
397:
395:
389:
388:
384:
382:
376:
375:
371:
369:
359:
358:
354:
352:
343:
342:
338:
336:
326:
325:
321:
319:
309:
308:
304:
302:
292:
291:
287:
285:
275:
274:
267:
262:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
235:
234:
231:
229:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
205:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
163:
161:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
41:Vitis vinifera
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7143:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7116:Edible fruits
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7081:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Food vs. fuel
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6694:vegetable oil
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6384:Sea lavender
6383:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6116:Other sources
6114:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:Rhus coriaria
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5943:Areca catechu
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5925:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5882:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5862:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:Juice fasting
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:Animal liquid
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Vine training
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:Environmental
5154:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5001:
5000:See full list
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Tinta Barroca
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Ruby Cabernet
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Pinot Meunier
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Blaufränkisch
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4834:See full list
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Pedro Ximénez
4772:
4770:
4769:Pedro Giménez
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Fetească albă
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Montepulciano
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Palomino Fino
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4366:at Wiktionary
4365:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4262:on 2011-06-09
4261:
4257:
4251:
4237:on 2009-02-11
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3962:
3961:"Resveratrol"
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3712:on 2006-11-19
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3509:(1), 22, p. 9
3508:
3504:
3498:
3484:on 2012-03-25
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3294:
3293:beef2live.com
3290:
3284:
3270:on 2011-07-13
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3241:on 2013-05-10
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3064:1-85732-999-6
3061:
3057:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2981:1-84000-972-1
2978:
2974:
2968:
2953:on 2017-06-03
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2616:Moldy grapes.
2612:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:Lord's Supper
2465:
2461:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:anticoagulant
2397:
2393:
2392:heart disease
2387:
2376:
2372:
2371:Grape therapy
2368:
2361:Health claims
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:linoleic acid
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:polyphenolics
2227:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2171:Shirazi salad
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1970:
1968:
1967:Health claims
1964:
1963:phytochemical
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:Black Monukka
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:United States
1567:
1564:
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1553:
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1547:
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1533:
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1528:
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1416:
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1400:
1389:
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1384:
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1228:
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1197:
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1188:
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1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
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1151:
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1145:
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1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
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1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
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1088:
1085:
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1079:
1076:
1073:
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1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:South Africa
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
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967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
934:
920:
916:
912:
911:
907:
904:
900:
899:
898:Vitis riparia
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
846:
841:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
794:
790:
786:
785:carbohydrates
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
739:
737:
736:Concord grape
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
707:
702:
700:
699:North America
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:hieroglyphics
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:was found in
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
617:
613:
608:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
562:
555:
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549:
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540:
536:
529:
527:
523:
516:
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510:
503:
501:
497:
490:
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484:
477:
475:
471:
464:
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458:
453:
448:
445:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
422:
420:
416:
409:
407:
403:
396:
394:
390:
383:
381:
377:
370:
368:
360:
353:
351:
344:
337:
335:
327:
320:
318:
310:
303:
301:
296:Riboflavin (B
293:
286:
284:
276:
271:
266:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
240:
236:
230:
227:
226:
220:
216:
212:
206:
203:
202:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
181:Dietary fiber
178:
174:
172:
168:
162:
159:
158:
157:Carbohydrates
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
60:
52:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6885:
6881:Big bluestem
6873:
6866:energy crops
6821:
6781:
6764:
6573:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6494:
6487:
6462:
6450:
6438:
6413:
6387:
6375:
6363:
6338:
6326:
6312:
6289:Salix caprea
6287:
6275:
6265:
6253:
6236:
6221:
6209:
6199:
6185:
6173:
6163:
6150:
6144:
6104:Tara spinosa
6102:
6090:
6084:
6069:
6066:Valonia oak
6046:
6034:
5995:
5983:
5980:Mimosa bark
5973:
5968:
5959:
5950:arecatannins
5941:
5740:Orange juice
5464:
5430:Downy mildew
5342:Weed control
5332:Millerandage
5309:
5180:Microclimate
5144:
5137:
5119:
5106:Hybrid grape
5100:
5086:Ampelography
5079:horticulture
4940:Petit Verdot
4930:Nero d'Avola
4915:Black Muscat
4709:Fernão Pires
4595:Cot / Malbec
4472:Chenin blanc
4362:
4334:
4314:. Retrieved
4300:
4289:. Retrieved
4275:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:the original
4250:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4226:
4217:
4198:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4080:(1): 34–41.
4077:
4073:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3955:
3925:(1): 32–39.
3922:
3918:
3912:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3739:
3735:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3692:(1): 57–62.
3689:
3685:
3675:
3650:
3646:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3545:
3541:
3523:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3477:
3468:
3445:
3434:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3343:
3330:
3307:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3272:. Retrieved
3268:the original
3254:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:the original
3234:
3225:
3206:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3125:(1): 21–36.
3122:
3118:
3112:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2972:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2946:
2936:
2916:
2908:the original
2897:
2877:
2870:
2859:the original
2838:
2834:
2821:
2812:
2806:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2754:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2726:
2713:
2684:
2472:
2457:
2435:
2420:
2404:vasodilation
2389:
2348:
2317:phytosterols
2294:
2268:
2252:ellagic acid
2246:
2234:flavan-3-ols
2226:Anthocyanins
2224:
2203:anthocyanins
2180:
2167:Cairo Geniza
2154:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2103:
2074:
2072:
2064:blackcurrant
2055:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:is a French
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1981:
1960:
1949:
1935:
1933:techniques.
1923:
1907:
1897:
1870:
1847:
1824:South Africa
1805:2,150,000 F
1774:2,800,000 F
1743:3,200,000 F
1557:9,600,000 F
1248:
1233:
1008:Netherlands
908:
896:
888:
873:
865:
856:
850:
844:
817:(14% of the
782:
761:anthocyanins
745:
729:
722:Ephraim Bull
713:
711:
706:Chalcolithic
703:
674:
670:Shirazi wine
647:
628:
581:
576:
451:
446:
439:
269:
264:
257:
223:
199:
175:15.48 g
155:
101:
90:
70:
68:
64:table grapes
29:
7037:Energy crop
6984:Pellet fuel
6969:Biorefinery
6933:Switchgrass
6777:Coconut oil
6755:Energy from
6689:Cooking oil
6674:Biogasoline
6649:Babassu oil
6508:Whole plant
5956:Broad bean
5922:Sources of
5829:fruit press
5707:Pomegranate
5687:Lingonberry
5640:Fruit juice
5240:Propagation
5077:Biology and
5070:Viticulture
4990:Trincadeira
4779:Pinot blanc
4650:Tempranillo
4227:www.umc.org
3742:: 149–156.
3520:Amar, Zohar
2670:Grape syrup
2664:Drakshasava
2650:Wine portal
2636:Food portal
2562:Wine grapes
2514:Flower buds
2483:Last Supper
2448:In religion
2402:effect and
2345:Resveratrol
2339:Resveratrol
2309:tocopherols
2195:polyphenols
2100:Grape juice
2094:Grape juice
2050:is a dried
1864:78,034,332
1861:67,067,128
1560:14,769,088
1295:wine making
1279:Tempranillo
1244:added sugar
1240:dried fruit
819:Daily Value
811:food energy
769:polyphenols
742:Description
691:Phoenicians
631:Middle East
279:Thiamine (B
232:0.72 g
208:0.16 g
164:18.1 g
97:climacteric
18:White grape
7095:Categories
6947:Technology
6928:Salicornia
6911:Miscanthus
6834:Sugar beet
6706:cellulosic
6679:Bioliquids
6659:Biobutanol
6372:Garouille
6015:Sources of
5961:Vicia faba
5931:Sources of
5798:Clam juice
5782:Wheatgrass
5677:Grapefruit
5568:Winemaking
5490:and issues
5488:Approaches
5450:Phylloxera
5420:Bot canker
5322:Irrigation
5298:Fertilizer
5271:management
5200:Topography
5190:Soil types
4925:Negroamaro
4900:Dornfelder
4819:Vermentino
4809:Tsolikouri
4670:by acreage
4640:Sangiovese
4635:Pinot Noir
4600:Douce Noir
4522:Rkatsiteli
4467:Chardonnay
4457:Catarratto
4431:by acreage
4316:2012-02-01
4291:2012-02-01
4266:2012-02-01
4241:2007-07-07
3716:2006-11-21
3599:: 99–118.
3488:2012-02-17
3462:required.)
3298:2022-02-15
3274:2014-02-12
3245:2010-04-10
2808:2021-04-06
2784:2024-06-21
2737:2024-03-28
2705:References
2462:which was
2452:See also:
2329:oleic acid
2275:laricitrin
2271:syringetin
2264:kaempferol
2068:redcurrant
2039:raisin sec
1969:, below).
1858:58,500,118
1855:58,292,101
1852:58,521,410
1839:2,028,185
1836:1,839,030
1808:2,055,746
1777:2,772,561
1746:3,125,000
1715:4,208,908
1712:4,275,659
1684:5,388,679
1681:5,238,300
1653:5,884,230
1650:5,338,512
1622:6,817,770
1619:5,819,010
1591:8,222,360
1588:6,661,820
1478:Australia
1446:Argentina
1305:Area (km)
1287:Chardonnay
1146:Australia
829:Grapevines
513:Phosphorus
185:0.9 g
116:winemaking
34:Grapefruit
7022:Agflation
6915:giganteus
6844:Sunflower
6839:Sugarcane
6757:foodstock
6664:Biodiesel
6623:Bioenergy
6484:Gall oak
6459:Teri pod
6447:Sant pod
6360:Canaigre
6200:Betula sp
6099:Tara pod
6005:Quebracho
5767:Sugarcane
5717:Raspberry
5702:Pineapple
5662:Cranberry
5479:Vine moth
5445:Nematodes
5410:Black rot
5394:Pests and
5370:Noble rot
5365:Festivals
5210:elevation
5158:variation
5128:Rootstock
4865:Carménère
4850:Aglianico
4784:Savatiano
4764:Parellada
4729:Garganega
4699:Chasselas
4668:Top 21–50
4655:Zinfandel
4630:Mourvèdre
4477:Colombard
4139:260368051
3967:26 August
3756:0308-8146
3621:0956-053X
3562:0738-8551
3503:Beverages
3441:"currant"
2479:Eucharist
2355:Muscadine
2313:vitamin E
2260:quercetin
2256:myricetin
2248:Muscadine
2238:catechins
2207:extracted
2106:fermented
1833:1,683,927
1830:1,743,496
1827:1,748,590
1802:2,240,000
1799:2,225,000
1796:2,305,000
1771:2,750,000
1768:2,616,613
1765:2,181,567
1762:Argentina
1740:3,149,380
1737:2,903,000
1734:2,600,000
1709:4,296,351
1706:4,255,000
1703:4,264,720
1678:5,809,315
1675:6,107,617
1672:5,535,333
1647:6,588,904
1644:5,794,433
1641:6,101,525
1616:7,115,500
1613:7,787,800
1610:8,242,500
1585:6,756,449
1582:6,777,731
1579:6,629,198
1554:9,174,280
1551:8,651,831
1548:8,038,703
1430:Portugal
853:cultivars
815:vitamin K
779:Nutrition
753:Mutations
526:Potassium
500:Manganese
487:Magnesium
419:Vitamin K
406:Vitamin E
393:Vitamin C
363:Folate (B
347:Vitamin B
313:Niacin (B
83:deciduous
81:, of the
7080:Category
7015:Concepts
6898:Duckweed
6887:Camelina
6864:Non-food
6812:Rapeseed
6802:Palm oil
6745:Wood gas
6718:Methanol
6711:mixtures
6631:Biofuels
6516:Prosopis
6389:Limonium
6272:Urunday
6266:Picea sp
6254:Pinus sp
6244:Mangrove
6237:Larix sp
6218:Hemlock
6164:Alnus sp
6118:by organ
6056:Oak bark
6026:Chestnut
5841:Smoothie
5777:Turmeric
5722:Tamarind
5682:Lemonade
5667:Cucumber
5584:Category
5553:Oenology
5531:See also
5425:Dead arm
5397:diseases
5375:Ripeness
5327:Klopotec
5269:Vineyard
5228:planting
5226:Vineyard
5175:Drainage
5133:Vineyard
5121:Veraison
5116:Ripening
4995:Zweigelt
4965:Saperavi
4955:Prokupac
4950:Pinotage
4920:Nebbiolo
4895:Dolcetto
4890:Croatina
4870:Castelao
4829:Xarel·lo
4824:Viognier
4684:Albariño
4615:Isabella
4610:Grenache
4585:Carignan
4532:Sémillon
4517:Riesling
4310:Archived
4285:Archived
4206:Archived
4190:95931627
4182:12074967
4131:15478039
4096:17971339
4031:17274460
4004:17090126
3947:29294873
3939:17886077
3904:16910717
3869:15740076
3834:17002441
3799:12926904
3764:27542461
3706:98822789
3667:12236700
3629:29132780
3578:93000616
3570:30939940
3522:(2000).
3426:16719495
3390:14977436
3352:Archived
3335:Archived
3214:Archived
3198:14599515
3155:36937910
3147:12074959
3104:17316172
3002:Archived
2925:Archived
2886:Archived
2855:16872714
2778:Archived
2774:30844154
2731:Archived
2721:(2024).
2622:See also
2351:stilbene
2323:such as
2305:skincare
2242:cultivar
2159:Ashkelon
2150:verjuice
2140:Vinegars
2023:loanword
1978:Culinary
1871:Source:
1514:Country
1494:Armenia
1414:Romania
1302:Country
1283:Riesling
1275:Grenache
1212:Source:
939:Country
915:Delaware
883:cultivar
845:labrusca
687:Cypriots
582:Quantity
507:0.071 mg
447:Quantity
441:Minerals
357:0.086 mg
324:0.188 mg
290:0.069 mg
265:Quantity
259:Vitamins
112:sultanas
108:currants
7106:Berries
6829:Soybean
6823:Sorghum
6772:Cassava
6701:Ethanol
6684:Biomass
6654:Bagasse
6639:Alcohol
6578:(vilca)
6538:Tanoak
6335:Redoul
6322:Gambier
6284:Willow
6170:Avaram
6141:Acacias
6135:Tanbark
5924:tannins
5836:Juicing
5807:Related
5657:Coconut
5385:Weather
5380:Vintage
5352:Harvest
5337:Pruning
5288:Coulure
5195:Terroir
4875:Concord
4814:Verdejo
4724:Furmint
4590:Cinsaut
4565:Barbera
4492:Macabeo
4452:Aligoté
4162:Bibcode
4056:Alcohol
3601:Bibcode
3178:Bibcode
3127:Bibcode
2994:"Grape"
2526:Flowers
2501:Gallery
2199:tannins
2187:compost
2118:vinegar
2075:sultana
2060:Corinth
2047:currant
2002:Raisins
1956:Ontario
1366:Turkey
1334:France
1321:11,750
1251:Sultana
1184:336.4M
1181:295.9M
1178:320.1M
1175:279.2M
1172:281.7M
1161:344.5M
1158:432.2M
1155:386.5M
1152:286.9M
1149:286.4M
1138:516.8M
1135:471.6M
1132:343.6M
1129:410.9M
1126:338.4M
1115:757.3M
1109:987.4M
1106:690.1M
1103:735.4M
1092:782.7M
1089:825.2M
1086:857.2M
1083:926.6M
1080:904.9M
1069:876.7M
1066:835.1M
1063:724.8M
1060:800.1M
1057:864.8M
1046:907.3M
1043:567.2M
1040:553.4M
1037:567.4M
1034:572.0M
1023:916.5M
1020:794.5M
1017:721.8M
1014:778.1M
1011:653.3M
1000:927.1M
971:917.9M
968:847.3M
965:673.4M
917:to the
880:Concord
804:⁄
789:protein
765:pigment
755:in two
654:Armenia
643:Georgia
625:History
559:0.07 mg
481:0.36 mg
461:Calcium
426:14.6 μg
413:0.19 mg
380:Choline
341:0.05 mg
307:0.07 mg
225:Protein
104:raisins
6875:Arundo
6807:Potato
6723:Stover
6669:Biogas
6410:Cutch
6309:Badan
6302:Leaves
6261:Spruce
6182:Babul
6031:Dhawa
5824:Juicer
5772:Turnip
5757:Carrot
5727:Tomato
5697:Orange
5652:Cherry
5278:Canopy
5205:aspect
5101:Grapes
4970:Tannat
4910:Mencía
4905:Marufo
4744:Grillo
4704:Chelva
4694:Bianca
4620:Merlot
4429:Top 20
4376:Grapes
4341:
4335:Grapes
4188:
4180:
4137:
4129:
4094:
4029:
4002:
3945:
3937:
3902:
3867:
3832:
3797:
3762:
3754:
3704:
3665:
3627:
3619:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3424:
3388:
3196:
3153:
3145:
3102:
3062:
3008:8 July
2979:
2957:8 July
2853:
2772:
2762:
2442:anuria
2373:, and
2331:, and
2236:(i.e.
2183:pomace
2155:husrum
2145:Husrum
2114:brandy
2027:grappe
2019:raisin
2014:raisin
1993:Raisin
1944:, and
1822:
1791:
1760:
1729:
1700:Turkey
1698:
1667:
1638:France
1636:
1605:
1574:
1543:
1497:1,459
1492:
1481:1,642
1476:
1465:1,840
1462:Chile
1460:
1449:2,080
1444:
1433:2,160
1428:
1417:2,480
1412:
1401:2,860
1396:
1385:4,150
1380:
1369:8,120
1364:
1353:8,270
1350:Italy
1348:
1337:8,640
1332:
1318:Spain
1316:
1285:, and
1271:Merlot
1214:Tridge
1192:World
1169:India
1123:Spain
1100:China
1054:Italy
985:Chile
903:Quebec
695:Romans
693:, and
683:Greeks
666:Shiraz
658:Shiraz
539:Sodium
533:191 mg
400:3.2 mg
387:5.6 mg
171:Sugars
141:Energy
85:woody
54:Grapes
7101:Grape
6994:stove
6849:Wheat
6792:Maize
6782:Grape
6735:Straw
6644:Algae
6477:Galls
6428:Fruit
6403:Woods
6353:Roots
6232:Larch
6223:Tsuga
6195:Birch
6159:Alder
6126:Barks
6079:Sumac
5969:Grape
5946:seed
5712:Prune
5672:Grape
5647:Apple
5624:Juice
5405:Birds
5260:Yield
5215:slope
5139:Vitis
4935:Pamid
4860:Bordô
4677:White
4605:Gamay
4570:Bobal
4447:Airén
4439:White
4363:grape
4186:S2CID
4135:S2CID
3943:S2CID
3702:S2CID
3574:S2CID
3456:
3151:S2CID
2889:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2862:(PDF)
2831:(PDF)
2415:Dolma
2281:Seeds
2163:Egypt
2116:, or
2086:Juice
2052:Zante
2031:grape
1900:table
1848:World
1731:Chile
1669:Spain
1607:Italy
1545:China
1529:2020
1526:2012
1523:2011
1520:2010
1517:2009
1511:Rank
1398:Iran
1255:Airén
1207:9.9B
1204:9.5B
1201:9.0B
1198:8.7B
1195:8.5B
1112:1.2B
997:1.0B
994:1.2B
991:1.2B
988:1.2B
977:1.5B
974:1.0B
962:Peru
954:2021
951:2020
948:2019
945:2018
942:2017
936:Rank
926:Trade
847:grape
835:Vitis
787:, 1%
748:fruit
714:Vitis
662:Syrah
635:Yeast
588:Water
520:20 mg
468:10 mg
124:juice
92:Vitis
87:vines
75:fruit
73:is a
71:grape
6989:mill
6938:Wood
6817:Rice
6787:Hemp
6728:corn
6249:Pine
6149:and
6063:wood
6028:wood
6007:wood
5762:Hemp
5692:Noni
5563:Wine
5360:Brix
5283:Clos
4339:ISBN
4178:PMID
4127:PMID
4092:PMID
4027:PMID
4000:PMID
3969:2019
3935:PMID
3900:PMID
3865:PMID
3830:PMID
3795:PMID
3760:PMID
3752:ISSN
3663:PMID
3625:PMID
3617:ISSN
3566:PMID
3558:ISSN
3422:PMID
3386:PMID
3194:PMID
3143:PMID
3100:PMID
3060:ISBN
3010:2017
2977:ISBN
2959:2017
2851:PMID
2770:PMID
2760:ISBN
2487:body
2473:The
2319:and
2303:and
2289:and
2213:Skin
2126:must
2122:wine
2110:wine
2066:and
1973:Uses
1904:wine
1793:Iran
648:The
629:The
591:81 g
552:Zinc
546:2 mg
494:7 mg
474:Iron
374:2 μg
110:and
6854:Yam
6797:Oat
6061:Oak
4843:Red
4552:Red
4170:doi
4158:957
4119:doi
4082:doi
4078:167
3992:doi
3927:doi
3892:doi
3857:doi
3822:doi
3787:doi
3744:doi
3740:215
3694:doi
3655:doi
3609:doi
3550:doi
3414:doi
3378:doi
3186:doi
3135:doi
3123:957
3090:doi
2843:doi
2727:FDA
2161:to
1166:10
855:of
793:fat
724:of
452:%DV
424:12%
270:%DV
201:Fat
120:jam
7097::
6913:×
6391:sp
6225:sp
4229:.
4225:.
4184:.
4176:.
4168:.
4156:.
4133:.
4125:.
4113:.
4090:.
4076:.
4072:.
4023:25
4021:.
3998:.
3988:54
3986:.
3941:.
3933:.
3923:60
3921:.
3898:.
3888:54
3886:.
3863:.
3853:53
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3818:54
3816:.
3793:.
3783:51
3781:.
3758:.
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3700:.
3690:47
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1940:,
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1273:,
1269:,
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1261:,
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1143:9
1120:8
1097:7
1074:6
1051:5
1028:4
1005:3
982:2
959:1
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701:.
689:,
685:,
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645:.
557:1%
544:0%
531:6%
518:2%
505:3%
492:2%
479:2%
466:1%
411:1%
398:4%
385:1%
372:1%
355:5%
339:1%
322:1%
305:5%
288:6%
122:,
106:,
77:,
69:A
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