31:
2156:
997:
2244:
1720:
1583:
1960:
453:
3375:
1388:
1146:
931:
1278:
2357:
1347:
2018:
1369:
973:
1086:
1450:
1496:
1328:
579:
697:
1472:
1922:
2283:
598:
555:
856:
2418:
1843:
1067:
1037:
1564:
1302:
397:
373:
1426:
1407:
329:
1994:
2222:
1539:
1898:
1789:
656:
2379:
353:
2447:
1017:
722:
3135:
2178:
1763:
1941:
1874:
617:
880:
1744:
2200:
2396:
531:
1515:
2335:
470:
1701:
434:
187:'s presidency however, he tripled the staff adding two additional private secretaries (at a salary of $ 10,000 each – increased from $ 7,200) added by Congress. The first Hoover designated his Legislative Secretary (the senior Secretary now informally referred to by the press as the president's "No.1 Secretary" ), the second his Confidential Secretary, and the third his Appointments and
1677:
206:" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. It wasn't until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, that the foundations of the modern
65:. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the president and the public, keeping the president's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the president in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it was a precursor to the modern
2122:
243:
of the United States was established, and charged with the affairs of the White House. Together with the
Appointments Secretary the two took responsibility of most of the president's affairs and at this point the Secretary to the President was charged with nothing other than managing the president's
287:
The prior role of
Secretary to the President should not be confused with the modern president's personal secretary who is officially an administrative assistant in the Executive Office of the President. The role of personal secretary to the president should also not be confused with the
279:
that the Chief of Staff became a permanent fixture in the White House, and the appointments secretary was reduced to only functional importance. The
Appointments Secretary position was eliminated in 1981, with the responsibilities transferred to the recently created
163:
At the time of its peak the
Secretary to the President was a much admired government office held by men of high ability and considered as worthy as a cabinet rank; it even merited an oath of office. Three private secretaries were later appointed to the Cabinet:
127:
created a definite office named the "Private
Secretary at the White House" and appropriated for its incumbent a salary of $ 2,500. The first man to hold such office officially and to be paid by the government instead of by the president, was Buchanan's nephew
72:
During the mid 20th century, the position became known as the "appointments secretary", the person who was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
139:
By 1900, the office had grown in such stature that
Congress elevated the position to "Secretary to the President", in addition to including on the White House staff two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a
202:
and
Appointments Secretary, but from 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "
2865:
746:
3630:
3615:
3437:
3220:
218:. As a consequence, the office of Secretary to the President was greatly diminished in stature (mostly due to the lack of a sufficient replacement to Roosevelt's confidant
3224:
289:
3363:
112:
paid the salaries of their private secretaries out of their own pockets; these roles were usually fulfilled by their relatives, most often their sons or nephews.
30:
3200:
3192:
225:
The appointments secretary was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
2155:
3400:
3114:
1603:
3495:
3445:
3307:
3079:
1172:
3321:
1134:
17:
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3257:
3354:
2857:
1285:
145:
2572:
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108:
in the common parlance of the time) at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. In fact, all presidents up to
2741:
2546:
3317:
3216:
422:
3480:
3460:
3344:
3064:
3042:
2793:
2710:
2679:
3620:
3558:
3535:
3329:
3292:
3109:
3094:
2992:
996:
3490:
3212:
263:. Assistant to the President became a rank generally shared by the Chief of Staff with such senior aides as Deputy Chiefs of Staff, the
3228:
2243:
3567:
3563:
3540:
3505:
3470:
3410:
3119:
3099:
3074:
1959:
3232:
3124:
3348:
3340:
3298:
3288:
3089:
232:
to the position, but he took a leave of absence before
Eisenhower's inauguration and later withdrew without ever having served.
3544:
3335:
3325:
3183:
2896:
2885:
2401:
3433:
3414:
3012:
2933:
2657:
2618:
1230:"Bob," as he was called, was an alcoholic and was in asylums for treatment during several periods of his father's presidency.
1719:
1582:
452:
3625:
3552:
3406:
3022:
3510:
3593:
3581:
3269:
3261:
3052:
1244:
Grant was closer to his military secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the
Private Secretary.
281:
211:
2858:"Stephen B. Bull (White House Special Files: Staff Member and Office Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library"
2768:
1387:
160:
too expanded the duties of their respective secretaries to dealing with reporters and giving daily press briefings.
3243:
2985:
2494:
272:
252:
43:
1277:
3530:
3313:
3277:
2909:
2576:
1862:
1815:
54:
is a long-standing position in the United States government, known by many different titles during its history.
3525:
3441:
3208:
930:
3391:
3248:
3150:
1145:
3464:
3238:
3057:
767:
Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
3577:
3499:
2978:
951:
705:
361:
268:
210:
were created using a formal structure. Roosevelt was able to get
Congress to approve the creation of the
199:
3548:
3425:
3396:
3273:
3176:
3047:
3032:
3017:
2580:
2085:
939:
260:
240:
144:, and seven other office personnel. The first man to hold the office of Secretary to the President was
66:
3589:
3474:
3449:
2550:
2423:
980:
275:
Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead and it was not until the
3585:
3303:
3104:
2356:
1794:
1751:
229:
77:
3161:
2801:
2720:
2689:
1346:
3265:
729:
605:
562:
3515:
3283:
3084:
2955:
2649:
2362:
1433:
644:
124:
85:
2949:
2641:
1368:
183:, the size of the staff expanded to thirty-one, although most were clerical positions. During
3169:
2602:
2132:
1732:
1552:
245:
195:
2897:
https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/July-1-2020-Report-FINAL.pdf
2886:
https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/July-1-2019-Report-FINAL.pdf
972:
2452:
2188:
1881:
1803:
1449:
1110:
1085:
1074:
1025:
919:
829:
792:
624:
519:
276:
256:
222:
who had died in 1936) and had many of its duties supplanted by the Appointments Secretary.
129:
117:
2934:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/July-1-2023-Report-Final-Version.pdf
769:
Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik.
578:
8:
3455:
3420:
3253:
3037:
3027:
1770:
1622:
1495:
1357:
1309:
1154:
1098:
901:
264:
165:
149:
2822:
Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son".
1921:
1327:
3383:
3001:
2746:
2266:
1831:
1727:
1591:
1547:
1471:
1316:
1045:
680:
597:
554:
441:
380:
219:
215:
153:
81:
62:
2017:
696:
2839:
2831:
2653:
2614:
2323:
2232:
2227:
2127:
2001:
1910:
1850:
1684:
1460:
1395:
1376:
1177:
1122:
1115:
543:
341:
207:
180:
3310:, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of the Chief Administrative Officer)
2417:
1842:
855:
2435:
1929:
1563:
1522:
1335:
1290:
1194:
1189:
1159:
1036:
985:
734:
629:
410:
405:
236:
173:
133:
101:
2715:
2684:
2384:
2249:
2210:
2166:
1886:
1777:
1610:
1571:
1503:
1484:
1479:
1301:
868:
863:
751:
188:
35:
396:
372:
2367:
2282:
2205:
2183:
1948:
1689:
1527:
1438:
1414:
1066:
906:
834:
710:
663:
586:
567:
244:
official correspondence before the office was discontinued at the close of the
184:
157:
109:
2910:"In Biden's White House, surprise visits with staff replace late-night tweets"
1425:
1406:
3609:
2843:
2835:
2308:
2254:
2025:
1972:
1967:
1093:
1005:
685:
538:
482:
113:
2457:
2406:
2345:
2340:
2293:
2288:
2221:
2030:
1993:
1905:
779:
507:
477:
141:
2271:
2161:
2144:
2006:
1897:
1788:
655:
336:
203:
89:
61:
position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern
58:
2378:
352:
328:
2610:
2446:
1708:
1016:
721:
668:
385:
105:
76:
The modern-day position of the president's secretary is fulfilled by a
2177:
1762:
1538:
3134:
2970:
2482:
2068:
Before 1937 the title was only "Assistant Secretary to Appointments".
1940:
1873:
616:
3191:
888:
879:
169:
100:
During the nineteenth century, presidents had few staff resources.
39:
1743:
235:
In 1946, in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government's
123:
It was during Buchanan's term at the White House in 1857 that the
2199:
1676:
2395:
530:
2334:
1514:
469:
1700:
433:
271:, and others. This new system didn't catch on straight away.
198:
converted Hoover's two extra secretaries into the permanent
259:, the president's pre-eminent assistant was designated the
3631:
Personal secretaries to the President of the United States
2830:. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society: 1–22.
3225:
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
2121:
152:. Radio and the advent of media coverage soon meant that
136:'s presidency, the White House staff had grown to three.
214:
reporting directly to the president, which included the
2055:
2053:
802:
104:
had one messenger and one secretary (referred to as an
3616:
Executive Office of the President of the United States
2095:
2549:. Old and Sold Antiques Digest. 1908. Archived from
2504:
2050:
292:(commonly known as the "body man" or "body woman").
148:
whose failing health meant he was soon succeeded by
3446:
Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation
3438:
Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
3221:
Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
295:
3322:Office of E-Government and Information Technology
3258:Committee for the Preservation of the White House
1639:
1637:
1635:
3607:
3498:(White House Operations, White House Personnel,
3193:Executive Office of the United States President
88:department who has a desk directly outside the
3409:(Office of Media Affairs, Office of Research,
3217:Corporation for National and Community Service
1643:As "Correspondence Secretary to the President"
1632:
3177:
2986:
2958:. November 1900 – April 1901. pp. 487–92
2815:
2564:
2547:"White House – Secretaries To The Presidents"
1251:
795:, it is said, too was his personal secretary.
69:until the creation of that position in 1946.
57:In the 19th- and early 20th-century it was a
3330:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
2513:
2510:As Deputy Director of Oval Office Operations
3184:
3170:
2993:
2979:
2541:
2539:
1650:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1240:
1238:
1236:
29:
3471:Office of the National Security Advisor
3349:National Science and Technology Council
3341:Office of Science and Technology Policy
3318:Office of the Chief Performance Officer
3308:Office of Mail and Messenger Operations
3229:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
2639:
46:on November 8, 1863 in Washington, D.C.
14:
3608:
3345:Office of the Chief Technology Officer
3336:Office of National Drug Control Policy
3326:Office of Federal Financial Management
3000:
2600:
2536:
1204:
3233:President's Management Advisory Board
3165:
2974:
2907:
2519:As Confidential Aide to the President
2071:
1233:
2059:As Appointments and Press Secretary.
803:Private Secretary to the White House
300:
34:Abraham Lincoln and his secretaries
3621:United States presidential advisors
3270:Office of the Chief Floral Designer
2573:"Administration of the White House"
2096:Personal secretary to the president
24:
3355:Office of the Trade Representative
2016:
1992:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1896:
1872:
1841:
1761:
1742:
1718:
1699:
1675:
1581:
1562:
1537:
1513:
1494:
1470:
1448:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1367:
1345:
1326:
1300:
1276:
1144:
1084:
1065:
1035:
1015:
995:
971:
929:
878:
854:
720:
695:
654:
615:
596:
577:
553:
529:
468:
451:
432:
395:
371:
351:
327:
25:
18:White House Appointments Secretary
3642:
2824:Journal of East Tennessee History
2570:
282:White House Deputy Chief of Staff
212:Executive Office of the President
3373:
3244:Council on Environmental Quality
3133:
2908:Kumar, Anita (3 February 2021).
2445:
2416:
2394:
2377:
2355:
2333:
2281:
2242:
2220:
2198:
2176:
2154:
2120:
1787:
296:List of presidential secretaries
3574:, Office of Records Management)
3531:Presidential Innovation Fellows
3314:Office of Management and Budget
3278:Graphics and Calligraphy Office
3213:Council for Community Solutions
2927:
2901:
2890:
2879:
2868:from the original on 2019-02-13
2850:
2577:Miller Center of Public Affairs
2062:
1820:Acting during Vandenberg's term
1224:
785:
772:
761:
3465:Office of the Social Secretary
3442:Office of National AIDS Policy
3125:Trade and Manufacturing Policy
2786:
2761:
2734:
2703:
2672:
2633:
2594:
290:personal aide to the president
13:
1:
3496:Management and Administration
3411:Office of the Press Secretary
3080:Management and Administration
2680:"The Presidency: Ted for Ted"
2529:
3397:Office of the Chief of Staff
3364:Office of the Chief of Staff
3360:Office of the Vice President
3274:Office of the Executive Chef
3239:Council of Economic Advisers
2800:. 1929-02-11. Archived from
2719:. 1929-02-11. Archived from
2688:. 1932-05-09. Archived from
27:Former White House position
7:
3626:White House chiefs of staff
3572:Presidential Correspondence
3526:Office of Political Affairs
2640:Herring, Pendleton (2006).
706:William Wallace Smith Bliss
269:White House Press Secretary
200:White House Press Secretary
10:
3647:
3545:Council on Women and Girls
3430:Office of Digital Strategy
3426:Counselor to the President
2942:
2601:Watson, Robert P. (2004).
2086:White House Chief of Staff
1252:Secretary to the President
641:Henry Huntington Harrison
261:White House Chief of Staff
241:Assistant to the President
95:
84:in the White House Office
67:White House Chief of Staff
52:Secretary to the President
3590:Presidential Food Service
3506:National Economic Council
3486:Intergovernmental Affairs
3475:Homeland Security Advisor
3401:Office of Senior Advisors
3392:Office of Cabinet Affairs
3382:
3371:
3299:Homeland Security Council
3289:National Security Council
3266:Office of the Chief Usher
3199:
3142:
3131:
3070:Intergovernmental Affairs
3008:
2742:"$ 7,500 Pay for Tumulty"
2481:
2456:
2424:Anita Decker Breckenridge
2405:
2366:
2131:
2029:
1971:
1909:
1802:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1731:
1688:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1551:
1483:
1356:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1121:
1109:
1107:
1104:
984:
905:
867:
833:
566:
506:
481:
409:
340:
3407:Office of Communications
3304:Office of Administration
1795:Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.
1457:George B. Christian Jr.
230:Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.
78:administrative assistant
3481:Gun Violence Prevention
3434:Domestic Policy Council
3415:Office of Speechwriting
3065:Gun Violence Prevention
2646:Presidential Leadership
2607:Life in the White House
730:Millard Powers Fillmore
606:Andrew Jackson Donelson
563:Andrew Jackson Donelson
3559:Scheduling and Advance
3536:Presidential Personnel
3516:Oval Office Operations
3511:National Trade Council
3284:National Space Council
3110:Scheduling and Advance
3095:Presidential Personnel
3085:Oval Office Operations
2956:University of Michigan
2650:Transaction Publishers
2363:Ashley Estes Kavanaugh
2021:
1997:
1963:
1944:
1925:
1901:
1877:
1846:
1766:
1747:
1723:
1704:
1680:
1651:Appointments Secretary
1586:
1567:
1542:
1518:
1499:
1475:
1453:
1429:
1410:
1391:
1372:
1350:
1331:
1305:
1281:
1221:As Military Secretary.
1149:
1089:
1070:
1040:
1020:
1000:
976:
963:Col. William G. Moore
934:
883:
859:
725:
700:
659:
645:William Henry Harrison
620:
601:
582:
558:
534:
473:
456:
437:
400:
376:
356:
332:
125:United States Congress
86:Oval Office Operations
47:
3594:Transportation Agency
3582:Communications Agency
3262:Office of the Curator
2133:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2020:
1996:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1900:
1876:
1845:
1765:
1746:
1733:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1722:
1703:
1679:
1585:
1566:
1553:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1541:
1517:
1498:
1474:
1452:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1349:
1330:
1304:
1280:
1148:
1088:
1069:
1039:
1019:
999:
975:
933:
882:
858:
724:
699:
658:
619:
600:
581:
557:
533:
472:
455:
436:
399:
375:
355:
331:
246:Truman administration
228:Eisenhower appointed
196:Franklin D. Roosevelt
33:
2862:www.nixonlibrary.gov
2453:Madeleine Westerhout
2189:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1804:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1111:Joseph Stanley Brown
1075:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
1057:Col. Levi P. Luckey
1026:Frederick Tracy Dent
920:Reuben D. Mussey Jr.
830:James Buchanan Henry
793:Sarah Childress Polk
625:Abraham Van Buren II
520:Samuel L. Gouverneur
504:Joseph Jones Monroe
277:Nixon administration
257:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3491:Legislative Affairs
3254:Executive Residence
3151:American Innovation
3075:Legislative Affairs
2804:on October 27, 2010
2723:on October 27, 2010
2692:on October 27, 2010
2553:on October 26, 2008
1771:Matthew J. Connelly
1623:Beth Campbell Short
1358:William Howard Taft
1310:George B. Cortelyou
1286:John Addison Porter
1155:Daniel Scott Lamont
1099:Rutherford B. Hayes
902:William A. Browning
265:White House Counsel
166:George B. Cortelyou
150:George B. Cortelyou
146:John Addison Porter
3520:Personal Secretary
3384:White House Office
3293:Deputies Committee
3002:White House Office
2747:The New York Times
2267:Dorothy E. Downton
2022:
1998:
1964:
1945:
1926:
1902:
1878:
1847:
1832:Bernard M. Shanley
1767:
1748:
1728:Marvin H. McIntyre
1724:
1705:
1681:
1604:William D. Hassett
1592:Marvin H. McIntyre
1587:
1568:
1548:Louis McHenry Howe
1543:
1519:
1500:
1476:
1454:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1373:
1354:Fred W. Carpenter
1351:
1332:
1317:Theodore Roosevelt
1306:
1282:
1150:
1090:
1071:
1046:Orville E. Babcock
1041:
1021:
1001:
977:
935:
884:
860:
846:James Buchanan II
726:
701:
681:Joseph Knox Walker
660:
621:
602:
583:
559:
535:
474:
457:
442:William A. Burwell
438:
401:
381:William Smith Shaw
377:
357:
333:
239:, the position of
220:Louis McHenry Howe
216:White House Office
154:Theodore Roosevelt
82:personal assistant
63:White House Office
48:
3603:
3602:
3541:Public Engagement
3159:
3158:
3090:Political Affairs
2659:978-1-4128-0556-8
2620:978-0-7914-6098-6
2500:
2499:
2324:George H. W. Bush
2305:Kathleen Osborne
2233:Lyndon B. Johnson
2228:Gerri Whittington
2046:
2045:
2002:Warren S. Rustand
1911:Lyndon B. Johnson
1882:Kenneth O'Donnell
1752:Edwin "Pa" Watson
1685:George E. Akerson
1628:
1627:
1461:Warren G. Harding
1396:Charles D. Hilles
1377:Charles D. Norton
1200:
1199:
1178:Benjamin Harrison
1173:Elijah W. Halford
1123:Chester A. Arthur
1116:James A. Garfield
981:Robert M. Douglas
757:
756:
544:John Quincy Adams
494:James Payne Todd
342:George Washington
301:Private Secretary
208:White House staff
181:Warren G. Harding
44:Alexander Gardner
16:(Redirected from
3638:
3377:
3376:
3201:Executive Office
3186:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3137:
3058:Social Secretary
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2951:The Cosmopolitan
2936:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2579:. Archived from
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2479:Ashley Williams
2449:
2436:Ferial Govashiri
2420:
2398:
2381:
2359:
2337:
2285:
2246:
2224:
2202:
2180:
2158:
2124:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2082:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
1984:Stephen B. Bull
1930:W. Marvin Watson
1821:
1800:
1791:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1523:Walter H. Newton
1336:William Loeb Jr.
1291:William McKinley
1256:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1195:Grover Cleveland
1190:Henry T. Thurber
1160:Grover Cleveland
1135:Fred J. Phillips
986:Ulysses S. Grant
807:
806:
796:
789:
783:
776:
770:
765:
735:Millard Fillmore
630:Martin Van Buren
411:Thomas Jefferson
406:Meriwether Lewis
305:
304:
237:executive branch
174:Daniel S. Lamont
134:Ulysses S. Grant
102:Thomas Jefferson
42:photographed by
21:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3578:Military Office
3568:Executive Clerk
3564:Staff Secretary
3500:Visitors Office
3378:
3374:
3369:
3249:Digital Service
3209:Advisory Boards
3195:
3190:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3129:
3120:Staff Secretary
3100:Press Secretary
3053:Floral Designer
3013:Cabinet Affairs
3004:
2999:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2652:. p. 101.
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2571:Burke, John P.
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2385:Karen E. Keller
2250:Rose Mary Woods
2211:John F. Kennedy
2167:Harry S. Truman
2098:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2051:
1887:John F. Kennedy
1863:Thomas Stephens
1819:
1818:
1816:Thomas Stephens
1798:
1797:
1778:Harry S. Truman
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1611:Harry S. Truman
1572:James Roosevelt
1504:Everett Sanders
1485:Calvin Coolidge
1480:C. Bascom Slemp
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1205:
869:Abraham Lincoln
864:John G. Nicolay
805:
800:
799:
790:
786:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
752:Franklin Pierce
362:William Jackson
323:
303:
298:
251:In 1961, under
189:Press Secretary
120:take the role.
98:
36:John G. Nicolay
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3575:
3561:
3556:
3549:Jewish Liaison
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3404:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3338:
3333:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Senior Advisor
3112:
3107:
3105:Public Liaison
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Executive Chef
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Communications
3020:
3018:Chief of Staff
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2900:
2889:
2878:
2849:
2814:
2785:
2760:
2733:
2702:
2671:
2658:
2632:
2619:
2613:. p. 87.
2593:
2563:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:Molly Michael
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:George W. Bush
2365:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:Evelyn Lincoln
2203:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:Ann C. Whitman
2181:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2070:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:James R. Jones
1946:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:Herbert Hoover
1687:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:Herbert Hoover
1525:
1520:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:Woodrow Wilson
1436:
1434:Joseph Tumulty
1431:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:Carmi Thompson
1412:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1002:
993:
989:
988:
983:
978:
969:
965:
964:
961:
959:
955:
954:
949:
947:
943:
942:
940:Robert Johnson
936:
927:
923:
922:
916:
914:
910:
909:
907:Andrew Johnson
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
885:
876:
872:
871:
866:
861:
852:
848:
847:
844:
842:
838:
837:
835:James Buchanan
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
804:
801:
798:
797:
784:
771:
759:
758:
755:
754:
749:
747:Sidney Webster
744:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
718:
714:
713:
711:Zachary Taylor
708:
702:
693:
689:
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
664:John Tyler Jr.
661:
652:
648:
647:
642:
639:
637:
633:
632:
627:
622:
613:
609:
608:
603:
594:
590:
589:
587:Nicholas Trist
584:
575:
571:
570:
568:Andrew Jackson
565:
560:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
527:
523:
522:
517:
515:
511:
510:
505:
502:
500:
496:
495:
492:
490:
486:
485:
480:
475:
466:
462:
461:
458:
449:
445:
444:
439:
430:
426:
425:
420:
418:
414:
413:
408:
402:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
369:
365:
364:
358:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
325:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
185:Herbert Hoover
158:Woodrow Wilson
110:James Buchanan
97:
94:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3643:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3553:Urban Affairs
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:Rural Council
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2930:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2770:
2769:"Description"
2764:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2583:on 2010-11-17
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2489:2022–present
2488:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2402:Katie Johnson
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:Ronald Reagan
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:Richard Nixon
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2042:Phil J. Wise
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2026:Timothy Kraft
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:Richard Nixon
1969:
1968:Dwight Chapin
1966:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
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3586:Medical Unit
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2960:. Retrieved
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2913:
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2870:. Retrieved
2861:
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2806:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2797:
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2775:. 1929-03-04
2772:
2763:
2752:. Retrieved
2750:. 1913-02-03
2745:
2736:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:the original
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2705:
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2690:the original
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2645:
2635:
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2606:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:the original
2525:
2515:
2506:
2458:Donald Trump
2407:Barack Obama
2346:Bill Clinton
2341:Betty Currie
2320:Linda Casey
2294:Jimmy Carter
2289:Susan Clough
2128:Missy LeHand
2064:
2031:Jimmy Carter
1906:Jack Valenti
1226:
787:
780:aide-de-camp
774:
763:
508:James Monroe
478:Edward Coles
460:Isaac Coles
423:Lewis Harvie
286:
250:
234:
227:
224:
193:
178:
162:
142:stenographer
138:
122:
116:notably had
99:
75:
71:
56:
51:
49:
2272:Gerald Ford
2162:Rose Conway
2145:Grace Tully
2007:Gerald Ford
1024:Brig. Gen.
938:Brig. Gen.
337:Tobias Lear
204:Brain Trust
130:J. B. Henry
90:Oval Office
59:White House
3610:Categories
3461:First Lady
3043:First Lady
2919:5 February
2872:2019-02-13
2808:2009-05-09
2779:2009-05-09
2754:2009-05-18
2727:2009-05-09
2696:2009-05-18
2665:2009-05-18
2626:2009-05-18
2611:SUNY Press
2587:2008-11-06
2557:2009-09-05
2530:References
2495:Julia Reed
2474:2021–2022
2464:2019–2021
2442:2017–2019
2430:2014–2017
2413:2011–2014
2391:2009–2011
2374:2005–2009
2352:2001–2005
2330:1993–2001
2315:1989–1993
2300:1981–1989
2278:1977–1981
2261:1974–1977
2239:1969–1974
2217:1963–1969
2195:1961–1963
2173:1953–1961
2151:1945–1953
2139:1941–1945
2117:1933–1941
2112:President
2109:Secretary
2037:1978–1981
2013:1977–1978
1989:1974–1977
1979:1973–1974
1955:1969–1973
1936:1968–1969
1917:1965–1968
1893:1963–1965
1869:1961–1963
1857:1958–1961
1838:1957–1958
1826:1955–1957
1810:1953–1955
1758:1945–1953
1739:1938–1945
1715:1933–1938
1709:Ted Joslin
1696:1931–1933
1672:1929–1931
1667:President
1664:Secretary
1617:1952–1953
1598:1944–1952
1578:1941–1943
1559:1937–1938
1534:1933–1936
1510:1929–1933
1491:1925–1929
1467:1923–1925
1445:1921–1923
1421:1913–1921
1383:1911–1912
1364:1910–1911
1342:1909–1910
1323:1903–1909
1297:1900–1903
1273:1897–1900
1268:President
1265:Secretary
1184:1893–1896
1166:1889–1893
1141:1885–1889
1129:1881–1885
1081:1877–1881
1062:1876–1877
1052:1873–1876
1032:1869–1876
1012:1869–1873
992:1869–1872
968:1869–1873
958:1866–1869
926:1865–1869
875:1861–1865
851:1861–1865
841:1859–1861
824:1857–1859
819:President
816:Secretary
741:1853–1857
717:1850–1853
692:1849–1850
675:1845–1849
669:John Tyler
651:1841–1845
612:1837–1841
593:1831–1837
550:1829–1831
526:1825–1829
514:1820–1825
499:1817–1820
489:1816–1817
465:1810–1815
448:1805–1809
429:1804–1805
417:1803–1804
392:1801–1803
386:John Adams
368:1797–1801
348:1789–1791
324:1794–1797
317:President
314:Secretary
284:position.
255:President
253:Republican
106:amanuensis
3033:Counselor
2844:760067571
2836:1058-2126
2794:"Big Job"
2711:"Big Job"
2483:Joe Biden
2084:De facto
791:His wife
322:1789–1793
273:Democrats
194:In 1933,
2914:POLITICO
2866:Archived
2103:Year(s)
1851:Bob Gray
1799:On leave
1658:Year(s)
1259:Year(s)
889:John Hay
810:Year(s)
308:Year(s)
170:John Hay
118:his wife
40:John Hay
3456:Fellows
3421:Counsel
3147:Defunct
3038:Fellows
3028:Counsel
2962:May 20,
2943:Sources
96:History
2842:
2834:
2656:
2617:
2106:Image
1661:Image
1262:Image
813:Image
311:Image
267:, the
179:Under
1784:1953
1590:Col.
1546:Col.
1402:1912
1171:Maj.
1153:Col.
1105:1881
1044:Col.
1004:Col.
946:1867
918:Col.
913:1865
900:Col.
895:1865
887:Maj.
704:Cpt.
636:1841
574:1831
404:Cpt.
360:Maj.
132:. By
2964:2009
2921:2021
2840:OCLC
2832:ISSN
2798:Time
2773:Time
2716:Time
2685:Time
2654:ISBN
2615:ISBN
172:and
156:and
50:The
38:and
2642:"5"
2603:"4"
778:As
80:or
3612::
3592:,
3588:,
3584:,
3570:,
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3328:,
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3320:,
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3268:,
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3227:,
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2954:.
2912:.
2864:.
2860:.
2838:.
2828:73
2826:.
2796:.
2771:.
2744:.
2713:.
2682:.
2648:.
2644:.
2609:.
2605:.
2575:.
2538:^
2073:^
2052:^
1634:^
1235:^
1206:^
248:.
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168:,
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