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was defined for married men as the practice of sexual restraint, while young and unmarried men were expected to practice chastity and renounce masturbation. As with the Church of
England Purity Society, whose goals were similar but aimed at upper-class men, the Army believed that it was men who
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There were 102 affiliated branches in
Britain within a year of formation, and branches in Australia, Canada, Germany, India and the United States. The British branches had attracted 2,000 pledge-takers in that time and were mostly in the industrialised regions of
41:, to promote "social purity". The recruits – all of them men – pledged to show a "chivalrous respect for womanhood", to apply ideas of purity equally to men and women, and not to indulge in foul language or indecent behaviour. It was renamed the
89:. Its target audience was mostly working-class men, who were exhorted to pledge their support for its aims by speakers at mass meetings. In lectures delivered by the organisation, the pledge of
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The organisation was
Christian in ethos but, at the insistence of Hopkins and somewhat unusually for a purity association, it was non-denominational in practice. Its name was symbolic:
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Hunt, Alan (April 1998), "The Great
Masturbation Panic and the Discourses of Moral Regulation in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Britain",
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Women's
Theology in Nineteenth-century Britain: Transfiguring the Faith of Their Fathers
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in 1891, and merged with the Church of
England Purity Society, which had been formed by
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reflected its disciplined nature. It adopted as its motto the words of
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Knights of God : Ellice
Hopkins and the White Cross Army, 1883–95
21:
395:, vol. 34, Studies in Church History, pp. 431–445
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Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in
England, 1860-1914
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Virgin Nation: Sexual Purity and
American Adolescence
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was an organisation set up in 1883 by philanthropist
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25:The White Cross Army was founded by Ellice Hopkins
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65:referred to the campaign being for Christ, and
16:Organisation within the Social Purity movement
444:1891 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
85:The army based its structure on that of the
415:, Oxford University Press, pp. 25–26,
402:Men from the boys: Writing on the male body
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439:1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
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306:Mumm, Susan (1998), Melnyk, Julie (ed.),
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94:should be responsible for sexual virtue.
270:The White Cross: Its Origin and Progress
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376:Encyclopedia of women social reformers
78:My strength is as the strength of ten,
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280:Journal of the History of Sexuality
267:DeCosta, Benjamin Franklin (1887),
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335:, Manchester University Press,
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273:, Sanitary Publishing Company
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357:, Oxford University Press,
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10:
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449:Anti-prostitution activism
349:Prochaska, F. K. (1980),
332:After the Pre-Raphaelites
80:Because my heart is pure
312:, Taylor & Francis,
409:Moslener, Sara (2015),
378:, vol. 2, ABC-CLIO
247:Bartley, Paula (2012),
391:Morgan, Susan (1998),
126:Social purity movement
83:
26:
327:Prettejohn, Elizabeth
98:Regional distribution
75:
53:Concept and structure
24:
400:Knights, B. (2004),
87:temperance movement
47:Edward White Benson
37:with help from the
43:White Cross League
27:
364:978-0-19-822627-7
319:978-0-81532-793-6
260:978-1-13461-071-6
174:Prettejohn (1999)
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454:Reform movements
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372:Rappaport, Helen
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61:denoted purity,
39:Bishop of Durham
31:White Cross Army
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230:Hunt (1998)
220:, p. 5
191:Mumm (1998)
71:Sir Galahad
433:Categories
132:References
137:Citations
374:(2001),
329:(1999),
300:11620475
115:See also
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91:purity
288:JSTOR
63:Cross
59:White
417:ISBN
359:ISBN
337:ISBN
314:ISBN
296:PMID
255:ISBN
107:and
67:Army
29:The
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284:8
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