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as far as I knew, there were no blacks working regularly in the industry, especially on the networks – ABC, CBS and NBC. asked me if the fact that the
Musicians Unions were segregated contributed to the scarcity of blacks in the industry. It certainly could have been a contributing factor in that
319:
The West coast sound perhaps didn't have the gravitas that the East coast had, but, after all, these were
Californians enjoying the sun and the surf and the extent that celebrity offered itself through the studio work that the entertainment industry was offering. So I think, you know, you think of
409:
While many Los
Angeles area jazz musicians, particularly the former members of the Herman and Kenton bands, found regular employment in broadcast and motion picture studios, most of these musicians were white, leading to accusations that the studios deliberately excluded African Americans. The
498:, and Miles Davis were based in New York. At the same time, many musicians associated with West Coast jazz "were much more involved in a hotter approach to jazz. Communication being what it is, it is hardly likely that any style of jazz was fostered exclusively in one area."
423:
all the contracts for employment of musicians in the broadcast and motion picture studios were negotiated by the then all-white union, Local 47. The black union, Local 767, merely adopted the scales negotiated by Local 47, if and when a black musician got a studio call.
447:
Although West Coast jazz is often compared to the cool style, Los
Angeles musicians locally known as "hard swingers," "blew bop as tough as anything emerging out of Detroit and New York...." In later years, their music was known as "California Hard."
135:. The music relied relatively more on composition and arrangement than on the individually improvised playing of other jazz styles. Although this style dominated, it was not the only form of jazz heard on the American West Coast.
501:
Some observers looked down upon West Coast jazz because many of its musicians were white, and because some listeners, critics, and historians perceived that the music was too cerebral, effete, or effeminate, or that it lacked
489:
Tanner, Gerow, and Megill are largely dismissive of the term "West Coast jazz". As it often refers to Gerry
Mulligan and his associates in California, "West Coast" merely becomes synonymous with "cool jazz", although
472:
West Coast jazz sometimes featured a rhythm section that omitted the use of a piano, guitar, or any chordal instrument, tending to a more open and freer sound, as exemplified by the Gerry
Mulligan collection
288:
disbanded his
Innovations Orchestra in Los Angeles. Many of the musicians, some of whom had also played in Woody Herman's band, chose to remain in California. Trumpeter
320:
California as sun and surf, you think of New York City as cement and grit, and the music somewhat reflected that. One better than the other? Depends what you want.
477:(Blue Note, 1998). Another characteristic is the inclusion of non-standard jazz instruments such as the French horn and tuba. Gil Evans's arrangement on the
332:, and have noted that Hamilton's "subtle rhythmic control and use of different drum pitches and timbres" were well-suited for this style of music.
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were the biggest hard-bop labels. Some of the major pioneers of West Coast jazz were Shorty Rogers, Gerry
Mulligan, Chet Baker, Stan Getz,
1864:
1803:
1823:
311:
Manne suggested that these musicians' relaxed lifestyle in
California was reflected in a laid-back, relaxed approach to jazz.
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notes that this is not surprising. By the late 1940s, the
Central Avenue scene had the most bebop musicians outside New York.
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265:(1957). In 1952 Mulligan, who had moved to California, formed an innovative and successful piano-less quartet with trumpeter
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152:, the west coast of the U.S. hosted a bustling music scene, though its activity remained largely localized. In 1917,
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that developed in Los Angeles and San Francisco during the 1950s. West Coast jazz is often seen as a subgenre of
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were central figures among this group of musicians. Much of this activity centered on the Hermosa Beach
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During the 1950s, Chico Hamilton led an ensemble that (unusual for a jazz group) included a cellist,
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during his sojourn in Los Angeles. Meanwhile, a thriving jazz scene had appeared along Los Angeles's
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Young, who also held a law degree, worked with Local 767 musicians (including Buddy Collette,
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situation was a contributing factor toward the integration of the Los Angeles chapters of the
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organized a new band, the Second Herd, in Los Angeles. The group included tenor saxophonists
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moved to California and remained in Los Angeles until 1922, when he left for Chicago.
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343:, forming a quartet. Desmond's playing style ran counter to bebop, as he seldom used
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album featured these instruments at a time when the West Coast style was emerging.
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920:"Marl Young dies at 92; pianist was key in desegregating L.A. musicians unions"
834:. "Jazz: American Classic" (Interview: video). Interviewed by Reginald Buckner.
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record labels were two of the best known that carried West Coast jazz, just as
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806:(6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, College Division. pp.
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formed a band in Los Angeles after moving to California in 1919. In 1944,
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This article is about the jazz styles. For the album by Stan Getz, see
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1996:
1946:
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243:," which highlighted this group) was a precursor of the cool style.
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132:
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A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made
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scene, but at the time it was little-known outside Los Angeles.
1951:
1378:
1368:
394:, and Dave Brubeck with Paul Desmond. In 1952–1962 jazz singer
798:; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) . "Cool (1949-1955)".
259:
band, contributing arrangements to the recordings that became
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2409:
2283:
1262:
982:(2). International Association for the Study of Popular Music
557:
344:
128:
53:
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431:, and Benny Carter) along with Local 47 members (including
120:
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Jazz West Coast: The Los Angeles Jazz Scene of the 1950s
972:"Clarifying Labels: Cool Jazz, West Coast, and Hard Bop"
398:
recorded 17 albums for Norman Granz's Los Angeles-based
273:, and bassist Bob Whitlock. Mulligan would later form a
208:. Central Avenue's activity rivaled that of the earlier
1107:
328:. Tanner, Gerow, and Megill liken Hamilton's music to
235:. The resulting "Four Brothers" sound (named for the
1081:
West Coast Jazz: Modern Jazz in California 1945-1960
666:
553:
799:
464:established harder-sounding bands in Los Angeles.
2551:
740:"Kid Ory, "Tailgate" Trombonist & Composer"
572:List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians
1123:
710:
308:led a house band, the Lighthouse All-Stars.
1031:
711:Wynn, Ron; Erlewine, Michael, eds. (1994).
1130:
1116:
510:musicians played in the style, including
127:, which consisted of a calmer style than
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911:
847:
790:
788:
786:
439:supported the local integration effort.
2164:
1000:
994:
963:
890:
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682:Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online
632:
14:
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1104:(RoseKing Productions, Kenneth Koenig)
1102:Jazz on the West Coast: The Lighthouse
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475:The Original Quartet with Chet Baker
969:
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24:
944:Roach, Geoff (February 27, 2005).
897:"Amalgamation of Local 47 and 767"
731:
442:
251:In 1949–1950 baritone saxophonist
25:
2591:
2485:Album covers of Blue Note Records
830:
763:
717:. San Francisco: Miller Freeman.
32:West Coast Jazz (Stan Getz album)
2533:
918:McLellan, Dennis (May 3, 2009).
737:
556:
414:during the early 1950s. Pianist
412:American Federation of Musicians
347:elements, and was influenced by
1083:(Oxford University Press, 1992)
1001:Salerni, Paul (1995). "Review:
976:Tracking: Popular Music Studies
382:, Jimmy Giuffre, Shelly Manne,
78:West Coast of the United States
1865:Institutions and organizations
246:
13:
1:
1562:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
1041:"The Music (West Coast jazz)"
857:(January 2012). "Papatamus".
602:
143:
1047:(Interview). Interviewed by
484:
355:rather than Charlie Parker.
27:Various styles of jazz music
7:
648:. London: Hamlyn. pp.
549:
231:, and baritone saxophonist
10:
2596:
1070:
1045:Rediscovering Dave Brubeck
895:Young, Marl (March 1999).
435:) to integrate the union.
138:
29:
2580:West Coast jazz musicians
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1967:
1924:
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1891:See Template: Jazz theory
1852:
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871:: Cadence Magazine: 136.
744:African American Registry
172:in Los Angeles. In 1946,
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88:
83:
72:
46:
41:
1137:
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467:
166:Jazz at the Philharmonic
642:"The Cool on the Coast"
418:recalled that in 1950,
339:hired alto saxophonist
180:in Hollywood to record
170:Philharmonic Auditorium
840:. "Hard Bop – Funky."
714:AllMusic Guide to Jazz
577:Black Hawk (nightclub)
425:
322:
1090:(Quartet Books, 1986)
907:on December 14, 2009.
587:GNP Crescendo Records
524:Harry "Sweets" Edison
420:
317:
2279:Bibliography of jazz
2059:Continental European
460:, Shelly Manne, and
255:participated in the
119:refers to styles of
2575:Music of California
2520:Straight, No Chaser
2309:Straight-ahead jazz
1766:Winter & Winter
1215:French horn in jazz
678:"Jelly Roll Morton"
2464:West African music
2289:British dance band
2079:European free jazz
2052:British dance band
1545:Musicians by genre
1325:Free improvisation
1007:Italiana Americana
796:Tanner, Paul O. W.
2547:
2546:
2420:New Orleans blues
2267:
2266:
2210:
2209:
1784:Beaches (Toronto)
1195:Swing performance
970:Gridley, Mark C.
946:"West Coast Jazz"
924:Los Angeles Times
901:Overture Magazine
674:Schuller, Gunther
479:Birth of the Cool
335:In 1951, pianist
279:Birth of the Cool
262:Birth of the Cool
154:Jelly Roll Morton
114:
113:
47:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
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2304:Continental jazz
2197:Washington, D.C.
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2064:Czech and Slovak
1922:
1921:
1706:India Navigation
1404:Progressive jazz
1258:Avant-garde jazz
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1086:Gordon, Robert.
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903:. Archived from
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869:Richland, Oregon
860:Cadence Magazine
855:Rusch, Robert D.
851:
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836:Cited in Tanner
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508:African American
496:Claude Thornhill
304:, where bassist
210:Kansas City jazz
73:Cultural origins
39:
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21:
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2540:Jazz portal
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2506:The Jazz Singer
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1918:Regional scenes
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1686:Flying Dutchman
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1394:Orchestral jazz
1374:Mainstream jazz
1362:Afro-Cuban jazz
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1153:Outline of jazz
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1037:Crouch, Stanley
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1005:by Ted Gioia".
1003:West Coast Jazz
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443:California Hard
437:Josephine Baker
302:Lighthouse Café
249:
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117:West Coast jazz
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42:West Coast jazz
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18:West coast jazz
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2172:Baltimore jazz
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2149:Latin American
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1501:Percussionists
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1424:Spiritual jazz
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1146:General topics
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1013:(2): 232–234.
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950:All About Jazz
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766:"Ross Russell"
764:Yanow, Scott.
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528:Buddy Collette
520:Chico Hamilton
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469:
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458:Clifford Brown
444:
441:
271:Chico Hamilton
253:Gerry Mulligan
248:
245:
239:composition, "
229:Herbie Steward
206:Buddy Collette
202:Charles Mingus
186:Central Avenue
182:Charlie Parker
164:began staging
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2192:New York City
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2116:Flamenco jazz
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1639:Discographies
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1526:Vibraphonists
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1305:Flamenco jazz
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1240:Women in jazz
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1225:Jazz trombone
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1205:Jazz drumming
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1173:Improvisation
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1049:Hedrick Smith
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832:Manne, Shelly
827:
819:
817:0-697-03663-4
813:
809:
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771:
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749:September 28,
745:
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724:0-87930-308-5
720:
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687:September 12,
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659:0-681-03179-4
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544:Hampton Hawes
541:
540:Eugene Wright
537:
533:
532:Red Callender
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Curtis Counce
509:
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482:
480:
476:
465:
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462:Curtis Counce
459:
455:
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429:Red Callender
424:
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385:
381:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
330:chamber music
327:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
306:Howard Rumsey
303:
299:
295:
292:and drummers
291:
290:Shorty Rogers
287:
282:
280:
277:based on the
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
244:
242:
241:Four Brothers
238:
237:Jimmy Giuffre
234:
233:Serge Chaloff
230:
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222:
218:
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211:
207:
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199:
198:Teddy Edwards
195:
191:
190:Dexter Gordon
187:
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95:San Francisco
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40:
37:
33:
19:
2531:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2500:(miniseries)
2497:
2489:
2459:Sophisti-pop
2201:
1889:
1880:Jazz royalty
1870:Jazz funeral
1666:Contemporary
1557:Chamber jazz
1511:Saxophonists
1481:Clarinetists
1453:Third stream
1290:Chamber jazz
1190:Scat singing
1101:
1087:
1080:
1058:February 15,
1056:. Retrieved
1044:
1027:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
986:February 15,
984:. Retrieved
979:
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
939:
927:. Retrieved
923:
913:
905:the original
900:
864:
858:
849:
841:
837:
826:
801:
775:September 8,
773:. Retrieved
769:
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:
733:
713:
685:. Retrieved
681:
668:
645:
597:Third stream
582:Chamber jazz
500:
492:Lester Young
488:
478:
474:
471:
446:
433:Roger Segure
426:
421:
408:
392:André Previn
384:Russ Freeman
364:Contemporary
360:Pacific Jazz
357:
353:Benny Carter
341:Paul Desmond
337:Dave Brubeck
334:
323:
318:
310:
298:Shelly Manne
283:
278:
260:
250:
217:Woody Herman
214:
194:Wardell Gray
188:, featuring
178:Dial Records
176:established
174:Ross Russell
162:Norman Granz
150:World War II
147:
116:
115:
103:Other topics
84:Local scenes
36:
2570:Jazz genres
2442:Quiet storm
2405:Contradanza
2187:New Orleans
2182:Kansas City
1985:Jazz mugham
1980:Azerbaijani
1904:Second line
1899:Rare groove
1885:Jazz theory
1875:Jazz poetry
1860:Contrafacts
1844:Saint Lucia
1824:New Orleans
1756:Strata-East
1731:MPS Records
1661:Cobblestone
1582:Smooth jazz
1572:Jazz fusion
1516:Trombonists
1429:Sacred jazz
1414:Smooth jazz
1347:Jazz fusion
1230:Jazz violin
1210:Jazz guitar
1185:Jam session
1158:Jazz (word)
867:(1 (399)).
738:Carr, Roy.
564:Jazz portal
536:Harold Land
506:. However,
396:Anita O'Day
388:Bill Holman
286:Stan Kenton
257:Miles Davis
247:Development
92:Los Angeles
2554:Categories
2427:Brass band
2415:Jump blues
2259:Ethno jazz
2222:Australian
2202:West Coast
1959:Zimbabwean
1799:Copenhagen
1721:Mainstream
1531:Violinists
1521:Trumpeters
1491:Guitarists
1399:Organ trio
1384:Modal jazz
1357:Latin jazz
1337:Gypsy jazz
1235:Vocal jazz
1220:Jazz piano
1077:Gioia, Ted
1033:Gioia, Ted
955:August 15,
603:References
516:John Lewis
416:Marl Young
380:Bob Cooper
349:Pete Brown
294:Stan Levey
269:, drummer
267:Chet Baker
144:Background
2395:Acid jazz
2252:Worldwide
2238:Brazilian
2035:Bulgarian
1997:Indo jazz
1947:Cape jazz
1834:North Sea
1789:Cape Town
1776:Festivals
1751:Riverside
1726:Milestone
1651:Blue Note
1646:Bethlehem
1630:post-1950
1602:Standards
1587:Soul jazz
1536:Vocalists
1496:Organists
1468:Musicians
1458:Trad jazz
1419:Soul jazz
1342:Jazz-funk
1330:Punk jazz
1320:Free funk
1315:Free jazz
1310:Folk jazz
1300:Dixieland
1295:Cool jazz
1285:Cape jazz
1200:Jazz bass
1163:Jazz band
877:0162-6973
844:, p. 113.
640:(2006) .
638:Carr, Roy
485:Reception
454:Max Roach
376:Bud Shank
368:Blue Note
326:Fred Katz
315:concurs:
313:Bob Rusch
225:Zoot Sims
221:Stan Getz
215:In 1947,
168:shows at
125:cool jazz
109:Cool jazz
64:classical
2400:Afrobeat
2314:Pre-1920
2299:Jazz Age
2215:Oceanian
2165:American
2139:Canadian
2023:European
2014:Japanese
1975:Armenian
1937:Malawian
1932:Ethiopia
1819:Montreux
1814:Montreal
1809:Monterey
1746:Prestige
1716:Landmark
1701:Impulse!
1681:ESP-Disk
1610:Pre-1920
1567:Hard bop
1506:Pianists
1486:Drummers
1476:Bassists
1409:Ska jazz
1352:Jazz rap
1278:Post-bop
1268:Hard bop
1168:Big band
1039:(2001).
1019:29776316
929:March 4,
770:AllMusic
592:The Haig
550:See also
450:Roy Carr
406:labels.
372:Prestige
284:In 1950
133:hard bop
2447:Ragtime
2432:Exotica
2388:Related
2294:Ragtime
2272:History
2177:Chicago
2144:Haitian
2123:Swedish
2111:Spanish
2094:Italian
2047:British
2042:Belgian
2009:Iranian
1925:African
1853:Culture
1829:Newport
1804:Jakarta
1794:Chicago
1691:Freedom
1389:Nu jazz
1273:Neo-bop
1071:Sources
400:Norgran
281:nonet.
158:Kid Ory
148:Before
139:History
76:1940s,
2099:Polish
2089:German
2084:French
2069:Danish
2030:Balkan
1992:Indian
1952:Marabi
1909:Venues
1436:Stride
1379:Marabi
1369:M-Base
1250:Genres
1100:2005:
1017:
875:
814:
810:–111.
721:
656:
650:92–105
227:, and
204:, and
2478:Media
2437:Plugg
2410:Blues
2364:2010s
2359:2000s
2354:1990s
2349:1980s
2344:1970s
2339:1960s
2334:1950s
2329:1940s
2324:1930s
2319:1920s
2284:Blues
2154:Cuban
2074:Dutch
2002:Sitar
1968:Asian
1761:Verve
1625:1940s
1620:1930s
1615:1920s
1592:Swing
1552:Bebop
1441:Swing
1263:Bebop
1095:Films
1015:JSTOR
838:et al
504:swing
468:Sound
404:Verve
345:blues
275:decet
129:bebop
59:swing
54:Bebop
2498:Jazz
2491:Bird
2379:2022
2374:2021
2369:2020
2104:Yass
1839:Pori
1741:Muse
1577:Scat
1178:Jazz
1139:Jazz
1060:2017
988:2017
957:2017
931:2010
873:ISSN
842:Jazz
812:ISBN
802:Jazz
777:2017
751:2011
719:ISBN
689:2011
654:ISBN
542:and
456:and
402:and
370:and
362:and
358:The
351:and
296:and
121:jazz
1736:MPS
1711:JMT
1676:ECM
1671:CTI
1656:BYG
1053:NPR
808:103
131:or
2556::
1079:.
1051:.
1043:.
1035:;
1011:13
1009:.
978:.
974:.
948:.
922:.
899:.
885:^
865:38
863:.
785:^
768:.
742:.
697:^
680:.
676:.
652:.
644:.
611:^
546:.
538:,
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
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192:,
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1062:.
1021:.
990:.
980:2
959:.
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879:.
820:.
779:.
753:.
727:.
691:.
662:.
34:.
20:)
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