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523:– who took "altered" approaches to bebop. Although these musicians did not work exclusively or specifically within hard bop, their association with hard bop saxophone players put them within the genre's broader circle. West Coast Jazz's diminishing influence during the late 1950s accelerated hard bop's rise to prominence, while the transition to 33-RPM records facilitated the shifts toward longer solos that were typical of hard bop albums. During a fifteen-year stretch from 1952 to 1967, Blue Note Records recruited musicians and promoted hard bop described by Yanow as "classy."
278:' playing as one of the best examples of the style. Jazz critic Scott Yanow distinguished hard bop from the broader world of bop by saying that "empos could be just as blazing but the melodies were generally simpler, the musicians (particularly the saxophonists and pianists) tended to be familiar with (and open to the influence of) rhythm & blues and the bass players (rather than always being stuck in the role of a metronome) were beginning to gain a little more freedom and solo space."
768:
540:; and Art Blakey. Described by Al Campbell as "one of the greatest hard bop jam sessions ever recorded" and "filled with infectious passion and camaraderie," it was the only studio session ever recorded including all three saxophonists. It cemented "Coltrane's ability to navigate complex chord changes over a fast tempo" and is associated with Griffin's reputation as "the world's fastest saxophonist." In 1956, The Jazz Messengers recorded an album titled
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258:, which is commonly associated with hard bop. According to Mark C. Gridley, soul jazz more specifically refers to music with "an earthy, bluesy melodic concept and...repetitive, dance-like rhythms. Some listeners make no distinction between 'soul-jazz' and 'funky hard bop,' and many musicians don't consider 'soul-jazz' to be continuous with 'hard bop.'" The term "
822:. The revival was a "resurgence" by the 1990s, and by the 1990s, hard bop's revival had become so prominent that Yanow referred to it as "the foundation of modern acoustic jazz."Joe Henderson, for instance, was described by Yanow as a "national celebrity and a constant poll winner" in jazz circles after signing for
834:
Rosenthal observed that "he years 1955 to 1965 represent the last period in which jazz effortlessly attracted the hippiest young black musicians, the most musically advanced, those with the most solid technical skills and the strongest sense of themselves, not only as entertainers but as artists." In
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David Ake notes that by the mid-1950s, "the bop world clearly was not the 'closed' circle it had been in its earliest days." This coincided with a competitive spirit among bop musicians to play with "virtuousity and complexity," along with what Ake calls "jazz masculinity." The broadening influence
623:
was described by
Richard Havers as "Coltrane's Hard-Bop Masterpiece," although an edit made to one of the album's records caused controversy following disapproval from sound engineer Rudy Van Gelder. In the early to mid-1960s, prior to his death, Coltrane experimented in free jazz but again drew
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that everybody knows. There's no rehearsal, there's no thought given to the audience. Both Horace and Art knew that the only way to get the jazz audience back and make it bigger than ever was to really make music that was memorable and planned, where you consider the audience and keep everything
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the same text he laments hard bop's "many detractors and few articulate defenders," describing some of the comments made by its critics as "derogatory cliches." Alternatively, Yanow suggests a slightly longer period, from 1955 to 1968, during which hard bop was "the most dominant jazz style."
798:
Davis led other jazz musicians toward the fusion genre, particularly other trumpet players. For example, Donald Byrd's shift toward commercial fusion and smooth jazz recordings of the early 1970s, while celebrated within some circles, was considered a "betrayal" by fans of hard bop. His album
427:
scene take shape.... This music, and not cool jazz, was what chronologically separated bebop and hard bop in ghettos. Young jazz musicians, of course, enjoyed and listened to these R & B sounds which, among other things, began the amalgam of blues and gospel that would later be dubbed
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suggested that cool jazz and hard bop simply reflected their respective geographic environments: the relaxed cool jazz style reflected a more relaxed lifestyle in
California, while driving bop typified the New York scene. Some writers, such as
795:, which had limited appeal outside jazz circles, bringing "division and controversy into the jazz community," Davis and other former hard boppers left the genre, only for the new fusion genre to itself shrink within the next decade.
293:, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill explain, "the hard bop school...saw the new instrumentation and compositional devices used by cool musicians as gimmicks rather than valid developments of the jazz tradition." However,
302:, suggest that the style was an attempt to recapture jazz as a form of African American expression. Whether or not this was the intent, many musicians quickly adopted the style, regardless of race.
787:. Yanow also attributes hard bop's temporary decline in the 1970s to "he rise of commercial rock and the consolidation of most of the independent record labels." With rock groups such as
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Hard bop is sometimes referred to as "funky hard bop". The "funky" label refers to the rollicking, rhythmic feeling associated with the style. The descriptor is also used to describe
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Scott Yanow described hard bop in the late 1960s as "running out of gas." Blue Note
Records' sale and decline in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combined with the rapid ascendance of
432:.' And it is in this vigorously creative black pop music, at a time when bebop seemed to have lost both its direction and its audience, that some of hard bop's roots may be found.
558:. Shortly after, in 1958, The Jazz Messengers, with a new line-up including Lee Morgan on trumpet and Benny Golson on saxophone, recorded the quintessential hard bop album
642:. These albums represented a transition toward more experimental jazz, but Davis maintained core ideas of hard bop, such as the "call-and-response theme" found on one of
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160:(or "bop") music. Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s to describe a new current within jazz that incorporated influences from
805:(1973), Blue Note's most successful album, neared #1 spot on the R&B charts despite the opposition of jazz purists. However, in 1985, the filmed concert
564:, with the album pioneering in soul jazz. Golson and Morgan formed their own bands and produced further records in the hard bop genre: Golson's Jazztet with
838:
Although the hard bop style enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s, hard bop performers and elements of the music remain present in jazz.
315:
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short. They really liked digging into blues and gospel, things with universal appeal. So they put together what was to be called the Jazz
Messengers.
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Both Art and Horace were very, very aware of what they wanted to do. They wanted to get away from the jazz scene of the early '50s, which was the
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noted a combination of "wider and harsher tones" with "accompanying piano chords became more basic and simplified." He cited saxophonist
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in 1955, becoming prominent in hard bop before moving on to other styles. Other early documents were the two volumes of the Blue Note
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Meanwhile, in the late 1950s to early 1960s John
Coltrane was a prominent saxophonist within the hard bop genre, with albums such as
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630:. Coltrane was a longtime member of Miles Davis' band, which bridged the gap between hard bop and modal jazz with albums such as
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David
Rosenthal sees the development of hard bop as a response to both a decline in bebop and the rise of rhythm and blues:
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Following fusion's decline, younger musicians started a bop revival, the best-known proponent of this being trumpeter
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of hard bop coincided with a generation of jazz pianists who rose to prominence in the late 1950s – among them
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during the early 1950s that "anchored the city's Jazz scene" and attracted hard bop musicians to the city.
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was described as "indebted to hard bop" due to its "fast speeds, angular phrases and driving rhythms."
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1271:"Re-Masculating Jazz: Ornette Coleman, "Lonely Woman," and the New York Jazz Scene in the Late 1950s"
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at that time. Hard bop first developed in the mid-1950s, and is generally seen as originating with
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Hard Bop - Art Blakey, Art Blakey & the Jazz
Messengers | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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in 1962. Powell, a bebop pianist, continued to record albums in the early 1960s, while Gordon's
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Moanin' - Art Blakey & the Jazz
Messengers, Art Blakey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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This article is about the jazz style. For the album by Art Blakey and The Jazz
Messengers, see
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maintains that Silver and Blakey's efforts were in response to the New York bebop scene:
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were the dominant forms of black
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David Rosenthal considers six albums among the high points of the hard bop era:
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brought together thirty predominantly hard bop musicians including Art Blakey,
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A key recording in the early development of hard bop was Silver's composition "
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that the genre is, to a large degree, the natural creation of a generation of
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as an early center in the rise of bop and hard bop, noting Detroit musicians
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was hesitant to record the song. However, the song became a successful hit.
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A critical album that cemented hard bop's mainstream presence in jazz was
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Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, 1960. Pictured are Lee Morgan (left),
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A Blowin' Session - Johnny Griffin | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made
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Other musicians who contributed to the hard bop style include
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exemplifying his ability to play within this style. His album
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and the fact Miles Davis lived in the city from 1953 to 1954.
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Stardust - John Coltrane | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
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Miles Davis, who had performed the title track of his album
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673:. Other hard bop musicians went to Europe, such as pianist
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665:; however, he received less recognition after he moved to
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677:(elder brother of Richie Powell) in 1959 and saxophonist
338:, the phrase was originated by music critic and pianist
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Hard bop has been seen by some critics as a response to
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that seemed to suddenly appear in jazz during the era.
1737:"The Young Lions brought bebop and swing roaring back"
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became "one of his most iconic albums" for Blue Note.
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In the early 1960s, Joe Henderson formed a band with
1505:"'Blue Train': John Coltrane's Hard-Bop Masterpiece"
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826:in the 1990s, largely due to changes in marketing.
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619:, who would go on to become "a hard bop stylist."
615:(1958), for instance, included on trumpet a young
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574:in 1960, which was given a five-star rating by
1616:"Joe Henderson Biography, Songs, & Albums"
1559:""Kind of Blue" and the Economy of Modal Jazz"
1529:"John Coltrane: A Guide to His Life and Music"
1246:"Richie Powell Biography, Songs, & Albums"
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194:musicians who grew up at a time when bop and
1435:"Lee Morgan Biography, Songs, & Albums"
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624:influences from hard bop in his 1965 album
423:The early fifties saw an extremely dynamic
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976:; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) .
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1641:"Dexter Gordon – Master of the Tenor Sax"
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319:Horace Silver Quintet in Amsterdam, 1959
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1163:The Journal of African American History
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1141:, New York: Dell, pp. 435–453
1016:Timeline of African American Music
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48:(center), and Art Blakey (right)
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532:(1957), including saxophonists
410:, and they only play blues and
2515:Institutions and organizations
1664:Waring, Charles (2022-04-02).
1639:Waring, Charles (2022-02-27).
1503:Havers, Richard (2021-09-15).
1327:The Black Perspective in Music
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568:on trumpet recorded the album
1:
2212:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
1217:Schaffer, Dean (2010-08-20).
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1321:Rosenthal, David H. (1988).
7:
1713:Jopson, John (2004-01-27),
1091:, London: Hamlyn, pp.
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550:on trumpet and saxophonist
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1323:"Hard Bop and Its Critics"
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864:List of hard bop musicians
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142:List of hard bop musicians
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1227:. Market Street Media LLC
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1719:(Music), Capitol Records
1716:One Night with Blue Note
1557:Barrett, Samuel (2006).
1157:Macías, Anthony (2010).
808:One Night with Blue Note
669:and began recording for
469:in 1954, would form the
156:that is an extension of
897:All Music Guide to Jazz
646:'s best-known tracks, "
345:New York Herald Tribune
342:, jazz reviewer of the
1135:Collier, James Lincoln
1081:"The Harder They Come"
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16:Subgenre of jazz music
1079:Case, Brian (2006) ,
1012:"History of Hard Bop"
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650:." The earlier album
467:Newport Jazz Festival
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300:James Lincoln Collier
186:contends in his book
2929:Bibliography of jazz
2709:Continental European
785:Young Lions Movement
408:house rhythm section
3170:Straight, No Chaser
2959:Straight-ahead jazz
2416:Winter & Winter
1865:French horn in jazz
1535:. February 24, 2022
1269:Ake, David (1998).
930:Rosenthal, David H.
757:Decline and revival
483:A Night at Birdland
471:Miles Davis Quintet
350:the Jazz Messengers
216:Cannonball Adderley
122:straight-ahead jazz
3114:West African music
2939:British dance band
2729:European free jazz
2702:British dance band
2195:Musicians by genre
1975:Free improvisation
1143:. Cited in Tanner
1139:The Making of Jazz
1055:www.scottyanow.com
979:"Hard Bop — Funky"
974:Tanner, Paul O. W.
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734:Saxophone Colossus
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184:David H. Rosenthal
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2434:Beaches (Toronto)
1845:Swing performance
1741:KNKX Public Radio
1480:"Freddie Hubbard"
1224:Collectors Weekly
750:Brilliant Corners
529:A Blowin' Session
465:at the inaugural
394:scene — you hire
268:triadic harmonies
152:is a subgenre of
147:
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54:Stylistic origins
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3215:Jazz terminology
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2954:Continental jazz
2847:Washington, D.C.
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2356:India Navigation
2054:Progressive jazz
1908:Avant-garde jazz
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1047:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
970:
949:
948:
926:
915:
914:
887:
858:
853:
852:
793:avant-garde jazz
738:Let Freedom Ring
684:Our Man in Paris
571:Meet the Jazztet
425:Rhythm and Blues
196:rhythm and blues
192:African-American
172:, especially in
162:rhythm and blues
105:Derivative forms
90:Cultural origins
76:rhythm and blues
38:
26:
25:
21:Hard Bop (album)
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:Jazz portal
3182:
3175:
3156:The Jazz Singer
3123:
3102:Novelty ragtime
3033:
2913:
2897:
2876:
2856:
2810:
2777:
2668:
2613:
2568:Regional scenes
2563:
2498:
2420:
2346:Groove Merchant
2336:Flying Dutchman
2284:
2246:
2190:
2112:
2044:Orchestral jazz
2024:Mainstream jazz
2012:Afro-Cuban jazz
1894:
1803:Outline of jazz
1791:
1786:
1756:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1670:uDiscover Music
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1645:uDiscover Music
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1555:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1509:uDiscover Music
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1339:10.2307/1215124
1319:
1310:
1287:10.2307/3052674
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1206:
1155:
1151:
1132:
1128:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
971:
952:
946:
927:
918:
912:
888:
877:
872:
854:
847:
844:
832:
820:Wynton Marsalis
765:
759:
617:Freddie Hubbard
508:
384:Michael Cuscuna
313:
308:
287:West Coast jazz
252:
232:Thelonious Monk
131:
85:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3195:
3194:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3163:Round Midnight
3159:
3152:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2893:Latin American
2890:
2884:
2882:
2881:South American
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Baltimore jazz
2818:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2799:Latin American
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2782:North American
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Percussionists
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2074:Spiritual jazz
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1796:General topics
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1728:
1705:
1681:
1656:
1631:
1604:
1569:(2): 185–200.
1546:
1520:
1495:
1471:
1450:
1423:
1402:
1381:
1360:
1308:
1275:American Music
1261:
1237:
1204:
1149:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1066:
1027:
1003:
996:
950:
944:
916:
910:
874:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
860:
859:
843:
840:
831:
828:
758:
755:
663:Herbie Hancock
627:A Love Supreme
586:Latin boogaloo
581:The Sidewinder
556:jazz standards
534:Johnny Griffin
513:Tommy Flanagan
507:
504:
488:Clifford Brown
400:Charlie Parker
374:Billy Mitchell
312:
309:
307:
304:
264:plagal cadence
251:
248:
240:Wes Montgomery
208:Charles Mingus
204:Clifford Brown
145:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
91:
87:
86:
84:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
55:
51:
50:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3232:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3119:Western swing
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:New York City
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:Flamenco jazz
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:South African
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:Discographies
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Vibraphonists
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:Swing revival
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Flamenco jazz
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:Women in jazz
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Jazz trombone
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Jazz drumming
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:Improvisation
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1695:
1691:
1690:"Donald Byrd"
1685:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Popular Music
1560:
1553:
1551:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:Manne, Shelly
1111:
1104:
1102:0-681-03179-4
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:0-697-03663-4
993:
989:
985:
980:
975:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
947:
945:0-19-505869-0
941:
937:
936:
931:
925:
923:
921:
913:
911:0-87930-308-5
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
886:
884:
882:
880:
875:
865:
862:
861:
857:
851:
846:
839:
836:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
764:
754:
752:
751:
746:
745:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
725:
719:
717:
713:
712:Sonny Rollins
709:
708:Blue Mitchell
705:
704:Lou Donaldson
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
685:
680:
679:Dexter Gordon
676:
672:
668:
667:San Francisco
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
603:
597:
595:
594:Wayne Shorter
591:
590:Joe Henderson
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
552:Jackie McLean
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:Paul Chambers
535:
531:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
503:
501:
497:
496:Richie Powell
493:
489:
485:
484:
480:
476:
475:John Coltrane
472:
468:
464:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
440:Horace Silver
438:
433:
431:
426:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
404:J. J. Johnson
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
379:
378:Blue Bird Inn
375:
371:
370:Kenny Burrell
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Horace Silver
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:According to
317:
303:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
276:Sonny Rollins
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
250:Musical style
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:John Coltrane
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Horace Silver
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
134:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
100:
96:
95:New York City
92:
88:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
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52:
47:
46:Wayne Shorter
43:
42:Jymie Merritt
37:
32:
27:
22:
3181:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3150:(miniseries)
3147:
3139:
3109:Sophisti-pop
2539:
2530:Jazz royalty
2520:Jazz funeral
2316:Contemporary
2207:Chamber jazz
2161:Saxophonists
2131:Clarinetists
2103:Third stream
1940:Chamber jazz
1917:
1840:Scat singing
1745:. Retrieved
1743:. 2022-04-27
1740:
1731:
1721:, retrieved
1715:
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1566:
1562:
1537:. Retrieved
1532:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1464:, retrieved
1459:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1416:, retrieved
1411:
1405:
1395:, retrieved
1390:
1384:
1374:, retrieved
1369:
1363:
1333:(1): 21–29.
1330:
1326:
1281:(1): 25–44.
1278:
1274:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1222:
1169:(1): 44–70.
1166:
1162:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1129:
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1110:
1088:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
983:
934:
895:
837:
833:
817:
806:
800:
797:
774:
763:Neo-bop jazz
748:
744:Mingus Ah Um
742:
732:
729:Kind of Blue
728:
722:
720:
689:
682:
659:Kenny Dorham
656:
651:
644:Kind of Blue
643:
639:Kind of Blue
637:
631:
625:
620:
612:
606:
600:
598:
579:
569:
559:
548:Bill Hardman
541:
527:
525:
521:Wynton Kelly
509:
500:Carl Perkins
481:
460:
458:
446:The Preacher
443:
422:
418:
389:
382:
366:Barry Harris
356:and drummer
343:
340:John Mehegan
335:
334:LP entitled
322:
295:Shelly Manne
280:
253:
246:and others.
187:
182:
166:gospel music
149:
148:
136:Other topics
127:neo-bop jazz
81:gospel music
3220:Jazz genres
3092:Quiet storm
3055:Contradanza
2837:New Orleans
2832:Kansas City
2635:Jazz mugham
2630:Azerbaijani
2554:Second line
2549:Rare groove
2535:Jazz theory
2525:Jazz poetry
2510:Contrafacts
2494:Saint Lucia
2474:New Orleans
2406:Strata-East
2381:MPS Records
2311:Cobblestone
2232:Smooth jazz
2222:Jazz fusion
2166:Trombonists
2079:Sacred jazz
2064:Smooth jazz
1997:Jazz fusion
1880:Jazz violin
1860:Jazz guitar
1835:Jam session
1808:Jazz (word)
1533:Masterclass
856:Jazz portal
789:The Beatles
716:Sonny Stitt
700:Sonny Clark
696:Tina Brooks
692:Donald Byrd
608:Giant Steps
454:Alfred Lion
325:Nat Hentoff
291:Paul Tanner
272:Leroi Jones
244:Pat Martino
228:Hank Mobley
220:Miles Davis
3204:Categories
3077:Brass band
3065:Jump blues
2909:Ethno jazz
2872:Australian
2852:West Coast
2609:Zimbabwean
2449:Copenhagen
2371:Mainstream
2181:Violinists
2171:Trumpeters
2141:Guitarists
2049:Organ trio
2034:Modal jazz
2007:Latin jazz
1987:Gypsy jazz
1885:Vocal jazz
1870:Jazz piano
1747:2022-04-30
1723:2022-08-02
1699:2022-07-09
1675:2022-04-30
1650:2022-04-30
1625:2022-04-30
1514:2022-04-30
1489:2022-04-30
1466:2022-04-30
1444:2022-04-30
1418:2022-04-30
1397:2022-04-30
1376:2022-04-30
1255:2022-04-30
1231:2010-11-11
1060:2022-04-30
1051:"hardbopz"
1021:2022-04-30
870:References
813:Ron Carter
802:Black Byrd
761:See also:
675:Bud Powell
652:Milestones
633:Milestones
621:Blue Train
602:Blue Train
566:Art Farmer
517:Kenny Drew
506:Mainstream
430:soul music
396:Phil Woods
358:Art Blakey
329:Art Blakey
236:Lee Morgan
212:Art Blakey
3045:Acid jazz
2902:Worldwide
2888:Brazilian
2685:Bulgarian
2647:Indo jazz
2597:Cape jazz
2484:North Sea
2439:Cape Town
2426:Festivals
2401:Riverside
2376:Milestone
2301:Blue Note
2296:Bethlehem
2280:post-1950
2252:Standards
2237:Soul jazz
2186:Vocalists
2146:Organists
2118:Musicians
2108:Trad jazz
2069:Soul jazz
1992:Jazz-funk
1980:Punk jazz
1970:Free funk
1965:Free jazz
1960:Folk jazz
1950:Dixieland
1945:Cool jazz
1935:Cape jazz
1850:Jazz bass
1813:Jazz band
1583:0261-1430
1539:April 30,
1347:0090-7790
1295:0734-4392
1199:140951100
1183:1548-1867
1147:, p. 112.
1124:, p. 113.
777:soul jazz
671:Milestone
492:Max Roach
450:Blue Note
412:standards
283:cool jazz
256:soul jazz
180:playing.
174:saxophone
112:soul jazz
93:1950s in
3210:Hard bop
3050:Afrobeat
2964:Pre-1920
2949:Jazz Age
2865:Oceanian
2815:American
2789:Canadian
2673:European
2664:Japanese
2625:Armenian
2587:Malawian
2582:Ethiopia
2469:Montreux
2464:Montreal
2459:Monterey
2396:Prestige
2366:Landmark
2351:Impulse!
2331:ESP-Disk
2260:Pre-1920
2217:Hard bop
2156:Pianists
2136:Drummers
2126:Bassists
2059:Ska jazz
2002:Jazz rap
1928:Post-bop
1918:Hard bop
1818:Big band
1620:AllMusic
1599:56391910
1439:AllMusic
1250:AllMusic
1137:(1978),
1085:Roy Carr
932:(1992),
892:Ron Wynn
842:See also
613:Stardust
576:AllMusic
543:Hard Bop
392:Birdland
336:Hard Bop
332:Columbia
188:Hard Bop
150:Hard bop
117:post-bop
29:Hard bop
3097:Ragtime
3082:Exotica
3038:Related
2944:Ragtime
2922:History
2827:Chicago
2794:Haitian
2773:Swedish
2761:Spanish
2744:Italian
2697:British
2692:Belgian
2659:Iranian
2575:African
2503:Culture
2479:Newport
2454:Jakarta
2444:Chicago
2341:Freedom
2039:Nu jazz
1923:Neo-bop
1591:3877558
1355:1215124
1303:3052674
1093:106–121
1087:(ed.),
988:112–121
894:(ed.),
648:So What
561:Moanin'
462:Walkin'
362:Detroit
311:Origins
306:History
99:Detroit
2749:Polish
2739:German
2734:French
2719:Danish
2680:Balkan
2642:Indian
2602:Marabi
2559:Venues
2086:Stride
2029:Marabi
2019:M-Base
1900:Genres
1597:
1589:
1581:
1353:
1345:
1301:
1293:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1099:
994:
942:
908:
830:Legacy
781:fusion
747:, and
724:Ugetsu
714:, and
519:, and
479:albums
266:) and
168:, and
3128:Media
3087:Plugg
3060:Blues
3014:2010s
3009:2000s
3004:1990s
2999:1980s
2994:1970s
2989:1960s
2984:1950s
2979:1940s
2974:1930s
2969:1920s
2934:Blues
2804:Cuban
2724:Dutch
2652:Sitar
2618:Asian
2411:Verve
2275:1940s
2270:1930s
2265:1920s
2242:Swing
2202:Bebop
2091:Swing
1913:Bebop
1595:S2CID
1587:JSTOR
1351:JSTOR
1299:JSTOR
1195:S2CID
1187:JSTOR
1145:et al
1122:et al
1083:, in
902:11–12
824:Verve
473:with
452:head
289:. As
178:piano
170:blues
158:bebop
71:bebop
66:blues
3148:Jazz
3141:Bird
3029:2022
3024:2021
3019:2020
2754:Yass
2489:Pori
2391:Muse
2227:Scat
1828:Jazz
1789:Jazz
1579:ISSN
1541:2022
1343:ISSN
1291:ISSN
1179:ISSN
1097:ISBN
992:ISBN
984:Jazz
940:ISBN
906:ISBN
779:and
636:and
605:and
592:and
498:and
368:and
285:and
260:soul
176:and
154:jazz
97:and
61:Jazz
44:and
2386:MPS
2361:JMT
2326:ECM
2321:CTI
2306:BYG
1571:doi
1335:doi
1283:doi
1171:doi
402:or
398:or
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