447:, who was keen to support the British and also to find a use for his officers, for 400 Polish officers and Sikorski so agreed. All told, 273 Polish officers served in the British West African forces during the war. They were commissioned on Emergency Commissions between the ranks of Second Lieutenant and Captain. The Polish officers were poorly prepared for the posting and many of them did not have an adequate level of English. Following the fall of Poland, and subsequently of France, a large of number of the surviving Polish military had evacuated to England. While the Polish Air Force was incorporated into the
89:
415:
423:
of the RWAFF. Normally, the officers were
British ones who had volunteered to temporarily serve in Africa and then return to their old unit. However, there was a reluctance in the Second World War as many had volunteered just for the duration of the war and saw the important fighting as closer to home. Other potential sources of white officers,
640:, she awarded the Nigeria Regiment the honour of the title: the "Queen's Own Nigeria Regiment". During the Second World War, the war-service of some of the support corps of the RWAFF had similarly received Royal recognition, to become: the Royal West African Artillery (RWAA), and the Royal West African Engineers (RWAE).
422:
In peacetime the Royal West
African Frontier Force (RWAFF) had numbered five battalions of infantry, but during the war increased to several dozen plus ancillaries. Each RWAFF infantry battalion included over 80 white Europeans. In total, white officers and non-commissioned officers constituted 14.6%
435:
to begin drafting officers for service in Africa, although many commanders saw this as an opportunity to rid themselves of their worst officers. Efforts to allow black officers to serve were slow to develop, with only the
Territorial Battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment permitting black officers by
190:, who arrived in Nigeria in 1898. The following year, an interdepartmental committee recommended the amalgamation of all existing British colonial military forces in West Africa under the designation of the West African Field Force. Rivalry between Britain and France for control of the trade on the
400:
Between 1919 and 1939 the RWAFF reverted to its peacetime role of an all regular multi-battalion force, recruited from diverse regions and with a commitment to serve in any of the
British West African colonial territories. Organisation and roles were influenced by those of the British Indian Army
707:
741:. Artillery units wore blue jackets with yellow braid and engineers red with blue braid. African sergeants and warrant officers were distinguished by yellow braiding on the front of their jackets. The badge on the fez was a palm tree. For field dress, khaki shirt, shorts, jersey and
645:
Despite the approach of independence, the military authorities were slow in commissioning
African officers. For example, at the time of the Queen's visit, the 1st Battalion of the Nigeria Regiment had only two African officers, both lieutenants, Kur Mohammed (later assassinated with
658:, writing in 1953, did, however report meeting "two or three smart young Negro officers of the West African Frontier Force" in Lagos. Gunther noted that all were former aides-de-camp and that he did not meet non-white ADCs in any of the other African colonies that he visited.
155:
and similar tension around
Nigeria allowed them to create a much more substantial military force. By July 1897, the War Office had successfully completed the reorganisation of the Egyptian army and thought a similar process would be wise in West Africa. The
756:) for review order and field dress. A green and black hackle was worn on the bush hats. For evening functions, a white mess uniform with rolled collar was worn with cummerbunds in blue for artillery and battalion colours for infantry officers.
253:
of engineers. The infantry battalions at that time had an establishment of 1,200 men, the artillery batteries had 175 men and there were 46 engineers. There were 217 British officers, non-commissioned officers and specialists.
171:
The decision to raise this force was taken in 1897 because of
British concern at French colonial expansion in territories bordering on Northern Nigeria. The first troops were from that area and thought of by the British as
1478:
1544:
1539:
1412:
637:
1369:
293:
during 1914β16, in difficult terrain against stubborn resistance, made the WAFF a valuable reinforcement to the
British Empire forces operating against the German
633:, with a field battery of artillery and a field company of engineers), the Gold Coast Regiment, and the Sierra Leone Regiment (including a company in Gambia).
418:
Polish
Officers of the Gambia Regiment during WW II--from the left: Lt. Adam Grzywacz, Lt. WeisΕaw BuΕkowski, Captain Jan Ε»eleΕΊnik, Major Stanislaw Lisiecki.
1448:
1509:
161:
1458:
617:
In 1947, the RWAFF reverted to
Colonial Office control. After the war, the RWAFF comprised the Nigeria Regiment (five battalions, stationed at
1407:
1362:
1341:
443:
was informed on a visit to West Africa in May 1941 that it was necessary to find a large number of officers for the RWAFF. Churchill asked
17:
1488:
379:
1534:
384:
1286:
Healy, Michael S. (1999). "'The Polish White Infusion': Polish Officers in Britain's Royal West African Frontier Force, 1941β1945".
548:
3rd Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
545:
2nd Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
542:
1st Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in East Africa with 23 Nigeria Brigade and Burma with 1 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
516:
3rd Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
513:
2nd Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
510:
1st Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in East Africa with 24 G.C. Brigade and Burma with 2 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
186:
in a very multi-tribal force, especially in Nigeria. The task of raising the new locally recruited force was entrusted to Colonel
1549:
1473:
1355:
305:
in 1916, and was soon joined by four battalions of the Nigeria Regiment. All remained active in this theatre of war until 1918.
168:
that it was possible at no additional cost to create a "homogeneous Imperial force available for any emergency" in West Africa.
1483:
1453:
1524:
1402:
951:
698:
moved towards independence. The former RWAFF units formed the basis of the new national armies of their respective states.
1514:
966:
389:
1529:
946:
941:
929:
187:
1325:
1190:
917:
1001:
923:
1378:
1011:
911:
905:
1468:
1253:
The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939β45, Volume II, Rhodesiana Reprint Library β Silver Series, Volume 11
1519:
641:
298:
1432:
807:
675:
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472:
120:
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157:
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was considering the creation of a military force from the West African colonies prior to 1897, but the
961:
266:
214:
686:
in the newly independent nation. The RWAFF was finally disbanded in 1960 as the British colonies of
152:
1234:, Nashville, Battery Press, with Imperial War Museum, London, 1990 (reprint of 1941 publication).
1130:
Major R.M. Barnes, page 276, "Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd 1971
1060:
Major R.M. Barnes, page=276, "Military Uniforms of Britain and the Empire", Sphere Books Ltd 1971
503:
Twenty-eight battalions, including training battalions, were raised during the Second World War.
444:
250:
1211:
The Empire's Smallest Regiment: The Gambia Company of the West African Frontier Force, 1902-1958
1037:
647:
589:
1st Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment β served in Burma with 6 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
220:
1002:
Politics and Society in Nigeria's Middlebelt: Borgu and the Emergence of a Political Identity
763:
independence by a high-collared dark green tunic, peaked cap and light coloured trousers. In
662:
was at that time the only African who had advanced to the rank of major. He became the first
659:
531:
8th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
528:
7th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
522:
5th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β served in Burma with 5 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
364:
1160:
88:
575:
12th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
569:
10th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
1140:
759:
Because of its identification with colonial rule, this uniform was replaced shortly after
566:
9th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
560:
7th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 3 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
557:
6th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
554:
5th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 4 (W.A.) Brigade, 82 (W.A.) Division
551:
4th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β served in Burma with 6 (W.A.) Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
8:
1463:
1427:
1392:
859:
330:
112:
51:
1347:
595:
3rd Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Freetown
451:, surviving members of the Polish Army (who were primarily officers) were garrisoned in
1297:
1274:
1185:, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London, 1930; Naval & Military Press, Uckfield, 2004:
1145:
878:
780:
767:(formerly the Gold Coast), a scarlet and blue British style dress uniform was adopted.
603:
1st Battalion Gambia Regiment β served in Burma with 6 W.A. Brigade, 81 (W.A.) Division
484:
302:
226:
654:(commissioned in 1953 as the 23rd West African military officer). The American writer
534:
9th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Takoradi
1321:
1288:
1186:
1007:
776:
440:
409:
354:
242:
198:, and the stationing of the Frontier Force at Yashikera and elsewhere in the region.
897:
884:
719:
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374:
321:
290:
255:
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752:
British officers wore khaki serge or drill uniforms with tropical helmets (later
448:
369:
347:
262:
165:
108:
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2nd Battalion Gambia Regiment β Coast Defence/ area defence battalion for Gambia
872:
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793:
730:
726:
711:
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651:
492:
468:
414:
343:
205:
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61:
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The West African Frontier Force first saw action during the occupation of the
1503:
956:
436:
1939, and only two officers being commissioned at all by the end of the war.
182:
346:
were awarded separately to the constituent regiments of the WAFF during the
1114:
691:
655:
428:
294:
173:
124:
775:
From 1901 to 1938, the WAFF (and later the RWAFF) was administered by an
313:
By the end of the First World War, regimental strengths were as follows:
259:
191:
104:
1301:
1278:
722:
of the RWAFF throughout its history was a distinctive one. It comprised
455:
in the unlikely event Polish soldiers for them to command would appear.
1232:
Military Operations East Africa, Volume 1, August 1914 β September 1916
1038:"West Africa | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
753:
746:
738:
464:
432:
211:
Northern Nigeria Regiment β 3 battalions infantry (including 1 mounted)
148:
1397:
682:
and the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the RWAFF to form the
246:
234:
578:
13th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β Coast Defence battalion for Lagos.
471:(GOC West Africa), the RWAFF served as a cadre for the formation of
92:
Troops of the Nigeria Regiment RWAFF on active service in Burma 1944
622:
488:
452:
424:
282:
238:
1255:, Bulawayo, Books of Rhodesia, 1976 (reprint of 1947 publication).
410:
Situation in the beginning and officer shortfall, Polish influence
258:
detachments were subsequently raised. The standard weapon was the
1265:
Ekoko, Edho (1979). "The West African Frontier Force Revisited".
908:
760:
706:
687:
286:
278:
116:
742:
734:
695:
630:
618:
431:, failed to make up the shortfall. It became necessary for the
359:
269:(quick-firing, man-portable pack howitzers) for the artillery.
128:
194:
led to the occupation of areas by the French, for instance at
764:
723:
679:
626:
1318:
West African Soldiers in Britain's Colonial Army (1860-1960)
463:
In 1939, the RWAFF was transferred from Colonial Office to
195:
714:
of the Gold Coast Regiment WAFF in full dress uniform 1918
217:β 2 battalions infantry and 2 batteries mountain artillery
1377:
404:
1239:
Imperial Sunset: Frontier Soldiering in the 20th Century
829:
Colonel on the Staff R. D. F. Oldman CMG DSO β 1924β1926
208:β 1 battalion infantry and 1 battery mountain artillery
131:. In 1928, it received royal recognition, becoming the
1246:
The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939β45, Volume I
525:
6th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β Training battalion
301:. One battalion of the Gold Coast Regiment arrived in
1545:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1960
1225:
The History of the Royal West African Frontier Force
1197:
The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign
233:
By 1908, the WAFF in Northern Nigeria comprised two
1248:, Salisbury, Government of Southern Rhodesia, 1947.
563:
8th Battalion Nigeria Regiment β Training battalion
885:General Sir Lashmer Gordon Whistler, GCB, KBE, DSO
669:
519:4th Battalion Gold Coast Regiment β sent to Gambia
1540:Military units and formations established in 1900
1501:
879:Brigadier Charles Roger Alan Swynnerton, CB, DSO
826:Colonel A. H. W. Haywood CMG CBE DSO β 1920β1923
297:(colonial troops) in East Africa led by General
896:The RWAFF received royal patronage through its
841:Brigadier C. C. Norman CMG CBE DSO β 1932β1936
272:
1363:
1223:Hayward, Col. A. & Clarke, Brig. F.A.S.,
779:. From 1945, the force was administered by a
327:The Royal Sierra Leone Regiment β 1 battalion
1267:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
1241:, London, Macdonald Futura Publishers, 1981.
498:
337:
308:
29:British colonial military force (1900β1960)
1510:Royal West African Frontier Force officers
1370:
1356:
873:General Sir George James Giffard, GCB, DSO
638:Queen Elizabeth II visited Nigeria in 1956
201:On formation in 1900, the WAFF comprised:
1315:
972:
467:control. Under the leadership of General
1204:With the Nigerians in German East Africa
1159:
1139:
1023:
1021:
1019:
832:Colonel S. S. Butler CMG DSO β 1926β1930
705:
479:. Both divisions saw service during the
413:
87:
1474:Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council
1227:, Aldershot, UK, Gale and Polden, 1964.
993:
737:style jackets edged in yellow, and red
14:
1502:
1206:, London, Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1919.
866:
405:Second World War (1939β1945) and after
317:The Gold Coast Regiment β 5 battalions
1379:Military history topics of The Gambia
1351:
1285:
1264:
1016:
786:
176:" - to the end of colonial rule, the
952:East African Campaign (World War II)
891:
666:of the army of independent Nigeria.
1320:. Rochester: Boydell & Brewer.
1259:Military Report on Northern Nigeria
967:West African campaign (World War I)
592:2nd Battalion Sierra Leone Regiment
24:
1309:
947:2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
942:1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
395:
25:
1561:
1489:2017 ECOWAS military intervention
1418:Royal West African Frontier Force
1335:
1042:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1006:Africa World Press, pp. 131-134.
133:Royal West African Frontier Force
35:Royal West African Frontier Force
1535:Military history of Sierra Leone
1167:. 8 October 1926. p. 6440.
1153:
1133:
1124:
1108:
1099:
674:In 1957, the British colony of
670:RWAFF disbanded at independence
581:14th Battalion Nigeria Regiment
572:11th Battalion Nigeria Regiment
458:
97:The West African Frontier Force
1550:Military history of the Gambia
1403:1850β1856 Soninke-Marabout War
1316:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2022).
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1030:
984:
265:carbine, and the force had 30
13:
1:
1149:. 1 January 1924. p. 52.
770:
1213:. Double Dagger Books, 2022.
1199:, London, John Murray, 1920.
1195:Clifford, Sir Hugh Charles,
1183:The Great War in West Africa
854:β 1938β1945 (role filled by
289:). The experience gained in
7:
1525:Military history of Nigeria
1433:81st (West Africa) Division
1413:1866 Capture of Tubabkolong
1121:, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 1955
935:
808:Percival Spearman Wilkinson
701:
612:
477:82nd (West Africa) Division
473:81st (West Africa) Division
273:First World War (1914β1918)
18:West African Frontier Force
10:
1566:
1515:British colonial regiments
1220:, London, Mayflower, 1969.
856:General Officer Commanding
684:Ghana Regiment of Infantry
664:General Officer Commanding
267:QF 2.95 inch mountain guns
158:Secretary of State for War
142:
1530:Military history of Ghana
1441:
1385:
1202:Downes, Capt. Walter D.,
1105:Hayward & Clark 1964.
999:Adekunle, Julius. (2004)
962:Hugh Trenchard in Nigeria
678:obtained independence as
499:RWAFF strength, 1939-1945
338:Battle honours, 1914β1918
215:Southern Nigeria Regiment
75:
67:
57:
47:
39:
34:
1484:2014 coup d'etat attempt
1479:2006 coup d'etat attempt
1454:1981 coup d'Γ©tat attempt
309:WAFF strength, 1914β1918
285:and part of present-day
153:Benin Expedition of 1897
111:in 1900 to garrison the
107:, formed by the British
103:) was a multi-battalion
745:were worn with a round
299:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
973:References and sources
715:
648:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
586:Sierra Leone Regiment
419:
221:Sierra Leone Battalion
93:
1408:1860β1861 Baddibu War
733:, sleeveless scarlet
709:
660:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
417:
401:during the same era.
162:Marquess of Lansdowne
113:West African colonies
91:
507:Gold Coast Regiment
375:Cameroons, 1914β1916
1520:British West Africa
1464:Gambia Armed Forces
1428:No. 95 Squadron RAF
1398:1830β1831 Barra War
1342:RWAFF regiments.org
1261:, War Office (1908)
867:Colonels Commandant
860:West Africa Command
848:GCB DSO β 1936β1938
810:KCMG CB β 1909β1913
754:bush or slouch hats
390:East Africa 1916β18
331:The Gambia Regiment
206:Gold Coast Regiment
52:British West Africa
1449:Gambia Field Force
1165:The London Gazette
1146:The London Gazette
1096:Healy, pp. 278β279
930:Queen Elizabeth II
806:Major-General Sir
792:Brigadier-General
787:Inspectors General
781:Colonel Commandant
716:
485:Italian Somaliland
445:WΕadysΕaw Sikorski
420:
303:German East Africa
227:The Gambia Company
94:
1497:
1496:
1442:Post-independence
1289:The Polish Review
1251:MacDonald, J.F.,
1244:MacDonald, J.F.,
898:Colonels-in-Chief
892:Colonels-in-Chief
815:Charles M. Dobell
777:Inspector General
539:Nigeria Regiment
441:Winston Churchill
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1469:1994 coup d'etat
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322:Nigeria Regiment
256:Mounted infantry
188:Frederick Lugard
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817:DSO β 1913β1914
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803:DSO β 1905β1909
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796:DSO β 1901β1905
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164:, advised the
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1087:Healy, p. 284
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1078:Healy, p. 281
1075:
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1027:Gorges (1930)
1024:
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927:
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629:, and two in
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333:β 2 companies
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223:β 1 battalion
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183:lingua franca
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33:
27:
19:
1417:
1393:James Island
1317:
1293:
1287:
1273:(1): 47β63.
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1266:
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1231:
1224:
1217:
1216:Hanley, G.,
1210:
1203:
1196:
1182:
1176:Bibliography
1164:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1118:
1115:John Gunther
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1000:
995:
990:Ekoko, p. 48
986:
895:
851:
844:General Sir
835:
820:
774:
758:
751:
717:
692:Sierra Leone
673:
656:John Gunther
644:
635:
616:
502:
462:
459:World War II
438:
429:South Africa
421:
399:
341:
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295:Schutztruppe
276:
232:
200:
181:
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146:
136:
132:
125:Sierra Leone
100:
96:
95:
26:
1161:"No. 33209"
1141:"No. 32894"
1117:, page 734
922:1936 FM HM
916:1936 FM HM
887:β 1958β1960
881:β 1954β1958
875:β 1945β1954
838:β 1930β1932
823:β 1914β1920
739:cummerbunds
718:The parade
229:β 1 company
192:River Niger
105:field force
1504:Categories
1237:Lunt, J.,
1047:2020-05-29
1012:1592210961
978:References
771:Commanders
747:kilmarnock
696:The Gambia
465:War Office
433:War Office
235:battalions
149:War Office
121:Gold Coast
58:Allegiance
710:Sergeant
489:Abyssinia
247:artillery
243:batteries
43:1900β1960
1302:25779137
1279:41971313
936:See also
928:1953 HM
761:Nigerian
702:Uniforms
623:Abeokuta
613:Post war
453:Scotland
425:Rhodesia
380:Behobeho
283:Cameroon
249:and one
239:infantry
79:200,000+
743:puttees
720:uniform
688:Nigeria
385:Nyangao
287:Nigeria
251:company
143:Origins
117:Nigeria
48:Country
1324:
1300:
1277:
1189:
1010:
852:Vacant
836:Vacant
821:Vacant
735:zouave
729:, red
650:) and
631:Kaduna
619:Ibadan
491:, and
355:Kamina
241:, two
180:was a
174:Hausas
160:, the
129:Gambia
68:Branch
40:Active
1298:JSTOR
1275:JSTOR
904:1928
765:Ghana
749:cap.
731:fezes
727:drill
724:khaki
680:Ghana
636:When
627:Enugu
493:Burma
370:Banyo
365:Garua
360:Duala
281:(now
137:RWAFF
1322:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1008:ISBN
694:and
475:and
427:and
320:The
260:.303
196:Illo
147:The
127:and
101:WAFF
76:Size
71:Army
245:of
237:of
139:).
115:of
1506::
1294:44
1292:.
1271:10
1269:.
1163:.
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1018:^
909:HM
906:FM
900::
858:,
783:.
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350::
123:,
119:,
1371:e
1364:t
1357:v
1344:β
1330:.
1304:.
1281:.
1050:.
1004:.
862:)
172:"
135:(
99:(
20:)
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