225:
129:
45:
537:
531:
1316:
of the Welsh to that of second-class citizens in their own land. Davies adds that the laws were possibly more effective as psychological propaganda, rather than in practical application. Moreover these laws led to a rise in lawlessness, exacerbated by semi-independent marcher lordships that "became a byword for murders, ambushes, bribery, corruption, piracy and cattle raids.". There was a growing sense of a denial of social opportunity for the Welsh and governance remained disorganised.
1371:"Wales was reduced to an annexed land, neither assimilated nor entirely separate to England, a place where the indigenous population were looked down upon and were denied the rights of English subjects. And yet there would not be another major national rising by the Welsh. All future rebellions would be based around class rather than nation and the vast majority of the Welsh came to accept their political reality. Perhaps they still do."
1271:
1259:
489:. These acts were designed to create a uniformity of law across England and Wales and under them, the Welsh became citizens of the realm, and these acts conferred on them the same rights, freedoms and privileges under the laws of the realm as for English subjects. This was welcomed at the time as putting an end to the discriminatory system. Nevertheless, it was not until 1621, when Welsh MP
482:. On taking the throne, Henry VII broke with convention and also declared himself Prince of Wales, rewarding Welsh supporters thereafter. Through a series of charters the principality and other areas saw the penal laws being abolished, although communities sometimes had to pay considerable sums for these charters. There also remained some doubt about their legal validity.
379:, which was put down in 1295. It was this revolt that led to a second royal ordinance to be issued by Edward I, and this one was, for the first time, clearly discriminatory and general against the Welsh people. In the 1295 ordinance, the Welsh "were not to reside in the English boroughs of Wales, or to bear arms in them, or to conduct trade outside them"
1323:
As well as causing significant ill-feeling among the Welsh people, the laws often restricted nobles in Wales from improving their standing, unable to hold office in their local municipality. Some
Welshmen had parliament declare themselves English denizenship so that they were able to achieve higher
1315:
English and Welsh people "were now formally and legally separated from one another, to the disadvantage of the Welsh, in a way which had not been so before, at least legislatively and on a country-wide basis." The principal effect of the penal laws, whether enforced or not, was to reduce the status
469:
After the rebellion the statutes often lay dormant as a more peaceful co-existence was rebuilt between
English and Welsh in Wales. Nevertheless the existence of the laws meant that they could be appealed to in disputes, to the disadvantage of the Welsh, or indeed to those who married Welsh spouses.
473:
Despite being inconsistently implemented, and widely worked around, the penal laws remained a source of resentment and frustration into the Tudor period. Henry Tudor was born in
Pembroke, raised in Raglan and his grandfather hailed from Anglesey. He played up these Welsh connections, even fighting
1319:
Anger remained, but the Glyndŵr Welsh Revolt proved to be the last. Hope of a united independent Wales led by a native Welsh prince gradually ended and the laws penalised the Welsh for their rebellion against the
English crown. There would be no future national uprising, and all future rebellions
382:
Through the thirteenth century additional prohibitions were added to the 1295 ordinance at various times. These included provisions that "Welshmen should not acquire
English land in Wales without licences; that they should not be allowed to live or purchase land in English towns in Wales or the
1324:
office or hold land. Although this was not open to all, in everyday life, people were able to overcome racial hierarchy in trade and marriage. Some
English nobles intermarried with Welsh women and internalised a Welsh identity, suggesting Wales developed a more complex colonial identity.
459:
These acts were never universally enforced and were introduced as an emergency measure in response to the rebellion. Nevertheless the immediate effect of these appears to have been the opposite of the intention. Rather than coercing the Welsh to obedience, it may have led many
470:
Indeed the statutes were reissued in 1431, 1433, 1444 and 1447, at the specific request of
English people living in Wales; and it was this perpetual threat of disadvantage that led many of the wealthier or enterprising Welshmen to seek and be granted full English denizenship.
1362:"It seems very likely that there was never any intention of literally enforcing these measures at all times. They were, essentially, an emergency measure, not to say an act of desperation, designed to allay the hysterical fears aroused in the English by the Rebellion"
383:
English border counties; that they should be prohibited from holding assemblies; that they should be excluded from all the major posts of civil and military power in Wales; and that
English burgesses should only be tried and convicted in Wales by fellow Englishmen."
395:
of Owain Glyndŵr, parliament enacted a set of penal statutes, beginning in 1401 and considerably extended in 1402. These statutes codified and broadened these existing discriminatory laws and prohibitions.
406:
A Welshman could not obtain the privileges of a citizen or burgess in any city or borough or merchant town; could not become a municipal officer, and was forbidden to carry armour in any city or town;
912:
429:"No waster, rhymer, minstrel nor vagabond be in any wise sustained in the land of Wales." - This probably directed against the bards who were engaged by Owain Glyndŵr in rousing insurrection;
1202:
409:
Where there was a dispute or debt, the
English were permitted to arrest any person and seize their property when coming out of Wales, and hold them until the debt was made good;
497:
moved a Bill which sought to more systematically remove obsolete acts from the statute books, that the penal laws were repealed, being expunged from the statute books in 1624.
1191:
432:
Congregations and councils (i.e. meetings) were forbidden unless they were for an evident and necessary cause, or were held by licence of the chief officials of the
Lordships;
1187:
412:
If a Welshman committed a felony in England, and fled to Wales, English officials in Wales were directed to execute him, upon a certificate given by the King's Justice;
418:
No Englishman could be convicted at the suit of any Welshman in Wales, except by the judgment of English justices, or by the judgment of Englishmen residing there.
339:
or purchase property in English boroughs. Public assembly was forbidden, and Englishmen who married Welsh women were also prevented from holding office in Wales.
536:
371:, a royal ordinance, established the new arrangement, introducing English common law, but allowing retained Welsh legal practice and custom. In 1294,
1206:
1221:
887:
737:
733:
1232:
1217:
1183:
966:
1919:
1302:
918:
403:
No Welshmen, "wholly born in Wales" could purchase lands or tenements within England nor within the Boroughs or English towns of Wales;
466:(Welsh nobles) to resort to arms. Meanwhile Welsh labourers, students and nobles were reported to leave England to support the cause.
1662:
342:
They were reaffirmed in 1431, 1433 and 1471 although were inconsistently applied in practice. The laws became obsolete with the
1162:
247:
151:
67:
1869:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1708:
1689:
1338:
1124:
872:
595:
1236:
1099:
197:
1032:
977:
1727:
1343:
1089:
1037:
861:
438:
No food or armour was to be sent into Wales and an English Constable was appointed to prevent and seize such supplies;
17:
1242:
953:
648:
639:
486:
343:
1914:
1197:
1904:
1295:
900:
829:
654:
605:
415:
The Lords Marchers were to keep "sufficient stuffing and ward" in their castles in Wales in case of riots; and
1934:
1924:
1148:
1065:
629:
613:
609:
561:
364:
1894:
1212:
1119:
1113:
1022:
644:
530:
1227:
1128:
1083:
1016:
785:
555:
376:
336:
1103:
867:
580:
1909:
1288:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1079:
1075:
820:
810:
805:
576:
551:
510:
1929:
1178:
1027:
960:
882:
839:
833:
824:
619:
601:
591:
479:
1138:
815:
800:
682:
664:
659:
1889:
1168:
586:
1899:
1333:
936:
694:
313:
237:
229:
141:
133:
57:
49:
1158:
1094:
743:
570:
450:
An Englishman married to any Welshwoman could also not hold office in Wales or its Marches.
367:, Wales was divided into the Principality of Wales and various marcher lordships. The 1284
309:
634:
321:
8:
780:
441:
No Welshmen, unless he were a Bishop or Lord, could possess a castle or defend his house;
368:
1047:
1042:
1008:
947:
729:
1865:
1837:
1818:
1799:
1780:
1761:
1742:
1723:
1704:
1685:
892:
566:
372:
1173:
1070:
1012:
989:
748:
719:
704:
669:
519:
325:
908:
795:
752:
1263:
1109:
972:
857:
623:
301:
1883:
941:
790:
494:
475:
332:
1701:
Law and Government Under the Tudors: Essays Presented to Sir Geoffrey Elton
1275:
985:
981:
490:
392:
317:
896:
756:
689:
699:
347:
904:
762:
714:
280:
100:
724:
485:
The penal statutes were finally superseded under Henry VIII by the
252:
156:
72:
331:
Cumulatively, the laws prohibited the Welsh from obtaining senior
1796:
Llên yr Uchelwyr: Hanes Beirniadol Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg 1300-1525
1637:
1526:
709:
447:
All castles and walled towns were to be kept by Englishmen; and
275:
192:
95:
1815:
The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles
1538:
444:
No Welshman could hold office in Wales except for bishops;
1625:
1320:
would be based around class rather than national issues.
426:
Englishmen were not to be convicted by Welshmen in Wales;
1555:
1553:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1429:
1427:
435:
Welshmen were not to carry arms without special licence;
27:
Discriminatory laws against the Welsh people (1401-1624)
1514:
1390:
1388:
146:
There shall be no wasters, vagabonds, &c. in Wales.
62:
Englishmen shall not be convicted by Welshmen in Wales.
1613:
1577:
1565:
1589:
1550:
1475:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1601:
1463:
1385:
1502:
1439:
1682:The Gentry of North Wales in the later Middle Ages
1451:
1881:
1760:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–119.
316:in 1401 and 1402 that discriminated against the
1834:Publishing in Wales: Renaissance and Resistance
1296:
1722:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
358:
1862:Renewal and Reformation: Wales C. 1415-1642
1698:
1544:
461:
1303:
1289:
500:
422:Nine additional acts were passed in 1402:
242:There shall be no congregations in Wales.
1859:
1812:
1793:
1619:
1583:
1520:
1484:
1433:
1831:
1798:(in Welsh). University of Wales Press.
1755:
1595:
1571:
1457:
14:
1882:
1850:
1774:
1717:
1643:
1631:
1607:
1559:
1532:
1496:
1469:
1394:
1855:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1736:
1699:Cross, Claire; Loades, David (2002).
1660:
1445:
1418:
1406:
1339:Welsh rebellions against English rule
1679:
1508:
198:Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856
1832:Rawlins, Jacob D. (28 April 2022).
978:Council for Wales and Monmouthshire
350:and were finally repealed in 1624.
24:
1794:Johnston, Dafydd (15 April 2014).
1344:Penal Laws against Irish Catholics
25:
1946:
1920:Acts of the Parliament of England
1775:Johnes, Martin (25 August 2019).
454:
386:
1269:
1257:
954:Council of Wales and the Marches
535:
529:
487:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
344:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
223:
127:
43:
1653:
1365:
1836:. Cambridge University Press.
1703:. Cambridge University Press.
1667:(1908 ed.). London: Unwin
1356:
399:Six acts were passed in 1401:
13:
1:
1684:. University of Wales Press.
1378:
377:a revolt against English rule
365:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
1851:Watkin, Thomas Glyn (2007).
1817:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1756:Jenkins, Geraint H. (2007).
1720:The revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr
1213:History of Cardiff City F.C.
298:penal laws against the Welsh
7:
1864:. Oxford University Press.
1327:
10:
1951:
1860:Williams, Glanmor (1993).
1853:The Legal History of Wales
1758:A Concise History of Wales
1646:, pp. 54, 55, 58, 67.
967:United Kingdom (1801–1922)
640:Settlement in the Americas
353:
212:United Kingdom legislation
116:United Kingdom legislation
32:United Kingdom legislation
1813:Marchant, Alicia (2014).
1661:Bowen, Ivor, ed. (1908).
1535:, p. 54, 54, 67, 68.
821:Titles of the Welsh Court
359:First discriminatory laws
287:
274:
269:
259:
246:
236:
222:
217:
203:
191:
186:
178:
173:
163:
150:
140:
126:
121:
107:
94:
89:
79:
66:
56:
42:
37:
1777:Wales: England's Colony?
1349:
961:Kingdom of Great Britain
480:battle of Bosworth Field
328:, which began in 1400.
261:Territorial extent
165:Territorial extent
81:Territorial extent
1680:Carr, Antony D (2017).
1545:Cross & Loades 2002
1243:Early modern Witchcraft
1129:1904–1905 Welsh revival
801:List of rulers in Wales
501:Effects on Welsh people
1915:Legal history of Wales
1718:Davies, R. R. (1995).
905:contemporary Welsh law
462:
305:
1905:15th century in Wales
1664:The statutes of Wales
1334:English rule in Wales
937:Principality of Wales
919:History of the courts
655:Industrial revolution
320:as a response to the
314:Parliament of England
230:Parliament of England
134:Parliament of England
50:Parliament of England
1935:English criminal law
1925:Medieval English law
1090:Historical documents
474:under a banner of a
1737:Gower, Jon (2013).
1634:, pp. 118–122.
873:Constitutional laws
781:King of the Britons
645:Early modern period
369:Statute of Rhuddlan
1779:. Parthian Books.
1739:The Story of Wales
1499:, pp. 63, 64.
1220: •
1205: •
1190: •
1174:Geological history
1141: •
1082: •
1078: •
1015: •
988: •
984: •
980: •
948:Kingdom of England
911: •
907: •
903: •
899: •
858:Medieval Welsh law
755: •
736: •
630:Edwardian conquest
612: •
608: •
602:In the Middle Ages
1895:Glyndŵr rebellion
1871:978-0-19-285277-9
1843:978-1-108-95267-5
1824:978-1-903153-55-0
1805:978-1-78316-053-2
1786:978-1-912681-56-3
1767:978-0-521-82367-8
1748:978-1-84990-373-8
1710:978-0-521-89363-3
1691:978-1-78683-136-1
1421:, pp. 34–36.
1409:, pp. 31–33.
1313:
1312:
1125:Christian history
1104:historic counties
893:England and Wales
806:Rulers of Gwynedd
683:Medieval kingdoms
635:Glyndŵr rebellion
373:Madog ap Llywelyn
322:Glyndŵr rebellion
294:
293:
270:Other legislation
218:Act of Parliament
210:
209:
187:Other legislation
122:Act of Parliament
114:
113:
90:Other legislation
38:Act of Parliament
18:Welshmen Act 1402
16:(Redirected from
1942:
1910:History of Wales
1875:
1856:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1714:
1695:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1647:
1641:
1635:
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1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
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1512:
1506:
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1494:
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1482:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1228:British military
1207:with other teams
1153:history-specific
1143:woollen industry
1135:Economic history
1100:Local government
1071:Welsh literature
901:former march law
830:British monarchs
825:English monarchs
592:Anglo-Welsh wars
587:In the Roman era
539:
533:
523:
505:
504:
465:
308:) were a set of
289:Status: Repealed
262:
227:
226:
215:
214:
205:Status: Repealed
166:
131:
130:
119:
118:
109:Status: Repealed
82:
47:
46:
35:
34:
21:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1930:1402 in England
1880:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1711:
1692:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:, pp. 118.
1570:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
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1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1330:
1309:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1203:team since 2004
1200:
1179:Genetic history
1073:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1004:
996:
995:
975:
969:
963:
957:
944:
932:
924:
923:
913:Wales-only acts
909:Wales-only laws
853:
845:
844:
823:
811:Rulers of Powys
796:Prince of Wales
776:
768:
767:
685:
675:
674:
620:Norman invasion
547:
534:
521:
514:
503:
457:
389:
361:
356:
290:
260:
232:
224:
213:
206:
164:
136:
128:
117:
110:
80:
52:
44:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1785:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1729:978-0198205081
1728:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1610:, pp. 54.
1600:
1598:, pp. 11.
1588:
1576:
1564:
1562:, p. 281.
1549:
1547:, p. 138.
1537:
1525:
1523:, p. 274.
1513:
1511:, p. 268.
1501:
1489:
1474:
1472:, p. 322.
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 139.
1438:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1397:, p. 282.
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
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1329:
1326:
1311:
1310:
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1300:
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1285:
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1278:
1266:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1159:Health service
1156:
1146:
1132:
1122:
1120:Jewish history
1117:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1068:
1066:Welsh language
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
973:United Kingdom
970:
964:
958:
950:
945:
939:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
916:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
827:
818:
816:Fifteen Tribes
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
746:
741:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
660:Modern history
657:
652:
642:
637:
632:
627:
617:
599:
589:
584:
577:Roman conquest
574:
564:
559:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
526:
525:
516:
515:
508:
502:
499:
456:
455:Implementation
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
391:With the 1400
388:
387:Penal statutes
385:
360:
357:
355:
352:
312:passed by the
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
278:
272:
271:
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244:
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104:
98:
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91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
70:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:1402 in Wales
1888:
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1585:
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1669:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:Bibliography
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1627:
1615:
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1596:Jenkins 2007
1591:
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1572:Jenkins 2007
1567:
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1458:Rawlins 2022
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1233:Rent control
1222:1962–present
1192:1977–present
986:Wales Office
982:Welsh Office
877:
786:Royal houses
562:Bibliography
491:James Perrot
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393:Welsh Revolt
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318:Welsh people
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182:21 July 1856
29:
1644:Johnes 2019
1632:Watkin 2007
1608:Johnes 2019
1560:Davies 1995
1533:Johnes 2019
1497:Johnes 2019
1470:Davies 1995
1395:Davies 1995
1198:Rugby union
1169:Plaid Cymru
1095:Archaeology
897:English law
862:manuscripts
690:Brycheiniog
581:of Anglesey
571:archaeology
520:History of
276:Repealed by
193:Repealed by
96:Repealed by
1884:Categories
1446:Gower 2013
1419:Bowen 1908
1407:Bowen 1908
1379:References
1237:regulation
1084:in English
1013:as capital
990:Devolution
878:Penal laws
700:Deheubarth
695:Ceredigion
670:Devolution
665:World Wars
649:witchcraft
624:settlement
596:rebellions
567:Prehistory
546:Chronology
476:red dragon
363:After the
348:Henry VIII
238:Long title
142:Long title
58:Long title
1509:Carr 2017
1218:1899–1962
1188:1876–1976
1149:Education
883:Poor laws
763:Seisyllwg
753:Wenwynwyn
744:Morgannwg
715:Glywysing
337:bear arms
281:21 Jas. 1
101:21 Jas. 1
1671:13 March
1328:See also
1080:in Welsh
1076:medieval
1033:Monmouth
1023:Llanelli
1017:timeline
931:Polities
868:Treaties
725:Gwynllwg
552:Timeline
511:a series
509:Part of
463:uchelwyr
253:4 Hen. 4
248:Citation
179:Repealed
157:4 Hen. 4
152:Citation
73:4 Hen. 4
68:Citation
1264:History
1163:UK-wide
1048:Wrexham
1043:Swansea
1038:Newport
1009:Cardiff
738:culture
734:history
730:Gwynedd
556:British
478:at the
354:History
283:. c. 28
255:. c. 28
159:. c. 27
103:. c. 28
75:. c. 26
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1060:Topics
775:Rulers
710:Ergyng
513:on the
346:under
1350:Notes
1276:Wales
1139:slate
840:Peers
757:Fadog
749:Powys
720:Gwent
705:Dyfed
606:early
522:Wales
302:Welsh
265:Wales
174:Dates
169:Wales
85:Wales
1866:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1673:2023
1114:harp
834:list
614:late
610:high
375:led
310:laws
296:The
852:Law
493:of
324:of
1886::
1552:^
1477:^
1426:^
1387:^
335:,
304::
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