316:
3275:
3262:
1869:
159:
1344:
143:
1381:"URL mapping is the process by which a URL is analyzed to figure out what resource it is referring to, so that that resource can be returned to the requesting client. This process is performed with every request that is made to a web server, with some of the requests being served with a file, such as an HTML document, or a gif image, others with the results of running a CGI program, and others by some other process, such as a built-in module handler, a PHP document, or a Java servlet."
167:
1728:
135:
841:
670:
3245:, lots of stream buffers and other implementation details); besides this, HTTP/2 and maybe HTTP/3 too, depending also on settings of web server and client program, may not be the best options for data upload of big or huge files at very high speed because their data streams are optimized for concurrency of requests and so, in many cases, using HTTP/1.1 TCP/IP connections may lead to better results / higher upload speeds (your mileage may vary)
1970:
38:
641:
481:
327:
178:
765:
mitigate the problem of the shortage of persistent connections dedicated to dynamic objects used for bi-directional notifications of events in web pages. Within a year, these changes, on average, nearly tripled the maximum number of persistent connections that web servers had to manage. This trend (of increasing the number of persistent connections) definitely gave a strong impetus to the adoption of
738:
suffered, even more, the competition of commercial servers and, above all, of other open-source servers which meanwhile had already achieved far superior performances (mostly when serving static content) since the beginning of their development and at the time of the Apache decline were able to offer also a long enough list of well tested advanced features.
456:, were made available to people interested in their usage. Although the source code was not formally licensed or placed in the public domain, CERN informally allowed users and developers to experiment and further develop on top of them. Berners-Lee started promoting the adoption and the usage of those programs along with their
3211:, especially if dynamic content is involved, to speed up the HTTP responses (i.e. by avoiding dynamic calls to retrieve objects, such as style sheets, images and scripts), that never change or change very rarely, by copying that content to static files once and then keeping them synchronized with dynamic content).
2547:
resources. Not only do these requests to the kernel take time, but they might not always be satisfied because the system reserves resources for its own usage and has the responsibility to share hardware resources with all the other running applications. Executing in user mode can also mean using more
1880:
and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to communicate with the proper internal module or external program (associated with the requested URL path) in order to pass to it the parameters of the client request. After that, the web server program reads from it its data response (that it has
1739:
and it has been configured to do so, then it is able to send file content whenever a request message has a valid URL path matching (after URL mapping, URL translation and URL redirection) that of an existing file under the root directory of a website and file has attributes which match those required
1660:
so that the program has the info it needs to run. (In this case, it will return an HTML document containing a view of forum entries ordered by thread from
October 15, 2021). In addition to this, the web server reads data sent from the external program and resends that data to the client that made the
1599:
and if it exists and it can be accessed then tries to find out an index file (which in this case does not exist) and so it passes the request to an internal module or a program dedicated to directory listings and finally reads data output and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response
769:
in front of slower web servers and it gave also one more chance to the emerging new web servers that could show all their speed and their capability to handle very high numbers of concurrent connections without requiring too many hardware resources (expensive computers with lots of CPUs, RAM and fast
1948:
An external SCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for network connections; every time there is a new request for it, web server program makes a new network connection to it in order to send request parameters
737:
From 2005–2006, Apache started to improve its speed and its scalability level by introducing new performance features (e.g. event MPM and new content cache). As those new performance improvements initially were marked as experimental, they were not enabled by its users for a long time and so Apache
1329:
refers to the process of modifying and standardizing a URL in a consistent manner. There are several types of normalization that may be performed, including the conversion of the scheme and host to lowercase. Among the most important normalizations are the removal of "." and ".." path segments and
2482:
minutes) and that are accessed by a huge number of clients per minute / hour; in those cases it is useful to return cached content too (without calling the internal module or the external program) because clients often do not have an updated copy of the requested content in their browser caches.
785:
In fact supporting HTTP/2 often required radical changes to their internal implementation due to many factors (practically always required encrypted connections, capability to distinguish between HTTP/1.x and HTTP/2 connections on the same TCP port, binary representation of HTTP messages, message
764:
Around 2007–2008, most popular web browsers increased their previous default limit of 2 persistent connections per host-domain (a limit recommended by RFC-2616) to 4, 6 or 8 persistent connections per host-domain, in order to speed up the retrieval of heavy web pages with lots of images, and to
1992:
If a web server program is configured to do so and a requested URL path matches an existing directory and its access is allowed and no static index file is found under that directory then a web page (usually in HTML format), containing the list of files and/or subdirectories of above mentioned
3004:), maybe because of too many queries mixed with too many inserts or updates of DB data; in these cases web servers have to wait for back-end data responses before replying to HTTP clients but during these waits too many new client connections / requests arrive and so they become overloaded.
623:
In the second half of 1995, CERN and NCSA web servers started to decline (in global percentage usage) because of the widespread adoption of new web servers which had a much faster development cycle along with more features, more fixes applied, and more performances than the previous ones.
1959:
An external FastCGI program (it usually is a process) is started once by web server program or by some other program / process and then it waits for a network connection which is established permanently by web server; through that connection are sent the request parameters and read data
2466:
Dynamic content, output by an internal module or an external program, may not always change very frequently (given a unique URL with keys / parameters) and so, maybe for a while (e.g. from 1 second to several hours or more), the resulting output can be cached in RAM or even on a fast
2231:
have the capability of doing URL redirections to new URLs (new locations) which consists in replying to a client request message with a response message containing a new URL suited to access a valid or an existing web resource (client should redo the request with the new URL).
3226:
too, whenever available web server software has reliable support for the latter two protocols) in order to reduce a lot the number of TCP/IP connections started by each client and the size of data exchanged (because of more compact HTTP headers representation and maybe data
516:
In 1991–1993, CERN web server program continued to be actively developed by the www group, meanwhile, thanks to the availability of its source code and the public specifications of the HTTP protocol, many other implementations of web servers started to be developed.
820:
protocol could be reused as a starting point and because most used web browsers implemented it very quickly for the same reason. Another reason that prompted those developers to act quickly was that webmasters felt the pressure of the ever increasing
2835:
on the fly (when transferred), pre-compressed (i.e. when a file resource is stored on disk already compressed so that web server can send that file directly to the network with the only indication that its content is compressed) or not compressed at
1234:(e.g. in client requests or in its internal functioning) using syslog or some other system facilities; these log messages usually have a debug, warning, error, alert level which can be filtered (not logged) depending on some settings, see also
729:
Apache resulted in the most used web server from mid-1996 to the end of 2015 when, after a few years of decline, it was surpassed initially by IIS and then by Nginx. Afterward IIS dropped to much lower percentages of usage than Apache (see also
1553:, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the file and contain the file itself or an error message will return saying that the file does not exist or its access is forbidden.
2166:
When an error response / message is received by a client browser, then if it is related to the main user request (e.g. an URL of a web resource such as a web page) then usually that error message is shown in some browser window / message.
2667:
for each new client request; usually benchmark tool shows how many requests have been satisfied within a scale of time laps (e.g. within 1ms, 3ms, 5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 30ms, 40ms) and / or the shortest, the average and the longest response
2578:(as soon as possible) to client requests; unless content response is throttled (by configuration) for some type of files (e.g. big or huge files), also returned data content should be sent as fast as possible (high transfer speed).
1313:
lower security risks (e.g. by intercepting more easily attempts to access static resources outside the root directory of the website or to access to portions of path below website root directory that are forbidden or which require
3805:
3663:
Server Side
Includes, rarely used, static HTML documents containing SSI directives are interpreted by server software to include small dynamic data on the fly when pages are served, e.g. date and time, other static file contents,
1704:(a virtual path or a directory listing) then its handler (an internal module or an external program) is called and request parameters (query string and path info) are passed to it in order to allow it to reply to that request;
2913:, also because it is limited by OS resources and because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and several tens of thousands for each active web server process, see also the
2525:) can have direct access to kernel resources and so they can be, in theory, faster than those running in user mode; anyway there are disadvantages in running a web server in kernel mode, e.g.: difficulties in developing (
1450:
When a web server implements one or more of the above-mentioned advanced features then the path part of a valid URL may not always match an existing file system path under website directory tree (a file or a directory in
620:. This marked the entry, in the field of World Wide Web technologies, of a very important commercial developer and vendor that has played and still is playing a key role on both sides (client and server) of the web.
4675:
581:
thanks to the NCSA httpd source code being available to the public domain. At the beginning of 1995 those patches were all applied to the last release of NCSA source code and, after several tests, the
2212:) that usually forces the client browser to ask human user to provide required user credentials; if authentication credentials are provided then web server program verifies and accepts or rejects them.
520:
In April 1993, CERN issued a public official statement stating that the three components of Web software (the basic line-mode client, the web server and the library of common code), along with their
368:; therefore, for the sake of clarity and understandability, some key historical information below reported may be similar to that found also in one or more of the above-mentioned history articles.
2428:
expected from top level web servers, specially since mid-late 1990s, when web
Internet traffic started to grow exponentially along with the constant increase of speed of Internet / network lines.
2551:
Nowadays almost all web server software is executed in user mode (because many of the aforementioned small disadvantages have been overcome by faster hardware, new OS versions, much faster OS
939:: support for one or more versions of HTTP protocol in order to send versions of HTTP responses compatible with versions of client HTTP requests, e.g. HTTP/1.0, HTTP/1.1 (eventually also with
2127:
In practice whenever there is content that may vary, depending on one or more parameters contained in client request or in configuration settings, then, usually, it is generated dynamically.
2957:
attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users.
2197:
If the authorization / access rights feature has been implemented and enabled and access to web resource is not granted, then, depending on the required access rights, a web server program:
1600:
will describe the content of the directory (list of contained subdirectories and files) or an error message will return saying that the directory does not exist or its access is forbidden.
828:
In 2020–2021 the HTTP/2 dynamics about its implementation (by top web servers and popular web browsers) were partly replicated after the publication of advanced drafts of future RFC about
794:
protocols HTTP/1.x would have been supported anyway by browsers for a very long time (maybe forever) so that there would be no incompatibility between clients and servers in next future;
2141:
NOTE: the following sections are reported only as examples to help to understand what a web server, more or less, does; these sections are by any means neither exhaustive nor complete.
1806:
and that directory is accessible and serving directory index file(s) is enabled then a web server program may try to serve the first of known (or configured) static index file names (a
399:
Between late 1990 and early 1991 the project resulted in
Berners-Lee and his developers writing and testing several software libraries along with three programs, which initially ran on
2796:
In practice some web server software models may require more OS resources (specially more CPUs and more RAM) than others to be able to work well and so to achieve target performances.
1278:
Once an HTTP request message has been decoded and verified, its values can be used to determine whether that request can be satisfied or not. This requires many other steps, including
2653:), is the number of connections per second accepted by web server (useful when using HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1 with a very low limit of requests / responses per connection, i.e. 1 .. 20);
825:
and they really wanted to install and to try – as soon as possible – something that could drastically lower the number of TCP/IP connections and speedup accesses to hosted websites.
4572:
875:
by implementing one or more versions of HTTP protocol, often including the HTTPS secure variant and other features and extensions that are considered useful for its planned usage.
3846:
786:
priority, compression of HTTP headers, use of streams also known as TCP/IP sub-connections and related flow-control, etc.) and so a few developers of those web servers opted for
1938:
An external CGI program is run by web server program for each dynamic request, then web server program reads from it the generated data response and then resends it to client.
2985:(network) slowdowns (e.g. due to packet losses) so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached.
1669:
Once a request has been read, interpreted, and verified, it has to be managed depending on its method, its URL, and its parameters, which may include values of HTTP headers.
1612:
the URL path specified by the client should refer to an existing external program (usually an executable file with a CGI) used by the web server to generate dynamic content.
3153:
small and medium-sized files, without affecting performances of dynamic site under heavy load, by using different settings for each (group) of web server computers, e.g.:
3766:
1747:
because usually it is not changed by the web server when it is sent to clients and because it remains the same until it is modified (file modification) by some program.
726:) that was known as one of the fastest and most scalable web servers available on market, at least till the first decade of 2000s, despite its low percentage of usage.
5284:
1837:
and that file is accessible by web server program and its attributes match internal rules of web server program, then web server program can send that file to client.
2346:
In order to speed up web server responses by lowering average HTTP response times and hardware resources used, many popular web servers implement one or more content
700:
about protocol versions HTTP/1.0 (1996) and HTTP/1.1 (1997, 1999), forced most web servers to comply (not always completely) with those standards. The use of TCP/IP
1487:
a program name (dynamic requests that is executed using CGI or SCGI interface and whose output is read by web server and resent to client who made the HTTP request).
2000:
Some web server programs allow the customization of directory listings by allowing the usage of a web page template (an HTML document containing placeholders, e.g.
1910:
In order to be able to communicate with its internal modules and/or external programs, a web server program must have implemented one or more of the many available
3540:
NOTE: (*) percentage rounded to integer number, because its decimal values are not publicly reported by source page (only its rounded value is reported in graph).
2458:(storage hardware with very high I/O speed) has slightly reduced but of course not eliminated the advantage of having a file cache incorporated in a web server.
5610:
5580:
5550:
5520:
5490:
5460:
4174:
2031:
is usually avoided or limited to a few selected directories of a website because that generation takes much more OS resources than sending a static index page.
5430:
4315:
513:
was installed at SLAC (U.S.A.). This was a very important event because it started trans-continental web communications between web browsers and web servers.
4341:
2253:
name but it does not have a final slash '/' so web server sends a redirect to client in order to instruct it to redo the request with the fixed path name.
1470:
Website's root directory may be specified by a configuration file or by some internal rule of the web server by using the name of the website which is the
2420:
Even with the aid of an OS file cache, the relative / occasional slowness of I/O operations involving directories and files stored on disks became soon a
2431:
The problem about how to further efficiently speed-up the serving of static files, thus increasing the maximum number of requests/responses per second (
2149:
A web server program may reply to a client request message with many kinds of error messages, anyway these errors are divided mainly in two categories:
5400:
4973:
3679:
3070:
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular websites use common techniques like the following ones (e.g.).
2435:), started to be studied / researched since mid 1990s, with the aim to propose useful cache models that could be implemented in web server programs.
1491:
The web server appends the path found in requested URL (HTTP request message) and appends it to the path of the (Host) website root directory. On an
5078:
3938:
5346:
4707:
704:(HTTP/1.1) required web servers both to increase the maximum number of concurrent connections allowed and to improve their level of scalability.
5315:
1421:
other types of dynamic request in order to identify the program / module processor able to handle that kind of URL path and to pass to it other
805:
that till 2015 did not exist and so it would have required notable investments in developing and testing the implementation of the new protocol;
5960:
1714:
if request method is not known or if there is some other unacceptable condition (e.g. resource not found, internal server error, etc.) then an
5254:
5156:
5026:
254:
The hardware used to run a web server can vary according to the volume of requests that it needs to handle. At the low end of the range are
5223:
4565:
3829:
392:, asked for comments and it was read by several people. In October 1990 the proposal was reformulated and enriched (having as co-author
4096:
3995:
5104:
5052:
4055:
1185:, checking the availability, the start and eventually the stop of the execution of external programs used to generate dynamic content;
5920:
5130:
5000:
4425:
3237:
Even if newer HTTP (2 and 3) protocols usually generate less network traffic for each request / response data, they may require more
4252:
4226:
3876:
2548:
buffer/data copies (between user-space and kernel-space) which can lead to a decrease in the performance of a user-mode web server.
5915:
5809:
4370:
3667:
2323:
A web server program is able to reply to a valid client request message with a successful message, optionally containing requested
2138:
An error response message may be sent because a request message could not be successfully read or decoded or analyzed or executed.
4399:
3789:
3204:
to process dynamic requests (spawning one or more external programs every time a dynamic page is retrieved, kills performances).
3750:
3149:); the idea is to be able to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 – 1000 MB) files (maybe throttling downloads) and to fully
1640:
GET /cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&ordeby=thread&date=2021-10-15 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
Connection: keep-alive
745:, but also many other open-source programs, often of excellent quality and very high performances, among which should be noted
5373:
4636:
4610:
787:
5667:
4028:
3799:
1463:
Web server programs are able to translate an URL path (all or part of it), that refers to a physical file system path, to an
1200:
to client requests sending proper HTTP responses (e.g. requested resources or error messages) eventually verifying or adding
573:
In the second half of 1994, the development of NCSA httpd stalled to the point that a group of external software developers,
307:
extensions, have extended the application of web servers well beyond their original purpose of serving human-readable pages.
4947:
3908:
1892:
from client(s) and so to be able to host also websites with interactive form(s) that may send large data sets (e.g. lots of
816:, not only because they had the work force and the time to do so, but also because usually their previous implementation of
315:
2451:
961:: usually web servers have also the capability of logging some information, about client requests and server responses, to
1676:
if something in request was not acceptable (in status line or message headers), web server already sent an error response;
1389:(e.g. URL rewrite engine, dynamic content serving), usually have to figure out how that URL has to be handled, e.g. as a:
5970:
4196:
782:(e.g. with a percentage of usage lower than 1% .. 2%), about adding or not adding support for that new protocol version.
778:
In 2015, RFCs published new protocol version , and as the implementation of new specifications was not trivial at all, a
593:, was released with specific features. It was the first one of many other similar products that were developed first by
102:
3968:
2894:
1810:) found in that directory; if no index file is found or other conditions are not met then an error message is returned.
5635:
4148:
181:
74:
1833:
If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches the file name of an existing
715:
programs Apache HTTP Server held the lead as the preferred server (because of its reliability and its many features).
5602:
5572:
5542:
5512:
5482:
5452:
4669:
4311:
4170:
3760:
3559:
2556:
2530:
121:
5422:
1030:: to limit the speed of content responses in order to not saturate the network and to be able to serve more clients;
4733:
4118:
3057:
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a
919:
Although web server programs differ in how they are implemented, most of them offer the following common features.
2058:) can execute some sort of application function that may be used to get data from or to store data to one or more
81:
4337:
3637:
1943:
1188:
optionally manages the communications with external programs / internal modules used to generate dynamic content;
442:
296:
3313:
2695:
59:
3015:. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures such as
689:
known (different) web server software programs that were available to everybody who wanted to own an
Internet
6157:
4077:
3332:
3051:
2963:
that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them).
2954:
2850:
2242:
to give a new URL for a no more existing URL path to a new path where that kind of web resource can be found.
1447:
and other path components) to a specific URL handler (file, directory, external program or internal module).
609:
590:
343:
2559:
to discover which of them run in kernel mode or in user mode (also referred as kernel space or user space).
1802:
If a web server program receives a client request message with an URL whose path matches one of an existing
741:
In fact, a few years after 2000 started, not only other commercial and highly competitive web servers, e.g.
88:
6201:
6196:
5396:
3287:
Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the
Internet by
3256:
2004:, etc., that are replaced with the field values of each file entry found in directory by web server), e.g.
1888:, a web server program usually has to support also the following HTTP method in order to be able to safely
1455:) because it can refer to a virtual name of an internal or external module processor for dynamic requests.
288:
that communicates with the server software. The former usually can be served faster and can be more easily
4969:
6211:
6206:
5707:
5074:
4056:"Hobbes' Internet Timeline v5.1 (WWW Growth) NOTE: till 1996 number of web servers = number of web sites"
3934:
3699:
3580:
3274:
3215:
2389:
which had to be accessed frequently, randomly and quickly, have been stored mostly on electro-mechanical
2209:
2202:
906:
target hardware and category of usage, e.g. embedded system, low-medium traffic web server, high traffic
708:
334:
workstation with
Ethernet, 1990. The case label reads: "This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!"
212:
55:
17:
711:
and
Microsoft's IIS emerged among the leading commercial options whereas among the freely available and
555:
to communicate with external programs. These capabilities, along with the multimedia features of NCSA's
6165:
5832:
5338:
3174:
2663:
1985:
1978:
1797:
718:
In those years there was also another commercial, highly innovative and thus notable web server called
701:
339:
70:
4703:
1758:
of served websites (as they are only read and never written) and so it suffices to support only these
566:
in order to send data to a web server) highlighted the potential of web technology for publishing and
5900:
5805:
5660:
5307:
3040:
2640:, depending on HTTP version and configuration, type of HTTP requests and other operating conditions);
2507:
1318:
1008:: to be able to allow, to forbid or to authorize access to portions of website paths (web resources).
248:
3023:) failures; in these cases the remaining web servers may get too much traffic and become overloaded.
653:
528:. This statement freed web server developers from any possible legal issue about the development of
493:
251:. A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so.
6067:
5985:
5702:
5246:
3631:
3134:
2947:. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the website in a short amount of time, e.g.,
2856:
the number of active processes managed by web server (including external CGI, SCGI, FCGI programs);
1933:
1303:
552:
303:, which use HTTP as a basis for general computer-to-computer communication, as well as support for
5152:
2490:) or by storing dynamic data output in separate computers, managed by specific applications (e.g.
2338:
depending on how it has been retrieved (from a file or from the output of some program / module).
5965:
5640:
5022:
2884:
2544:
2104:
structured data, e.g. that may be used to update one or more values displayed by a dynamic page (
872:
693:
and/or to host websites. Many of them lived only shortly and were replaced by other web servers.
347:
48:
5205:
2008:
or the usage of HTML and embedded source code that is interpreted and executed on the fly, e.g.
1881:
generated, often on the fly) and then it resends it to the client program who made the request.
1868:
864:
of the tasks that it may perform in order to have a sufficiently wide scenario about the topic.
857:
452:
and encouraged scientists to adopt and develop it. Soon after, those programs, along with their
3261:
2083:
can return any kind of web content, also by using data retrieved from a data repository, e.g.:
2038:
is to allow the download of files (usually when their names, sizes, modification date-times or
1067:(s) or elsewhere, optionally opens log file, starts listening to client connections / requests;
4274:
4092:
2135:
Web server programs are able to send response messages as replies to client request messages.
2012:, and / or by supporting the usage of dynamic index programs such as CGIs, SCGIs, FCGIs, e.g.
878:
The complexity and the efficiency of a web server program may vary a lot depending on (e.g.):
6009:
5775:
5697:
4659:
3991:
2976:
2940:
At any time web servers can be overloaded due to one or more of the following causes (e.g.).
2890:
2438:
In practice, nowadays, many popular / high performance web server programs include their own
2421:
1711:(usually a file on file system) then the internal static handler is called to send that file;
1596:
1415:
746:
567:
5100:
5048:
4906:
4869:
4792:
4755:
4527:
4490:
4450:
3869:"History of Computers and Computing, Internet, Birth, The World Wide Web of Tim Berners-Lee"
1672:
In practice, the web server has to handle the request by using one of these response paths:
1622:
http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php?action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15
848:
The following technical overview should be considered only as an attempt to give a few very
808:
adding HTTP/2 support could always be done in future in case the efforts would be justified.
5735:
5653:
4926:
4889:
4849:
4812:
4775:
4547:
4510:
4470:
4421:
4294:
3660:
3652:
3585:
3181:
3105:
3092:
3086:
techniques (not only for static contents but, whenever possible, for dynamic contents too).
2778:
2758:
2522:
2440:
1027:
750:
742:
697:
556:
185:
5126:
4996:
4829:
4248:
4222:
2447:, tailored for a web server usage and using their specific implementation and parameters.
1860:
to them. The aim is to avoid undesirable side effects when serving static web resources.
1014:: to be able to cache static and/or dynamic content in order to speed up server responses;
988:: to be able to serve dynamic content (generated on the fly) to clients via HTTP protocol.
269:
might handle requests with hundreds of servers that run on racks of high-speed computers.
8:
5712:
5689:
4366:
3868:
3720:
3600:
3036:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
3016:
2995:
2812:
the settings of web server (including the fact that log file is or is not enabled, etc.);
2721:
1872:
PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static and dynamic content
1840:
Usually, for security reasons, most web server programs are pre-configured to serve only
1683:) that can be satisfied by general code of web server then a successful response is sent;
1070:
optionally tries to adapt its general behavior according to its settings and its current
377:
4171:"Web Server Survey, NOTE: number of active web sites in year 2000 has been interpolated"
2494:), in order to not compete for hardware resources (CPU, RAM, disks) with web server(s).
1357:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
95:
5795:
5201:
4395:
3554:
3549:
3309:
2728:
2636:
2159:
2153:
2059:
1983:
A web server program may be capable to manage the dynamic generation (on the fly) of a
1492:
1444:
1064:
1017:
958:
602:
583:
577:
and other professional figures interested in that server, started to write and collect
259:
244:
158:
3125:
and computers to serve different kinds (static and dynamic) of content; the aim is to
2156:, due to the type of request message or to the availability of requested web resource;
138:
PC clients communicating via the network with a web server serving static content only
6107:
4665:
4071:
4024:
3838:
3795:
3756:
3342:
3142:
2975:
Traffic not filtered/limited on large websites with very few network resources (e.g.
2864:
2860:
2486:
Anyway, in most cases those kind of caches are implemented by external servers (e.g.
2455:
2410:
2347:
1385:
In practice, web server programs that implement advanced features, beyond the simple
1299:
1293:
1280:
1220:
1043:
578:
423:
208:
4606:
4018:
1727:
761:
and other derived/related products also available with commercial support, emerged.
384:, with the goal of easing the exchange of information between scientists by using a
134:
6102:
5955:
5886:
5369:
5213:
5179:
4916:
4879:
4839:
4802:
4765:
4632:
4537:
4500:
4460:
4304:
4284:
3715:
3570:
3238:
2868:
2832:
2503:
2475:
2406:
2402:
2120:
1464:
1440:
1021:
985:
678:
598:
461:
285:
281:
216:
189:
3787:
2478:
about news, weather, images, maps, etc. that do not change frequently (e.g. every
2393:
since mid-late 1960s / 1970s; regrettably reads from and writes to those kind of
1731:
PC clients communicating via network with a web server serving static content only
1477:
Path translation to file system is done for the following types of web resources:
1435:
One or more configuration files of web server may specify the mapping of parts of
649:
489:
292:
for repeated requests, while the latter supports a broader range of applications.
280:) available to the web server, or it can be generated at the time of the request (
5730:
4943:
3904:
3623:
3595:
3575:
3109:
2948:
2818:
the average HTTP request type (method, length of HTTP headers and optional body);
2711:
2657:
2570:
2518:
2390:
2222:
1586:
GET /directory1/directory2 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
Connection: keep-alive
991:
930:
903:
model and techniques adopted to achieve wished performance and scalability level;
719:
393:
277:
255:
5200:
4929:
4910:
4892:
4873:
4852:
4833:
4815:
4796:
4778:
4759:
4550:
4531:
4513:
4494:
4473:
4454:
4297:
4278:
3032:
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are usually the following ones (e.g.).
2693:
used during a test is an important parameter because it allows to correlate the
2044:
as they are, without requiring to provide further information to requesting user
6062:
5950:
5745:
3590:
2969:
can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers or web servers.
2584:
2533:
2113:
2039:
1033:
147:
142:
4200:
1310:
make resource path always a clean uniform path from root directory of website;
1235:
933:: to be able to serve static content (web files) to clients via HTTP protocol.
6190:
6170:
5722:
4144:
3964:
3842:
3605:
2960:
2843:
2487:
2386:
2109:
1853:
1550:
1403:
766:
525:
441:, from web server(s) using a new basic communication protocol that was named
331:
273:
5975:
3095:
to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns;
1969:
1484:
a local directory (dynamic request: directory listing generated on the fly);
262:
that runs a small web server as its configuration interface. A high-traffic
166:
6117:
6052:
5765:
5740:
3711:
3185:
3077:
Tuning web server(s) parameters to improve their security and performances.
3058:
2972:
2918:
2914:
2552:
2468:
2414:
2175:
A web server program may be able to verify whether the requested URL path:
1841:
1654:
1426:
1271:
1201:
1055:
A web server program, when it is running, usually performs several general
802:
416:
240:
2245:
to give a new URL to another domain when current domain has too much load.
2182:
requires a user authentication (request of user credentials, e.g. such as
1557:
URL path translation for a directory request (without a static index file)
1540:
GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Connection: keep-alive
814:
most popular web servers, rushed to offer the availability of new protocol
798:
6122:
6005:
5905:
5827:
5770:
5760:
4729:
3615:
3564:
3118:
2784:
2765:
1897:
1849:
1759:
1452:
1375:
995:
822:
712:
690:
674:
563:
521:
453:
412:
232:
228:
220:
170:
5218:
4122:
3830:"'Father of the web' Sir Tim Berners-Lee on his plan to fight fake news"
3141:) and from main dynamic site (maybe where some contents are stored in a
2700:
supported by web server with results of the tested performance metrics.
2297:
and now it is mandatory to use secure HTTPS connections to access them.
1481:
a local, usually non-executable, file (static request for file content);
6137:
6072:
5910:
5857:
3326:
3242:
3208:
3122:
3098:
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad
2751:
2735:
2672:
2511:
2394:
1893:
1653:
The web server executes that program, passing in the path-info and the
1626:
1572:
1526:
999:
962:
940:
613:
536:
430:
154:
environment. Servers similar to this one are often used as web servers.
151:
3173:
Using many web servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a
1418:
listing of files or other sub-directories contained in that directory;
1020:: to be able to serve files whose size is greater than 2 GB on 32 bit
840:
669:
648:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
488:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6132:
6092:
6087:
6027:
5852:
5847:
5790:
5785:
5645:
4921:
4884:
4844:
4807:
4770:
4542:
4505:
4465:
4289:
3610:
3336:
3319:
3241:
resources (i.e. RAM and CPU) used by web server software (because of
3150:
3082:
2825:
2540:
2526:
2491:
2183:
1857:
1643:
The result is the local file path of the program (in this example, a
1422:
1037:
617:
574:
535:
At the beginning of 1994, the most notable among new web servers was
532:
based on that source code (a threat that in practice never existed).
385:
356:, so some information necessarily overlaps with the histories of the
289:
5206:"WebMonitor: a tool for measuring World Wide Web server performance"
2793:
or when using high end hardware (many CPUs, disks and lots of RAM).
2315:
Above examples are only a few of the possible kind of redirections.
37:
6097:
6082:
6017:
5995:
5606:
5576:
5546:
5516:
5486:
5456:
5426:
5276:
5194:
3288:
3044:
3020:
3008:
3001:
2982:
2966:
2187:
2069:
907:
754:
594:
438:
400:
326:
263:
236:
204:
201:
3191:
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers (see also:
2808:
of a web server; performance values may vary depending on (i.e.):
2397:
have always been considered very slow operations when compared to
790:(at least in the near future) also because of these main reasons:
173:
with thousands of web servers used for super-high traffic websites
6147:
6142:
6057:
6032:
6022:
5980:
5945:
5940:
5872:
5837:
5817:
3724:
3643:
2543:
have to ask the system for permission to use more memory or more
2208:
may deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access
2201:
can deny access by sending a specific error message (e.g. access
1954:
1949:
and to read its data response, then network connection is closed.
1317:
make path of web resources more recognizable by human beings and
457:
266:
4361:
4359:
4312:"Maximum concurrent connections to the same domain for browsers"
3748:
1471:
6127:
5990:
5925:
5877:
5842:
5822:
4275:"Connections, persistent connections: practical considerations"
4020:
Analysis and Testing of Ajax-based Single-page Web Applications
3935:"WorldWideWeb wide-area hypertext app available (announcement)"
3788:
William Nelson; Arvind Srinivasan; Murthy Chintalapati (2009).
3346:
3223:
3219:
1997:(on the fly). If it cannot be generated an error is returned.
1216:
952:
948:
829:
627:
304:
177:
3898:
3896:
3894:
2924:
When a web server is near to or over its load limits, it gets
2075:
other sources located in local computer or in other computers.
1081:(accepting new ones or closing the existing ones as required);
6077:
6047:
5935:
5930:
5895:
5867:
5862:
4356:
3861:
3673:
3567:(core part of a web server program that serves HTTP requests)
3303:
2105:
944:
758:
224:
5308:"Getting a 503 Service Unavailable Error? Here's What to Do"
2905:
A web server (program installation) usually has pre-defined
2330:
If web resource data is sent back to client, then it can be
162:
Multiple web servers may be used for a high-traffic website.
6175:
6042:
6037:
5361:
4414:
4137:
3928:
3926:
3891:
3705:
3693:
3687:
3099:
3043:, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even an intermittent
2474:
The typical usage of a dynamic cache is when a website has
2088:
1634:
1580:
1534:
1500:
1063:
starts, optionally reads and applies settings found in its
936:
817:
560:
540:
404:
381:
300:
5180:"Improving Web Server Performance by Caching Dynamic Data"
5177:
2502:
A web server software can be either incorporated into the
780:
dilemma arose among developers of less popular web servers
6112:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4396:"Implementations of HTTP/2 in client and server software"
4053:
3074:
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage.
2398:
2116:
2092:
1644:
1565:
of an existing directory specified by the following URL:
1321:(also known as log analyzers / statistical applications).
5339:"Getting a 504 Gateway Timeout Error? Here's What to Do"
4697:
4695:
4693:
3923:
2588:, even under high load of web traffic, in order to keep
2497:
2304:
http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/
1215:
to an external user log file or to a system log file by
1110:
773:
467:
272:
A resource sent from a web server can be a pre-existing
5388:
4936:
4625:
4338:"Linux Web Server Performance Benchmark - 2016 results"
4090:
3983:
3744:
3742:
3740:
1973:
Directory listing dynamically generated by a web server
1330:
adding trailing slashes to a non-empty path component.
589:
At the end of 1994, a new commercial web server, named
4962:
4590:
4241:
4215:
4145:"About the Apache HTTPd server: How Apache Came to be"
4084:
1916:
Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for dynamic content
1458:
437:
Those early browsers retrieved web pages written in a
5015:
4994:
4690:
4049:
4047:
3061:, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
2806:
operating conditions that can affect the performances
5247:"Getting a 502 Bad Gateway Error? Here's What to Do"
5171:
5145:
5119:
5093:
5067:
5041:
4058:. ISOC. Archived from the original on 15 August 2000
3737:
3218:(e.g. beyond using common HTTP/1.1 also by enabling
2239:
to fix a directory name by adding a final slash '/';
1782:
Response of static file content can be sped up by a
1519:
of an existing file specified by the following URL:
1507:). See the following examples of how it may result.
235:, initiates communication by making a request for a
4390:
4388:
4189:
4010:
3177:
so that they act or are seen as one big web server.
2821:
whether the requested content is static or dynamic;
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5277:"What is a 502 bad gateway and how do you fix it?"
5204:; Virgilio Almeida; David J. Yates (7 July 1997).
4330:
4163:
4111:
4044:
3828:
3820:
2616:) usually are at least the following ones (i.e.):
2555:and new optimized web server software). See also
1658:action=view&orderby=thread&date=2021-10-15
1604:URL path translation for a dynamic program request
1595:The web server then verifies the existence of the
1306:found in most HTTP request messages) in order to:
1245:about web traffic managed and/or its performances;
371:
4988:
4280:RFC 2616, Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
3682:Netscape Server Application Programming Interface
3676:Internet Server Application Programming Interface
3255:Further information on HTTP server programs:
3112:, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage.
2839:whether the connections are or are not encrypted;
2193:access is forbidden to some or all kind of users.
1592:/home/www/www.example.com/directory1/directory2/
1298:Web server programs usually perform some type of
1182:
844:PC clients connected to a web server via Internet
801:that could open the door to a whole new class of
247:responds with the content of that resource or an
6188:
4385:
3622:Standard Web Server Gateway Interfaces used for
2871:of the computer(s) on which the web server runs;
2574:(on client / browser side), a web server should
2417:operations of frequently accessed data / files.
2275:in order to reorganize their file system paths.
4651:
3236:
3232:Caveats about using HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 protocols
2979:) and/or hardware resources (CPUs, RAM, disks).
2353:Content is usually cached by its origin, e.g.:
2311:https://docs.example.com/directory1/2021-10-08/
2049:
1900:) to web server / external programs / modules:
1040:(found in client requests) to their real names.
150:server, a computer designed to be mounted in a
4864:
4862:
4657:
4557:
4533:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4496:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4485:
4483:
4456:RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
4445:
4443:
3989:
3932:
3902:
3826:
3050:The web server refuses or resets (interrupts)
2350:, each one specialized in a content category.
1568:http://www.example.com/directory1/directory2/
1543:The result is the local file system resource:
1511:URL path translation for a static file request
1474:part of the URL found in HTTP client request.
5661:
5397:"Delivering HTTP/2 upload speed improvements"
4730:"Apache: directory listing to download files"
4722:
4267:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3781:
3651:A few other Web Server Interfaces (server or
2731:(no thread) or multi-thread for each process;
2293:Example 3: a whole set of documents has been
2271:Example 2: a whole set of documents has been
1046:: support for customized HTTP error messages.
797:implementing HTTP/2 was considered a task of
448:In August 1991 Tim Berners-Lee announced the
4701:
2775:... used to implement a web server program,
1813:Most used names for static index files are:
1650:/home/www/www.example.com/cgi-bin/forum.php
1204:to those sent by dynamic programs / modules;
1106:(which may default to URL path translation);
1089:client requests (by reading HTTP messages):
685:At the end of 1996, there were already over
628:Explosive growth and competition (1996–2014)
27:Computer software that distributes web pages
4899:
4859:
4785:
4748:
4706:. Apache foundation: HTTPd server project.
4520:
4480:
4440:
3749:Nancy J. Yeager; Robert E. McGrath (1996).
3133:) (that domain might be replaced also by a
3065:
2889:Performances of a web server are typically
2828:or not cached (by server and/or by client);
2536:may lead to serious problems in OS kernel.
2054:An external program or an internal module (
1467:under the target website's root directory.
1119:
1092:reads and verify each HTTP request message;
5668:
5654:
5394:
5336:
5305:
5244:
4016:
3953:
3827:Zolfagharifard, Ellie (24 November 2018).
3670:Server Application Programming Interface:
3054:connections before it returns any content.
2768:used to perform a certain function / task;
1701:
1232:detected anomalies or other notable events
1196:
1167:
1150:
5217:
4920:
4912:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4883:
4875:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4843:
4822:
4806:
4798:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4769:
4761:RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
4541:
4504:
4464:
4288:
2910:
2815:the HTTP version used by client requests;
2613:
1740:by internal rules of web server program.
1708:
1664:
1619:using a program file to generate output:
1546:/home/www/www.example.com/path/file.html
1142:
1085:
1071:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5075:"HTTP server: configuration: file cache"
4870:"Response Status Codes: Redirection 3xx"
4563:
4283:. pp. 46–47. sec. 8.1.4.
4249:"Overview of new features in Apache 2.4"
4223:"Overview of new features in Apache 2.2"
4199:. Netcraft (web archive). Archived from
3273:
3260:
3192:
2432:
2130:
1968:
1867:
1863:
1791:
1726:
1589:The result is the local directory path:
900:
839:
668:
325:
314:
176:
165:
157:
141:
133:
3708:JavaScript Web Server Gateway Interface
3207:Using other programming techniques and
3027:
2994:waiting for slow responses coming from
2799:
2413:sub-systems were developed to speed up
2385:Historically, static contents found in
1722:
1252:
1175:
380:proposed a new project to his employer
319:First web proposal (1989) evaluated as
14:
6189:
5675:
5641:Netcraft: news about web server survey
5103:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
5051:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
5023:"IPlanet Web Server 7.0.9: file-cache"
4999:. Computer networks and ISDN Systems.
4997:"Main Memory Caching of Web Documents"
4946:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4915:. pp. 51-54. sec. 6.3.
4878:. pp. 53–54. sec. 6.4.
4801:. pp. 62-63. sec. 6.6.
4635:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4609:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2021.
4607:"Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations"
4536:. pp. 34–35. sec. 3.5.
4428:from the original on 27 September 2014
4373:from the original on 27 September 2014
4251:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2012.
4225:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 2005.
4197:"Netcraft: web server software (1996)"
4147:. Apache: HTTPd server project. 1997.
3295:Web server: Market share of all sites
3283:for most popular web servers 1995–2005
3270:for most popular web servers 2005–2021
2893:by using one or more of the available
2703:
2603:
2592:(sum of browser time + network time +
1876:If a web server program is capable of
1735:If a web server program is capable of
1687:
1686:if URL requires authorization then an
1522:http://www.example.com/path/file.html
1274:and to extract their values from them.
1127:
1096:
1005:
965:for security and statistical purposes.
897:and scalability level aimed as a goal;
664:Number of active web sites (1996-2002)
504:Number of active web sites (1991–1996)
5649:
5433:from the original on 15 November 2021
5403:from the original on 16 November 2021
5376:from the original on 16 November 2021
5257:from the original on 23 February 2017
5178:Arun Iyengar; Jim Challenger (2000).
4639:from the original on 15 November 2021
4578:from the original on 15 November 2021
4402:from the original on 23 December 2021
4344:from the original on 23 December 2021
4318:from the original on 21 December 2021
4255:from the original on 26 November 2021
4229:from the original on 27 November 2021
4177:from the original on 27 December 2021
3180:Adding more hardware resources (i.e.
3137:) from small and medium-sized files (
2935:
2498:Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers
2318:
2235:URL redirection of location is used:
1964:
994:: to be able to serve many websites (
835:
774:New challenges (2015 and later years)
468:Fast and wild development (1991–1995)
5613:from the original on 27 January 2022
5367:
5318:from the original on 20 January 2023
5287:from the original on 20 January 2023
5226:from the original on 4 November 2021
5159:from the original on 20 January 2023
5133:from the original on 9 December 2021
5107:from the original on 9 December 2021
5081:from the original on 9 December 2021
5055:from the original on 9 December 2021
5029:from the original on 9 December 2021
5003:from the original on 20 January 2023
4976:from the original on 9 December 2021
4950:from the original on 9 December 2021
4736:from the original on 2 December 2021
4678:from the original on 20 January 2023
4613:from the original on 20 October 2021
4459:. pp. 7–8. sec. 2.1.
4121:. NCSA (web archive). Archived from
4099:from the original on 6 December 2021
3998:from the original on 7 December 2021
3971:from the original on 2 December 2021
3941:from the original on 2 December 2021
3911:from the original on 8 December 2021
3849:from the original on 11 January 2022
3808:from the original on 20 January 2023
3769:from the original on 20 January 2023
3655:specific) used for dynamic contents:
3089:Managing network traffic, by using:
2681:Among the operating conditions, the
2179:can be freely accessed by everybody;
2170:
1694:
1693:if URL maps to a redirection then a
1393:
1337:
1287:
1213:client requests and/or its responses
1134:
926:that most web servers usually have.
882:
634:
474:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
3992:"Qualifiers on hypertext links ..."
3879:from the original on 4 January 2019
3791:Sun Web Server: The Essential Guide
3696:Python Web Server Gateway Interface
3214:Using latest efficient versions of
2846:between web server and its clients;
2514:(like other regular applications).
2112:and that maybe was requested by an
1459:URL path translation to file system
1113:along with various security checks;
24:
5583:from the original on 14 March 2017
5553:from the original on 17 April 2021
5523:from the original on 15 April 2021
5493:from the original on 17 April 2021
5463:from the original on 15 April 2021
5349:from the original on 23 April 2021
4835:RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication
4764:. p. 58. sec. 6.5.
4499:. p. 34. sec. 3.4.
2608:For web server software, main key
2405:, first disk caches and then also
2371:
2289:/directory1/directory2/2021/10/08/
2282:/directory1/directory2/2021-10-08/
2249:Example 1: a URL path points to a
2216:
2042:may change randomly / frequently)
1807:
1715:
1157:
1123:or refuses requested HTTP method:
1011:
914:
608:In mid-1995, the first version of
25:
6223:
5629:
5603:"February 2016 Web Server Survey"
5573:"February 2017 Web Server Survey"
5543:"February 2018 Web Server Survey"
5513:"February 2019 Web Server Survey"
5483:"February 2020 Web Server Survey"
5453:"February 2021 Web Server Survey"
4095:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3967:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3937:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3933:Tim Berner-Lee (20 August 1991).
3907:. CERN (World Wide Web project).
3702:Rack Web Server Gateway Interface
3690:Perl Web Server Gateway Interface
3560:Comparison of web server software
3200:
2583:web server should always be very
2557:comparison of web server software
2425:
1915:
894:
888:
788:not supporting new HTTP/2 version
731:
396:), and finally, it was approved.
5423:"October 2021 Web Server Survey"
4710:from the original on 7 June 2019
4151:from the original on 7 June 2008
3990:Tim Berner-Lee (2 August 1991).
3905:"WWW Project History (original)"
3322:(OpenResty Software Foundation)
2510:space, or it can be executed in
2461:
2341:
2162:, due to internal server errors.
2144:
1828:
1342:
1261:to read an HTTP request message;
1165:optionally manages requests for
1140:optionally manages requests for
1103:
871:plays the role of a server in a
639:
479:
352:This is a very brief history of
330:The world's first web server, a
36:
5595:
5565:
5535:
5505:
5475:
5445:
5415:
5330:
5299:
5269:
5238:
5153:"Dynamic Cache Option Tutorial"
4838:. p. 3. sec. 1.
4367:"Will HTTP/2 replace HTTP/1.x?"
4091:Tim Smith; François Flückiger.
3994:CERN (World Wide Web project).
3640:Simple Common Gateway Interface
3250:
2878:
2867:limitations or settings of the
2562:
2360:
2027:Usage of dynamically generated
1784:
1754:, a web server program usually
1743:That kind of content is called
1396:, a redirection to another URL;
1050:
511:first web server outside Europe
372:Initial WWW project (1989–1991)
47:needs additional citations for
5636:Mozilla: what is a web server?
5101:"Apache Module mod_cache_disk"
5049:"Apache Module mod_file_cache"
4995:Evangelos P. Markatos (1996).
4571:. Apache software foundation.
4564:R. Bowen (29 September 2002).
4491:"Handling Incomplete Messages"
4422:"Why just one TCP connection?"
4173:. Netcraft. 22 December 2021.
2900:
2764:minimization of the number of
1989:of files and sub-directories.
1679:if request has a method (e.g.
1549:The web server then reads the
1333:
1257:Web server programs are able:
13:
1:
6158:Web content management system
5395:Junho Choi (24 August 2020).
3730:
3646:Fast Common Gateway Interface
2955:Distributed Denial of Service
2945:Excess legitimate web traffic
2691:concurrent client connections
2380:
1756:does not change file contents
1633:and then sends the following
1579:and then sends the following
1533:and then sends the following
1425:, i.e. usually path-info and
559:browser (also able to manage
545:dynamically generated content
429:a web server, later known as
344:History of the World Wide Web
4702:ASF Infrabot (22 May 2019).
4528:"Message Parsing Robustness"
3257:Category:Web server software
3201:Web Server Gateway Interface
3157:https://download.example.com
2895:automated load testing tools
2761:in critical paths for speed;
2450:The wide spread adoption of
2050:Program or module processing
2002:$ (FILE_NAME), $ (FILE_SIZE)
1183:program or module processing
388:system. The proposal titled
192:used for modem configuration
7:
4424:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4398:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4369:. IETF HTTP Working Group.
4340:. RootUsers. 8 March 2016.
3581:Open source web application
3543:
2789:that can be achieved under
1688:authorization error message
979:only a very short selection
543:-based OSs and could serve
227:. A user agent, commonly a
10:
6228:
6166:Document management system
5833:Domain Technologie Control
5806:Web hosting control panels
5370:"Slow uploads with HTTP/2"
4633:"Dynamic Content with CGI"
3254:
3162:https://static.example.com
3039:The web server returns an
2882:
2401:speed and so, since early
2374:(module / program output).
2220:
1979:Web server directory index
1976:
1886:static and dynamic content
1798:Web server directory index
1795:
1373:
1291:
981:) are the following ones.
709:Netscape Enterprise Server
539:which ran on a variety of
340:History of the web browser
337:
310:
211:that accepts requests via
146:The inside and front of a
6156:
6004:
5885:
5804:
5721:
5688:
5681:
4661:HTTP developer's handbook
4451:"Client/Server Messaging"
4076:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3281:Market share of all sites
3268:Market share of all sites
3198:Using the most efficient
2759:CPU branch mispredictions
2757:minimization of possible
2750:minimization of possible
1503:machines, usually it is:
1351:This section needs to be
1319:web log analysis programs
439:simple early form of HTML
5368:many (24 January 2021).
5127:"What is dynamic cache?"
4732:. Apache: HTTPd server.
3634:Common Gateway Interface
3066:Anti-overload techniques
2909:for each combination of
2594:web server response time
2539:Web servers that run in
2523:kernel space web servers
2517:Web servers that run in
1929:are the following ones.
223:) or its secure variant
5337:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
5306:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
5245:Fisher, Tim; Lifewire.
4970:"NGINX Content Caching"
4658:Chris Shiflett (2003).
4054:Robert H'obbes' Zakon.
3903:Tim Berner-Lee (1992).
3167:https://www.example.com
2990:serving dynamic content
2885:Web server benchmarking
2874:other minor conditions.
2831:whether the content is
2824:whether the content is
2267:/directory1/directory2/
1878:serving dynamic content
1561:Example of an implicit
1439:(e.g. initial parts of
1211:(partially or totally)
986:Dynamic content serving
947:), plus, if available,
812:Instead, developers of
799:overwhelming complexity
707:Between 1996 and 1999,
450:birth of WWW technology
348:History of the Internet
321:"vague but exciting..."
3284:
3271:
3013:partial unavailability
2782:and in particular the
2744:programming techniques
2677:, in bytes per second.
2646:connections per second
2295:moved to a new website
2260:/directory1/directory2
1974:
1873:
1737:serving static content
1732:
1665:Manage request message
1387:static content serving
1383:
931:Static content serving
845:
702:persistent connections
682:
509:In December 1991, the
335:
323:
219:created to distribute
193:
174:
163:
155:
139:
5776:Web content lifecycle
4664:. Sams's publishing.
3794:. Pearson Education.
3752:Web Server Technology
3277:
3264:
2928:and so it may become
2849:the number of active
2612:(measured under vary
2227:A web server program
2131:Send response message
1995:dynamically generated
1972:
1871:
1864:Serve dynamic content
1792:Directory index files
1730:
1379:
1267:to verify its syntax;
1241:optionally generates
1228:logs process messages
1151:directory index files
856:features that may be
843:
672:
586:project was started.
568:distributed computing
424:line mode web browser
329:
318:
295:Technologies such as
180:
169:
161:
145:
137:
5736:Mobile web analytics
5609:. 22 February 2016.
5579:. 27 February 2017.
5549:. 13 February 2018.
5519:. 28 February 2019.
5489:. 20 February 2020.
5459:. 26 February 2021.
5155:. Siteground. 2021.
4704:"Directory listings"
3873:history-computer.com
3653:programming language
3586:List of AMP packages
3106:Bandwidth management
3028:Symptoms of overload
2911:operating conditions
2800:Operating conditions
2710:specific web server
2614:operating conditions
2273:moved inside website
2066:files (file system);
1986:directory index list
1912:gateway interface(s)
1723:Serve static content
1253:Read request message
1111:URL path translation
1079:client connection(s)
1072:operating conditions
1028:Bandwidth throttling
860:in a web server and
751:Cherokee HTTP server
681:(2002, discontinued)
551:HTTP method and the
547:by implementing the
390:"HyperText and CERN"
243:using HTTP, and the
56:improve this article
6202:Web server software
6197:Servers (computing)
5429:. 15 October 2021.
5219:10.5210/fm.v2i7.539
5129:. Educative. 2021.
4203:on 30 December 1996
4093:"Licensing the Web"
4017:Ali Mesbah (2009).
3963:Web Administrator.
3755:. Morgan Kaufmann.
3721:Active Server Pages
3601:Web hosting service
3325:Cloudflare Server (
3296:
3193:software efficiency
3188:) to each computer.
3129:big or huge files (
2777:can bias a lot the
2704:Software efficiency
2625:requests per second
2610:performance metrics
2604:Performance metrics
2529:) software whereas
2424:in the increase of
1884:NOTE: when serving
1844:or to avoid to use
1752:static content only
1750:NOTE: when serving
1495:, this is commonly
1248:other custom tasks.
1181:optionally manages
1174:optionally manages
1156:optionally manages
1149:optionally manages
1133:optionally manages
1126:optionally manages
873:client–server model
696:The publication of
378:Sir Tim Berners-Lee
354:web server programs
186:embedded web server
6212:English inventions
6207:Website management
5796:Website governance
5676:Website management
5202:Jussara M. Almeida
4972:. F5 NGINX. 2021.
4793:"Server Error 5xx"
4756:"Client Error 4xx"
3555:Application server
3550:Server (computing)
3294:
3285:
3272:
3203:
3085:
2936:Causes of overload
2746:, such as (e.g.):
2699:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2598:as low as possible
2581:In other words, a
2456:solid-state drives
2319:Successful message
2160:HTTP server errors
2154:HTTP client errors
2036:directory listings
2034:The main usage of
2029:directory listings
1975:
1965:Directory listings
1927:gateway interfaces
1874:
1846:special file types
1733:
1445:filename extension
1270:to identify known
1176:directory listings
1128:URL authorizations
1065:configuration file
1044:Custom error pages
1036:: to map parts of
1018:Large file support
869:web server program
846:
836:Technical overview
683:
612:was released, for
603:Oracle Corporation
584:Apache HTTP server
524:, were put in the
512:
336:
324:
194:
175:
164:
156:
140:
6184:
6183:
6108:Network Solutions
5756:
5755:
4030:978-90-79982-02-8
3801:978-0-13-712892-1
3538:
3537:
3199:
3081:
2724:or multi-process;
2714:and model adopted
2694:
2690:
2682:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2596:) for a response
2590:total user's wait
2476:dynamic web pages
2368:dynamic content:
2325:web resource data
2171:URL authorization
2087:a document (e.g.
2060:data repositories
1707:if URL maps to a
1700:if URL maps to a
1497:/home/www/website
1372:
1371:
1327:URL normalization
1300:URL normalization
1294:URL normalization
1288:URL normalization
1221:common log format
1168:dynamic resources
1146:(file contents):
1109:usually performs
1102:usually performs
1097:URL normalization
1095:usually performs
998:) using only one
969:A few other more
661:
660:
601:, and finally by
510:
501:
500:
462:operating systems
190:dynamic web pages
184:modem running an
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
6219:
6103:NearlyFreeSpeech
5956:Identity Digital
5887:Top-level domain
5686:
5685:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5221:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5025:. Oracle. 2010.
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4922:10.17487/RFC7231
4907:"Successful 2xx"
4903:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4885:10.17487/RFC7231
4866:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4845:10.17487/RFC7235
4826:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4808:10.17487/RFC7231
4789:
4783:
4782:
4773:
4771:10.17487/RFC7231
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4699:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4603:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4545:
4543:10.17487/RFC7230
4524:
4518:
4517:
4508:
4506:10.17487/RFC7230
4487:
4478:
4477:
4468:
4466:10.17487/RFC7230
4447:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4290:10.17487/RFC2616
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4125:on 1 August 2010
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3746:
3716:JavaServer Pages
3624:dynamic contents
3571:HTTP compression
3327:Cloudflare, Inc.
3297:
3293:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3143:backend database
3140:
3132:
3117:Using different
2752:CPU cache misses
2627:
2626:
2521:(usually called
2506:and executed in
2357:static content:
2312:
2305:
2290:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1906:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1702:dynamic resource
1695:redirect message
1682:
1659:
1632:
1578:
1532:
1506:
1505:/var/www/website
1498:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1264:to interpret it;
1219:, usually using
1143:static resources
1135:URL redirections
850:limited examples
724:now discontinued
679:server appliance
643:
642:
635:
599:Sun Microsystems
550:
483:
482:
475:
256:embedded systems
217:network protocol
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6152:
6000:
5881:
5800:
5752:
5731:Click analytics
5717:
5677:
5674:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4944:"Caching Guide"
4942:
4941:
4937:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4791:
4790:
4786:
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4749:
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4591:
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4488:
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4448:
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4403:
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4393:
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4376:
4374:
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4364:
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4345:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
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4309:
4305:
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4232:
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4216:
4206:
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4190:
4180:
4178:
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4168:
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4154:
4152:
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4142:
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4112:
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4100:
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4069:
4068:
4061:
4059:
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4045:
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4033:
4031:
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3821:
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3809:
3802:
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3782:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3747:
3738:
3733:
3596:Virtual hosting
3576:Web application
3546:
3279:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3110:traffic shaping
3068:
3041:HTTP error code
3030:
2949:Slashdot effect
2938:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2804:There are many
2802:
2712:software design
2706:
2658:network latency
2624:
2623:
2606:
2571:user experience
2565:
2534:critical errors
2500:
2464:
2383:
2344:
2336:dynamic content
2321:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2225:
2223:URL redirection
2219:
2217:URL redirection
2173:
2147:
2133:
2081:processing unit
2056:processing unit
2052:
2040:file attributes
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1981:
1967:
1925:and historical
1904:
1866:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1794:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1725:
1709:static resource
1680:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1631:www.example.com
1630:
1623:
1617:dynamic request
1610:dynamic request
1593:
1587:
1577:www.example.com
1576:
1569:
1563:dynamic request
1547:
1541:
1531:www.example.com
1530:
1523:
1504:
1496:
1461:
1410:dynamic request
1394:URL redirection
1378:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1314:authorization);
1296:
1290:
1281:security checks
1255:
1053:
992:Virtual hosting
917:
915:Common features
883:common features
838:
776:
767:reverse proxies
677:3 – a computer
667:
666:
665:
662:
657:
644:
640:
630:
597:, then also by
548:
530:derivative work
507:
506:
505:
502:
497:
484:
480:
470:
394:Robert Cailliau
376:In March 1989,
374:
350:
313:
282:dynamic content
207:and underlying
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6225:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6063:Google Domains
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Google Domains
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5746:Click tracking
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5630:External links
5628:
5625:
5624:
5594:
5564:
5534:
5504:
5474:
5444:
5414:
5399:. Cloudflare.
5387:
5360:
5329:
5298:
5268:
5237:
5193:
5170:
5144:
5118:
5092:
5066:
5040:
5014:
4987:
4961:
4935:
4898:
4858:
4830:"Introduction"
4821:
4784:
4747:
4721:
4689:
4670:
4650:
4624:
4589:
4556:
4519:
4479:
4439:
4413:
4384:
4355:
4329:
4303:
4266:
4240:
4214:
4188:
4162:
4136:
4110:
4083:
4043:
4029:
4009:
3982:
3952:
3922:
3890:
3860:
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3761:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3718:
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3691:
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3683:
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3665:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Variant object
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3534:Less than 19%
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:Less than 15%
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3482:Less than 13%
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:Less than 19%
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3430:Less than 15%
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:Less than 18%
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:Less than 22%
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3307:
3306:(Nginx, Inc.)
3301:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:encrypted data
3229:
3228:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3037:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3005:
2986:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2961:Computer worms
2958:
2952:
2937:
2934:
2902:
2899:
2883:Main article:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2857:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2801:
2798:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2742:... and other
2740:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2702:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2654:
2641:
2605:
2602:
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2561:
2499:
2496:
2463:
2460:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2343:
2340:
2332:static content
2320:
2317:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2221:Main article:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2163:
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2143:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2114:XMLHttpRequest
2102:
2099:
2096:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2051:
2048:
1993:directory, is
1977:Main article:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1908:
1907:
1865:
1862:
1854:symbolic links
1830:
1827:
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:error response
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1649:
1639:
1637:/1.1 request:
1621:
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1585:
1583:/1.1 request:
1567:
1545:
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1537:/1.1 request:
1521:
1517:static request
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1460:
1457:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1407:
1400:static request
1397:
1374:Main article:
1370:
1369:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1292:Main article:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1236:severity level
1224:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1034:Rewrite engine
1031:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1003:
989:
967:
966:
956:
934:
924:basic features
916:
913:
912:
911:
904:
898:
892:
886:
837:
834:
810:
809:
806:
795:
775:
772:
663:
659:
658:
647:
645:
638:
633:
632:
631:
629:
626:
570:applications.
503:
499:
498:
487:
485:
478:
473:
472:
471:
469:
466:
435:
434:
427:
420:
407:workstations:
373:
370:
362:World Wide Web
312:
309:
278:static content
148:Dell PowerEdge
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6224:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6177:
6176:Blog software
6174:
6172:
6171:Wiki software
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
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6141:
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6034:
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6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6008:managers and
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
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5982:
5979:
5977:
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5969:
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5744:
5743:
5742:
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5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5723:Web analytics
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
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5652:
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5122:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5080:
5077:. GNU. 2021.
5076:
5070:
5054:
5050:
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5024:
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5002:
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4991:
4975:
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4757:
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4677:
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4671:0-672-32454-7
4667:
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4638:
4634:
4628:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4574:
4567:
4566:"URL Mapping"
4560:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4502:
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4079:
4073:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4013:
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3993:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3965:"Web History"
3959:
3957:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:The Telegraph
3831:
3823:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3768:
3764:
3762:1-55860-376-X
3758:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
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3633:
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3628:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Web container
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:February 2016
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:February 2017
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:February 2018
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:February 2019
3434:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:February 2020
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:February 2021
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3227:compression).
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:load balancer
3172:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
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3120:
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3090:
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3073:
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3034:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:Web servers (
3006:
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2999:
2997:
2991:
2988:Web servers,
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:Internet bots
2971:
2968:
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2892:
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2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:network speed
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2771:other tricks;
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2664:response time
2659:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:, similar to
2628:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2576:reply quickly
2573:
2572:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:reverse proxy
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2462:Dynamic cache
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2373:
2372:dynamic cache
2370:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2342:Content cache
2339:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
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2224:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:Error message
2142:
2139:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:web interface
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
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2057:
2047:
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2041:
2037:
2032:
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1998:
1996:
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1971:
1958:
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1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:, along with
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:regular files
1838:
1836:
1829:Regular files
1826:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
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1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1625:The client's
1620:
1618:
1615:Example of a
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1571:The client's
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1525:The client's
1520:
1518:
1515:Example of a
1513:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1493:Apache server
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:absolute path
1456:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
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1405:
1401:
1398:
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1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:regular files
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
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1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:Content cache
1010:
1007:
1006:Authorization
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
982:
980:
976:
972:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
932:
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899:
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890:
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880:
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865:
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831:
826:
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771:
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739:
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733:
727:
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721:
716:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
680:
676:
671:
655:
654:MediaWiki.org
651:
646:
637:
636:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:public domain
523:
518:
514:
495:
494:MediaWiki.org
491:
486:
477:
476:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:
406:
403:installed on
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
345:
341:
333:
332:NeXT Computer
328:
322:
317:
308:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
284:) by another
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
249:error message
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
191:
187:
183:
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172:
168:
160:
153:
149:
144:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6118:Register.com
6053:GMO Internet
5780:
5766:Web document
5741:Web tracking
5708:Self-hosting
5703:Peer-to-peer
5615:. Retrieved
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5477:
5465:. Retrieved
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5363:
5351:. Retrieved
5342:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5311:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5280:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5250:
5240:
5228:. Retrieved
5210:First Monday
5209:
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5121:
5109:. Retrieved
5095:
5083:. Retrieved
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5017:
5005:. Retrieved
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4938:
4911:
4901:
4874:
4834:
4824:
4797:
4787:
4760:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4680:. Retrieved
4660:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4580:. Retrieved
4559:
4532:
4522:
4495:
4455:
4430:. Retrieved
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4375:. Retrieved
4346:. Retrieved
4332:
4320:. Retrieved
4306:
4279:
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4201:the original
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4119:"NCSA httpd"
4113:
4101:. Retrieved
4086:
4060:. Retrieved
4034:. Retrieved
4019:
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3943:. Retrieved
3913:. Retrieved
3881:. Retrieved
3872:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3834:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3790:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3751:
3712:Java Servlet
3650:
3649:
3621:
3620:
3539:
3357:October 2021
3286:
3280:
3267:
3251:Market share
3235:
3231:
3230:
3126:
3123:IP addresses
3119:domain names
3069:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2989:
2944:
2939:
2930:unresponsive
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:C10M problem
2915:C10k problem
2906:
2904:
2888:
2879:Benchmarking
2853:connections;
2842:the average
2805:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2779:performances
2776:
2774:
2766:system calls
2743:
2741:
2709:
2707:
2686:
2680:
2675:of responses
2662:
2645:
2622:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2569:improve the
2568:
2566:
2563:Performances
2553:system calls
2550:
2538:
2516:
2501:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2454:and/or fast
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2426:performances
2419:
2384:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2210:unauthorized
2196:
2174:
2165:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2121:dynamic page
2080:
2078:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1898:file uploads
1890:receive data
1889:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1850:device files
1845:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1812:
1808:regular file
1803:
1801:
1783:
1781:
1760:HTTP methods
1755:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1671:
1668:
1655:query string
1652:
1642:
1629:connects to
1624:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1575:connects to
1570:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1529:connects to
1524:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1490:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1434:
1427:query string
1409:
1399:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1360:
1352:
1326:
1324:
1297:
1279:
1277:
1272:HTTP headers
1256:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1202:HTTP headers
1195:
1166:
1141:
1118:
1084:
1078:
1056:
1054:
1051:Common tasks
996:domain names
978:
974:
973:and popular
970:
968:
943:connections
923:
921:
918:
895:performances
889:common tasks
885:implemented;
877:
868:
866:
861:
853:
849:
847:
827:
813:
811:
784:
779:
777:
763:
740:
736:
732:market share
728:
723:
717:
706:
695:
686:
684:
622:
607:
588:
572:
544:
534:
529:
519:
515:
508:
449:
447:
436:
417:WorldWideWeb
411:a graphical
398:
389:
375:
365:
361:
358:web browsers
357:
353:
351:
320:
294:
271:
258:, such as a
253:
197:
195:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
71:"Web server"
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
6123:Squarespace
6006:Domain name
5906:DNS Belgium
5828:DirectAdmin
5771:Web content
5761:Overselling
5690:Web hosting
5437:15 November
5407:15 November
5380:15 November
4740:16 December
4714:16 November
4582:15 November
4432:22 December
4406:22 December
4377:22 December
4348:22 December
4322:21 December
4259:16 December
4233:16 December
4207:16 December
4181:27 December
4155:17 December
4129:16 December
4062:18 December
4036:18 December
3915:20 December
3616:Web service
3565:HTTP server
3209:workarounds
2998:computer(s)
2907:load limits
2901:Load limits
2891:benchmarked
2785:scalability
2696:concurrency
2519:kernel mode
2119:(see also:
1823:Default.htm
1453:file system
1376:URL mapping
1334:URL mapping
1226:optionally
1207:optionally
1104:URL mapping
910:web server.
858:implemented
823:web traffic
713:open-source
691:domain name
675:Cobalt Qube
650:Phabricator
522:source code
490:Phabricator
454:source code
422:a portable
413:web browser
401:NeXTSTEP OS
233:web crawler
229:web browser
221:web content
171:Server farm
18:Web servers
6191:Categories
6138:Webcentral
6073:Infomaniak
6010:registrars
5976:NIC México
5911:CentralNic
5889:registries
5858:Ispmanager
5810:comparison
5781:Web server
5617:27 January
5372:. github.
5353:1 February
5322:1 February
5291:1 February
5261:1 February
5230:4 November
5186:9 December
5163:9 December
5137:9 December
5111:9 December
5085:9 December
5059:9 December
5033:9 December
5007:9 December
4980:9 December
4954:9 December
4682:9 December
4643:19 October
4617:19 October
4103:16 October
4002:16 October
3975:16 October
3945:16 October
3883:1 February
3853:1 February
3837:. London.
3812:14 October
3773:22 January
3731:References
3222:and maybe
3131:download.*
3080:Deploying
2926:overloaded
2833:compressed
2791:heavy load
2736:coroutines
2673:throughput
2644:number of
2621:number of
2585:responsive
2512:user space
2445:file cache
2422:bottleneck
2381:File cache
2361:file cache
2022:index.fcgi
1960:responses.
1921:The three
1914:(see also
1894:data entry
1858:hard links
1815:index.html
1785:file cache
1647:program):
1627:user agent
1573:user agent
1527:user agent
1429:variables.
1243:statistics
1059:, (e.g.):
1038:clean URLs
1000:IP address
922:These are
891:performed;
832:protocol.
614:Windows NT
575:webmasters
537:NCSA httpd
431:CERN httpd
338:See also:
198:web server
152:rack mount
112:March 2009
82:newspapers
6093:Hostinger
6088:Namecheap
6028:DreamHost
5853:ISPConfig
5848:InterWorx
5791:Webmaster
5786:Web cache
5698:Clustered
3843:0307-1235
3611:Web proxy
3375:4.00% (*)
3372:4.00% (*)
3337:Microsoft
3320:OpenResty
3102:patterns;
3093:Firewalls
3083:web cache
3009:computers
3002:databases
2977:bandwidth
2967:XSS worms
2734:usage of
2541:user-mode
2527:debugging
2492:memcached
2251:directory
2203:forbidden
2184:user name
2098:an image;
2070:databases
2018:index.php
2014:index.cgi
2010:index.asp
2006:index.tpl
1819:index.htm
1804:directory
1661:request.
1597:directory
1441:file path
1423:URL parts
1416:directory
1363:June 2023
1325:The term
963:log files
941:encrypted
743:LiteSpeed
618:Microsoft
460:to other
415:, called
386:hypertext
239:or other
6098:NameSilo
6083:Name.com
6018:Bluehost
5996:Verisign
5682:Concepts
5611:Archived
5607:Netcraft
5587:13 March
5581:Archived
5577:Netcraft
5551:Archived
5547:Netcraft
5521:Archived
5517:Netcraft
5491:Archived
5487:Netcraft
5461:Archived
5457:Netcraft
5431:Archived
5427:Netcraft
5401:Archived
5374:Archived
5347:Archived
5343:Lifewire
5316:Archived
5312:Lifewire
5285:Archived
5255:Archived
5251:Lifewire
5224:Archived
5182:. Usenix
5157:Archived
5131:Archived
5105:Archived
5079:Archived
5053:Archived
5027:Archived
5001:Archived
4974:Archived
4948:Archived
4734:Archived
4708:Archived
4676:Archived
4637:Archived
4611:Archived
4573:Archived
4426:Archived
4400:Archived
4371:Archived
4342:Archived
4316:Archived
4314:. 2017.
4253:Archived
4227:Archived
4175:Archived
4149:Archived
4097:Archived
4072:cite web
3996:Archived
3969:Archived
3939:Archived
3909:Archived
3877:Archived
3847:Archived
3806:Archived
3767:Archived
3544:See also
3289:Netcraft
3139:static.*
3127:separate
3021:database
3017:back-end
2996:back-end
2983:Internet
2917:and the
2865:software
2861:hardware
2716:(e.g.):
2531:run-time
2441:userland
2188:password
2101:a video;
2095:, etc.);
2062:, e.g.:
1923:standard
1718:is sent.
1697:is sent;
1690:is sent;
1437:URL path
1406:content;
1120:executes
1086:receives
1077:manages
975:features
971:advanced
908:Internet
901:software
770:disks).
755:Lighttpd
747:Hiawatha
595:Netscape
443:HTTP 0.9
366:Internet
364:and the
264:Internet
241:resource
237:web page
209:hardware
205:software
202:computer
188:serving
6148:Wix.com
6143:Web.com
6058:GoDaddy
6033:Dynadot
6023:Domainz
5981:Nominet
5946:GoDaddy
5941:Freenom
5873:Usermin
5838:Froxlor
5818:AlternC
5713:Virtual
5557:8 April
5527:8 April
5497:8 April
5467:8 April
3725:ASP.NET
3644:FastCGI
3352:Others
3184:, fast
2738:or not;
2727:single
2722:process
2720:single
2395:devices
2108:) of a
1955:FastCGI
1767:OPTIONS
1681:OPTIONS
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