462:
855:
816:
711:
273:
523:
667:
291:
772:
20:
440:
645:
237:
545:
255:
733:
501:
567:
219:
396:
623:
418:
689:
794:
947:) that offer a measure of protection to waxcap grasslands. Using the "CHEGD" system, sites should be considered for notification as SSSIs if the total number of waxcap species reaches or exceeds 19. Thresholds are also stipulated for other CHEGD species. As a result, several waxcap-grassland sites, such as the banks of
1494:
360:
The past 75 years have witnessed a loss of more than 90% of unimproved grasslands in western Europe, mainly due to agricultural intensification through ploughing and reseeding, manuring, and the application of fertilizers and other chemicals. The maintenance of a short sward by grazing or mowing (and
53:
practices. The fungal species are consequently of conservation concern and efforts have been made in the United
Kingdom and elsewhere to protect both the grasslands and their characteristic fungi. Over 20 species of European waxcap grassland fungi are assessed as globally "vulnerable" or "endangered"
312:
In 1995, Rald proposed a simple count of the number of waxcap species present at a given site in order to assess its value as a waxcap grassland. He suggested that the presence of 17 or more species meant the site was of national importance, 9-16 species of regional importance, 4-8 species of local
83:
Waxcap grasslands are characterized by being unimproved (unfertilized and nutrient-poor), short-sward (through grazing or mowing), moss-rich, and long-established (not recently sown). They occur in both upland and lowland areas and may be on acidic, neutral, or calcareous soil. They support a wide
361:
removal or cuttings) has also been shown to be important for fruiting of waxcaps, with haycutting in July, followed by aftermath grazing/mowing to 3 cm having found to be optimal. In 1988, Arnolds estimated that only some 200 ha of unimproved waxcap grasslands remained in the
Netherlands.
881:
In the United
Kingdom, survey work has shown that surviving waxcap grasslands are more extensive than in many other European countries, thanks mainly to large areas of unimproved upland sheep pastures and also to many unimproved lawns (especially in churchyards and country houses) and amenity
74:
in the 1980s. Arnolds not only confirmed the association of waxcaps with unimproved grasslands, but also noted the rapid decline in such habitats in the
Netherlands. Similar studies were subsequently undertaken elsewhere in Europe, initially in Denmark and the United Kingdom.
1284:
Griffith, G.W.; Gamarra, J.G.P.; Holden, E.M.; Mitchel, D.; Graham, A.; Evans, D.A.; Evans, S.E.; Aron, C.; Noordeloos, M.E.; Kirk, P.M.; Smith, S.L.N.; Woods, R.G.; Hale, A.D.; Easton, G.L.; Ratkowsky, D.A.; Stevens, D.P.; Halbwachs, H. (30 August 2014).
364:
As a result, both the unimproved, nutrient-poor grasslands and the larger fungi typical of such grasslands are of conservation concern, with 23 waxcap-grassland species currently assessed as globally "vulnerable" or "endangered" on the
987:
994:, and the various national conservation bodies. A leaflet on managing waxcap grasslands in Britain and Ireland has been published by Plantlife and the Fungus Conservation Forum.
933:
1433:
1224:
Griffith, Gareth W.; Roderick, Kevin; Graham, Andrew; Causton, David R. (January 2012). "Sward management influences fruiting of grassland basidiomycete fungi".
313:
importance, and 3 or fewer of no importance. This system was modified by
Rotheroe and others to include all the characteristic macrofungi and not just waxcaps.
226:
1529:
1409:
328:
species (pinkgills); and G - the geoglossoid fungi (earthtongues). More recently the modified term "CHEGD" has been used to include species of
316:
Known as the "CHEG" system, this is widely used in survey work today. The acronym "CHEG" stands for the main groups of relevant fungi: C - the
1481:
49:
and related genera), characteristic of such habitats. Waxcap grasslands occur principally in Europe, where they are declining as a result of
1434:
https://consult.defra.gov.uk/natural-england/down-farm/supporting_documents/Down_Farm_Supporting_Info_final%20notified%207%20Feb%202019.pdf
1445:
1340:
290:
272:
976:
944:
940:
916:
and waxcap grasslands as a specific habitat were the subject of several local
Biodiversity Action Plans. Four species -
461:
1469:
1555:
1410:
https://data.jncc.gov.uk/data/d1fcb171-8086-4f5b-ade5-a34c5edc78c5/SSSI-Guidelines-14-Non-lichenisedfungi-2018a.pdf
1359:
1013:
854:
254:
1516:
1482:
https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/habitats/grassland/waxcaps-fungi/waxcapp-survey
890:
822:
815:
236:
710:
1371:
983:
839:
629:
522:
902:
739:
446:
66:
The association of waxcaps with unimproved (nutrient-poor) grasslands was first noted in 1949 in the
218:
1087:
Arnolds E. (1989). "The influence of increased fertilization on the macrofungi of a sheep meadow".
913:
717:
590:
666:
1577:
1446:
https://www.dudley.gov.uk/news/rare-mushrooms-to-get-special-protection-at-halesowen-beauty-spot/
651:
551:
1341:
https://neenp.org.uk/natural-environment/durham-priority-habitats/waxcap-grassland-action-plan/
1166:
908:
529:
485:
424:
298:
1109:
Rald E. (1995). "Vokshatte som indikatorarter for mykologisk verifulde overdrevslokaliteter".
1397:
968:
861:
771:
262:
1457:
1233:
778:
756:
573:
70:, but current interest was stimulated by a series of papers published by Dutch mycologist
19:
8:
1572:
948:
468:
402:
1237:
439:
1203:
896:
800:
695:
607:
244:
24:
1146:
1068:
1582:
1421:
1249:
884:
673:
507:
84:
range of characteristic larger fungi, but may not be equally species-rich in plants.
1303:
1286:
1283:
1207:
1408:
Guidelines for the
Selection of Biological SSSIs: Chapter 14: Non-lichenised Fungi
1308:
1298:
1241:
1193:
1185:
1142:
1064:
544:
342:
336:
317:
163:
152:
146:
110:
1470:
https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hardcastle-crags/features/grassland-fungi-project
732:
644:
1245:
1267:
500:
972:
280:
196:
1189:
566:
307:
1566:
1253:
366:
208:
185:
174:
128:
55:
882:
grasslands. Nonetheless, five species characteristic of waxcap grasslands -
1360:
https://www.aber.ac.uk/waxcap/downloads/Grantham-CardiffWaxcapAtlas2009.pdf
1133:
Rotheroe M, Newton A, Evans S, Feehan J (1996). "Waxcap-grassland survey".
960:
202:
122:
98:
50:
395:
180:
71:
67:
1287:"The international conservation importance of Welsh 'waxcap' grasslands"
1055:
Arnolds E. (1988). "The changing macromycete flora in the
Netherlands".
1517:
http://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/conservation/grassland-fungi
964:
936:(in England) and Section 7 of the Environment (Wales) Act (in Wales).
622:
348:
190:
158:
104:
1313:
1198:
417:
36:
1328:
991:
688:
330:
140:
116:
45:
39:, nutrient-poor grassland that supports a rich assemblage of larger
168:
134:
793:
952:
943:) has issued "Guidelines for the Selection of Biological SSSIs" (
93:
1550:
1531:
Grassland gems: managing lawns and pastures for fungi (leaflet)
956:
934:
Section 41 of the
Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act
1223:
372:
40:
1398:
https://www.biodiversitywales.org.uk/environment-wales-act
1372:"Section 41 Species - Priority Actions Needed (B2020-008)"
1033:
Schweers ACS. (1949). "Hygrophorusweide, een associatie".
1458:
https://pap.charnwood.gov.uk/AnitePublicDocs/00135127.pdf
1132:
92:
Larger fungi characteristic of waxcap grasslands include
982:
Waxcap grassland surveys have been undertaken by the
876:
1495:"Waxcap-grasslands - an assessment of English sites"
1164:
932:- are currently listed as "Priority Species" under
1422:http://www.friendsofcardiffreservoirs.org/ecology/
1564:
1014:"Fungi: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1486:
1364:
1279:
1277:
1057:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
320:species (club and coral fungi); H - species of
166:(club and coral fungi) belonging to the genera
1509:
1462:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1050:
1048:
1032:
78:
1274:
1153:
1121:
1026:
96:(gilled mushrooms) belonging to the genera
1521:
1420:Llanishen and Lisvane Reservoirs: Ecology
1350:
1348:
1104:
1102:
1086:
1075:
1054:
1045:
373:Globally threatened waxcap-grassland fungi
1515:Scottish Fungi - grassland fungi project
1474:
1450:
1414:
1390:
1312:
1302:
1197:
1165:Griffith GW, Easton GL, Jones AW (2002).
87:
1438:
1426:
912:- were formerly the subject of national
18:
1492:
1345:
1108:
1099:
308:The "CHEG" or "CHEGD" assessment system
1565:
1333:
1008:
1006:
352:which also inhabit these grasslands.
1402:
1219:
1217:
977:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
945:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
28:, a typical waxcap grassland species
1321:
1003:
941:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
43:, particularly waxcaps (species of
13:
1376:publications.naturalengland.org.uk
1354:Provisional atlas of waxcap fungi
1329:http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5165
1167:"Ecology and diversity of waxcap (
877:Conservation in the United Kingdom
324:and related genera (waxcaps); E -
14:
1594:
1544:
1214:
1556:University of Wales, Aberystwyth
1527:
949:Llanishen and Lisvane Reservoirs
853:
814:
792:
770:
731:
709:
687:
665:
643:
621:
565:
543:
521:
499:
460:
438:
416:
394:
289:
271:
253:
235:
217:
1499:English Nature Research Reports
1378:. Natural England. October 2013
355:
1327:UK BAP priority fungi species
1260:
1:
1339:waxcap grassland action plan
1178:Botanical Journal of Scotland
1147:10.1016/s0269-915x(96)80046-2
1069:10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80148-7
997:
389:Current IUCN Red List Status
61:
1268:"Grasslands and CHEGD Fungi"
1246:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.010
891:Porpolomopsis calyptriformis
823:Porpolomopsis calyptriformis
7:
1396:Section 7 Priority Species
984:British Mycological Society
840:Pseudotricholoma metapodium
630:Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus
10:
1599:
903:Microglossum atropurpureum
740:Microglossum atropurpureum
447:Cuphophyllus colemannianus
79:Definition and description
1304:10.5943/mycosphere/4/5/10
1190:10.1080/03746600208685025
914:Biodiversity Action Plans
1468:Grassland Fungi Project
867:Short-spored Earthtongue
718:Hygrocybe splendidissima
591:Gliophorus europerplexus
188:belonging to the genera
1537:. Plantlife. p. 4.
1226:Biological Conservation
975:, have been designated
745:Dark-purple Earthtongue
652:Hygrocybe citrinovirens
552:Entoloma porphyrophaeum
369:of threatened species.
58:of threatened species.
909:Microglossum olivaceum
530:Entoloma griseocyaneum
486:Cuphophyllus lepidopus
425:Cuphophyllus canescens
299:Trichoglossum hirsutum
88:Characteristic species
29:
1456:Roecliffe Manor SSSI
862:Trichoglossum walteri
263:Dermoloma cuneifolium
22:
779:Neohygrocybe nitrata
757:Neohygrocybe ingrata
574:Entoloma prunuloides
227:Hygrocybe intermedia
1238:2012BCons.145..234G
967:, and the lawns of
596:Butterscotch Waxcap
469:Cuphophyllus lacmus
403:Clavaria zollingeri
897:Hygrocybe spadicea
801:Neohygrocybe ovina
696:Hygrocybe spadicea
608:Gliophorus reginae
245:Entoloma mougeotii
30:
25:Hygrocybe coccinea
885:Entoloma bloxamii
874:
873:
674:Hygrocybe punicea
635:Glistening Waxcap
513:Big Blue Pinkgill
508:Entoloma bloxamii
16:Type of grassland
1590:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1493:Evans S (2003).
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1175:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1010:
926:M. atropurpureum
857:
818:
796:
774:
735:
713:
691:
669:
647:
625:
569:
547:
525:
503:
491:Scalyfoot Waxcap
464:
442:
420:
398:
377:
376:
343:Camarophyllopsis
337:Pseudotricholoma
293:
275:
257:
239:
221:
164:clavarioid fungi
153:Camarophyllopsis
147:Pseudotricholoma
111:Gloioxanthomyces
33:Waxcap grassland
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1432:Down Farm SSSI
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1222:
1215:
1173:
1163:
1154:
1131:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1085:
1076:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
969:Roecliffe Manor
879:
845:Mealy Meadowcap
806:Blushing Waxcap
723:Splendid Waxcap
535:Felted Pinkgill
383:Scientific Name
375:
358:
310:
303:
302:
294:
285:
284:
276:
267:
266:
258:
249:
248:
240:
231:
230:
222:
90:
81:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:Fungus ecology
1575:
1561:
1560:
1551:WaxCap Website
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1508:
1485:
1480:Waxcap Watch//
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1363:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1297:(5): 969–984.
1273:
1270:. 7 June 2021.
1259:
1232:(1): 234–240.
1213:
1152:
1135:The Mycologist
1120:
1098:
1089:Opera Botanica
1074:
1063:(3): 391–406.
1044:
1025:
1001:
999:
996:
988:National Trust
973:Leicestershire
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
858:
850:
849:
846:
843:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
819:
811:
810:
807:
804:
797:
789:
788:
785:
784:Nitrous Waxcap
782:
775:
767:
766:
763:
760:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
736:
728:
727:
724:
721:
714:
706:
705:
702:
699:
692:
684:
683:
680:
679:Crimson Waxcap
677:
670:
662:
661:
658:
657:Citrine Waxcap
655:
648:
640:
639:
636:
633:
626:
618:
617:
614:
613:Jubilee Waxcap
611:
604:
601:
600:
597:
594:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:Mealy Pinkgill
577:
570:
562:
561:
558:
557:Lilac Pinkgill
555:
548:
540:
539:
536:
533:
526:
518:
517:
514:
511:
504:
496:
495:
492:
489:
482:
479:
478:
475:
472:
465:
457:
456:
453:
452:Toasted Waxcap
450:
443:
435:
434:
431:
428:
421:
413:
412:
409:
406:
399:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
374:
371:
357:
354:
309:
306:
305:
304:
296:
295:
288:
286:
281:Clavaria rosea
278:
277:
270:
268:
260:
259:
252:
250:
242:
241:
234:
232:
224:
223:
216:
197:Glutinoglossum
89:
86:
80:
77:
63:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1444:The Leasowes
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:Down Farm in
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
869:
866:
864:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
847:
844:
842:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
827:
825:
824:
820:
817:
813:
812:
808:
805:
803:
802:
798:
795:
791:
790:
786:
783:
781:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:
764:
761:
759:
758:
754:
752:
751:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
734:
730:
729:
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722:
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719:
715:
712:
708:
707:
703:
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697:
693:
690:
686:
685:
681:
678:
676:
675:
671:
668:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
653:
649:
646:
642:
641:
637:
634:
632:
631:
627:
624:
620:
619:
615:
612:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
598:
595:
593:
592:
588:
586:
585:
581:
578:
576:
575:
571:
568:
564:
563:
559:
556:
554:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
537:
534:
532:
531:
527:
524:
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
509:
505:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
473:
471:
470:
466:
463:
459:
458:
454:
451:
449:
448:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
430:Felted Waxcap
429:
427:
426:
422:
419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
405:
404:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
370:
368:
367:IUCN Red List
362:
353:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
314:
301:
300:
292:
287:
283:
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274:
269:
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264:
256:
251:
247:
246:
238:
233:
229:
228:
220:
215:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:Trichoglossum
205:
204:
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961:The Leasowes
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762:Dingy Waxcap
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386:English Name
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356:Conservation
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1382:17 February
1358:in Cardiff
1171:spp) fungi"
922:H. spadicea
918:E. bloxamii
870:vulnerable
848:endangered
831:vulnerable
828:Pink Waxcap
809:vulnerable
787:vulnerable
765:vulnerable
748:vulnerable
726:vulnerable
704:vulnerable
701:Date Waxcap
682:vulnerable
660:vulnerable
638:endangered
616:vulnerable
599:vulnerable
582:vulnerable
560:vulnerable
538:vulnerable
516:vulnerable
494:vulnerable
477:vulnerable
474:Grey Waxcap
455:vulnerable
433:vulnerable
411:vulnerable
181:Ramariopsis
132:(waxcaps),
72:Eef Arnolds
68:Netherlands
1573:Grasslands
1567:Categories
1314:2160/12419
1291:Mycosphere
1199:2160/11734
1019:2022-06-01
998:References
965:Shropshire
349:Hodophilus
318:clavarioid
191:Geoglossum
159:Hodophilus
105:Gliophorus
62:Background
1356:Hygrocybe
1254:0006-3207
1169:Hygrocybe
1141:: 23–25.
992:Plantlife
331:Dermoloma
322:Hygrocybe
141:Dermoloma
117:Hygrocybe
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1583:Habitats
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1041:: 17–18.
326:Entoloma
169:Clavaria
135:Entoloma
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1234:Bibcode
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953:Cardiff
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1535:(PDF)
1204:S2CID
1174:(DOC)
380:Image
41:fungi
37:sward
1384:2017
1250:ISSN
1503:555
1309:hdl
1299:doi
1242:doi
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