502:(CWA) defines "pollution" (i.e., water pollution) very broadly to include any and all "man-made or man-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological integrity of water." However, the Act defines "pollutants" subject to its control more specifically, as "dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials , heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water." This definition begins to define both the classes or types of materials (e.g., solid waste) and energies (e.g., heat) that may constitute water pollution, and indicates the moment at which otherwise useful materials may be transformed into pollution for regulatory purposes: when they are "discharged into water," defined elsewhere as "addition" of the material to regulated waters. The CWA definition is excluded for sewage discharged from certain classes of vessels, meaning that a common and important class of water pollution is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law. (
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or wildlife based on scientific data. Scientific data includes measurable factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, toxic chemicals, pollutants, heavy metals, organic micro pollutants, radioactive substances, and sediments. Water quality criteria may require periodic or continuous monitoring of the water body. Based on the criteria, regulatory decisions on water quality standards may change to also incorporate political considerations, such as the economic costs and benefits of compliance.
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495:" for purposes of further control. From a regulatory perspective, this requires defining the class(es) of materials that qualify as pollutants, and the activities that transform a material into a pollutant. Regulatory administrations may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution.
681:(MPRSA) was passed by Congress in order to prevent dumping from occurring in marine environments. The main purpose of this bill is to prevent ships and vehicles from and coming to the United States from dumping hazardous materials in U.S territories. It also prohibits toxic material from leaving the United States with the purpose of being dumped and polluting international waters.
570:
The US Clean Water Act also requires implementation of technology-based standards, which are developed for individual discharger categories based on the performance of treatment technologies, rather than location-based standards of water bodies. These standards have been developed for both industrial
546:
Determining appropriate water quality standards generally requires up-to-date scientific data on the health or environmental effects of the pollutant under review through water quality criteria. Water quality criteria includes set indicators that determine if water is no longer safe for human health
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Within a single country's regulated waters, administrations may have legal authority to hold a responsible party accountable. Once pollution drifts into another country's regulated waters and affects their water quality, whether it be intentional or accidental discharge of oil, release of hazardous
833:
There are two major nongovernmental organizations that have made monumental advancements in improving the quality of water internationally. The
International Law Association (ILA) and the Institute of International Law (IIL) worked with the United Nations to develop the Helsinki and Berlin Rules .
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in some regulated volume of water. Such standards are generally expressed as levels of a specific water pollutants (whether chemical, physical, biological, or radiological) that are deemed acceptable in the water volume, and are generally designed relative to the water's intended use - whether for
723:
plants). If the standard for a particular industrial or municipal facility is not sufficiently protective of the receiving water body, then water quality standards may be employed to develop more stringent limitations for the facility. The industrial and municipal standards are implemented in
558:. The criteria include numeric pollutant concentration limits, narrative goals (e.g., free from algae blooms), and narrative biological criteria (i.e., the aquatic life that should be able to live in the waterbody). If the water body fails the existing WQS criteria, the state develops a
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Areas not covered by regulated waters. Additionally, cross-jurisdictional waters may be subject to cross-jurisdictional agreements. Even within jurisdictions, complexities may arise where water flows between subsurface and surface, or saturates land without permanently inundating it
677:
or toxic substances, or the discard of waste into the marine environment, transboundary pollution has taken place. Transboundary pollution is addressed through international environmental agreements that may be in the form of bi-lateral, tri-lateral, or multilateral treaties. The
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from construction sites and urban environments. Water quality laws provides the foundation for regulations in water standards, monitoring, required inspections and permits, and enforcement. These laws may be modified to meet current needs and priorities.
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These standards provide a basic minimum level of treatment requirements across a category nationwide. If more stringent controls are needed for a particular water body, water quality-based effluent limitations are implemented.
519:
711:—national industry-specific effluent limitations based on the performance of existing control technologies. These limits set a basic national discharge standard for an industrial category, typically using a "
642:, and are enforced via a comprehensive monitoring and correction program. (Private wells are not regulated at the federal level. Some state and local governments have issued standards for private wells.)
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is subject to regulation under the CWA, definitional questions have resulted in litigation, including whether even water itself may qualify as a "pollutant" (e.g., adding warm water to a stream). The
715:" (BAT) standard for existing facilities, and a "best available demonstrated control technology" standard for new facilities. EPA has also published technology-based standards for
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from ships. The World Health
Organization provides a global overview of water quality, areas of risk, recommendations for future Guidelines for DrinkingWater Quality (GDWQ).
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begins with U.S. states designating intended uses (e.g., recreation, drinking water, natural habitat) for a surface water bodies, after which they develop science-based
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U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Definitions." "EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System."
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607:(NPDES). Effluent limitations are legal requirements that are incorporated into the various permits. The limitations describe the permissible amount of specific
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The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution, and is administered by EPA and state environmental agencies.
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for pollutants of concern. Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means in order to achieve the TMDL targets.
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human consumption, industrial or domestic use, recreation, or as aquatic habitat. Additionally, these laws provide regulations on the alteration of the
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As an example, the United States employs water quality standards as part of its regulation of surface water quality under the CWA. The national
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govern the protection of water resources for human health and the environment. Water quality laws are legal standards or requirements governing
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Water quality laws define the portion of this complex system subject to regulatory control. Regulatory jurisdictions may be coterminous with
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1259:"Identification of areas with insufficient controls; maximum daily load; certain effluent limitations revision." CWA sec. 303(d),
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466:). Other laws may apply only to a subset of waters within a political boundary (e.g., a national law that applies only to
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that may be released from specific sources. Numerous methods exist for determining appropriate limitations.
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1131:. World Health Organization (Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum ed.). Geneva. 2017.
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in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include
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1789:"Summary of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)"
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For example, several approaches are used in the United States. The Clean Water Act requires the
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in the United States, and is administered by EPA and states. Bottled water is regulated by the
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In the US, point sources of pollution are required to obtain discharge permits under the
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The permission to discharge pollutants into surface water under specific conditions.
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1814:"Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Facilities"
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Los
Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
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chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources
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1454:"EPA History: Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (Ocean Dumping Act)"
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surface waters), or to a special class of water (e.g., drinking water resources).
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Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
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Water quality laws identify the substances and energies which qualify as "
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1429:"International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics"
1411:"Transboundary Pollution: Harmonizing International and Domestic Law"
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or
Superfund, through regulation in the clean-up of hazardous waste.
361:
1687:
United States. Federal Water
Pollution Control Amendments of 1972,
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United States. Federal Water
Pollution Control Amendments of 1972,
1010:"WHO | Developing drinking-water quality regulations and standards"
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237:
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1557:(Report). EPA. September 2010. pp. 1–3–1–5. EPA-833-K-10-001.
1317:(Report). EPA. September 2010. pp. 1–3–1–5. EPA-833-K-10-001.
1567:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." CWA sec. 402,
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moves without regard to political boundaries between the Earth's
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Nonpoint source water pollution regulations in the United States
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responsibilities may apply to water pollution in all of Earth's
1382:
Drinking Water
Requirements for States and Public Water Systems
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discharge permits issued by state agencies and EPA, under the
1378:"Primacy Enforcement Responsibility for Public Water Systems"
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1586:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)"
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Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act § Bottled water
1720:
United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
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is protected at the federal level principally through:
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1518:"National standards of performance." CWA sec. 306(a),
1861:
United States. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,
1500:; "Effluent limitation guidelines." CWA sec. 304(b),
1050:("Clean Water Act"). "Definitions." Section 502(19),
1619:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
1360:
EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations."
1222:"National Recommended Water Quality Criteria Tables"
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
851:developed regulations governing maritime pollution
571:dischargers and municipal sewage treatment plants:
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713:best available technology economically achievable
507:Regulation of ship pollution in the United States
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732:of pollution obtain permits prior to discharge.
679:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
446:, through both natural and human-made channels.
970:(TSCA), through regulation of toxic substances.
726:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
605:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
1181:Water Resource Systems Planning and Management
1177:
860:List of international environmental agreements
686:List of international environmental agreements
426:is ubiquitous, fluid, and complex. Within the
1839:"Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act"
1547:
705:United States Environmental Protection Agency
565:
292:
1184:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1178:Loucks, Daniel P.; van Beek, Eelco (2017).
844:are serious threats to the world's oceans.
614:
390:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1159:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
963:(FIFRA), through regulation of pesticides.
668:Toxic Medical Waste being dumped into the
619:Water designated for human consumption as
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299:
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1490:"Effluent limitations." CWA sec. 301(b),
575:For industrial categories, EPA publishes
410:Learn how and when to remove this message
1753:United States. Safe Drinking Water Act,
1327:United States. Safe Drinking Water Act.
930:, through regulation of the disposal of
663:
1537:EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation."
1292:EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation."
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691:Permitting, data collection, and access
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473:
343:waste water management, and control of
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928:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
736:are not subject to the permit program.
130:International environmental agreements
1128:Guidelines for drinking-water quality
634:have been developed by EPA under the
552:Water Quality Standards (WQS) Program
449:
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1108:"Thermal discharges." CWA sec. 316,
984:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
828:
788:
749:
388:adding citations to reliable sources
355:
150:Supranational environmental agencies
1613:Salman, Salman M. A. (2007-12-01).
1243:"What are Water Quality Standards?"
849:International Maritime Organization
823:
630:In the United States, for example,
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13:
1899:US FDA - Food Facts: Bottled Water
1868:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1760:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1727:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1694:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1334:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1044:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
745:
14:
1925:
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1415:Law Faculty Research Publications
1396:"Learn About Private Water Wells"
1280:"Learn about Effluent Guidelines"
1091:"Definitions." CWA sec. 502(12);
882:
586:For sewage treatment plants, the
579:for existing sources, as well as
318:, that is, the concentrations of
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792:
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625:drinking water quality standards
581:New Source Performance Standards
537:Drinking water quality standards
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1247:Standards for Water Body Health
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560:Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
542:Ambient water quality standards
498:For example, the United States
48:Environmental impact assessment
1766:. Approved December 16, 1974.
1733:. Approved October 21, 1976.
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945:(SDWA), through regulation of
717:publicly owned treatment works
588:Secondary Treatment Regulation
487:Water pollutant classification
263:Right to a healthy environment
1:
995:
695:
333:sewage treatment and disposal
135:Environmental laws by country
1555:NPDES Permit Writers' Manual
1539:Code of Federal Regulations,
1362:Code of Federal Regulations,
1315:NPDES Permit Writers' Manual
1294:Code of Federal Regulations,
1072:Code of Federal Regulations,
980:Food and Drug Administration
968:Toxic Substances Control Act
7:
1812:US EPA, OECA (2013-09-10).
893:Drinking Water Inspectorate
623:may be subject to specific
515:United States Supreme Court
10:
1930:
1874:. Approved June 25, 1938.
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886:
875:
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566:Technology-based standards
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517:addressed these issues in
1837:US EPA, OP (2013-02-22).
1787:US EPA, OP (2013-02-22).
1639:10.1080/07900620701488562
1452:US EPA, OA (2013-01-29).
1409:Hall, Noah (2007-01-01).
1190:10.1007/978-3-319-44234-1
864:
784:
590:is the national standard.
268:War and environmental law
176:Climate change litigation
68:Environmental cleanup law
615:Drinking water standards
329:pollutant concentrations
213:Environmental personhood
145:Environmental ministries
943:Safe Drinking Water Act
912:Safe Drinking Water Act
636:Safe Drinking Water Act
527:Water quality standards
897:Northern Ireland Water
801:This section is empty.
762:This section is empty.
673:
556:water quality criteria
140:Environmental lawsuits
125:Environmental journals
1600:"NPDES Permit Basics"
1478:"Effluent Guidelines"
1163:) CS1 maint: others (
932:municipal solid waste
739:Further information:
684:Further information:
667:
652:Environmental dumping
531:Further information:
253:Public trust doctrine
218:Environmental justice
76:Natural resources law
40:Pollution control law
976:public water systems
640:public water systems
638:, are mandatory for
599:Effluent limitations
474:Non-regulated waters
464:international waters
456:political boundaries
384:improve this section
63:Waste management law
1631:2007IJWRD..23..625S
709:effluent guidelines
577:Effluent guidelines
201:Environmental crime
181:Earth jurisprudence
117:Reference materials
89:Water resources law
19:Part of a series on
1602:. EPA. 2020-08-03.
1588:. EPA. 2020-09-01.
1480:. EPA. 2020-08-31.
1398:. EPA. 2019-11-06.
1384:. EPA. 2016-11-02.
1282:. EPA. 2021-07-13.
1249:. EPA. 2016-11-03.
889:Environment Agency
674:
312:Water quality laws
166:Administrative law
84:Species protection
1224:. EPA. 2014-02-11
1207:978-3-319-44232-7
1138:978-92-4-154995-0
974:The SDWA governs
829:International law
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707:(EPA) to develop
511:thermal pollution
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25:Environmental law
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1020:on July 15, 2018
1016:. Archived from
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982:(FDA) under the
878:Canada Water Act
871:Water Governance
824:Around the world
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803:You can help by
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764:You can help by
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609:water pollutants
450:Regulated waters
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1768:42 U.S.C.
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1569:33 U.S.C.
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1525:§ 1316(a)
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728:(NPDES). All
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1018:the original
1013:
1004:
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918:
915:
853:MARPOL 73/78
846:
836:
832:
809:
805:adding to it
800:
770:
766:adding to it
761:
702:
699:
675:
646:Dumping bans
629:
618:
602:
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545:
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509:.) Although
503:
497:
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477:
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422:The Earth's
421:
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400:October 2021
397:
382:Please help
370:
341:agricultural
311:
310:
248:Property law
99:Forestry law
57:
1885:as amended.
1777:as amended.
1772:§ 300f
1744:as amended.
1739:§ 6901
1711:as amended.
1706:§ 1251
1573:§ 1342
1458:www.epa.gov
1351:1974-12-16.
1346:§ 300f
1298:40 CFR
1114:§ 1326
1097:§ 1362
1076:40 CFR
1056:§ 1362
920:Groundwater
719:(municipal
430:, physical
428:water cycle
424:hydrosphere
1880:§ 301
1848:2020-10-22
1823:2020-10-22
1798:2020-10-22
1674:2020-10-22
1463:2021-10-07
1438:2020-11-09
1228:2020-11-07
1198:1813/48159
1024:2020-11-08
996:References
989:See also:
887:See also:
876:See also:
858:See also:
696:Permitting
650:See also:
444:subsurface
436:atmosphere
337:industrial
196:Energy law
94:Mining law
1914:Water law
1655:154927565
1647:0790-0627
1521:33 U.S.C.
1503:33 U.S.C.
1493:33 U.S.C.
1262:33 U.S.C.
1155:cite book
1147:975491910
468:navigable
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186:Earth law
1908:Category
1883:et seq.,
1775:et seq.,
1742:et seq.,
1709:et seq.,
1433:Springer
523:(2013).
481:wetlands
273:Wild law
238:Land use
233:Land law
206:poaching
109:Game law
1864:Pub. L.
1756:Pub. L.
1723:Pub. L.
1690:Pub. L.
1627:Bibcode
1349:et seq.
1330:Pub. L.
1040:Pub. L.
672:in Peru
440:surface
392:removed
377:sources
191:Ecocide
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460:treaty
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1651:S2CID
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432:water
1643:ISSN
1202:ISBN
1165:link
1161:link
1143:OCLC
1133:ISBN
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