Water conflict - Knowledge

462:, which focuses in needs not on rights of riparians. In the Indian subcontinent, the irrigation requirements of Bangladesh determine water allocations of the Ganges River. A need-based, regional approach focuses on satisfying individuals with their need of water, ensuring that minimum quantitative needs are met. It removes the conflict that arises when countries view the treaty from a national-interest point-of-view and move away from a zero-sum approach to a positive-sum, integrative approach that equitably allocates water and its benefits. This means that both equity and efficiency of water use systems become significant, particularly under 49: 964: 4597: 770: 1019: 540:, water used in the production of goods and services but not directly traded between countries. Countries with greater access to water supplies may fare better from an economic standpoint than those facing crisis, which creates the potential for conflict. Outraged by agriculture subsidies that displace domestic produce, countries facing water shortages bring their case to the WTO. 1271:

intrastate conflicts to be a larger and growing component of all water disputes, and that the traditional international mechanisms for addressing them, such as bilateral or multilateral treaties, are not as effective. Some analysts estimate that due to an increase in human consumption of water resources, water conflicts will become increasingly common in the near future.

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They postulate that not all cooperation is good, and not all conflict is bad. The TWINS approach can also serve as a useful final step after separate. analyses on cooperative methods and conflict intensity measures. The model is split into two parts—the horizontal scale (measures cooperation intensity) and the vertical scale (measures conflict intensity).

252:. These particular rivers became the focus because they had experienced water-related disputes. Specific events cited as evidence include Israel's bombing of Syria's attempts to divert the Jordan's headwaters, and military threats by Egypt against any country building dams in the upstream waters of the Nile. 558:

Transboundary waters are waters in which two or more different states border the same body of water. In order to reduce the risk of water conflicts, transboundary water arrangements or agreements are often negotiated, but many shared international rivers still lack such treaties. According to the UN,

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International organizations play the largest role in mediating water disputes and improving water management. From scientific efforts to quantify water pollution, to the World Trade Organization's efforts to resolve trade disputes between nations, many types of water disputes can be addressed through

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alter local hydrology, and global population increases. The broad spectrum of water disputes makes them difficult to address, but a wide range of strategies to reduce the risks of such disputes are available. Local and international laws and agreements can help improve sharing of international rivers

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government drained 10%, which used to cover 9,000 square kilometres (3,500 square miles) to 760 km2, and in 2005 only gained 40 percent of their original coverage. The Third River is a 172 kilometres long project that started in 1992. It involved an additional channel in capturing the downflow water

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in partnership with the governments of Switzerland and Sweden offers a unique policy structure which promotes sustainable management of water resources combined with cooperation for peace. By making the most of shared water-resources through cooperation rather than mere allocation between countries,

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are also worsening the risks of water conflicts. As populations and economic development increase, water demands can also increase, worsening disagreements over the allocation and control of limited water in some regions or countries, especially during drought, or in shared international watersheds.

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Tensions and conflicts over water now occur more frequently at the subnational, rather than the transnational, level. Violence between pastoralists and farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are on the rise. Attacks on civilian water systems during wars that start for other reasons have increased, such as in

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The WTO plays more of a role in agriculturally based disputes that are relevant to conflict over specific sources of water. Still, it provides an important framework that shapes the way water will play into future economic disputes. One school of thought entertains the notion of war over water, the

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Another factor raising the risks of water conflicts is growing competition for water in water-scarce regions, where necessities for water supply for human use, food production, ecosystems and other uses are running up against water availability. Extreme hydrologic events such as floods and droughts

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proposed the Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus (TWIN) approach in 2007 as a two-dimensional method to approaching water conflict and cooperation. This model neglects the conventional linear continuum of conflict and cooperation and instead sees the two as coexisting and not mutually exclusive.

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Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat. Both countries face the threat of water shortage, as demand for water is projected to increase with growing population, increased urbanisation and pursuit of economic growth. Tensions are made worse as a result of fundamental differences in beliefs over

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and regulates the water use and flow of the basin's multiple rivers by each country. The treaty has survived three wars, but seen its share of bilateral strains. Following high tensions in 2019, the Indian Prime Minister threatened to restrict water flow to Pakistan in the region – an act which

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poses a significant health risk, especially in heavily industrialized, heavily populated areas like China. In response to a worsening situation in which entire cities lacked safe drinking water, China passed a revised Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law. The possibility of polluted water

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can completely cripple an industry just as it can cripple a population, and affect developed countries just as they affect countries with less-developed water infrastructure. Water-based industries are more visible in water disputes, but commerce at all levels can be damaged by a lack of water.

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recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though they are rarely traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has long been a source of tension and one of the causes for

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has shown that while interstate (i.e., nation to nation) water conflicts are increasingly less likely, there appears to be a growing risk of sub-national conflicts among water users, regions, ethnic groups, and competing economic interests. Data from the Water Conflict Chronology show these

530:(WTO) can arbitrate water disputes presented by its member states when the disputes are commercial in nature. The WTO has certain groups, such as its Fisheries Center, that work to monitor and rule on relevant cases, although it is by no means the authority on conflict over water resources. 450:

The Israel/Jordan Project Prosperity water-for-energy deal, with the cooperation of the UAE, will bring solar generated electricity from Jordan to Israel, and Israel will provide desalinated water to Jordan. The UAE will assist with the installation of the solar power system in Jordan.

514:. Academic work focusing on water disputes has yet to yield a consistent method for mediating international disputes, let alone local ones. But UNESCO faces optimistic prospects for the future as water conflicts become more public, and as increasing severity sobers obstinate interests. 386:

making its way across international boundaries, as well as unrecognized water pollution within a poorer country brings up questions of human rights, allowing for international input on water pollution. There is no single framework for dealing with pollution disputes local to a nation.

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Rein, Marlen. "Power Asymmetry in the Mekong River Basin: The Impact of Hydro-Hegemony on Sharing Transboundary Water." In Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 8, eds. Rudiger Frank, Ina Hein, Lukas Pokorny, and Agnes Schick-Chen. Vienna: Praesens Verlag, 2016, pp. 127–162.

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has most often led to conflicts at local and regional levels. Water is a vital element for human life, and human activities are closely connected to availability and quality of water. Water is a limited resource. Water conflicts occur because the demand for water resources and

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reservoir falling from 372 to 346 km. On January 25 and February 10, 1991, the reservoir continued to lose about 3.4 km2 per day of the lake surface, leading to a final surface area of 215 km2 and a volume of 3.3 km3. This was the same time in February 1991 when multiple

694:. Experts fear that China's ability to control the Mekong's flow gives it leverage over downstream nations who rely on China's goodwill. In 2018, water levels in the Mekong River fell to their lowest in more than 100 years, even during the annual monsoon season. The 3214: 503:

and organizing educational efforts elsewhere. Its target groups include diplomats, lawmakers, civil society, and students of water studies; by expanding knowledge of water disputes, it hopes to encourage cooperation between nations in dealing with conflicts.

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water rights; Egypt claims its rights to the Nile water on the basis of historical practice, whereas Ethiopia claims its rights to the water based on geography, where 85% of its water comes from highland sources within its territory. While the

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International competition over water can arise when one country starts drawing more water from a shared water source. This is often the most efficient route to getting needed water, but in the long term can cause conflict if water is

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from returning to rich organic soil used for agriculture. In addition, the lack of downstream water also prevent natural drainage, including salts and pollution that the rivers naturally got rid of, affecting the health of millions.

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shared among 5% of the world's population and most of the rivers cross international borders. Intrastate conflicts take place between two or more parties in the same country, such as conflicts between farmers and urban water users.

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Transboundary institutions can be designed to promote cooperation, overcome initial disputes and find ways of coping with the uncertainty created by climate change. The effectiveness of such institutions can also be monitored.

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Water conflicts can occur on the intrastate and interstate levels. Interstate conflicts occur between two or more countries that share a transboundary water source, such as a river, sea, or groundwater basin. For example, the

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has potentially serious consequences for water supplies in Syria and Iraq. During the 1950s multiple dams and other water projects were started as a result from water sharing concerns particularly for downstream countries.

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surrounds a pocket of international water known as the Bering Sea Donut Hole. Conflict over fishing routes and access to the hole was resolved in 1995 by a convention referred to colloquially as the Donut Hole Agreement.

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has found that water conflicts among nations are less likely than is cooperation, with hundreds of treaties and agreements in place. Water conflicts tend to arise as an outcome of other social issues. Conversely, the

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or GAP, which is to build 20 dams that could hold up to 120 billion cubic meters along with nineteen hydroelectric electricity generators leaving millions of people and wildlife living downstream that rely on both the

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The project forced half a million marshland people to migrate, burnt down the surrounding towns, and polluted the surrounding farmland and water, making the land uninhabitable for thousands of species and human life.

287:. This database lists violence over water going back around 4,500 years and include more than 1600 examples of violence over water resources with information on the date, location, type of conflict and full sources. 178:

tensions which are not directly caused by water. Gradual reductions over time in the quality and/or quantity of fresh water can add to the instability of a region by depleting the health of a population, obstructing

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ultimate progression of an unresolved water dispute—scarce water resources combined with the pressure of exponentially increasing population may outstrip the ability of the WTO to maintain civility in trade issues.

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Trigger: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence.

567:. More than 50 countries on five continents are said to be at risk of conflict over water. Moreover, international water law can sometimes exacerbate the potential for conflict: the legal principles of 698:, as of January 2020 the nearest Chinese dam upstream of the Thai border, has caused huge fluctuations in river levels, affecting people's livelihoods downstream by disrupting the river's natural cycle. 575:

are both implicated in transboundary water conflicts as both can mean that good luck historically and geographically can legally divide countries into those with water abundance and those with scarcity.

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River, shared by Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, almost completely drying out, so much so that it has ceased to reach the Aral Sea, which is now much reduced in extent and volume.

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Over the past 25 years, politicians, academics and journalists have frequently expressed concern that disputes over water would be a source of future wars. Commonly cited quotes include: that of former

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Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. "Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa." Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.

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these cooperations are supposed to be equitable and sustainable in that each state does not abuse the water, but rather use the water to their best benefits while protecting and reserving it.

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have been the main sources of question, as nations expanded and claimed portions of oceans and seas as territory for 'domestic' commercial fishing. Certain lucrative areas, such as the

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typically refers to violence or disputes associated with access to, or control of, water resources, or the use of water or water systems as weapons or casualties of conflicts. The term

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One common feature of almost all resolved disputes is that the negotiations had a "need-based" instead of a "right–based" paradigm. Irrigable lands, population, and technicalities of

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have been investigating the evidence behind water war predictions. Their findings show that, while it is true there has been conflict related to water in a handful of international

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despite the two countries' mutual hostility, proving a successful mechanism in resolving conflicts by providing a framework for consultation, inspection and exchange of data. The

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Zeitoun, Mark and Naho Mirumachi. "Transboundary Water Interaction I: Reconsidering Conflict and Cooperation." In International Environmental Agreements, 8/4, 2008, pp. 297–316

1221:- is a water use conflict between the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida over the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin 1877: 300:

Casualty: Water resources or water systems as a casualty of conflict, where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence.

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Mirumachi, Naho and John Anthony Allan. "Revisiting Transboundary Water Governance: Power, Conflict, Cooperation and the Political Economy." In CAIWA Conference Paper, 2007,

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use between nations sharing water resources. The institutions created by these agreements can, in fact, be important factors in ensuring cooperation rather than conflict.

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can exceed supply, or because control over access and allocation of water may be disputed, or because water management institutions are weak or missing. Elements of a

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There is a growing number of water conflicts that go unresolved, largely at the sub-national level, and these will become more dangerous as water becomes more scarce,

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program in water dispute resolution is its Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), which is in its third phase, training water professionals in the

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Still, water conflict occurring domestically, as well as conflict that may not be entirely commercial in nature may not be suitable for arbitration by the WTO.

2051: 2568: 2095: 2806: 1571: 221:, who in 2001 said, "Fierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future," and the former Vice President of the 3463: 1590: 71:

is colloquially used in media for some disputes over water, and often is more limited to describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over

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ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland :

321:, among other possibilities, can create dispute even when access to potable water is not necessarily an issue. As a resource, some consider water to be 2930: 553: 259:

Water resources that span international boundaries are more likely to be a source of collaboration and cooperation than war. Scientists working at the

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Corporate interest often crosses opposing commercial interest, as well as environmental concerns, leading to another form of dispute. In the 1960s,

2792: 2418: 1203:- were a series of conflicts between the city of Los Angeles, farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California, and environmentalists 2488: 431:. As of 2019 no global institution supervises the management of trans-boundary water sources, and international co-operation has happened through 844:

Since the two countries share the resources of the Indus water basin, India and Pakistan decided on a notable and influential treaty called the

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Competition for transboundary water sources could also be worsened as a result of escalating tensions between countries, as in the case between

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inhabitants of treachery and therefore used water as a weapon to push them out of the Marshes. To get thousands of people out of the area, the

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Weapon: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict.

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Groundwater Portal aims to help improve understanding of water resources and foster effective water management. But by far the most active

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can put severe pressures on all water users, whether corporate, government, or individual, leading to tension, and possibly aggression.

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of 1955–1975. In contrast, regional instability results when countries lack institutions to co-operate in regional collaboration, like

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the chances for peace can increase. The Blue Peace approach has proven effective in (for example) the Middle East and the Nile basin.

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conflicts. Water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.

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and growing global populations also combine to put new pressures on limited water resources and increase the risk of water conflict.

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because these resources are necessary for basic human needs but can often be scarce or contaminated or poorly allocated among users.

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A comprehensive online open-source database of water-related conflicts — the Water Conflict Chronology — has been developed by the

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said: "I am not worried that the Egyptians will suddenly invade Ethiopia. Nobody who has tried that has lived to tell the story."

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may put pressures on affected parties to obtain more of a shared water resource, causing diplomatic tension or outright conflict.

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and aquifers. Improved technology and institutions can both improve water availability and water sharing in water-scarce regions.

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In another (in)famous case, Soviet-era overdevelopment of irrigation agriculture (especially cotton) in Central Asia led to the

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The water wars hypothesis had its roots in earlier research carried out on a small number of transboundary rivers such as the

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warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."

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from capturing another vital dam that is a source for millions. The conflict over the resource in the area caused both the

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were polluted to the point of massive fish death. Local communities suffered greatly from dismal water quality until the

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The earliest known example of an actual inter-state conflict over water took place between 2500 and 2350 BC between the

1991: 1906: 1608:"Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen" 841:

instead. The construction of dams upstream would also result in flooding downstream if water was released too quickly.

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provides a platform to ensure sustainable management of water resources through cooperation of riparian countries, the

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Because water is so central to agricultural trade, water disputes may be subtly implicated in WTO cases in the form of

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conflict among Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan). In 2022 and 2023, tensions over the

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define "needs". The success of a need-based paradigm is reflected in the only water agreement ever negotiated in the

412: 2040: 4074: 568: 424: 3342: 2833:"Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security" 2585: 2560: 2099: 1897:

Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)

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and its tributaries. An agreement was reached after five weeks and the dispute was followed by the signing of the

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the record has been largely positive. This is exemplified by the hundreds of treaties in place guiding equitable

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Dam, which Kurdish sources feared would be used to flood downstream countries, causing thousands of deaths. The

663:'s headwaters, altering flow volumes and timing for downstream countries Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. 750:

could reduce flows of water to Egypt, which is highly dependent on Nile River water. Ethiopian Prime Minister

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rivers and one of the earliest know "water wars" was around 2400 BCE between the ancient Sumerian states of

4143: 3978: 724: 444: 1079:, lost an average of 2.5 km2 of lake surface per day and, in three weeks, a total of 21%. In August 2014, 4646: 4467: 2225: 1420: 121: 2006: 4600: 4484: 4428: 3520: 1224: 404: 234: 4631: 4015: 2489:"China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods" 1197:- tensions between Israel and the Arab League in late 1960s over water supply from Jordan river basin 479: 3356: 3109:"Persian Gulf War | Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, & Facts | Britannica" 3013: 1924: 1879:

Pentland, William. "The Water-Industrial Complex," Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.

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collaboration between agencies, like the Mekong Committee which formed due to an alliance between

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Brooks, Nina. "Impending Water Crisis in China," Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.

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Yemen, Syria, Iraq, and most recently Ukraine. Water scarcity can also exacerbate conflicts and

3133:"The airstrike in Mosul was potentially one of the worst U.S.-led civilian bombings in 25 years" 2275:"Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention" 1528: 579:

Recent interstate conflicts have occurred mainly in the Middle East (disputes stemming from the

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Zeitoun, Mark; Mirumachi, Naho; Warner, Jeroen; Kirkegaard, Matthew; Cascão, Ana (2019-05-24).

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making continuous cooperation among all the stakeholders in a learning mode highly desirable.

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has resulted in reservoirs decreasing rapidly. In 1985 and 1986, the two biggest reservoirs,

759: 572: 206: 2685: 1502: 763: 4569: 4541: 4506: 4433: 4233: 4170: 3988: 3809: 3056: 2844: 1828: 1817:"Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology" 1666: 1619: 985: 981: 968: 887: 723:

said that if Egypt were to ever go to war again it would be over water. Separately, amidst

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8: 4564: 4472: 4460: 4350: 4303: 4111: 4034: 3760: 3551: 1173: 845: 822: 803: 3415: 3060: 2848: 1832: 1670: 1623: 1455: 4574: 4559: 4489: 4445: 4335: 3921: 3826: 3581: 3077: 2992: 2786: 2400: 2392: 2256: 2197: 1715: 1635: 1275: 1158: 408: 347: 3189: 3164: 2979: 2963:"Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq" 2962: 1519:

United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008

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United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008

4546: 4010: 3916: 3889: 3736: 3686: 3622: 3576: 3507: 3257: 3240: 3140: 3082: 2996: 2984: 2862: 2748: 2719: 2622:"Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan" 2603: 2404: 2384: 2260: 2248: 2201: 1953: 1639: 1267: 856: 778: 290:

Water-related conflicts are categorized in the Water Conflict Chronology as follows:

284: 226: 3108: 2334:"The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project" 2096:"Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance" 1005:

from the Tigris River and moving it across the marshes and the Euphrates River near

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set out in 1960. In February 2019, India had threatened to cut off water supply to

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Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective

2244: 1910: 466:. The combination of these two performance factors should occur in the context of 4513: 4479: 4365: 4345: 4255: 3904: 3870: 3804: 3601: 3586: 3094: 2742: 963: 691: 580: 382: 230: 125: 76: 48: 3438: 2906:"Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris | Climate-Diplomacy" 2365:"Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin" 1328:"In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam" 4554: 4501: 4411: 4315: 4310: 4262: 4150: 3946: 3894: 3877: 3711: 1841: 1816: 1308: 1303: 1064: 989: 782: 496: 467: 463: 326: 268: 264: 214: 203: 186: 158: 140: 109: 105: 80: 3068: 3044: 2857: 2832: 1655:"Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War" 4615: 4518: 4355: 4245: 4202: 3983: 3860: 3746: 3696: 3560: 3144: 2988: 2866: 2561:"For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That" 2388: 2252: 2113: 2082: 1508:

New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.

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Hasan, Mejs; Moody, Aaron; Benninger, Larry; Hedlund, Heloise (March 2019).

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and economic conditions of a country or region. The lack of cost-effective

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Promoting cooperation through management of trans-boundary water resources

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In late April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into the most serious

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shared by Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and the State of Palestine), in Africa (

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Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources

1679: 1654: 1517: 1405: 1116: 1054:, were built to provide hydropower and downstream flow. During the first 818: 799: 774: 720: 500: 420: 372: 314: 241: 210: 101: 93: 89: 72: 35: 3503: 3385: 3273:"Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv" 2604:"Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists" 2135:"UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers" 2041:"Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future" 1856: 1793: 4523: 4340: 4298: 4240: 4209: 3848: 3780: 3718: 3691: 3654: 2661: 2396: 2364: 1719: 1232: 1188: 1184: 1165: 1067:

bombers sent multiple missiles hitting bridges in southern and western

849: 769: 751: 595: 492: 343: 222: 218: 113: 2882:"Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute" 2769:"Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute" 2380: 1631: 1018: 988:, saw a considerable decrease during the 1980-1988 war with Iran when 4406: 4288: 4096: 4091: 4069: 3958: 3951: 3770: 3765: 3672: 3649: 2807:"Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict" 1506:

Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies,

1388:(4). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 1379:"Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin" 1228: 1112: 1084: 1059: 1051: 1039: 1035: 1023: 1006: 952: 932: 916: 900: 883: 747: 707: 643: 627: 368: 339: 322: 175: 3512: 3329:"Iran's Water Dispute Continues with Taliban as They Ridicule Raisi" 2509:

Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem

1752:"EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI" 1711: 598:-related conflicts among Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan), as well as in 4533: 4101: 4027: 3968: 3963: 3911: 3821: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3706: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3241:"Contested Territory, Strategic Rivalries, and Conflict Escalation" 3014:"Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site" 1926:

China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.

1058:, in 1990 and 1991, 3.3km2 of surface area was lost per day in the 1055: 948: 866:

Since the 1960s, there has been conflict revolving around water in

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During history there has been much conflict over use of water from

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Transboundary water conflicts and their effects on the environment

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Qamar, Muhammad Uzair; Azmat, Muhammad; Claps, Pierluigi (2019).

2419:"China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study" 2331: 1148: 1104: 1072: 1043: 834: 687: 671: 650: 511: 455: 318: 310: 3309:"Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute" 2223: 773:

Due to record low rainfall in Summer 2005, the reservoir behind

325:, needed by nearly every industry, and needed nearly every day. 4250: 4215: 4039: 3995: 3843: 3641: 1493:

Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008

1236: 1169: 1133: 1031: 928: 924: 912: 896: 879: 867: 838: 660: 635: 623: 507: 436: 355: 213:

will be fought over water, not politics"; his successor at the

132:

options in areas like the Middle East, among other elements of

31: 746:

escalated in 2020 because of concern the Ethiopian dam on the

4283: 4123: 4049: 3836: 1653:

Gleick, Peter; Vyshnevskyi, Viktor; Shevchuk, Serhii (2023).

1129: 997: 944: 936: 871: 830: 810: 735: 656: 619: 517: 272: 199: 473: 4228: 4084: 4079: 4059: 3933: 3884: 3728: 3364: 2456:"China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia" 2008:

Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity

1974:"Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal" 1949: 1781: 1137: 1119:

reservoirs to lose surface area at a rate of 2.0km2 a day.

1096: 1076: 1068: 1001: 993: 956: 940: 875: 675: 631: 428: 309:

Water's viability as a commercial resource, which includes

249: 57: 3190:"US strikes Islamic State militants at Iraq's Haditha dam" 3042: 4187: 3831: 2880:

Nadeen, Mehr; Sayeed, Saad; Dasgupta, Neha (2019-08-19).

1652: 1332: 1091:

sent over 130 air strikes to help recapture the dam from

927:

as well. The GAP project decreased water by 50% from the

890:

and millions of individuals. Turkey decided to start the

60:

flows by as much as 25% and devastate Egyptian farmlands.

3343:"Angered by Water Shortages, Iranians March for 3rd Day" 3291:"Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage" 2744:

Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History

1438:

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research

124:

natural resource, its availability often influences the

41:"Water warfare" redirects here. For the video game, see 2767:

Dasgupta, Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha (2019-08-19).

2437:"Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong" 1239:

river which flows through the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

1103:

also sent airstrikes hitting the areas surrounding the

766:

has only been ratified by six of 11 countries to date.

975: 267:, in the rest of the world's approximately 300 shared 821:

for water supply, which is governed primarily by the

202:

Foreign Minister and former Secretary-General of the

2879: 1572:

Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education

1538: 1536: 2447: 3215:"US launches airstrikes around Iraq's Haditha Dam" 1569:Wolf, Aaron T (2001). "Water and Human Security". 554:Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa 108:worsens water disputes because of competition for 2650:. Washington, DC. USA: World Resources Institute. 2586:"Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war?" 2466: 2300:Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? 1591:the Dublin statement and report of the conference 1533: 789: 610:shared by Iran and Afghanistan have also flared. 486: 30:"Water war" redirects here. For the type of mock 4613: 2474:"Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell" 2325: 1992:"Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace" 861: 547: 2830: 1814: 1013: 943:. The lack of downstream water has led to many 853:Pakistan said it would consider an act of war. 655:In the Mekong Basin, the most upstream country 120:and other needs. As freshwater is a vital, yet 3238: 2747:, Univ of California Press, pp. 210–211, 2535:"Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile" 1545:"Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide" 1143:At a local level, a remarkable example is the 651:Mekong basin (China and other Asian countries) 613: 3528: 3165:"Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam'" 2712:Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002), 2645: 2076:eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys 1227:- A Water Conflict between the Indian states 906: 817:. Both countries are highly dependent on the 2791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2711: 2362: 2226:"Analysis for water conflict transformation" 1376: 304: 2960: 2718:, World Bank Publications, pp. 42–44, 2580: 2578: 1242:Hirmand between Iranians and Afghanistanis 666:As of 2020, China has built 11 dams on the 642:(Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi, or GAP) on the 587:shared by Turkey, Syria, and Iraq; and the 419:has functioned since 1957 and outlived the 3535: 3521: 3504:The Water Conflict Chronology and Database 3239:Rasler, Karen A.; Thompson, W. R. (2006). 2707: 2705: 2662:"Who we are | Nile Basin Intitative (NBI)" 2486: 1938: 1693: 1453: 1122: 777:runs low. The reservoir supplies water to 518:Arbitration by international organizations 354:clashed over sealing fisheries, and today 27:Conflict over an access to water resources 3256: 3076: 2978: 2856: 2740: 2453: 2332:Frederick M. Lorenz; Edward J. Erickson. 2085:. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24. 1840: 1815:Gleick, Peter; Shimabuku, Morgan (2023). 1678: 1593:, Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, 1428:Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993). 1372: 1370: 967:Annual time lapse of water levels of the 935:to the surrounding downstream countries, 474:Sustainable management of water resources 2766: 2646:Gleick, Peter; Iceland, Charles (2018). 2575: 2505: 2480: 1259:International Water Management Institute 1022:Water levels at a reservoir upstream of 1017: 962: 798:over the sharing of water rights to the 768: 261:International Water Management Institute 100:Most water-related conflicts occur over 47: 2736: 2734: 2702: 1942:Share: managing Water across Boundaries 1377:Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (January 2007). 1346: 278: 14: 4614: 3436: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3008: 3006: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2596: 2571:from the original on 10 February 2020. 2297: 2172: 1939:Sadoff, C.; et al., eds. (2008). 1687: 1605: 1542: 1367: 1340: 510:has published a map of trans-boundary 478:The Blue Peace framework developed by 3542: 3516: 2558: 2454:Chellaney, Brahma (28 October 2019). 2035: 2033: 1934: 1932: 848:(IWT). The treaty is mediated by the 714: 523:current frameworks and institutions. 346:, have a history of dispute; in 1886 209:, who forecast, "The next war in the 183:, and exacerbating larger conflicts. 2731: 2302:. Enfield, N.H.: Science Publishers. 2175:"Water Footprint and the Law of WTO" 2004: 1568: 1456:"Water shortages 'foster terrorism'" 1151:, depicted in the 2010 Spanish film 947:becoming homeless, increasing water 379:passed the Clean Water Act in 1972. 371:, and to a lesser extent, the other 3031: 3003: 2947: 2923: 2686:"CFA | Nile Basin Intitative (NBI)" 2487:Bainbridge, Amy (20 January 2020). 2476:. Project Syndicate. 2 August 2019. 2106: 2098:. 28 September 2013. Archived from 2057:from the original on 31 August 2018 1694:Postel, S. L.; Wolf, A. T. (2001). 1349:"Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight?" 976:Effects on the Mesopotamian Marshes 24: 4652:Transboundary environmental issues 3477: 2961:Abdulrahman, May F. (2021-08-31). 2532: 2363:Çarkoğlu, Ali; Eder, Mine (2001). 2173:Szwedo, Piotr (December 1, 2013). 2141:. October 22, 2008. Archived from 2030: 1998: 1929: 1780:, Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, 1726: 1454:Sutherland, Ben (March 18, 2003). 1447: 1440:(Department of Political Science, 1347:Tulloch, James (August 26, 2009). 701: 659:has built a series of dams on the 25: 4663: 3497: 3439:"The dam that divides Ethiopians" 3414:. August 19, 2008. Archived from 3361:, Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010" 2980:10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 2559:Walsh, Decian (9 February 2020). 1595:World Meteorological Organization 955:reaching 1000 PPM and preventing 670:, which flows from China through 4596: 4595: 3437:Greste, Peter (March 26, 2009). 3258:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00396.x 2312: 2279:www.unwatercoursesconvention.org 2204:– via kluwerlawonline.com. 794:In 1948, India and Pakistan had 638:over irrigation water. Turkey's 317:, manufacturing, recreation and 4622:Environmental issues with water 3506:(2022) by The World's Water of 3468: 3456: 3430: 3400: 3378: 3349: 3335: 3321: 3301: 3283: 3277:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3265: 3245:International Studies Quarterly 3232: 3207: 3182: 3157: 3125: 3101: 2898: 2873: 2824: 2799: 2760: 2678: 2654: 2639: 2614: 2552: 2526: 2499: 2429: 2411: 2356: 2306: 2291: 2267: 2217: 2208: 2166: 2157: 2127: 2114:"UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal" 2088: 2069: 2018: 1984: 1966: 1918: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1871: 1857:"The Water Conflict Chronology" 1849: 1808: 1786: 1769: 1744: 1646: 1599: 1583: 1562: 1543:Gleick, Peter (17 March 2022). 1522: 1511: 1213:Tennessee–Georgia water dispute 764:Cooperative Framework Agreement 744:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 413:wars between India and Pakistan 1821:Environmental Research Letters 1496: 1470: 1431: 1410: 1399: 1320: 1083:, a rebel group, captured the 790:India-Pakistan water conflicts 487:Programs by the United Nations 394: 192: 13: 1: 2245:10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 1314: 1215:- ongoing territorial dispute 1195:War over Water (Jordan river) 892:Southeastern Anatolia Project 640:Southeastern Anatolia Project 548:Transboundary water conflicts 3561:Pollution / quality 3408:"Worldwide battle for water" 2648:Water, Security and Conflict 1075:reservoir, also situated in 1014:Mosul and Haditha Reservoirs 719:In 1979, Egyptian President 445:dispute-resolution processes 389: 362: 52:Ethiopia's move to fill the 7: 3386:"Water Conflict Chronology" 2506:Prokurat, Sergiusz (2015), 1794:"Water Conflict Chronology" 1734:"The Coming Wars for Water" 1282: 1252: 1244:2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash 1191:since independence in 1991. 862:Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 727:, Ethiopian Prime Minister 614:Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 425:Egypt's plan for a high dam 92:has only 1% of the world's 10: 4668: 4637:Natural resource conflicts 2048:www.strategicforesight.com 1225:Kaveri River water dispute 971:throughout early February. 907:Turkey and the GAP Project 551: 333: 235:Stockholm Water Conference 151: 56:'s reservoir could reduce 40: 29: 4591: 4532: 4397: 4390: 4271: 4132:Types / location 4131: 4122: 3932: 3727: 3640: 3610: 3559: 3550: 3069:10.1007/s13280-018-1073-4 2858:10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x 2741:Gilmartin, David (2020), 2298:Grover, Velma I. (2007). 1503:Murakami, Masahiro. 1995. 1351:. Allianz. Archived from 1209:- water crises in Florida 992:, the fifth president of 480:Strategic Foresight Group 305:Economic and trade issues 147: 2967:Iraqi Geological Journal 2811:South China Morning Post 1842:10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f 1442:University of Heidelberg 1145:2000 Cochabamba protests 886:to supply water for the 725:Egypt–Ethiopia relations 528:World Trade Organization 441:US Bureau of Reclamation 3490:10.2478/vjeas-2016-0005 3465:, accessed January 2014 1263:Oregon State University 1257:Some research from the 1219:Tri-state water dispute 1123:Other notable conflicts 2369:Middle Eastern Studies 2182:Journal of World Trade 1696:"Dehydrating Conflict" 1606:Gleick, Peter (2019). 1425:International Security 1172:, Ukraine blocked the 1027: 972: 786: 405:Indus River Commission 377:United States Congress 118:electricity generation 61: 2910:climate-diplomacy.org 2102:on 28 September 2013. 2081:26 September 2013 at 1478:"Patp > > >" 1421:"Water and conflict." 1207:Water wars in Florida 1201:California Water Wars 1021: 966: 772: 760:Nile Basin Initiative 569:"prior appropriation" 207:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 51: 4507:remnant natural area 4144:storage and recovery 3810:habitat conservation 3628:Deforestation (REDD) 2626:Geopolitical Monitor 2338:www.stormingmedia.us 2319:www.globalpolicy.org 2194:10.54648/TRAD2013042 1756:www.earth-policy.org 1680:10.1029/2023EF003910 984:, also known as the 982:Mesopotamian Marshes 969:Mesopotamian Marshes 888:Mesopotamian Marshes 279:Data and definitions 181:economic development 122:unevenly distributed 4461:Earth Overshoot Day 4035:Marine conservation 4016:non-timber products 3388:. Pacific Institute 3219:popularmilitary.com 3061:2019Ambio..48..264H 2849:2019npjCW...2...22Q 2460:Nikkei Asian Review 2315:"Water in Conflict" 2233:Water International 2145:on October 25, 2008 2005:Haie, Naim (2020). 1994:. 16 December 2021. 1859:. Pacific Institute 1833:2023ERL....18c4022G 1796:. Pacific Institute 1740:. October 12, 2019. 1671:2023EaFut..1103910G 1624:2019WIRWa...6E1351G 1336:. 27 February 2018. 1274:Naho Mirumachi and 1174:North Crimean Canal 1164:Following Russia's 823:Indus Waters Treaty 804:Indus Waters Treaty 4647:Water and politics 4446:Ecosystem services 3569:Ambient standards 3418:on August 19, 2008 3331:. 25 January 2024. 3221:. 8 September 2014 3113:www.britannica.com 2116:. 19 December 2014 1980:. 8 November 2022. 1738:Report Syndication 1276:John Anthony Allan 1107:reservoir to stop 1046:, situated in the 1028: 973: 846:Indus Water Treaty 787: 715:Egypt and Ethiopia 460:Jordan River Basin 411:have survived two 409:Indus Water Treaty 348:the British Empire 323:as valuable as oil 62: 4609: 4608: 4587: 4586: 4386: 4385: 4065:genetic resources 4001:genetic resources 3636: 3635: 3544:Natural resources 3508:Pacific Institute 3297:. 4 January 2017. 2754:978-0-520-35553-8 2725:978-0-8213-5352-3 2539:www.aljazeera.com 2381:10.1080/714004364 2214:Morrisette, p. 99 1959:978-2-8317-1029-7 1632:10.1002/wat2.1351 1549:Pacific Institute 1268:Pacific Institute 819:Indus River Basin 734:Conflict between 285:Pacific Institute 227:Ismail Serageldin 16:(Redirected from 4659: 4632:Fishing industry 4599: 4598: 4550: 4497:Natural heritage 4456:overexploitation 4395: 4394: 4129: 4128: 4075:herbal medicines 4055:FAO Plant Treaty 3595: 3572: 3557: 3556: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3492: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3317:. 29 April 2021. 3305: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3279:. 29 March 2020. 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3080: 3040: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2443:. 22 April 2020. 2433: 2427: 2426: 2425:. 25 April 2020. 2415: 2409: 2408: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2340:. 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Brown 195: 156: 150: 141:climate changes 77:water resources 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Water conflicts 15: 12: 11: 5: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4549:(perpetuation) 4544: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4502:Nature reserve 4499: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4135: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:climate change 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3947:Bioprospecting 3944: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3824: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3592:Clean Air Act 3584: 3579: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3499: 3498:External links 3496: 3494: 3493: 3476: 3467: 3455: 3429: 3399: 3377: 3348: 3334: 3320: 3300: 3282: 3264: 3251:(1): 145–168. 3231: 3206: 3181: 3156: 3124: 3100: 3055:(3): 264–279. 3030: 3002: 2946: 2922: 2912:. January 1960 2897: 2872: 2823: 2798: 2759: 2753: 2730: 2724: 2701: 2677: 2653: 2638: 2613: 2595: 2592:. 8 July 2020. 2574: 2565:New York Times 2551: 2525: 2498: 2479: 2465: 2446: 2441:Foreign Policy 2428: 2410: 2355: 2324: 2305: 2290: 2266: 2239:(4): 365–384. 2216: 2207: 2165: 2156: 2126: 2105: 2087: 2068: 2029: 2025:Turkish Review 2017: 1997: 1983: 1965: 1958: 1928: 1917: 1907:33 U.S.C. 1899: 1890: 1881: 1870: 1848: 1807: 1785: 1768: 1743: 1725: 1706:(126): 60–67. 1700:Foreign Policy 1686: 1659:Earth's Future 1645: 1598: 1582: 1561: 1532: 1521: 1510: 1495: 1469: 1446: 1430: 1409: 1398: 1395:on 2010-07-06. 1366: 1339: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309:Water security 1306: 1304:Water politics 1301: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1181:border clashes 1177: 1162: 1141: 1124: 1121: 1015: 1012: 990:Saddam Hussein 977: 974: 908: 905: 863: 860: 858: 855: 791: 788: 783:Shikoku Island 716: 713: 703: 700: 652: 649: 615: 612: 549: 546: 519: 516: 488: 485: 475: 472: 468:sustainability 464:water scarcity 396: 393: 391: 388: 364: 361: 338:Historically, 335: 332: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 295: 280: 277: 233:at a previous 215:United Nations 204:United Nations 194: 191: 187:Climate change 159:Water scarcity 149: 146: 106:Water scarcity 81:United Nations 65:Water conflict 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4664: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4580: 4579:Non-renewable 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4519:Urban ecology 4517: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Privatization 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4246:Surface water 4244: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 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1609: 1602: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1484:on 2001-07-31 1483: 1479: 1473: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1355:on 2008-08-29 1354: 1350: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159:Icíar Bollaín 1156: 1155: 1154:Even the Rain 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1011: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:Iraqi Marshes 983: 970: 965: 961: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 904: 902: 898: 893: 889: 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Retrieved 1353:the original 1342: 1331: 1322: 1299:Resource war 1273: 1256: 1152: 1095:in northern 1029: 979: 910: 865: 843: 808: 793: 756: 733: 729:Meles Zenawi 718: 705: 696:Jinghong Dam 668:Mekong river 665: 654: 622:such as the 617: 600:Central Asia 589:Jordan River 578: 561: 557: 542: 535: 532: 525: 521: 506: 490: 477: 453: 449: 432: 402: 398: 381: 366: 337: 308: 289: 282: 258: 254: 239: 196: 185: 172: 168:water crisis 157: 138: 134:water crises 130:water supply 99: 86: 68: 64: 63: 4570:Nationalism 4542:Common-pool 4183:Hydrosphere 4176:remediation 4161:Groundwater 3756:Degradation 2014:. Springer. 1911:§ 1251 1618:(4): 1–15. 1612:WIREs Water 921:GAP project 800:Indus River 775:Sameura Dam 721:Anwar Sadat 565:overdrafted 501:Middle East 421:Vietnam War 395:Cooperation 373:Great Lakes 315:agriculture 211:Middle East 193:Predictions 102:fresh water 94:fresh water 90:Middle East 36:Water fight 4616:Categories 4565:Extraction 4524:Wilderness 4485:accounting 4468:Management 4434:ecological 4422:tragedy of 4341:Peak water 4326:Efficiency 4299:Sanitation 4241:Stormwater 4234:harvesting 4210:Irrigation 4112:management 4070:gene banks 4011:management 3989:management 3905:resilience 3871:phosphorus 3827:industrial 3805:Management 3781:soundscape 3687:Geothermal 3295:Al-Jazeera 3225:2022-06-23 3200:2022-06-23 3175:2022-06-23 3150:2022-06-23 3118:2022-06-23 3095:2068657730 3024:2022-06-23 2940:2022-06-23 2916:2022-06-23 2891:2021-03-26 2817:2020-11-20 2778:2020-11-20 2695:2020-11-20 2671:2020-11-20 2632:2020-11-20 2423:Al Jazeera 2284:2021-10-08 2120:2019-10-19 1488:2010-04-01 1462:14 January 1458:. BBC News 1359:14 January 1315:References 1233:Tamil Nadu 1189:Tajikistan 1185:Kyrgyzstan 1166:annexation 1132:states of 996:, accused 850:World Bank 752:Abiy Ahmed 596:Nile River 552:See also: 493:UNESCO-IHP 344:Bering Sea 223:World Bank 219:Kofi Annan 152:See also: 114:irrigation 75:to access 73:the rights 4575:Renewable 4560:Depletion 4547:Conflict 4429:Economics 4407:enclosure 4366:Resources 4346:Pollution 4263:Watershed 4166:pollution 4097:Seed bank 4092:Rangeland 3974:Fisheries 3959:Biosphere 3952:biopiracy 3895:fertility 3771:cityscape 3766:Landscape 3673:peak coal 3660:Resources 3611:Emissions 3370:9 January 3145:0190-8286 2997:239713983 2989:2414-6064 2867:2059-7037 2843:(1): 22. 2787:cite news 2544:9 January 2519:13 August 2405:144773147 2389:0026-3206 2348:March 11, 2261:182388253 2253:0250-8060 2202:150576275 2061:31 August 1863:March 17, 1761:9 January 1640:195514316 1554:March 17, 1229:Karnataka 1052:Euphrates 1024:Mosul Dam 1007:Al-Qurna. 953:Euphrates 917:Euphrates 806:in 1960. 796:a dispute 779:Takamatsu 748:Blue Nile 742:over the 708:Amu Darya 644:Euphrates 628:Euphrates 581:Euphrates 390:Responses 369:Lake Erie 363:Pollution 340:fisheries 176:political 69:water war 4601:Category 4534:Resource 4473:adaptive 4371:improved 4331:Conflict 4316:Security 4311:Scarcity 4304:improved 4294:Leaching 4171:recharge 4151:Drinking 4102:Wildlife 3969:Bushmeat 3964:Bushfood 3917:planning 3822:gemstone 3817:Minerals 3798:property 3786:viewshed 3776:seascape 3707:sunlight 3681:peak oil 3677:peak gas 3448:June 13, 3443:BBC News 3422:June 13, 3412:BBC News 3392:June 21, 3194:BBC News 3169:BBC News 3091:ProQuest 3087:30003512 2590:The Week 2569:Archived 2493:ABC News 2149:June 13, 2079:Archived 2052:Archived 1419:, 1993. 1283:See also 1253:Research 1183:between 1130:Sumerian 1056:Gulf War 949:salinity 827:Pakistan 815:Pakistan 785:, Japan. 740:Ethiopia 684:Cambodia 680:Thailand 604:Aral Sea 592:conflict 512:aquifers 456:projects 439:and the 350:and the 200:Egyptian 4402:Commons 4391:Related 4356:Quality 4272:Aspects 4198:glacial 4139:Aquifer 4045:Pasture 3996:Forests 3922:reserve 3697:Nuclear 3667: ( 3623:Trading 3618:Airshed 3314:Reuters 3078:6374223 3057:Bibcode 3018:Reuters 2886:Reuters 2845:Bibcode 2773:Reuters 2397:4284138 1978:Reuters 1914:et seq. 1829:Bibcode 1720:3183260 1667:Bibcode 1620:Bibcode 1149:Bolivia 1117:Haditha 1105:Haditha 1073:Haditha 1065:British 1044:Haditha 951:in the 835:Kashmir 690:to the 688:Vietnam 672:Myanmar 491:The UN 427:on the 334:Fishing 319:tourism 311:fishing 4412:global 4376:policy 4321:Supply 4284:Floods 4251:Sewage 4224:Marine 4216:huerta 4050:Plants 4040:Meadow 3900:health 3878:rights 3866:copper 3844:mining 3742:arable 3642:Energy 3582:Indoor 3143: 3093: 3085: 3075: 2995: 2987: 2865: 2751: 2722: 2608:Nature 2403: 2395: 2387: 2259: 2251: 2200: 2139:UNESCO 1956: 1909: 1718: 1665:(10). 1638: 1237:Kaveri 1170:Crimea 1134:Lagash 1099:. 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