512:"Fishing year" – which came after the period of starvation, started in early spring as the snow in the mountains started to melt. At that time, some tribe members (mainly young men, boys, and sometimes unmarried women) left the winter camps and moved toward the Lake Tahoe to start the fishing season. By doing this they could save the leftovers from food reserves for people that had stayed in winter camps. They used caves and natural shelters as protection from the cold along with loin clothes and blankets made from rabbit skin to keep themselves warm. They fished for whitefish which some of them they consumed and some they carried back to winter camps so their folks could eat and gather strength for the return trip to the lake, which happened when it got warmer. It was the family's decision when to leave the winter camps and go to Lake Tahoe and it depended on the condition and age of family members (family with infants or older people tend to leave the camps later than fitter members of the tribe. The whole Washoe tribe should have been returned to the Lake Tahoe shores by the beginning of June. Almost every tribe member was involved in fishing when the season came. The Washoe used the lake resources to the fullest and caught as many fish they could. They had learned how to preserve the fish drying it on the sun and made the food reserves for the future.
515:"Gathering year" – could have been performed all year, but different ways of acquiring were used and the different type and amounts of food were provided. During winter the Washoe ate mostly the food they had gathered before the winter season started because very little vegetables could be found. As the spring came, more and more food became available. However, the food was limited over the place it was found and it could only feed a certain number of people, so tribe split up in smaller groups and went to look for food in different ways. The gathering was usually performed by women while men practiced fishing at the lake or hunting.
499:
about gathering techniques, medicine preparation, and the legends were meant to teach them how to appreciate the land they were living in and give them a better understanding of Washoe's lifestyle. Children were raised in the environment which recognized family as the most valued thing. The whole Washoe life was concentrated on cooperation and unity, and older tribe members needed to convey their knowledge to the younger so the tribe culture would survive. Everyone in the family had his own role in everyday activities like fishing, gathering or hunting which helped Washoe people with doing everyday life tasks more efficiently.
383:
36:
64:
1126:
77:
89:
473:
518:"Hunting year" – started when the first animals appeared at the beginning of the spring. It was only men's activity, so boys were trained from the youngest age. The Washoe tribe hunt for bigger animals like deer, bears or antelope as well as smaller ones: rabbits, birds, squirrels. The different techniques and times of hunting were adjusted for different types of animals.
491:
the seasonal cycles of both plants and animals. Wašiw people were also dependent on fishing at Lake Tahoe and the surrounding streams. Fishing was a huge part of Wašiw life; and each family had its own fishing grounds, until contact with
Western civilization led to commercial fishing in the area, destroying another important resource for the Wašiw.
573:
renew their language for the future generations. The tribe currently relies on the tribal
Cultural Resource Department to provide language classes to the community. However, there has recently been a pedagogical shift within the tribe, and the youth have become the focal point of language and culture programs.
581:
The Washoe people are considered to be the indigenous inhabitants of Lake Tahoe area, occupying the lake and surround lands for thousands of years. As the native inhabitants, they believe that they have the best knowledge of how the land should be maintained, and consider themselves to be the proper
498:
Washoe culture was based mostly on the legends that carried the explanation of different areas of life. The legends were handed over from one generation to another by storytelling and were told to younger generations to teach them basic things about Washoe's way of living. Children could get to know
490:
nuts gathered in the fall provided much of the food eaten in the winter. Roots, seeds, berries and game provided much of the food eaten during the rest of the year. The Washoe people were also deeply knowledgeable about their land and where resources were plentiful. This included an understanding of
572:
The Wašiw language is now considered a moribund language as only a handful of fluent elder speakers use the language. There has been a recent revival of the language and culture within the Tribe. "Wašiw
Wagayay Maŋal" (the "house where Wašiw is spoken") was the first attempt by the Wašiw people to
522:
Fall was the richest in food season of the year as all ways of obtaining the food could have been performed. The winter period was the time of starvation as the stocks of food run out quickly and almost no food could have been obtained over the coldest months of the year. However, Washoe people
508:
Therefore, the Washoe tribe's life was dependent on the actual environment possibilities. Also, scarcity of sources would not let the tribe perform every way at once, therefore the Washoe lifestyle was divided into three periods: "the fishing year", "the gathering year" and "the hunting year".
507:
The area of residence of Washoe people let them obtain food from three different ways: fishing, gathering, and hunting. Since each way required having special skills and knowledge people were usually trained in one field to reduce the possibility of failing the tasks they were responsible for.
494:
The Pine Nut Dance and girls' puberty rites remain very important ceremonies. The Wašiw people once relied on medicine men and their knowledge of medicinal plants and ceremonies. Much of this knowledge and activity has been lost due to contact with the
Western world.
425:. Washoe resistance to incursions on their lands proved futile, and the last armed conflict with the Washoes and non-Indians was the Potato War of 1857, when starving Washoes were killed for gathering potatoes from a European-American farm near
523:
learned how to survive the hardest time of the year by learning how to use the resources the land had given them. They knew they needed to keep the balance as each way of obtaining food was equally crucial for these people to survive.
530:
has noted that men and women's cooperation in gathering food lead to "no individual distributions of food and relatively little difference in male and female rights," contributing to gender equality amongst the pre-colonial Washoe.
586:
area, which has been a center Washoe tribes yearly cultural gatherings, where most traditional events took place. In 2002, The
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources officially granted custody to the
326:) to the north. The Washoe would generally spend the summer in the Sierra Nevada, especially at Lake Tahoe; the fall in the ranges to the east; and the winter and spring in the valleys between them.
232:
and the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains for at least the last 6,000 years, some say up to 9,000 years or more. Prior to contact with
Europeans, the territory of the Washoe people centered around
1089:. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno. These papers represent the research carried out by Anita Spring during her anthropological summer field studies in 1965.
374:
Since the western part of the Washo territory was in the mountains and subject to heavy snows, few people wintered there so very few were organized into the western group.
1114:
1092:
345:
for the seasonal hunt and living together in winter camps) and in nuclear families. The regional group was determined by where people had a winter camp:
636:
population, gained separate recognition as the Reno–Sparks Indian Colony. There is evidence that some Washoe settled in the southwest region of
1490:
1107:
398:, so they are believed to have inhabited the region prior to neighboring tribes. The Kings Beach Complex that emerged about 500 CE around
35:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1100:
1122:
1025:
610:
588:
178:
337:
The Washoe/Washo were loosely organized into three (in some sources four) regional groups speaking slightly different
999:
754:
718:
1130:
421:
in the early 19th century, but the Washoe did not sustain contact with people of
European culture until the 1848
1003:
322:(a site of extensive freshwater marshes filled with cattails, bulrushes and alkaline flats that drain into the
1201:
928:
960:
605:
912:
895:
617:
600:
323:
869:
1399:
1086:
1039:
746:
445:
422:
291:
8:
382:
628:
gained federal recognition as the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and
California. The colony in
295:
855:
Friedl, Ernestine (1987). "Article 25: Society and Sex Roles". In
Angeloni, E. (ed.).
1021:
995:
934:
837:
814:
750:
739:
714:
279:
174:
929:
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources. (2002).
1181:
1052:
558:
527:
239:
107:
994:, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
1470:
1315:
1056:
1043:
641:
562:
540:
342:
145:
193:. The name "Washoe" or "Washo" (as preferred by themselves) is derived from the
1361:
1186:
407:
299:
263:
209:
111:
1394:
1464:
1366:
1294:
561:, However, it is sometimes tentatively regarded as part of the controversial
480:
476:
461:
403:
319:
311:
69:
938:
841:
818:
487:
441:
1288:
1165:
834:
The two worlds of the Washo : an Indian tribe of California and Nevada
629:
566:
418:
303:
302:
in the east. Beside Lake Tahoe the Washoe utilized the upper ranges of the
1444:
1434:
1299:
1212:
1191:
1151:
681:
391:
327:
287:
229:
1319:
1262:
1176:
1146:
1125:
931:
Washoe Indian Tribe land conveyance : report (to accompany S. 691)
625:
583:
430:
426:
399:
283:
275:
274:– "edge of the lake") and was roughly bounded by the southern shore of
233:
186:
182:
82:
1267:
1013:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada: University of Utah Printing Service.
460:
and farms and in cities. The areas where they settled became known as
1429:
1333:
1283:
1246:
1161:
983:. Nevada State Museum Occasional Paper Number 1. Carson City, Nevada.
893:
741:
The Two Worlds of the Washo: An Indian Tribe of California and Nevada
411:
1196:
1378:
1372:
1256:
1241:
1171:
1156:
1141:
653:
649:
633:
453:
1404:
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1350:
1310:
1305:
1277:
1225:
1221:
1207:
808:
637:
414:
gave way to conical bark slab houses of historic Washoe culture.
338:
194:
591:
over the land around the Lake Tahoe area for cultural purposes.
1439:
1388:
1383:
1340:
1325:
640:. The Susanville Rancheria includes Washoe members, as well as
621:
449:
190:
94:
1018:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
472:
169:("people from here", or transliterated in older literature as
1449:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1272:
1236:
1231:
732:
730:
645:
457:
410:
may have overlapped with the Kings Beach culture, and Martis
395:
248:
1345:
1251:
1217:
437:
254:
1068:
990:, Warren L. d'Azevedo, ed. pp. 466–498. Volume 11 in
727:
713:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 19.
1074:
1080:
341:, which in turn were divided in groups (cooperating
245:
620:of 1934, the colonies in the Carson Valley area of
251:
242:
896:"WA SHE SHU: "The Washoe People" Past and Present"
836:. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. chapter 4.
813:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada. pp. 21–23.
738:
632:, which also has a substantial Paiute, Washoe and
318:), and West Walker rivers to the east as well the
745:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p.
456:drove most Washoe to dependency on jobs on white
1462:
981:Washo Tales: Three Original Washo Indian Legends
364:("Southerners" or "Southern Washoe People") and,
831:
576:
1108:
1057:California Indian Library Collections Project
961:"California Indians and Their Reservations."
894:The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California.
809:Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada (c. 1988) .
352:("Northerners" or "Northern Washoe People")
1115:
1101:
1087:A Guide to the Washo research notes, 98–17
859:. Guliford, CT: Dushkin. pp. 150–155.
787:Dangberg 1968, d'Azevedo 1986, Nevers 1976
406:are regarded as early Washoe culture. The
986:d'Azevedo, Warren L. (1986). "Washoe" in
417:Washoe people may have made contact with
370:("Westerners" or "Western Washoe People")
358:("Easterners" or "Central Washoe People")
471:
381:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
1463:
1038:
854:
708:
695:
693:
436:Loss of the valley hunting grounds to
1491:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
1096:
1069:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
736:
611:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
589:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
1204:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
964:SDSU Library and Information Access.
945:
863:
804:
802:
666:
56:Regions with significant populations
690:
13:
1032:
1011:Wa She Shu: A Washo Tribal History
992:Handbook of North American Indians
905:
811:Wa she shu, a Washo tribal history
272:dewʔá:gaʔa /dawʔa:gaʔa / Da ow aga
16:Indigenous people of North America
14:
1502:
1486:Native American history of Nevada
1062:
1020:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
799:
565:. The language is written in the
1481:Native American tribes in Nevada
1476:Indigenous peoples of California
1131:Indigenous peoples of California
1124:
1048:. Pub. by order of the Trustees.
594:
238:
228:Washoe people have lived in the
87:
75:
62:
34:
954:
922:
887:
878:
848:
825:
1302:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
913:"Washoe "The Lake of the Sky""
870:"Washoe Indian Tribe History."
790:
781:
772:
763:
702:
1:
973:
502:
220:), the plural form of wašiw.
394:tribe whose language is not
223:
7:
1081:Susanville Indian Rancheria
1016:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
606:Susanville Indian Rancheria
577:Washoe Tribe and Lake Tahoe
534:
390:Washoe people are the only
294:crest in the west, and the
10:
1507:
538:
467:
377:
1137:
1075:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
711:The Small Shall Be Strong
618:Indian Reorganization Act
601:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
557:) has been regarded as a
324:Middle Fork Feather River
151:
141:
131:
121:
106:
101:
60:
55:
50:
45:
33:
979:Dangberg, Grace (1968).
832:Downs, James F. (2001).
709:Makley, Matthew (2018).
659:
334:) was named after them.
1400:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1259:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1009:Nevers, Jo Ann (1976).
966:(retrieved 11 May 2010)
547:Washoe / Wašiw language
875:Retrieved 11 May 2010.
484:
483:), Washoe basketweaver
387:
185:at the border between
1369:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1202:Eel River Athapaskans
1040:Barett, Samuel Alfred
737:Downs, James (1966).
563:Hokan language family
475:
385:
268:dáʔaw / daʔaw / Da ow
687:Accessed 9 May 2014.
423:California Gold Rush
30:
1083:, official website
1077:, official website
1071:, official website
1053:Washo Bibliography
857:Anthropology 87/88
796:Pritzker, 246, 248
582:caretakers of the
485:
388:
343:extending families
296:Pine Nut Mountains
290:in the south, the
278:in the north, the
40:Washoe tribal flag
24:
1458:
1457:
1045:The Washo Indians
1026:978-0-19-513877-1
873:Access Genealogy.
419:Spanish explorers
402:and the northern
280:West Walker River
270:– "the lake"; or
175:Great Basin tribe
159:
158:
117:
116:
1498:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1049:
967:
958:
952:
949:
943:
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926:
920:
919:
917:
909:
903:
902:
900:
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882:
876:
867:
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829:
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806:
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744:
734:
725:
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1495:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1316:Northern Paiute
1133:
1123:
1121:
1065:
1035:
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976:
971:
970:
959:
955:
950:
946:
927:
923:
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910:
906:
898:
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888:
883:
879:
868:
864:
853:
849:
830:
826:
807:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
768:
764:
757:
735:
728:
721:
707:
703:
698:
691:
680:
667:
662:
644:, Northeastern
642:Northern Paiute
597:
579:
543:
541:Washoe language
537:
526:Anthropologist
505:
470:
462:Indian colonies
444:groves to feed
380:
308:dá:bal k'iláʔam
241:
237:
226:
155:Waší:šiw Ɂítdeh
88:
86:
76:
74:
72:
63:
61:
41:
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1504:
1494:
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1483:
1478:
1473:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
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1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1064:
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743:
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665:
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639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
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599:
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592:
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585:
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532:
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517:
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329:
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320:Sierra Valley
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70:United States
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
32:
29:
19:
1414:
1391:(Gabrieliño)
1375:(Fernandeño)
1280:(Bear River)
1044:
1017:
1010:
991:
987:
980:
963:
956:
951:Pritzker 248
947:
930:
924:
907:
889:
884:Pritzker 220
880:
872:
865:
856:
850:
833:
827:
810:
792:
783:
774:
765:
740:
710:
704:
699:Pritzker 246
684:
630:Reno, Nevada
615:
580:
571:
567:Latin script
554:
551:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
550:
546:
544:
525:
521:
506:
497:
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486:
435:
416:
389:
386:Washoe woman
373:
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162:
160:
146:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
135:
125:
51:1,500 (2007)
27:
21:Ethnic group
18:
1395:Tübatulabal
1213:Halchidhoma
1192:Coast Miwok
1152:Ahwahnechee
988:Great Basin
685:Ethnologue.
392:Great Basin
328:Washoe Lake
316:dabayóduweʔ
288:Sonora Pass
230:Great Basin
1465:Categories
1320:Kucadikadi
1263:Lake Miwok
1177:Chemehuevi
1147:Acjachemen
1004:0160045754
974:References
626:California
616:Under the
584:Lake Tahoe
503:Life cycle
488:Piñon pine
442:piñon pine
431:California
427:Honey Lake
412:pit houses
400:Lake Tahoe
362:Hungalelti
284:Topaz Lake
276:Honey Lake
234:Lake Tahoe
187:California
183:Lake Tahoe
171:Wa She Shu
83:California
1430:Wukchumni
1334:Ramaytush
1330:Costanoan
1291:(Klamath)
1284:Mechoopda
1247:Kitanemuk
1182:Chimariko
1162:Bay Miwok
656:members.
368:Tanalelti
224:Territory
208:) in the
102:Languages
1379:Timbisha
1373:Tataviam
1257:Kumeyaay
1242:Kawaiisu
1172:Cahuilla
1157:Atsugewi
1142:Achomawi
1042:(1917).
939:50880144
842:55589767
819:21328894
682:"Washo."
654:Atsugewi
650:Achomawi
634:Shoshoni
553:(today:
535:Language
454:charcoal
440:and the
350:Welmelti
339:dialects
218:waší:šiw
212:or from
173:) are a
142:Language
136:Waší:šiw
1405:Vanyume
1362:Serrano
1357:Salinan
1351:Quechan
1311:Nomlaki
1306:Nisenan
1278:Mattole
1268:Luiseño
1226:Whilkut
1222:Chilula
1208:Esselen
1187:Chumash
1055:, from
638:Montana
468:Culture
458:ranches
378:History
312:Truckee
214:Wašišiw
198:Waashiw
195:autonym
167:Wašišiw
152:Country
108:English
1471:Washoe
1440:Yokuts
1415:Washoe
1389:Tongva
1384:Tolowa
1367:Shasta
1353:(Yuma)
1341:Patwin
1326:Ohlone
1295:Mohave
1197:Cupeño
1166:Saklan
1024:
998:
937:
840:
817:
753:
717:
652:, and
622:Nevada
450:lumber
304:Carson
286:, and
206:wá:šiw
202:wa·šiw
191:Nevada
163:Washoe
132:People
126:Wá:šiw
122:Person
95:Nevada
92:
80:
67:
25:Washoe
1450:Yurok
1425:Wiyot
1420:Wintu
1410:Wappo
1289:Modoc
1273:Maidu
1237:Cahto
1232:Karuk
916:(PDF)
899:(PDF)
660:Notes
646:Maidu
438:farms
396:Numic
264:Washo
161:The
112:Washo
28:Wašiw
1445:Yuki
1435:Yana
1346:Pomo
1300:Mono
1252:Kizh
1218:Hupa
1022:ISBN
996:ISBN
935:OCLC
838:OCLC
815:OCLC
751:ISBN
715:ISBN
624:and
545:The
452:and
298:and
189:and
85:and
933:.
549:or
429:in
310:),
204:or
177:of
165:or
1467::
1224:,
1002:,
801:^
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747:49
729:^
692:^
668:^
648:,
569:.
464:.
433:.
282:,
266::
262:;
255:oʊ
249:ɑː
110:,
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1318:(
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1220:(
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1164:(
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