527:"Fishing year" – which came after the period of starvation, started in early spring as the snow in the mountains started to melt. At that time, some tribe members (mainly young men, boys, and sometimes unmarried women) left the winter camps and moved toward the Lake Tahoe to start the fishing season. By doing this they could save the leftovers from food reserves for people that had stayed in winter camps. They used caves and natural shelters as protection from the cold along with loin clothes and blankets made from rabbit skin to keep themselves warm. They fished for whitefish which some of them they consumed and some they carried back to winter camps so their folks could eat and gather strength for the return trip to the lake, which happened when it got warmer. It was the family's decision when to leave the winter camps and go to Lake Tahoe and it depended on the condition and age of family members (family with infants or older people tend to leave the camps later than fitter members of the tribe. The whole Washoe tribe should have been returned to the Lake Tahoe shores by the beginning of June. Almost every tribe member was involved in fishing when the season came. The Washoe used the lake resources to the fullest and caught as many fish they could. They had learned how to preserve the fish drying it on the sun and made the food reserves for the future.
530:"Gathering year" – could have been performed all year, but different ways of acquiring were used and the different type and amounts of food were provided. During winter the Washoe ate mostly the food they had gathered before the winter season started because very little vegetables could be found. As the spring came, more and more food became available. However, the food was limited over the place it was found and it could only feed a certain number of people, so tribe split up in smaller groups and went to look for food in different ways. The gathering was usually performed by women while men practiced fishing at the lake or hunting.
514:
about gathering techniques, medicine preparation, and the legends were meant to teach them how to appreciate the land they were living in and give them a better understanding of Washoe's lifestyle. Children were raised in the environment which recognized family as the most valued thing. The whole Washoe life was concentrated on cooperation and unity, and older tribe members needed to convey their knowledge to the younger so the tribe culture would survive. Everyone in the family had his own role in everyday activities like fishing, gathering or hunting which helped Washoe people with doing everyday life tasks more efficiently.
398:
47:
75:
1141:
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533:"Hunting year" – started when the first animals appeared at the beginning of the spring. It was only men's activity, so boys were trained from the youngest age. The Washoe tribe hunt for bigger animals like deer, bears or antelope as well as smaller ones: rabbits, birds, squirrels. The different techniques and times of hunting were adjusted for different types of animals.
506:
the seasonal cycles of both plants and animals. Wašiw people were also dependent on fishing at Lake Tahoe and the surrounding streams. Fishing was a huge part of Wašiw life; and each family had its own fishing grounds, until contact with
Western civilization led to commercial fishing in the area, destroying another important resource for the Wašiw.
588:
renew their language for the future generations. The tribe currently relies on the tribal
Cultural Resource Department to provide language classes to the community. However, there has recently been a pedagogical shift within the tribe, and the youth have become the focal point of language and culture programs.
596:
The Washoe people are considered to be the indigenous inhabitants of Lake Tahoe area, occupying the lake and surround lands for thousands of years. As the native inhabitants, they believe that they have the best knowledge of how the land should be maintained, and consider themselves to be the proper
513:
Washoe culture was based mostly on the legends that carried the explanation of different areas of life. The legends were handed over from one generation to another by storytelling and were told to younger generations to teach them basic things about Washoe's way of living. Children could get to know
505:
nuts gathered in the fall provided much of the food eaten in the winter. Roots, seeds, berries and game provided much of the food eaten during the rest of the year. The Washoe people were also deeply knowledgeable about their land and where resources were plentiful. This included an understanding of
587:
The Wašiw language is now considered a moribund language as only a handful of fluent elder speakers use the language. There has been a recent revival of the language and culture within the Tribe. "Wašiw
Wagayay Maŋal" (the "house where Wašiw is spoken") was the first attempt by the Wašiw people to
537:
Fall was the richest in food season of the year as all ways of obtaining the food could have been performed. The winter period was the time of starvation as the stocks of food run out quickly and almost no food could have been obtained over the coldest months of the year. However, Washoe people
523:
Therefore, the Washoe tribe's life was dependent on the actual environment possibilities. Also, scarcity of sources would not let the tribe perform every way at once, therefore the Washoe lifestyle was divided into three periods: "the fishing year", "the gathering year" and "the hunting year".
522:
The area of residence of Washoe people let them obtain food from three different ways: fishing, gathering, and hunting. Since each way required having special skills and knowledge people were usually trained in one field to reduce the possibility of failing the tasks they were responsible for.
509:
The Pine Nut Dance and girls' puberty rites remain very important ceremonies. The Wašiw people once relied on medicine men and their knowledge of medicinal plants and ceremonies. Much of this knowledge and activity has been lost due to contact with the
Western world.
440:. Washoe resistance to incursions on their lands proved futile, and the last armed conflict with the Washoes and non-Indians was the Potato War of 1857, when starving Washoes were killed for gathering potatoes from a European-American farm near
538:
learned how to survive the hardest time of the year by learning how to use the resources the land had given them. They knew they needed to keep the balance as each way of obtaining food was equally crucial for these people to survive.
545:
has noted that men and women's cooperation in gathering food lead to "no individual distributions of food and relatively little difference in male and female rights," contributing to gender equality amongst the pre-colonial Washoe.
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area, which has been a center Washoe tribes yearly cultural gatherings, where most traditional events took place. In 2002, The
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources officially granted custody to the
341:) to the north. The Washoe would generally spend the summer in the Sierra Nevada, especially at Lake Tahoe; the fall in the ranges to the east; and the winter and spring in the valleys between them.
247:
and the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains for at least the last 6,000 years, some say up to 9,000 years or more. Prior to contact with
Europeans, the territory of the Washoe people centered around
1104:. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno. These papers represent the research carried out by Anita Spring during her anthropological summer field studies in 1965.
389:
Since the western part of the Washo territory was in the mountains and subject to heavy snows, few people wintered there so very few were organized into the western group.
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for the seasonal hunt and living together in winter camps) and in nuclear families. The regional group was determined by where people had a winter camp:
651:
population, gained separate recognition as the Reno–Sparks Indian Colony. There is evidence that some Washoe settled in the southwest region of
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413:, so they are believed to have inhabited the region prior to neighboring tribes. The Kings Beach Complex that emerged about 500 CE around
46:
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The Washoe/Washo were loosely organized into three (in some sources four) regional groups speaking slightly different
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in the early 19th century, but the Washoe did not sustain contact with people of
European culture until the 1848
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gained federal recognition as the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and
California. The colony in
310:
870:
Friedl, Ernestine (1987). "Article 25: Society and Sex Roles". In
Angeloni, E. (ed.).
1036:
1010:
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852:
829:
765:
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729:
294:
185:
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources. (2002).
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573:
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118:
1009:, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
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204:. The name "Washoe" or "Washo" (as preferred by themselves) is derived from the
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The two worlds of the Washo : an Indian tribe of California and Nevada
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in the east. Beside Lake Tahoe the Washoe utilized the upper ranges of the
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Washoe Indian Tribe land conveyance : report (to accompany S. 691)
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289:– "edge of the lake") and was roughly bounded by the southern shore of
248:
197:
193:
93:
1282:
1028:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada: University of Utah Printing Service.
475:
and farms and in cities. The areas where they settled became known as
1444:
1348:
1298:
1261:
1176:
998:. Nevada State Museum Occasional Paper Number 1. Carson City, Nevada.
908:
756:
The Two Worlds of the Washo: An Indian Tribe of California and Nevada
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gave way to conical bark slab houses of historic Washoe culture.
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over the land around the Lake Tahoe area for cultural purposes.
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655:. The Susanville Rancheria includes Washoe members, as well as
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A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
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180:("people from here", or transliterated in older literature as
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may have overlapped with the Kings Beach culture, and Martis
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1005:, Warren L. d'Azevedo, ed. pp. 466–498. Volume 11 in
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728:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 19.
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356:, which in turn were divided in groups (cooperating
260:
635:of 1934, the colonies in the Carson Valley area of
266:
257:
911:"WA SHE SHU: "The Washoe People" Past and Present"
851:. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. chapter 4.
828:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada. pp. 21–23.
753:
647:, which also has a substantial Paiute, Washoe and
333:), and West Walker rivers to the east as well the
760:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p.
471:drove most Washoe to dependency on jobs on white
1477:
996:Washo Tales: Three Original Washo Indian Legends
379:("Southerners" or "Southern Washoe People") and,
846:
591:
1123:
1072:California Indian Library Collections Project
976:"California Indians and Their Reservations."
909:The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California.
824:Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada (c. 1988) .
367:("Northerners" or "Northern Washoe People")
226:
208:
1130:
1116:
1102:A Guide to the Washo research notes, 98–17
874:. Guliford, CT: Dushkin. pp. 150–155.
802:Dangberg 1968, d'Azevedo 1986, Nevers 1976
421:are regarded as early Washoe culture. The
1001:d'Azevedo, Warren L. (1986). "Washoe" in
432:Washoe people may have made contact with
385:("Westerners" or "Western Washoe People")
373:("Easterners" or "Central Washoe People")
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451:Loss of the valley hunting grounds to
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1084:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
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626:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
604:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
1219:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
979:SDSU Library and Information Access.
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67:Regions with significant populations
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24:
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1026:Wa She Shu: A Washo Tribal History
1007:Handbook of North American Indians
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826:Wa she shu, a Washo tribal history
287:dewʔá:gaʔa /dawʔa:gaʔa / Da ow aga
27:Indigenous people of North America
25:
1517:
1501:Native American history of Nevada
1077:
1035:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
814:
580:. The language is written in the
1496:Native American tribes in Nevada
1491:Indigenous peoples of California
1146:Indigenous peoples of California
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1063:. Pub. by order of the Trustees.
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253:
243:Washoe people have lived in the
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86:
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969:
937:
902:
893:
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928:"Washoe "The Lake of the Sky""
885:"Washoe Indian Tribe History."
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13:
1:
988:
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235:), the plural form of wašiw.
409:tribe whose language is not
238:
7:
1096:Susanville Indian Rancheria
1031:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
621:Susanville Indian Rancheria
592:Washoe Tribe and Lake Tahoe
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405:Washoe people are the only
309:crest in the west, and the
10:
1522:
553:
482:
392:
1152:
1090:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
726:The Small Shall Be Strong
633:Indian Reorganization Act
616:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
572:) has been regarded as a
339:Middle Fork Feather River
162:
152:
142:
132:
117:
112:
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66:
61:
56:
44:
994:Dangberg, Grace (1968).
847:Downs, James F. (2001).
724:Makley, Matthew (2018).
674:
349:) was named after them.
1415:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1274:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1024:Nevers, Jo Ann (1976).
981:(retrieved 11 May 2010)
562:Washoe / Wašiw language
227:
209:
890:Retrieved 11 May 2010.
499:
498:), Washoe basketweaver
402:
196:at the border between
1384:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1217:Eel River Athapaskans
1055:Barett, Samuel Alfred
752:Downs, James (1966).
578:Hokan language family
490:
400:
283:dáʔaw / daʔaw / Da ow
702:Accessed 9 May 2014.
438:California Gold Rush
41:
1098:, official website
1092:, official website
1086:, official website
1068:Washo Bibliography
872:Anthropology 87/88
811:Pritzker, 246, 248
597:caretakers of the
500:
403:
358:extending families
311:Pine Nut Mountains
305:in the south, the
293:in the north, the
51:Washoe tribal flag
35:
1473:
1472:
1060:The Washo Indians
1041:978-0-19-513877-1
888:Access Genealogy.
434:Spanish explorers
417:and the northern
295:West Walker River
285:– "the lake"; or
186:Great Basin tribe
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335:Sierra Valley
332:
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70:
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48:
43:
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30:
19:
1429:
1406:(Gabrieliño)
1390:(Fernandeño)
1295:(Bear River)
1059:
1032:
1025:
1006:
1002:
995:
978:
971:
966:Pritzker 248
962:
945:
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922:
904:
899:Pritzker 220
895:
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755:
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719:
714:Pritzker 246
699:
645:Reno, Nevada
630:
595:
586:
582:Latin script
569:
566:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
565:
561:
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536:
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450:
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401:Washoe woman
388:
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157:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
146:
136:
62:1,500 (2007)
38:
32:Ethnic group
29:
1410:Tübatulabal
1228:Halchidhoma
1207:Coast Miwok
1167:Ahwahnechee
1003:Great Basin
700:Ethnologue.
407:Great Basin
343:Washoe Lake
331:dabayóduweʔ
303:Sonora Pass
245:Great Basin
1480:Categories
1335:Kucadikadi
1278:Lake Miwok
1192:Chemehuevi
1162:Acjachemen
1019:0160045754
989:References
641:California
631:Under the
599:Lake Tahoe
518:Life cycle
503:Piñon pine
457:piñon pine
446:California
442:Honey Lake
427:pit houses
415:Lake Tahoe
377:Hungalelti
299:Topaz Lake
291:Honey Lake
249:Lake Tahoe
198:California
194:Lake Tahoe
182:Wa She Shu
94:California
1445:Wukchumni
1349:Ramaytush
1345:Costanoan
1306:(Klamath)
1299:Mechoopda
1262:Kitanemuk
1197:Chimariko
1177:Bay Miwok
671:members.
383:Tanalelti
239:Territory
221:) in the
113:Languages
1394:Timbisha
1388:Tataviam
1272:Kumeyaay
1257:Kawaiisu
1187:Cahuilla
1172:Atsugewi
1157:Achomawi
1057:(1917).
954:50880144
857:55589767
834:21328894
697:"Washo."
669:Atsugewi
665:Achomawi
649:Shoshoni
568:(today:
550:Language
469:charcoal
455:and the
365:Welmelti
354:dialects
233:waší:šiw
225:or from
184:) are a
153:Language
147:Waší:šiw
1420:Vanyume
1377:Serrano
1372:Salinan
1366:Quechan
1326:Nomlaki
1321:Nisenan
1293:Mattole
1283:Luiseño
1241:Whilkut
1237:Chilula
1223:Esselen
1202:Chumash
1070:, from
653:Montana
483:Culture
473:ranches
393:History
327:Truckee
228:Wašišiw
210:Waashiw
206:autonym
178:Wašišiw
163:Country
119:English
1486:Washoe
1455:Yokuts
1430:Washoe
1404:Tongva
1399:Tolowa
1382:Shasta
1368:(Yuma)
1356:Patwin
1341:Ohlone
1310:Mohave
1212:Cupeño
1181:Saklan
1039:
1013:
952:
855:
832:
768:
732:
667:, and
637:Nevada
465:lumber
319:Carson
301:, and
219:wá:šiw
215:wa·šiw
202:Nevada
174:Washoe
143:People
137:Wá:šiw
133:Person
106:Nevada
103:
91:
78:
36:Washoe
1465:Yurok
1440:Wiyot
1435:Wintu
1425:Wappo
1304:Modoc
1288:Maidu
1252:Cahto
1247:Karuk
931:(PDF)
914:(PDF)
675:Notes
661:Maidu
453:farms
411:Numic
279:Washo
172:The
123:Washo
39:Wašiw
1460:Yuki
1450:Yana
1361:Pomo
1315:Mono
1267:Kizh
1233:Hupa
1037:ISBN
1011:ISBN
950:OCLC
853:OCLC
830:OCLC
766:ISBN
730:ISBN
639:and
560:The
467:and
313:and
200:and
96:and
948:.
564:or
444:in
325:),
217:or
188:of
176:or
1482::
1239:,
1017:,
816:^
764:.
762:49
744:^
707:^
683:^
663:,
584:.
479:.
448:.
297:,
281::
277:;
270:oʊ
264:ɑː
121:,
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1333:(
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