523:"Fishing year" – which came after the period of starvation, started in early spring as the snow in the mountains started to melt. At that time, some tribe members (mainly young men, boys, and sometimes unmarried women) left the winter camps and moved toward the Lake Tahoe to start the fishing season. By doing this they could save the leftovers from food reserves for people that had stayed in winter camps. They used caves and natural shelters as protection from the cold along with loin clothes and blankets made from rabbit skin to keep themselves warm. They fished for whitefish which some of them they consumed and some they carried back to winter camps so their folks could eat and gather strength for the return trip to the lake, which happened when it got warmer. It was the family's decision when to leave the winter camps and go to Lake Tahoe and it depended on the condition and age of family members (family with infants or older people tend to leave the camps later than fitter members of the tribe. The whole Washoe tribe should have been returned to the Lake Tahoe shores by the beginning of June. Almost every tribe member was involved in fishing when the season came. The Washoe used the lake resources to the fullest and caught as many fish they could. They had learned how to preserve the fish drying it on the sun and made the food reserves for the future.
526:"Gathering year" – could have been performed all year, but different ways of acquiring were used and the different type and amounts of food were provided. During winter the Washoe ate mostly the food they had gathered before the winter season started because very little vegetables could be found. As the spring came, more and more food became available. However, the food was limited over the place it was found and it could only feed a certain number of people, so tribe split up in smaller groups and went to look for food in different ways. The gathering was usually performed by women while men practiced fishing at the lake or hunting.
510:
about gathering techniques, medicine preparation, and the legends were meant to teach them how to appreciate the land they were living in and give them a better understanding of Washoe's lifestyle. Children were raised in the environment which recognized family as the most valued thing. The whole Washoe life was concentrated on cooperation and unity, and older tribe members needed to convey their knowledge to the younger so the tribe culture would survive. Everyone in the family had his own role in everyday activities like fishing, gathering or hunting which helped Washoe people with doing everyday life tasks more efficiently.
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529:"Hunting year" – started when the first animals appeared at the beginning of the spring. It was only men's activity, so boys were trained from the youngest age. The Washoe tribe hunt for bigger animals like deer, bears or antelope as well as smaller ones: rabbits, birds, squirrels. The different techniques and times of hunting were adjusted for different types of animals.
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the seasonal cycles of both plants and animals. Wašiw people were also dependent on fishing at Lake Tahoe and the surrounding streams. Fishing was a huge part of Wašiw life; and each family had its own fishing grounds, until contact with
Western civilization led to commercial fishing in the area, destroying another important resource for the Wašiw.
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renew their language for the future generations. The tribe currently relies on the tribal
Cultural Resource Department to provide language classes to the community. However, there has recently been a pedagogical shift within the tribe, and the youth have become the focal point of language and culture programs.
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The Washoe people are considered to be the indigenous inhabitants of Lake Tahoe area, occupying the lake and surround lands for thousands of years. As the native inhabitants, they believe that they have the best knowledge of how the land should be maintained, and consider themselves to be the proper
509:
Washoe culture was based mostly on the legends that carried the explanation of different areas of life. The legends were handed over from one generation to another by storytelling and were told to younger generations to teach them basic things about Washoe's way of living. Children could get to know
501:
nuts gathered in the fall provided much of the food eaten in the winter. Roots, seeds, berries and game provided much of the food eaten during the rest of the year. The Washoe people were also deeply knowledgeable about their land and where resources were plentiful. This included an understanding of
583:
The Wašiw language is now considered a moribund language as only a handful of fluent elder speakers use the language. There has been a recent revival of the language and culture within the Tribe. "Wašiw
Wagayay Maŋal" (the "house where Wašiw is spoken") was the first attempt by the Wašiw people to
533:
Fall was the richest in food season of the year as all ways of obtaining the food could have been performed. The winter period was the time of starvation as the stocks of food run out quickly and almost no food could have been obtained over the coldest months of the year. However, Washoe people
519:
Therefore, the Washoe tribe's life was dependent on the actual environment possibilities. Also, scarcity of sources would not let the tribe perform every way at once, therefore the Washoe lifestyle was divided into three periods: "the fishing year", "the gathering year" and "the hunting year".
518:
The area of residence of Washoe people let them obtain food from three different ways: fishing, gathering, and hunting. Since each way required having special skills and knowledge people were usually trained in one field to reduce the possibility of failing the tasks they were responsible for.
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The Pine Nut Dance and girls' puberty rites remain very important ceremonies. The Wašiw people once relied on medicine men and their knowledge of medicinal plants and ceremonies. Much of this knowledge and activity has been lost due to contact with the
Western world.
436:. Washoe resistance to incursions on their lands proved futile, and the last armed conflict with the Washoes and non-Indians was the Potato War of 1857, when starving Washoes were killed for gathering potatoes from a European-American farm near
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learned how to survive the hardest time of the year by learning how to use the resources the land had given them. They knew they needed to keep the balance as each way of obtaining food was equally crucial for these people to survive.
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has noted that men and women's cooperation in gathering food lead to "no individual distributions of food and relatively little difference in male and female rights," contributing to gender equality amongst the pre-colonial Washoe.
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area, which has been a center Washoe tribes yearly cultural gatherings, where most traditional events took place. In 2002, The
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources officially granted custody to the
337:) to the north. The Washoe would generally spend the summer in the Sierra Nevada, especially at Lake Tahoe; the fall in the ranges to the east; and the winter and spring in the valleys between them.
243:
and the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains for at least the last 6,000 years, some say up to 9,000 years or more. Prior to contact with
Europeans, the territory of the Washoe people centered around
1100:. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno. These papers represent the research carried out by Anita Spring during her anthropological summer field studies in 1965.
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Since the western part of the Washo territory was in the mountains and subject to heavy snows, few people wintered there so very few were organized into the western group.
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for the seasonal hunt and living together in winter camps) and in nuclear families. The regional group was determined by where people had a winter camp:
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population, gained separate recognition as the Reno–Sparks Indian Colony. There is evidence that some Washoe settled in the southwest region of
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The Washoe/Washo were loosely organized into three (in some sources four) regional groups speaking slightly different
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in the early 19th century, but the Washoe did not sustain contact with people of
European culture until the 1848
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gained federal recognition as the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and
California. The colony in
306:
866:
Friedl, Ernestine (1987). "Article 25: Society and Sex Roles". In
Angeloni, E. (ed.).
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and
Natural Resources. (2002).
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1005:, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
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204:. The name "Washoe" or "Washo" (as preferred by themselves) is derived from the
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The two worlds of the Washo : an Indian tribe of California and Nevada
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in the east. Beside Lake Tahoe the Washoe utilized the upper ranges of the
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Washoe Indian Tribe land conveyance : report (to accompany S. 691)
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285:– "edge of the lake") and was roughly bounded by the southern shore of
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1024:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada: University of Utah Printing Service.
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and farms and in cities. The areas where they settled became known as
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994:. Nevada State Museum Occasional Paper Number 1. Carson City, Nevada.
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The Two Worlds of the Washo: An Indian Tribe of California and Nevada
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gave way to conical bark slab houses of historic Washoe culture.
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over the land around the Lake Tahoe area for cultural purposes.
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651:. The Susanville Rancheria includes Washoe members, as well as
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A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
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180:("people from here", or transliterated in older literature as
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may have overlapped with the Kings Beach culture, and Martis
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1001:, Warren L. d'Azevedo, ed. pp. 466–498. Volume 11 in
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724:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 19.
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352:, which in turn were divided in groups (cooperating
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631:of 1934, the colonies in the Carson Valley area of
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907:"WA SHE SHU: "The Washoe People" Past and Present"
847:. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. chapter 4.
824:. Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada. pp. 21–23.
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643:, which also has a substantial Paiute, Washoe and
329:), and West Walker rivers to the east as well the
756:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p.
467:drove most Washoe to dependency on jobs on white
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992:Washo Tales: Three Original Washo Indian Legends
375:("Southerners" or "Southern Washoe People") and,
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587:
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1068:California Indian Library Collections Project
972:"California Indians and Their Reservations."
905:The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California.
820:Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada (c. 1988) .
363:("Northerners" or "Northern Washoe People")
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1112:
1098:A Guide to the Washo research notes, 98–17
870:. Guliford, CT: Dushkin. pp. 150–155.
798:Dangberg 1968, d'Azevedo 1986, Nevers 1976
417:are regarded as early Washoe culture. The
997:d'Azevedo, Warren L. (1986). "Washoe" in
428:Washoe people may have made contact with
381:("Westerners" or "Western Washoe People")
369:("Easterners" or "Central Washoe People")
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1080:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
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622:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
600:Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California
1215:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
975:SDSU Library and Information Access.
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67:Regions with significant populations
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1022:Wa She Shu: A Washo Tribal History
1003:Handbook of North American Indians
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822:Wa she shu, a Washo tribal history
283:dewʔá:gaʔa /dawʔa:gaʔa / Da ow aga
27:Indigenous people of North America
25:
1513:
1497:Native American history of Nevada
1073:
1031:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
810:
576:. The language is written in the
1492:Native American tribes in Nevada
1487:Indigenous peoples of California
1142:Indigenous peoples of California
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1059:. Pub. by order of the Trustees.
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239:Washoe people have lived in the
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1313:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
924:"Washoe "The Lake of the Sky""
881:"Washoe Indian Tribe History."
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231:), the plural form of wašiw.
405:tribe whose language is not
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7:
1092:Susanville Indian Rancheria
1027:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
617:Susanville Indian Rancheria
588:Washoe Tribe and Lake Tahoe
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401:Washoe people are the only
305:crest in the west, and the
10:
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549:
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1086:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
722:The Small Shall Be Strong
629:Indian Reorganization Act
612:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
568:) has been regarded as a
335:Middle Fork Feather River
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117:
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66:
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44:
990:Dangberg, Grace (1968).
843:Downs, James F. (2001).
720:Makley, Matthew (2018).
670:
345:) was named after them.
1411:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1270:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1020:Nevers, Jo Ann (1976).
977:(retrieved 11 May 2010)
558:Washoe / Wašiw language
886:Retrieved 11 May 2010.
495:
494:), Washoe basketweaver
398:
196:at the border between
1380:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1213:Eel River Athapaskans
1051:Barett, Samuel Alfred
748:Downs, James (1966).
574:Hokan language family
486:
396:
279:dáʔaw / daʔaw / Da ow
698:Accessed 9 May 2014.
434:California Gold Rush
41:
1094:, official website
1088:, official website
1082:, official website
1064:Washo Bibliography
868:Anthropology 87/88
807:Pritzker, 246, 248
593:caretakers of the
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354:extending families
307:Pine Nut Mountains
301:in the south, the
289:in the north, the
51:Washoe tribal flag
35:
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1468:
1056:The Washo Indians
1037:978-0-19-513877-1
884:Access Genealogy.
430:Spanish explorers
413:and the northern
291:West Walker River
281:– "the lake"; or
186:Great Basin tribe
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303:Sierra Nevada
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70:
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55:
48:
43:
40:
30:
19:
1425:
1402:(Gabrieliño)
1386:(Fernandeño)
1291:(Bear River)
1055:
1028:
1021:
1002:
998:
991:
974:
967:
962:Pritzker 248
958:
941:
935:
918:
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895:Pritzker 220
891:
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876:
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844:
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751:
721:
715:
710:Pritzker 246
695:
641:Reno, Nevada
626:
591:
582:
578:Latin script
565:
562:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
561:
557:
555:
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532:
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446:
427:
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397:Washoe woman
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157:Wá:šiw ʔítlu
146:
136:
62:1,500 (2007)
38:
32:Ethnic group
29:
18:Washo people
1406:Tübatulabal
1224:Halchidhoma
1203:Coast Miwok
1163:Ahwahnechee
999:Great Basin
696:Ethnologue.
403:Great Basin
339:Washoe Lake
327:dabayóduweʔ
299:Sonora Pass
241:Great Basin
1476:Categories
1331:Kucadikadi
1274:Lake Miwok
1188:Chemehuevi
1158:Acjachemen
1015:0160045754
985:References
637:California
627:Under the
595:Lake Tahoe
514:Life cycle
499:Piñon pine
453:piñon pine
442:California
438:Honey Lake
423:pit houses
411:Lake Tahoe
373:Hungalelti
295:Topaz Lake
287:Honey Lake
245:Lake Tahoe
198:California
194:Lake Tahoe
182:Wa She Shu
94:California
1441:Wukchumni
1345:Ramaytush
1341:Costanoan
1302:(Klamath)
1295:Mechoopda
1258:Kitanemuk
1193:Chimariko
1173:Bay Miwok
667:members.
379:Tanalelti
235:Territory
219:) in the
113:Languages
1390:Timbisha
1384:Tataviam
1268:Kumeyaay
1253:Kawaiisu
1183:Cahuilla
1168:Atsugewi
1153:Achomawi
1053:(1917).
950:50880144
853:55589767
830:21328894
693:"Washo."
665:Atsugewi
661:Achomawi
645:Shoshoni
564:(today:
546:Language
465:charcoal
451:and the
361:Welmelti
350:dialects
229:waší:šiw
223:or from
184:) are a
153:Language
147:Waší:šiw
1416:Vanyume
1373:Serrano
1368:Salinan
1362:Quechan
1322:Nomlaki
1317:Nisenan
1289:Mattole
1279:Luiseño
1237:Whilkut
1233:Chilula
1219:Esselen
1198:Chumash
1066:, from
649:Montana
479:Culture
469:ranches
389:History
323:Truckee
225:Wašišiw
209:Waashiw
206:autonym
178:Wašišiw
163:Country
119:English
1482:Washoe
1451:Yokuts
1426:Washoe
1400:Tongva
1395:Tolowa
1378:Shasta
1364:(Yuma)
1352:Patwin
1337:Ohlone
1306:Mohave
1208:Cupeño
1177:Saklan
1035:
1009:
948:
851:
828:
764:
728:
663:, and
633:Nevada
461:lumber
315:Carson
297:, and
217:wá:šiw
213:wa·šiw
202:Nevada
174:Washoe
143:People
137:Wá:šiw
133:Person
106:Nevada
103:
91:
78:
36:Washoe
1461:Yurok
1436:Wiyot
1431:Wintu
1421:Wappo
1300:Modoc
1284:Maidu
1248:Cahto
1243:Karuk
927:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
671:Notes
657:Maidu
449:farms
407:Numic
275:Washo
172:The
123:Washo
39:Wašiw
1456:Yuki
1446:Yana
1357:Pomo
1311:Mono
1263:Kizh
1229:Hupa
1033:ISBN
1007:ISBN
946:OCLC
849:OCLC
826:OCLC
762:ISBN
726:ISBN
635:and
556:The
463:and
309:and
200:and
96:and
944:.
560:or
440:in
321:),
215:or
188:of
176:or
1478::
1235:,
1013:,
812:^
760:.
758:49
740:^
703:^
679:^
659:,
580:.
475:.
444:.
293:,
277::
273:;
266:oʊ
260:ɑː
121:,
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1329:(
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1175:(
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211:(
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84:(
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