1164:
2129:
308:
1075:
572:
336:
810:
624:
979:
155:
43:
818:
1887:, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport". The legal boundary between England and Wales therefore passes along Monmouthshire's eastern boundaries with
1555:
187:
176:
1501:
1923:
1322:
1867:
Ancient and
Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire" in 1908, referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", so that it was treated as one with Wales rather than as a legal part of Wales. The county's status continued to be a matter of debate in Parliament, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. In 1921 the area was included within the
328:
1151:. However, after his most powerful ally – Earl Elfgar of Mercia and East Anglia – died, Harold and Tostig Godwinson took advantage of the situation – Gruffudd being besieged in Snowdonia – and invaded Wales. In 1063, Gruffudd was killed by his own men. Harold returned many of the Welsh princes their lands, so that after Harold's death at the
2168:. Most of these areas were not incorporated fully into England until the 16th century, and native Welsh speakers still lived there until at least the 19th century. Equally, placenames of English origin can be found on the Welsh side of the border where there was Mercian and Norman settlement, particularly in the north east, such as
1622:
briefly retuning from 1563 to 1588. At this point, the boundary between
England and Wales, which has existed ever since, was effectively fixed. In the border areas, five new counties were created: Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire; and Flintshire gained some
1866:
The 1911 Encyclopædia
Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but noted that "whenever an act is intended to apply to alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire". Some legislation and UK government decisions, such as the establishment of a "Royal Commission on
1647:
Thus was created the border between Wales and
England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for
1090:
which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout
England and eventually Wales originated in Wessex, where it became established during the 8th century. Wessex and Mercia gradually established an occasionally unstable alliance, with Wessex gaining the upper hand. According to
1050:
completed a major survey of the Dyke and stated that it ran from the Dee to the Severn, as Asser suggested, but with gaps, especially in the
Herefordshire area, where natural barriers of strong rivers or dense forests provided sufficient defence. More recent research by David Hill and Margaret
1037:
is a massive linear earthwork, up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its surrounding ditch) and 8 feet (2.4 m) high. It is much larger and longer than Wat's Dyke, and runs roughly parallel to it. The earthwork was generally dug with the displaced soil piled into a bank on the
Mercian
1107:
were still culturally Welsh. It stated that the
English should only cross into the Welsh side, and vice versa, in the presence of an appointed man who had the responsibility of making sure that the foreigner was safely escorted back to the crossing point. In 926, Edward's successor
1822:
Although
Monmouthshire was included in the 16th century legislation, it was treated anomalously, with the result that its legal status as a Welsh county fell into some ambiguity and doubt until the 20th century. It was omitted from the second Act of Union, which established the
1300:
Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small lordships, at times numbering over 150, between the Dee and Severn and further west. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size. Hundreds of small castles, mostly of the
2022:, Cheshire, 9 miles (14 km) from the border, "voted" to become part of Wales in what was originally a joke ballot. Some residents sought to make a case for securing Welsh benefits such as free hospital parking and prescriptions. The modern border lies between the town of
1963:
included parts of north-west
Shropshire. The parishes transferred to the Diocese of Lichfield were: Criftins, Hengoed, Kinnerley, Knockin, Llanyblodwell, Llanymynech, Melverley, Morton, Oswestry, St Martins, Selattyn, Trefonen, Weston Rhyn and Whittington.
1305:
type, were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. Many new towns were established across the area, some such as Chepstow,
1436:. Encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales, the principality operated as an effectively independent entity from the reign of Llywelyn until 1283 (though it underwent a period of contraction during the early part of the reign of
1602:. Henry had not seen the need to reform the government of Wales at the beginning of his reign, but gradually he perceived a threat from some of the remaining Marcher lords and therefore instructed his chief minister,
3420:
2370:
2083:", to be placed at the borders of Wales. This became known as the "Landmark Wales" project, and a shortlist of 15 proposals was unveiled in 2007. However, the proposal was shelved after it failed to receive
3442:
1082:
Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English in later centuries. By the 9th century, the expanding power of Mercia led to it gaining control over Ergyng and nearby
2072:
straddles the border, with the car park and some of the offices in England but the pitch in Wales. In the 2021–22 season, the club was threatened with legal action for failing to apply the
1318:
becoming successful trading centres, and these tended to be a focus of English settlement. However, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans.
611:. The topographical contrast between the mountainous western areas and the generally lower-lying areas to the east is reflected in the nature of ancient settlements, with the majority of
1273:
no doubt records the extent of English penetration into Wales. This suggests that Offa's Dyke still approximately represented the boundary between England and Wales. However, during the
363:. It then loops south to include within England an area southwest of Chester, before rejoining the Dee, and then loops east of the river to include within Wales a large area known as
3914:
833:
between the British, the victors, and Anglo-Saxons attempting to reach the Severn estuary, but its date and location are very uncertain and it may equally well have taken place in
3945:
3597:
1051:
Worthington concluded that there is little evidence for the Dyke stretching "from sea to sea", but that the earthwork built by Offa stretched some 64 miles (103 km) between
3919:
3481:
1031:. As king, he rebuilt Mercia's hegemony over the southern English through military campaigns, and also caused the construction of Offa's Dyke, around the years 770 and 780.
2144:
are found to the west of the border, and those of English origin to the east. However, many historically Welsh names are also found east of the border, particularly around
1124:
laid down the boundary between England and Wales, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the eastern bank of the Wye should form the boundary.
3924:
3731:
2589:
1038:(eastern) side, providing an open view into Wales and suggesting that it was built by Mercia to guard against attacks or raids from Powys. The late 9th-century writer
3412:
2790:
3929:
3797:
2970:
2233:
3102:
2340:
1623:
additional territory. However, several of the marcher lordships were incorporated in whole or in part into English counties. The lordships of Ludlow, Clun,
1652:. Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers.
1027:, perhaps to protect recently acquired lands. After Æthelbald was killed in 757, a brief civil war in Mercia then ended in victory for his distant cousin,
2764:
3989:
3450:
299:
was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.
1952:
since the 16th century was passed in 1881. Subsequently, the border between England and Wales has taken on increasing legal and political significance.
647:) were noted by Roman authors as fiercely resisting any occupation. As such the border area became a centre of military activity, with legions based at
415:, the boundary again follows the line of Offa's Dyke for about 2 miles (3 km), before looping eastwards to include within Wales a large area near
2839:
2362:
1405:
in the south, collectively defined an area which included both the Principality and the March, and coincided closely with later definitions of Wales.
1221:, the first castle in Britain built of stone, near the mouth of the Wye. It served as a base from which the Normans continued to expand westward into
952:, which became known to Welsh poets as "The Paradise of Powys". The areas were occupied by Anglo-Saxon groups who became sub-kingdoms of Mercia, the
861:
in the southern Cotswolds was won by the Anglo-Saxons, and led to Wessex extending its control to the Severn estuary and the cities of Gloucester,
2611:
3627:
3653:
3283:
1349:, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By the early 12th century, they covered the areas which would later become
3826:
3390:
3338:
3312:
2273:
1851:, it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county". Under that interpretation, the boundary between England and Wales passed down the
916:
or "the Old North". Within a few decades, the Welsh became engaged in further defensive warfare against the increasingly powerful kingdom of
595:, all the native inhabitants of the island (other than the Pictish/Caledonian tribes of what is now northern Scotland—and also excepting the
1618:. The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas formed into new counties, or amalgamated into existing ones, with the
1594:
However, the Marches remained outside the shire system, and at least nominally outside the control of the English monarchy, until the first
627:
Distribution of the legions across the Roman Empire in 80 AD, showing two legions stationed near what would become the England-Wales border.
387:, the boundary then loops to the west, following Offa's Dyke itself for about 2 miles (3 km), and including within England the town of
2223:
107:
3790:
3081:
2865:
2734:
79:
3589:
3135:
1044:"terrified all the neighbouring kings and provinces around him, and ... had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea"
3150:
1971:, was established for Wales, and it assumed an increasing range of administrative responsibilities. By 1992, the Welsh Office oversaw
60:
877:, who may have arisen from intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon and British leading families, possibly the successors to the pre-Roman
86:
2311:
a power in England which was akin to a separate country, with its own legal system and courts, and an almost independent government
1071:, may in their view have been built for different purposes at different times, although their conclusions are themselves disputed.
17:
3507:
3473:
3260:
3233:
3974:
3364:
2392:
680:
In most of Wales, the militaristic nature of the occupation was in stark contrast to that of southeast Britain. As such, by the
3783:
2938:
1099:
also secured homage from the Welsh, although sporadic border unrest continued. In the early 10th century, a document known as
93:
3979:
3766:
3686:
2849:
1876:
1444:'s rule in 1246). Its independence was characterised by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well established laws of
3723:
2685:
1798:
were an administrative division being the lowest level since the 1500's some crossed the border all the way up until 1894:
3537:
2786:
1103:
records procedures for dealing with disputes between the English and the Welsh, and implies that areas west of the Wye in
4004:
728:. Gwynedd, at the height of its power, extended as far east as the Dee estuary. Gradually, from the 5th century onwards,
75:
1831:, rather than one as elsewhere in Wales. However, in ecclesiastical terms, almost all of the county remained within the
1385:
were Welsh principalities that passed by marriage into the hands of Norman barons. In ecclesiastical terms, the ancient
3700:
2960:
1139:
and the Kingdom of Gwent, together with substantial territories east of Offa's Dyke, and raided as far as Chester and
4009:
3969:
2542:
2491:
2459:
2116:
economy by around £100m a year. In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 when
2084:
1473:" as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The
126:
3098:
2559:
3895:
3067:
2336:
2117:
1980:
1917:
1824:
1490:
1474:
240:
2332:
3567:
2883:
2038:. The postal and ecclesiastical borders are in places slightly different – for example the Shropshire village of
1949:
1848:
4014:
3994:
2900:
2816:
2756:
2637:
2366:
940:
in 656 when he had become overlord of the Mercians. Powys then withdrew from the lowland areas now in southern
693:
288:
64:
2992:
2711:
Brown, P.; King, P.; Remfry, P. (2004). "'Whittington Castle: the marcher fortress of the Fitz Warin family".
2014:, set up in 1999, has led to a divergence between England and Wales on some government policies. For example,
777:, centred in present-day southern Herefordshire west of the Wye (and deriving its name from the Roman town of
3775:
3014:
2658:
681:
773:(Caerleon). Gwent generally allied with, and at various times was joined with, the smaller Welsh kingdom of
3999:
3884:
3807:
1880:
2590:"Map showing the relationship between the modern Anglo-Welsh border... | Download Scientific Diagram"
893:
100:
2253:
2079:
A competition was launched in 2005 to design one or more new iconic images, along the same lines as the "
1424:
directly, and was formally founded in 1216, and later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between
1267:; and west of Offa's Dyke, especially in Powys where a new castle was named, after its lord, Montgomery.
1225:, establishing a castle at Caerleon and extinguishing the Welsh kingdom of Gwent. William also installed
1883:, proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. The issue was finally clarified in law by the
3900:
2603:
2073:
1206:
688:
in the east, and the more independent and tribal kingdoms to the west. This western area was, however,
3619:
3649:
1976:
1884:
292:
230:
3757:
Quinault, Roland (2014). "Unofficial Frontiers: Welsh-English Borderlands in the Victorian Period".
821:
Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms or tribes. The modern border between England and Wales is shown in purple.
2263:
2248:
1817:
1398:
1350:
1172:
1143:. He claimed sovereignty over the whole of Wales, a claim recognised by the English, and historian
869:. By about 600, however, the area of modern Gloucestershire east of the Severn, as well as most of
826:
604:
296:
3386:
3334:
3308:
3027:
575:
The approximate limit of coin-minting tribes in south Britain, and the limits of the campaigns of
2670:
2112:, announced that tolls would be abolished at the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the
1636:
1278:
1242:
1144:
921:
463:
53:
2094:
2034:
straddles the line. Knighton is the only town that can claim to be on the border as well as on
1935:
1628:
1378:
1091:
Asser, the southern Welsh kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing, commended themselves to
1056:
925:
531:
451:
380:
2730:
2333:"Crossing the border: road and rail links between England and Wales - Welsh Affairs Committee"
1078:
Map Showing Offa's dyke alongside other Medieval dykes and native Welsh Defensive architecture
1004:
3864:
3129:
2213:
2061:
1956:
1844:
1840:
1599:
1512:
1409:
1346:
1121:
1024:
689:
404:
3068:"Map of the township of castlewright in the parish of Mainstone in the County of Montgomery"
450:, on the Welsh side of the border. It continues southwards and rises through and across the
3984:
3831:
3154:
2015:
1984:
1828:
1606:, to seek a solution. This, and a further Act in 1542, had the effect of annexing Wales to
1441:
1425:
1326:
1226:
1210:
1163:
1136:
1132:
1109:
937:
612:
471:
966:
in the southern part. Further south, the area north west of the Severn later known as the
8:
2268:
2055:
1988:
1960:
1832:
1632:
1619:
1466:
1462:
1402:
1394:
1290:
1230:
1063:
in Flintshire. Earthworks in the far north and south, including sections overlooking the
717:
600:
3503:
1855:, along Monmouthshire's western borders with Brecknockshire and Glamorgan, so including
1786:
There was a serious proposal to transfer English Maelor to England in the 19th century.
3692:
3256:
3229:
2228:
2218:
2080:
1996:
1607:
1437:
1429:
1370:
1282:
1214:
1152:
697:
486:, looping eastwards to include the town itself and a surrounding area within Wales. At
1345:, were to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the
3762:
3682:
3360:
3008:
2961:"Territorial Waters: Question for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"
2845:
2538:
2512:
2487:
2455:
2169:
2043:
1615:
1595:
1530:
888:
in 616, the forces of Powys and other allied Brythonic kingdoms were defeated by the
885:
858:
412:
316:
307:
3039:
2921:
2128:
3874:
3211:
2934:
2278:
2243:
2141:
1484:
1390:
1302:
1096:
1092:
905:
897:
744:
713:
709:
701:
352:
348:
312:
291:
boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the
1297:, and so part of Wales. This involved a loss of direct rule by the English crown.
1074:
3835:
3533:
2238:
2193:
2105:
2023:
1931:
1892:
1868:
1859:, and other industrialised parts of what would now generally be considered to be
1603:
1521:
1470:
1433:
1421:
1382:
1218:
1192:
1176:
571:
555:
507:
455:
428:
279:
It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of
2689:
2420:
Hillforts of the Iron Age in England and Wales: A Survey of the Surface Evidence
3815:
3529:
3082:"Presteigne Radnorshire & Herefordshire Family History Guide - Parishmouse"
2189:
2185:
2181:
2133:
2035:
2011:
1972:
1856:
1836:
1413:
1315:
1250:
1127:
By the mid-eleventh century, most of Wales had become united under the king of
1034:
1028:
994:
982:
967:
870:
830:
733:
685:
580:
503:
335:
280:
265:
218:
3805:
2884:
https://www.clwydfhs.org.uk/en/churches/threapwood-2022-08-30%7Caccess-date=19
623:
3963:
3937:
3124:
2965:
2283:
2101:
2000:
1941:
1888:
1852:
1708:
1478:
1366:
1338:
1270:
1238:
1200:
1184:
1012:
1000:
949:
791:. The name Glywysing may indicate that it was founded by a British native of
761:
696:
attempted to continue Roman practices. The most successful of these were the
592:
588:
551:
539:
499:
490:, the boundary again reaches the Wye, and follows the river southwards, past
376:
31:
3215:
2671:"The Gatehouse website list of the castles and palaces of the Welsh Princes"
1999:, although the extent to which it was able to be autonomous from England in
1875:, established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit, and in 1969
809:
3696:
2098:
2069:
2065:
1968:
1896:
1872:
1611:
1294:
1246:
1234:
1052:
1016:
669:
649:
467:
420:
400:
392:
284:
3676:
2659:
https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/54569299/FULL_TEXT.PDF
1648:
centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as
1289:, hitherto in England. These lands were brought under English lordship by
978:
970:
seems to have remained in British (that is, Welsh) hands until about 760.
962:
159:
Map showing the England–Wales border, and local authorities on either side
2567:
2201:
2113:
2109:
2091:
2027:
1860:
1624:
1451:
1358:
1274:
1263:
1258:
1222:
1104:
889:
862:
416:
396:
320:
261:
3139:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 729.
865:, and Bath. This severed the land link between the Britons of Wales and
684:, there would have been a cultural border, between the highly Romanised
2516:
2051:
2007:
1584:
1469:. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "
1381:
had been part of England at the time of Domesday, while others such as
1354:
1330:
1140:
1117:
1064:
1020:
945:
933:
911:
901:
798:
659:
547:
527:
515:
447:
436:
432:
424:
372:
344:
154:
3559:
3053:
2018:
were abolished in Wales in 2007. In 2008, residents of the village of
1149:"the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales."
1135:. In 1055, he marched on Hereford and sacked the city. He also seized
740:, conquered eastern and southern Britain, which later became England.
716:
in the east. Powys roughly coincided with the territory of the Celtic
3284:"English football club Chester warned for breaking Welsh Covid rules"
2177:
2165:
2047:
1992:
1927:
1900:
1455:
1446:
1362:
1277:
various Welsh princes were able to occupy lands beyond it, including
1168:
1113:
1047:
957:
854:
850:
788:
784:
779:
756:
752:
705:
636:
632:
511:
479:
475:
459:
443:
408:
3650:"Laws in Wales Acts (1535-42) | Exploring Celtic Civilizations"
3128:
2896:
2812:
2633:
1011:. However, campaigns by Powys against Mercia led to the building of
42:
2197:
2153:
2145:
2039:
1795:
1307:
1241:
of 1086, Norman lands are recorded west of the Wye at Chepstow and
1180:
1083:
1068:
1060:
941:
929:
866:
834:
817:
766:
729:
674:
664:
608:
576:
543:
514:
being administered as part of Wales and the neighbouring island of
495:
487:
483:
388:
1724:
Threapwood incorporated partly into England and partly into Wales
1155:, Wales was again divided without a leader to resist the Normans.
2258:
2173:
2161:
2149:
1575:
1554:
1545:
1386:
1128:
1007:
established Mercia's hegemony over the Anglo-Saxons south of the
878:
748:
654:
644:
640:
596:
491:
368:
360:
356:
269:
181:
3443:"Drivers fear "hammer blow" rise in toll fees at Severn bridges"
1922:
1440:
in the 1240s, and again for several years from the beginning of
1333:. shown as it was in the year 1217 one year after its founding.
3028:
https://www.familysearch.org/en/Ellesmere,_Shropshire_Genealogy
2302:
Flint, Maelor Saesneg and Hawarden are administered by Cheshire
2019:
1695:
1500:
1481:, was also established in the 15th century to govern the area.
1321:
1311:
1286:
1008:
917:
874:
846:
842:
838:
793:
774:
737:
364:
1627:
and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; and
1217:, as Earl of Hereford. By 1071 he had started the building of
841:. However, it is more certain that the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
3724:"The unique origins of our most well-known Welsh place names"
3202:
Griffiths, D. (1999). "The Welsh Office and Welsh Autonomy".
1640:
1566:
1188:
1087:
1039:
759:
and the Severn estuary. It was centred at different times on
535:
384:
273:
192:
1112:, "King of the English", summoned the Welsh kings including
498:
on the Welsh side, to its confluence with the Severn at the
343:
The modern boundary between Wales and England runs from the
2927:
2157:
1374:
1329:
as well as his vassals and areas occupied during the first
986:
1643:
were included in Herefordshire. According to John Davies:
2779:
2396:
2090:
The main road links over the border in the south are the
2031:
1257:); over the whole of north east Wales as far west as the
446:, and follows the river upstream for a short distance to
327:
283:; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former
3175:
Local Government Act 1972 (c.70), sections 1, 20 and 269
2889:
960:
in the northern part of what became Shropshire, and the
724:
or administrative centre during the Roman period was at
2841:
Leicester and the Court: Essays on Elizabethan Politics
2686:"The end of the Romans and the beginning of the Saxons"
2393:"'Urgent clarification' over Wales stamp duty tax call"
2234:
Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English
881:. The Hwicce came increasingly under Mercian hegemony.
1485:
Formation of "England and Wales" and county boundaries
442:
The boundary continues southwards across hills to the
287:
which occupied the border area were abolished and new
2484:
The Welsh Border – archaeology, history and landscape
2076:
and allowing crowds to attend matches at the ground.
1934:
with England on the left and Wales on the right. The
1764:
Part of Threapwood transferred to England from Wales
1686:
Parts of Threapwood transferred to Wales and England
1465:
in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by
2026:
and its railway station, and divides the village of
3504:"Severn Bridge tolls to be reduced in January 2018"
2120:was removed. All tolls ceased on 17 December 2018.
1656:
399:. It follows the Vyrnwy to its confluence with the
383:(in England). Returning to the River Dee as far as
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2867:The_Journal_Life in Montgomeryshire_Murray Chapman
2566:. Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust. Archived from
896:. This divided the Britons of Wales from those in
845:emerged in the 6th and 7th centuries in the upper
631:During the Roman occupation, the tribes of Wales (
30:For the area loosely based around the border, see
3560:"Census Maps - Census 2021 data interactive, ONS"
3474:"Severn crossings tolls to be scrapped next year"
3413:"Councillor's campaign to end Severn Bridge toll"
2922:http://www.threapwoodhistory.org%7Caccess-date=19
1780:Territorial waters extended to 12 nautical miles
1716:Crooked Billet transferred to Wales from England
3961:
2995:. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024
1756:Llanrothal CP transferred to England from Wales
1740:Stanford farm transferred to England from Wales
1732:Territorial waters extended to 3 nautical miles
3183:
3181:
2993:""Wrexham History" – Yesterday, today, forever"
2710:
2532:
2196:; and in southeastern Monmouthshire, including
1967:In 1965, a separate government department, the
1911:
1703:Bwlch Trewyn transferred to Wales from England
1325:Map showing the Principality of Wales ruled by
747:broadly covered the same area as the pre-Roman
427:, and follows the river southeastwards through
2723:
2417:
2136:speakers in Wales according to the 2021 census
1835:, and most of its residents at the time spoke
1213:installed one of his most trusted confidants,
3791:
3674:
403:, and then continues southwards, rising over
3178:
751:, traditionally the area between the rivers
474:. It then generally follows the river, past
260:, runs for 160 miles (260 km) from the
3824:International land and maritime boundaries:
3761:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 279–292.
3191:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 2008.
2533:Hill, David; Worthington, Margaret (2003).
1827:, and like English shires it was given two
1369:. Some of the lordships, such as Oswestry,
1120:to a meeting at Hereford, and according to
1015:, an earthwork boundary extending from the
27:National boundary between England and Wales
3990:Historical geography of the United Kingdom
3798:
3784:
2937:. A vision of Britain through time. 2009.
2805:
2560:"The Final Word on Offa's Dyke? Review of
1843:it was added to the Oxford circuit of the
1748:Ffwddog transferred to Wales from England
521:
3201:
2564:, by David Hill and Margaret Worthington"
2506:
2274:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border
2160:; and in southern Herefordshire, such as
1789:
829:, circa 500, could have been fought near
813:Peoples of southern Britain, circa 600 AD
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3756:
3620:"FreeCEN Lancashire - Welsh place names"
3281:
3254:
3123:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2422:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2224:Church of England border polls 1915–1916
2127:
1921:
1450:, and by the increasingly sophisticated
1320:
1233:at Chester, creating a new expansionist
1162:
1073:
977:
816:
808:
622:
570:
334:
326:
306:
3759:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3471:
3189:The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales
2789:. The National library of wales. 2024.
2688:. Herefordshire Council. Archived from
2634:"History – Offa's Dyke Association"
1183:. The river forms the boundary between
873:, was controlled by another group, the
769:), from which it derived its name, and
502:. The boundary then continues down the
14:
3962:
3806:Borders of the United Kingdom and its
3117:
3093:
3091:
3040:"Genuki: Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire"
2683:
2528:
2526:
2481:
2449:
2355:
2074:COVID-19 regulations applying in Wales
1772:Monmouthshire incorporated into Wales
1610:and creating a single state and legal
3779:
3721:
3484:from the original on 19 February 2018
3263:from the original on 3 September 2014
2899:. The Historic Counties Trust. 2018.
2837:
2468:
2426:
1101:The Ordinance Concerning the Dunsaete
1095:of Wessex in about 885. Alfred's son
599:of greater south-east Britain) spoke
3600:from the original on 16 January 2024
3510:from the original on 22 October 2017
1950:legislation applying solely to Wales
1847:, following which, according to the
1261:, an area known to the Welsh as the
732:tribes from the east, including the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3540:from the original on 2 October 2018
3335:"Gateway sculptures artists chosen"
3257:"English village votes to be Welsh"
3255:Williams, Brendon (25 April 2008).
3230:"Prescription charges end in Wales"
3153:. National Archives. Archived from
3088:
2523:
2373:from the original on 5 January 2016
1906:
1019:valley near Oswestry to the Dee at
339:Bilingual "Welcome to England" sign
24:
3750:
3734:from the original on 19 April 2024
3703:from the original on 19 April 2024
3656:from the original on 19 April 2024
3630:from the original on 19 April 2024
3570:from the original on 19 April 2024
3423:from the original on 14 March 2012
3309:"Gateway sculpture plan for Wales"
3236:from the original on 13 April 2012
3105:from the original on 26 March 2012
2973:from the original on 18 April 2024
2941:from the original on 18 March 2024
2903:from the original on 21 March 2024
2819:from the original on 21 March 2024
2815:. Threapwood history group. 2010.
2793:from the original on 21 March 2024
2767:from the original on 18 April 2024
2737:from the original on 21 March 2024
2713:Shropshire Archaeology and History
2640:from the original on 18 April 2024
2343:from the original on 25 March 2017
2156:; in southern Shropshire, such as
1711:transferred to England from Wales
1698:transferred to England from Wales
928:of England. The capital of Powys,
566:
466:on the English side, to reach the
25:
4026:
3722:Jones, Branwen (18 August 2022).
3449:. 15 October 2008. Archived from
3393:from the original on 6 March 2016
3387:"Giant postcard misses shortlist"
3367:from the original on 11 June 2011
3341:from the original on 6 March 2016
3315:from the original on 6 March 2016
3282:MacInnes, Paul (7 January 2022).
3151:"National Archives: Welsh Office"
2731:"The Story of Llywelyn the Great"
2614:from the original on 22 July 2023
2557:
1839:. In the late 17th century under
1420:) covered the lands ruled by the
1158:
867:those of the south west peninsula
431:before turning south towards the
347:of the Dee estuary adjoining the
331:Bilingual "Welcome to Wales" sign
3472:Slawson, Nicola (21 July 2017).
2757:"Earls of Chester - Chesterwiki"
2511:. The Forest of Dean Newspaper.
2337:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2148:in northern Shropshire, such as
1811:
1657:Changes to the border after 1536
1553:
1499:
908:, an area which became known as
423:. It then runs westwards to the
241:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
185:
174:
153:
41:
3715:
3668:
3642:
3612:
3582:
3552:
3522:
3506:. BBC News. 15 September 2017.
3496:
3465:
3435:
3405:
3379:
3353:
3327:
3301:
3275:
3248:
3222:
3195:
3169:
3143:
3074:
3060:
3046:
3032:
3021:
2985:
2953:
2915:
2877:
2858:
2844:. Manchester University Press.
2831:
2749:
2704:
2677:
2663:
2652:
2626:
2596:
2582:
2535:Offa's Dyke – history and guide
2305:
2296:
1794:Townships unlike the "Ancient"
1046:. In the mid-20th century, Sir
804:
351:, across reclaimed land to the
252:, sometimes referred to as the
52:needs additional citations for
3975:1536 establishments in England
2562:Offa's Dyke: History and Guide
2551:
2500:
2411:
2385:
2367:Office for National Statistics
2325:
2123:
973:
13:
1:
3893:Land and maritime boundaries:
3681:. University of Wales Press.
3389:. BBC News. 23 October 2007.
3337:. BBC News. 8 February 2007.
2318:
1979:, roads, historic buildings,
1598:was introduced in 1535 under
783:); and the larger kingdom of
3980:1536 establishments in Wales
3885:British Overseas Territories
2188:; in central Powys, such as
1918:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
1912:English and Welsh boundaries
1881:Secretary of State for Wales
1849:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
1678:Clun transferred to England
1491:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
618:
615:found in this western area.
526:The boundary passes between
302:
7:
3590:"Place-Names of Shropshire"
3363:. BBC News. 13 April 2007.
2418:Forde-Johnston, J. (1976).
2254:Little England beyond Wales
2207:
510:, with the small island of
319:, England, to the left and
315:marking the border between
10:
4031:
4005:History of Gloucestershire
3232:. BBC News. 1 April 2007.
2142:placenames of Welsh origin
2132:Map to show proportion of
1915:
1815:
1614:, commonly referred to as
1488:
1207:Norman conquest of England
1198:
992:
561:
29:
3883:
3814:
3054:"Churchstoke - Wikishire"
3013:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2507:Mansfield, R. J. (1964).
2363:"The Countries of the UK"
1885:Local Government Act 1972
1690:
1147:states that Gruffudd was
712:in the southwest and the
439:, which is within Wales.
293:Local Government Act 1972
268:in the south, separating
236:
231:Local Government Act 1972
224:
211:
206:
198:
169:
164:
152:
143:
4010:History of Herefordshire
3311:. BBC News. 5 May 2005.
2733:. celticlifeintl. 2021.
2684:Greene, Miranda (2005).
2604:"History of Offa's Dyke"
2289:
2264:Monmouthshire (historic)
2249:List of Anglo-Welsh Wars
2050:, and the Welsh town of
1895:, essentially along the
1818:Monmouthshire (historic)
827:Battle of Mons Badonicus
743:In the south, the Welsh
605:Insular Celtic languages
3361:"Iconic Welsh gateways"
3216:10.1111/1467-9299.00180
3136:Encyclopædia Britannica
2482:Rowley, Trevor (1986).
2003:is a matter of debate.
1825:Court of Great Sessions
1279:Whittington, Shropshire
1067:and east of the Wye at
607:, and were regarded as
522:Administrative boundary
464:Longtown, Herefordshire
264:, in the north, to the
3675:Davies, Janet (2014).
2137:
2095:Second Severn Crossing
1957:Welsh Disestablishment
1945:
1936:Second Severn Crossing
1790:Cross border townships
1654:
1417:
1365:, Carmarthenshire and
1334:
1254:
1205:Immediately after the
1196:
1079:
1059:in Herefordshire, and
990:
822:
814:
708:in the southeast, the
700:in the northwest, the
628:
603:, a sub-family of the
587:Before and during the
584:
532:Wrexham County Borough
462:on the Welsh side and
391:, before reaching the
381:Whitchurch, Shropshire
340:
332:
324:
76:"England–Wales border"
4015:Territorial evolution
3995:History of Shropshire
3942:Caribbean Netherlands
3204:Public Administration
3130:"Monmouthshire"
2897:"Historic boundaries"
2838:Adams, Simon (2002).
2761:chester.shoutwiki.com
2537:. Tempus Publishing.
2486:. Tempus Publishing.
2450:Davies, John (1993).
2214:Anglo-Scottish border
2131:
2104:. In July 2017, the
2062:National League North
2010:in Wales through the
2006:The establishment of
1944:is in the foreground.
1925:
1645:
1538: other lordships
1513:Principality of Wales
1410:Principality of Wales
1383:the Lordship of Powys
1347:Principality of Wales
1324:
1237:in each case. In the
1166:
1122:William of Malmesbury
1077:
981:
820:
812:
643:, and especially the
626:
574:
338:
330:
323:, Wales, to the right
310:
3970:England–Wales border
3906:Maritime boundaries:
3862:Internal boundaries:
3842:Maritime boundaries:
3808:Overseas Territories
3101:. BBC. August 2009.
3084:. 25 September 2020.
2787:"Laws in Wales Acts"
2016:prescription charges
1985:economic development
1829:Knights of the Shire
1442:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1426:Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1327:Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1227:Roger de Montgomerie
1133:Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
938:Oswiu of Northumbria
932:, at or near modern
613:hillforts in Britain
518:as part of England.
482:(in Wales), towards
254:Wales–England border
250:England–Wales border
144:England–Wales border
61:improve this article
18:Wales–England border
4000:History of Cheshire
3832:Metropolitan France
3594:University of Wales
3530:"Severn tolls axed"
3419:. 6 November 2008.
3157:on 19 November 2007
2056:Diocese of Hereford
2008:devolved government
1961:Diocese of St Asaph
1938:is in the distance.
1833:Diocese of Llandaff
1663:
1662:Changes after 1536
1620:Lordship of Denbigh
1467:Edward I of England
1463:Statute of Rhuddlan
1357:, Montgomeryshire,
1291:Henry II of England
1229:at Shrewsbury, and
1005:Æthelbald of Mercia
936:, was conquered by
924:in what became the
906:south west Scotland
857:areas. In 577, the
601:Brythonic languages
147:Ffin Cymru a Lloegr
3915:Dominican Republic
3711:– via JSTOR.
3624:sites.rootsweb.com
3536:. 2 October 2018.
2692:on 3 November 2011
2452:A History of Wales
2229:Cross-border derby
2219:Berwick upon Tweed
2138:
2081:Angel of the North
2054:is in the English
1997:urban regeneration
1946:
1863:, within England.
1661:
1522:Earldom of Chester
1438:Dafydd ap Llywelyn
1397:in the north, and
1361:, Brecknockshire,
1335:
1283:Whittington Castle
1275:anarchy of Stephen
1215:William FitzOsbern
1197:
1153:Battle of Hastings
1080:
1003:abdicated in 726,
991:
823:
815:
698:Kingdom of Gwynedd
692:, and a number of
629:
585:
341:
333:
325:
258:Anglo-Welsh border
225:Current shape
202:160 miles (260 km)
3957:
3956:
3768:978-1-137-32058-2
3688:978-1-78316-019-8
2935:"LlanrothalAP/CP"
2851:978-0-7190-5325-2
2399:. 21 January 2017
1784:
1783:
1650:Cambria irredenta
1616:England and Wales
1596:Laws in Wales Act
1531:marcher lordships
1430:Prince of Gwynedd
1418:Tywysogaeth Cymru
1295:Marcher lordships
1195:, England (right)
886:Battle of Chester
859:Battle of Deorham
690:largely Christian
682:end of Roman rule
478:(in England) and
285:marcher lordships
246:
245:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4022:
3920:Caribbean France
3875:Irish Sea border
3865:England–Scotland
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3453:on 15 April 2012
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2608:English Heritage
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2447:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. 6 April 2010.
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2339:. 6 March 2013.
2329:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2279:Severnside derby
2269:Offa's Dyke Path
2244:History of Wales
1977:local government
1907:The border today
1664:
1660:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1475:Council of Wales
1303:motte and bailey
1231:Hugh d'Avranches
1173:1816 road bridge
1097:Edward the Elder
1093:Alfred the Great
1086:. The system of
1042:wrote that Offa
898:Northern England
745:kingdom of Gwent
714:Kingdom of Powys
710:Kingdom of Dyfed
702:Kingdom of Gwent
694:successor states
454:, following the
349:Wirral Peninsula
217:Construction of
191:
189:
188:
180:
178:
177:
157:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3879:
3836:English Channel
3810:
3804:
3769:
3753:
3751:Further reading
3748:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3534:BBC News Online
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3447:This is Bristol
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3099:"Monmouthshire"
3097:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2969:. 3 July 2017.
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2570:on 3 March 2016
2556:
2552:
2545:
2531:
2524:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2480:
2469:
2462:
2448:
2427:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2239:Debatable lands
2210:
2126:
2106:Welsh Secretary
1939:
1932:Bristol Channel
1920:
1914:
1909:
1893:Gloucestershire
1869:Church in Wales
1845:English Assizes
1820:
1814:
1792:
1659:
1604:Thomas Cromwell
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1471:Prince of Wales
1434:John of England
1422:Prince of Wales
1219:Chepstow Castle
1203:
1193:Gloucestershire
1161:
1023:in what became
997:
976:
904:, Cumbria, and
807:
621:
569:
567:Ancient Britain
564:
556:Gloucestershire
524:
508:Bristol Channel
456:Hatterall Ridge
452:Black Mountains
379:(in Wales) and
305:
229:
216:
186:
184:
175:
173:
165:Characteristics
160:
145:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3925:Pacific France
3922:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3903:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3816:United Kingdom
3812:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3714:
3687:
3667:
3641:
3611:
3581:
3564:www.ons.gov.uk
3551:
3521:
3495:
3464:
3434:
3404:
3378:
3352:
3326:
3300:
3274:
3247:
3221:
3210:(4): 793–807.
3194:
3177:
3168:
3142:
3127:, ed. (1911).
3125:Chisholm, Hugh
3116:
3087:
3073:
3059:
3045:
3031:
3020:
2984:
2952:
2926:
2914:
2888:
2876:
2857:
2850:
2830:
2804:
2778:
2748:
2722:
2703:
2676:
2662:
2651:
2625:
2595:
2581:
2550:
2543:
2522:
2499:
2492:
2467:
2460:
2425:
2410:
2384:
2354:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2182:English Maelor
2125:
2122:
2064:football club
2012:Welsh Assembly
1916:Main article:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1853:Rhymney valley
1816:Main article:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1658:
1655:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1447:Cyfraith Hywel
1343:Marchia Wallia
1287:Maelor Saesneg
1199:Main article:
1160:
1159:March of Wales
1157:
993:Main article:
975:
972:
968:Forest of Dean
871:Worcestershire
806:
803:
686:Romano-British
620:
617:
591:occupation of
581:Aulus Plautius
568:
565:
563:
560:
523:
520:
504:Severn estuary
367:, formerly an
304:
301:
266:Severn estuary
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
226:
222:
221:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
171:
167:
166:
162:
161:
158:
150:
149:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3949:
3947:
3946:United States
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:England–Wales
3868:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3010:
2994:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2966:UK Parliament
2962:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:. p. 17.
2869:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2546:
2544:0-7524-1958-7
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2493:0-7524-1917-X
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2461:0-14-028475-3
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2284:Welsh Marches
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Severn Bridge
2100:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:'s ground at
2067:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2001:public policy
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:, education,
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:in 1920, the
1958:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:Severn Bridge
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Herefordshire
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:George Thomas
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1812:Monmouthshire
1809:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:Welsh Bicknor
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1556:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1479:Ludlow Castle
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Pembrokeshire
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Monmouthshire
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1293:, but became
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Domesday Book
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1255:Gwent Is-coed
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Domesday Book
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1201:Welsh Marches
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:Monmouthshire
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Ine of Wessex
996:
989:in Shropshire
988:
984:
980:
971:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
951:
950:Herefordshire
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:West Midlands
923:
919:
915:
913:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Northumbrians
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
819:
811:
802:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
625:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
578:
573:
559:
557:
553:
552:Herefordshire
549:
545:
542:in Wales and
541:
540:Monmouthshire
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Severn Bridge
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Long Mountain
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Bangor-on-Dee
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:just west of
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
329:
322:
318:
314:
309:
300:
298:
297:Monmouthshire
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
242:
239:
235:
232:
227:
223:
220:
214:
210:
205:
201:
197:
194:
183:
172:
168:
163:
156:
151:
148:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
32:Welsh Marches
19:
3905:
3892:
3869:
3861:
3841:
3823:
3758:
3736:. Retrieved
3728:Wales Online
3727:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3677:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3593:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3563:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3478:The Guardian
3477:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3446:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3417:Wales Online
3416:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3381:
3369:. Retrieved
3355:
3343:. Retrieved
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3288:The Guardian
3287:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3259:. BBC News.
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3224:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:the original
3145:
3134:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3076:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3023:
2997:. Retrieved
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2964:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2929:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2891:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2840:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2813:"Threapwood"
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2679:
2665:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2561:
2558:Bapty, Ian.
2553:
2534:
2509:Forest Story
2508:
2502:
2483:
2451:
2419:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2327:
2307:
2298:
2140:In general,
2139:
2089:
2078:
2070:Deva Stadium
2066:Chester F.C.
2060:
2005:
1969:Welsh Office
1966:
1954:
1947:
1930:towards the
1897:River Monnow
1873:Welsh Office
1865:
1821:
1808:
1793:
1785:
1649:
1646:
1639:and most of
1612:jurisdiction
1593:
1529: Tudor
1506:Wales 1535
1460:
1445:
1407:
1353:and much of
1342:
1336:
1299:
1269:
1262:
1247:Gwent Levels
1204:
1148:
1126:
1100:
1081:
1053:Rushock Hill
1043:
1033:
998:
961:
953:
909:
900:, including
883:
824:
805:Medieval era
792:
778:
771:Isca Augusta
770:
760:
742:
725:
721:
720:tribe whose
679:
670:Isca Augusta
668:
658:
648:
630:
586:
558:in England.
525:
506:towards the
468:River Monnow
441:
421:Corndon Hill
401:River Severn
393:River Vyrnwy
345:salt marshes
342:
278:
257:
253:
249:
247:
146:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3985:English law
3849:Netherlands
3697:j.ctt9qhg9t
3488:16 December
2454:. Penguin.
2202:Shirenewton
2124:Place names
2114:South Wales
2110:Alun Cairns
2036:Offa's Dyke
2028:Llanymynech
1989:agriculture
1861:South Wales
1694:Litton and
1560:Wales 1536
1477:, based at
1432:, and King
1399:St. David's
1371:Whittington
1359:Radnorshire
1264:Perfeddwlad
1259:River Clwyd
1223:south Wales
1191:(left) and
1145:John Davies
1105:Archenfield
1035:Offa's Dyke
995:Offa's Dyke
983:Offa's Dyke
974:Offa's Dyke
954:Wreocensǣte
920:, based at
863:Cirencester
417:Churchstoke
397:Llanymynech
281:Offa's Dyke
262:Dee estuary
219:Offa's Dyke
212:Established
3964:Categories
3514:27 January
2924:April 2024
2886:April 2024
2517:B0006F5DCE
2319:References
2184:, such as
2052:Presteigne
2044:Montgomery
1955:Until the
1948:The first
1841:Charles II
1633:Huntington
1600:Henry VIII
1585:Threapwood
1355:Flintshire
1331:barons war
1141:Leominster
1118:Deheubarth
1065:Wye valley
1025:Flintshire
1021:Basingwerk
1013:Wat's Dyke
946:Shropshire
934:Shrewsbury
912:Hen Ogledd
902:Lancashire
894:Æthelfrith
799:Gloucester
787:in modern
726:Viroconium
660:Viroconium
548:Shropshire
528:Flintshire
516:Steep Holm
448:Hay-on-Wye
437:Presteigne
433:River Lugg
425:River Teme
419:including
413:Montgomery
411:. East of
375:, between
373:Flintshire
295:. Whether
117:March 2024
87:newspapers
3950:Venezuela
3678:A History
3544:2 October
3293:7 January
2178:Prestatyn
2166:Pontrilas
2087:funding.
2048:post town
2046:, as its
1993:fisheries
1928:southwest
1901:River Wye
1802:Kinnerton
1683:1753–1760
1458:dynasty.
1456:Aberffraw
1395:St. Asaph
1363:Glamorgan
1169:River Wye
1137:Morgannwg
1114:Hywel Dda
1110:Athelstan
1048:Cyril Fox
963:Magonsæte
958:Wrekinset
855:Hampshire
851:Cotswolds
789:Glamorgan
785:Glywysing
780:Ariconium
706:Glywysing
637:Deceangli
633:Ordovices
619:Roman era
512:Flat Holm
480:Skenfrith
476:Pontrilas
460:Llanthony
444:River Wye
409:Welshpool
353:River Dee
313:River Dee
303:Geography
3930:Honduras
3738:19 April
3732:Archived
3707:19 April
3701:Archived
3660:19 April
3654:Archived
3634:19 April
3628:Archived
3604:19 April
3598:Archived
3574:19 April
3568:Archived
3538:Archived
3508:Archived
3482:Archived
3421:Archived
3391:Archived
3365:Archived
3339:Archived
3313:Archived
3261:Archived
3234:Archived
3103:Archived
3009:cite web
2999:18 April
2977:18 April
2971:Archived
2945:21 March
2939:Archived
2907:21 March
2901:Archived
2823:21 March
2817:Archived
2797:21 March
2791:Archived
2771:18 April
2765:Archived
2741:21 March
2735:Archived
2719:: 106–8.
2644:18 April
2638:Archived
2618:18 April
2612:Archived
2377:31 March
2371:Archived
2347:25 March
2341:Archived
2208:See also
2198:Chepstow
2194:Knighton
2154:Trefonen
2146:Oswestry
2097:and the
2040:Chirbury
2030:where a
2024:Knighton
1926:Looking
1796:parishes
1670:Details
1637:Clifford
1403:Llandaff
1387:dioceses
1308:Monmouth
1243:Caldicot
1181:Chepstow
1084:Hereford
1069:Beachley
1061:Treuddyn
942:Cheshire
930:Pengwern
922:Tamworth
849:valley,
835:Somerset
767:Caerwent
718:Cornovii
675:Caerleon
665:Wroxeter
577:Claudius
544:Cheshire
496:Chepstow
488:Redbrook
484:Monmouth
429:Knighton
407:east of
389:Oswestry
237:Treaties
170:Entities
3938:Jamaica
3908:Bahamas
3855:Germany
3852:Belgium
3846:Denmark
3827:Ireland
2259:Lloegyr
2190:Newtown
2186:Overton
2174:Wrexham
2162:Kilpeck
2150:Gobowen
2085:Lottery
1973:housing
1857:Newport
1629:Wigmore
1608:England
1576:England
1546:England
1454:of the
1379:Wigmore
1339:Marches
1316:Newtown
1245:in the
1235:earldom
1211:William
1209:, King
1129:Gwynedd
1057:Kington
884:At the
879:Dobunni
749:Silures
722:civitas
667:), and
655:Chester
645:Silures
641:Demetae
609:Britons
597:Lloegyr
593:Britain
562:History
492:Tintern
369:exclave
361:Chester
357:Saltney
317:Farndon
270:England
256:or the
207:History
182:England
101:scholar
3896:Cyprus
3858:Norway
3765:
3695:
3685:
3457:18 May
3427:18 May
3397:18 May
3371:18 May
3345:18 May
3319:18 May
3267:18 May
3240:17 May
3161:18 May
3109:18 May
2848:
2696:18 May
2574:18 May
2541:
2515:
2490:
2458:
2403:12 May
2020:Audlem
1981:health
1871:. The
1696:Cascob
1583:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1391:Bangor
1377:, and
1312:Ludlow
1285:) and
1177:castle
1088:shires
1017:Severn
1009:Humber
999:After
918:Mercia
892:under
875:Hwicce
847:Thames
843:Wessex
839:Dorset
794:Glevum
775:Ergyng
738:Saxons
734:Angles
538:, and
365:Maelor
289:county
199:Length
190:
179:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3934:Haiti
3901:Spain
3693:JSTOR
2871:(PDF)
2717:LXXIX
2290:Notes
2180:; in
2170:Flint
2134:Welsh
1837:Welsh
1805:Snead
1691:1844
1641:Ewyas
1567:Wales
1452:court
1414:Welsh
1341:, or
1281:(see
1251:Welsh
1189:Wales
1055:near
1040:Asser
985:near
762:Venta
730:pagan
589:Roman
536:Powys
472:Pandy
470:near
458:past
385:Chirk
274:Wales
193:Wales
108:JSTOR
94:books
3911:Cuba
3763:ISBN
3740:2024
3709:2024
3683:ISBN
3662:2024
3636:2024
3606:2024
3576:2024
3546:2018
3516:2019
3490:2018
3459:2012
3429:2012
3399:2012
3373:2012
3347:2012
3321:2012
3295:2022
3269:2012
3242:2012
3163:2012
3111:2012
3015:link
3001:2024
2979:2024
2947:2024
2909:2024
2846:ISBN
2825:2024
2799:2024
2773:2024
2743:2024
2698:2012
2646:2024
2620:2024
2576:2012
2539:ISBN
2513:ASIN
2488:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2405:2017
2379:2013
2349:2017
2200:and
2192:and
2176:and
2164:and
2158:Clun
2152:and
2042:has
1995:and
1940:The
1899:and
1891:and
1777:1987
1769:1972
1761:1896
1753:1893
1745:1891
1737:1887
1729:1865
1721:1857
1675:1546
1667:Date
1625:Caus
1461:The
1408:The
1401:and
1393:and
1375:Clun
1337:The
1314:and
1175:and
1167:The
1029:Offa
987:Clun
948:and
910:"Yr
853:and
831:Bath
825:The
736:and
704:and
650:Deva
579:and
554:and
494:and
321:Holt
311:The
272:and
248:The
228:1972
80:news
3212:doi
2397:BBC
2118:VAT
2099:M48
2032:pub
1389:of
1179:at
1116:of
956:or
837:or
801:).
757:Wye
753:Usk
677:).
657:),
435:at
395:at
371:of
355:at
215:784
63:by
3966::
3730:.
3726:.
3699:.
3691:.
3652:.
3626:.
3622:.
3596:.
3592:.
3566:.
3562:.
3532:.
3480:.
3476:.
3445:.
3415:.
3286:.
3208:77
3206:.
3180:^
3133:.
3090:^
3011:}}
3007:{{
2963:.
2763:.
2759:.
2715:.
2636:.
2610:.
2606:.
2525:^
2470:^
2428:^
2395:.
2365:.
2335:.
2204:.
2172:,
2108:,
2092:M4
2058:.
1991:,
1987:,
1975:,
1903:.
1879:,
1635:,
1631:,
1428:,
1416::
1373:,
1310:,
1253::
1187:,
1171:,
1131:,
944:,
755:,
639:,
635:,
550:,
546:,
534:,
530:,
276:.
3838:)
3834:(
3799:e
3792:t
3785:v
3771:.
3742:.
3664:.
3638:.
3608:.
3578:.
3548:.
3518:.
3492:.
3461:.
3431:.
3401:.
3375:.
3349:.
3323:.
3297:.
3271:.
3244:.
3218:.
3214::
3165:.
3113:.
3070:.
3056:.
3042:.
3017:)
3003:.
2981:.
2949:.
2911:.
2854:.
2827:.
2801:.
2775:.
2745:.
2700:.
2673:.
2648:.
2622:.
2592:.
2578:.
2547:.
2519:.
2496:.
2464:.
2407:.
2381:.
2351:.
1412:(
1249:(
914:"
797:(
765:(
673:(
663:(
653:(
583:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
