244:.22 caliber rifle, which the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office had in its possession, but did not bother testing for nearly two months – was connected to two local teenagers, and had no connection whatsoever to any of the four suspects. Charges against the four, later dubbed the "Tucson Four" by the media, were dropped, resulting in a major controversy over the investigation.
342:
know; it was later revealed that the interrogators poisoned this part of the so-called confessions by placing the suspects in a staged room, complete with crime scene photos and written reports, in the hopes of rattling the nerve of the suspects before the interrogations began – which also fed so-called unknowable details to the suspects.
209:, Pairuch Kanthong; five monks, Surichai Anuttaro, Boochuay Chaiyarach, Chalerm Chantapim, Siang Ginggaeo, and Somsak Sopha; a nun, Foy Sripanpasert; her nephew, Matthew Miller, who was a novice monk; and a temple employee, Chirasak Chirapong. Their bodies were found later the same day by a cook who entered the temple.
341:
at the time said the interrogators hammered on the suspects until their will was broken, and that "after a while, they were willing to say anything." The
Sheriff's Office also put great credence in details the suspects confessed to, stating that they had information which only the perpetrators would
328:
Initial suspect McGraw, while offering tantalizing details on the shooting for months, was later found to be unreliable, as he had a history of making outlandish claims while he was in prison in 1988. The investigators, despite little evidence that placed McGraw or the others anywhere near the crime
267:
to the temple and robbed it of approximately $ 2,600 and some A/V equipment. Garcia claimed that Doody panicked, thinking that one of the monks had recognized him as a brother of a temple-goer, then shot all of the victims in the head with the rifle, while Garcia shot four of them again in the torso
284:. Garcia pleaded guilty in 1993 to avoid the death penalty and was sentenced to 271 years in prison. Doody was convicted in 1994 and sentenced to 281 years in prison. Garcia, along with his girlfriend Michelle Hoover, also pled guilty to murdering Alice Cameron two months after the temple massacre.
332:
It was also discovered that the investigation was beginning to focus on Doody and Garcia following the discovery of the murder weapon. But that part of the investigation stopped after McGraw's phone call led to the Tucson Four's arrest – the actual murder weapon sat behind a door in a detective's
236:
deputies, confessed in writing following the interrogation. The fourth suspect maintained his innocence through two extensive rounds of interrogation and was later released, after investigators finally looked into his alibi and found video evidence showing him working at a dog racing operation
345:
The initial suspects, excluding McGraw, later filed lawsuits against
Maricopa County, and in 1994, two received $ 1.1 million each (equivalent to $ 2.3 million in 2023), while a third received $ 240,000 (equivalent to $ 493,000 in 2023).
336:
Eventually, it was discovered that the men were coerced into confessing, with investigators extracting false confessions by exaggerating evidence, badgering them with leading questions, and threatening the death penalty. A homicide chief for
515:
480:
419:, having been confiscated when found during a traffic stop on the base as it was the type of weapon the Sheriff's Office was looking for. The rifle was then left sitting behind a random door at the Sheriff's Office for weeks.
717:
629:
428:
Doody was not eligible for the death penalty because he was 17 at the time of the murders. Execution of anyone for crimes committed while they were under the age of 18 was held to be unconstitutional in 2005 with the
731:
695:
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1289:
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ruled in 2011 that Doody's confession was illegally coerced. Gary L. Stuart, a lawyer with deep knowledge of the case, said Doody's confession never should have stood up in court at the 1994 trial.
287:
Doody's attorneys later appealed, claiming Doody's father had not been present during the interrogation and that Doody's confession was not voluntary because authorities improperly administered the
232:
Three of the four men, some having been kept awake for more than 30 hours and all interrogated for long periods – one for 13 hours straight – by shifts of well-rested
787:
918:"Youth Pleads Guilty to Buddhist Massacre : Murder: He agrees to testify against accomplice in deal that spares him the death penalty. Slayings in Phoenix temple had been well-planned"
1735:
469:
504:
948:
591:
618:
263:
in
Thailand. That led the investigation to Doody and 16-year-old Allesandro Garcia (born June 12, 1975). According to Garcia, he and Doody went with the .22-caliber rifle and his
329:
scene at the time of the crime, deemed McGraw a reliable witness because they believed he was hospitalized as a psychiatric patient only out of suicidal guilt over the killings.
1282:
229:
were arrested. Mike McGraw, a patient in a mental hospital in Tucson, had called sheriff's investigators in
Maricopa County, saying he knew who did it and providing names.
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1275:
1878:
1118:"Arizona Murder Probes Put Wrong Men Behind Bars : Crime: Experts say the interrogation techniques used show how the innocent can be pushed into confessions"
1084:
301:
The third trial concluded in
January 2014 and found Doody guilty on all counts, including the nine murders. The jury based its findings on Garcia's testimony and
685:
378:
agent at the time, campaigned on a promise to restore credibility to the office. Agnos was eventually defeated by Arpaio in the
November 1992 general election.
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994:
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408:
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51:
1863:
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1319:
718:"Johnathan Doody who killed nine people, including six monks and a nun at a Phoenix temple gets 249 years in prison"
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1396:
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Interrogation techniques similar to those used on the Tucson Four were also used against Doody and Garcia and the
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The initial arrests of the Tucson Four have generated controversy over how the investigation was conducted.
1818:
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with the shotgun. According to Garcia, the crime had been planned and leaving no witnesses was part of it.
259:
belonging to a 16-year-old, in the car of a friend of 17-year-old
Johnathan Doody, an ethnic Thai born in
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1372:
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174:
1448:
1348:
541:
446:, which allowed the execution of perpetrators over the age of 16 if they committed a capital offense.
686:"Old Time Crime: Two teenagers held responsible for a mass murder that caused international outrage"
1803:
1576:
1267:
1718:
1419:
302:
1066:
1843:
1582:
1235:
Innocent Until
Interrogated: The True Story of the Buddhist Temple Massacre and the Tucson Four
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260:
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during the early hours of August 10. The victims were all linked to the temple and either
8:
1174:
665:
475:
416:
281:
77:
439:. At the time of Doody and Garcia's original conviction, controlling case law was still
305:. Doody was sentenced to 9 consecutive life terms. Johnathan Doody is imprisoned at the
1659:
1606:
1378:
1325:
949:"On the 25th anniversary of infamous Buddhist temple murders, community honors victims"
827:
470:"The Charleston shooting is the largest mass shooting in a house of worship since 1991"
182:
505:"27 years later, Waddell Buddhist temple commemorates victims of 1991 temple massacre"
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The victims were shot in the back of the head and placed face down in a circle.
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169:, killing nine people. At the time, this was the deadliest mass shooting at a
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144:
137:
133:
1085:"Montini: Arpaio tweets a reminder about how a mass murder made him sheriff"
1197:"Penzone wins Maricopa County Sheriff race; Arpaio loses bid for 7th term"
366:
The investigation led to public outrage over then-Maricopa County
Sheriff
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722:
198:
71:
55:
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and again in 2011. Doody's second trial resulted in a mistrial in 2013.
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1588:
619:"Judge declares mistrial in temple killings retrial of Johnathan Doody"
371:
367:
317:
The investigation process into the murders is now viewed as botched.
240:
It was later discovered one of the murder weapons – a
1297:
181:
in Texas in 2017. As of 2024, it is the deadliest mass shooting in
177:
in 2015, which also killed nine people, and then superseded by the
1834:
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in the United States
158:
1201:
1018:
690:
124:
59:
581:"Jurors find Johnathan Doody guilty in Buddhist temple massacre"
253:
85:
1041:"Arizona man gets nine life terms for Buddhist temple murders"
1014:"Arizona man gets nine life terms for Buddhist temple murders"
256:
88:
140:
777:"Valley Buddhist temple massacre has had lasting impact"
1149:
1137:
882:
842:
616:
Merrill, Laurie; Otarola, Miguel (October 24, 2013).
1078:
1076:
942:
940:
775:
769:
617:
579:
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390:– Thailand politician with involvement in the case
370:. It eventually turned into a campaign issue when
237:hundreds of miles away at the time of the murder.
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749:
652:"Teen-ager convicted in Buddhist temple massacre"
312:
294:Doody's conviction was overturned in 2008 by the
1795:
173:in U.S. history, until it was paralleled by the
1879:Massacres in religious buildings and structures
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937:
1011:
915:
860:
746:
615:
466:
1824:Mass murder in the United States in the 1990s
1283:
995:"Arizona mass murderer gets 9 life sentences"
193:The shooting happened at the Wat Promkunaram
1829:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1991
1111:
1109:
1107:
903:, MUGSHOTS.COM. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
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664:. July 13, 1993. p. A12 – via
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132:In the early hours of August 10, 1991, a
1859:History of Buddhism in the United States
1809:1991 mass shootings in the United States
1104:
977:"Plea deal rejected for teen in killing"
854:
606:
276:Both men were charged with the crime of
1839:August 1991 crimes in the United States
1115:
1082:
1005:
946:
802:
773:
679:
677:
675:
501:
467:Pulliam Bailey, Sarah (June 18, 2015).
407:The weapon had been turned over to the
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1143:
906:
888:
848:
577:
566:
539:
535:
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333:office for weeks before being tested.
1271:
1167:
116:Johnathan Doody and Allesandro Garcia
1116:Sahagun, Louis (February 13, 1993).
774:Hermann, William (August 14, 2011).
683:
672:
578:Kiefer, Michael (January 23, 2014).
540:Martin, Philip (December 11, 1991).
271:
1732:mass shootings in the United States
1299:Mass shootings in the United States
1161:
974:
530:
13:
1894:Thai diaspora in the United States
1854:Events in Maricopa County, Arizona
1589:Colebrook, NH & Bloomfield, VT
1170:"Ex-sheriff Agnos commits suicide"
947:Egeland, Alexis (August 6, 2016).
916:Laughlin Laura (January 7, 1993).
710:
502:Vandell, Perry (August 20, 2018).
252:Police found the murder weapon, a
225:After the shooting, four men from
220:
179:Sutherland Springs church shooting
14:
1905:
1814:1991 murders in the United States
1012:David Schwartz (March 14, 2014).
1168:Smith, Kim (December 21, 2004).
826:. Season - Specials. Episode 4.
409:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
339:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
247:
234:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
215:
22:Waddell Buddhist temple shooting
1244:The University of Arizona Press
1189:
1059:
1033:
987:
968:
894:
868:The University of Arizona Press
861:Gary L. Stuart (12 July 2017).
790:from the original on 2015-05-31
734:from the original on 2016-06-23
698:from the original on 2016-06-23
632:from the original on 2015-06-19
594:from the original on 2015-03-28
554:from the original on 2021-04-17
518:from the original on 2021-09-19
483:from the original on 2015-06-21
422:
401:
1884:Massacres in the United States
1869:Robberies in the United States
1083:Montini, EJ (August 8, 2016).
644:
495:
460:
413:U.S. Air Force Security Police
320:
313:Controversy over investigation
307:La Palma Correctional Facility
1:
863:"Innocent Until Interrogated"
453:
1849:Deaths by firearm in Arizona
901:Profile – Allessandro Garcia
684:Enea, Joe (August 8, 2016).
356:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
296:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
7:
381:
188:
159:
10:
1910:
175:Charleston church shooting
1864:Mass shootings in Arizona
1728:
1681:
1628:
1557:
1534:
1511:
1482:
1435:
1406:
1341:
1306:
818:The Buddhist Monk Murders
361:
148:
120:
112:
104:
96:
65:
45:
37:
26:
21:
1232:Stuart, Gary L. (2010).
542:"The Sheriff's Suspects"
394:
349:
16:1991 shooting in Arizona
303:circumstantial evidence
1780:33.53064°N 112.42979°W
1785:33.53064; -112.42979
1642:Jefferson County, AR
1636:Craighead County, AR
1467:Garden City Park, NY
1426:Great Barrington, MA
1090:The Arizona Republic
981:The Arizona Republic
954:The Arizona Republic
783:The Arizona Republic
625:The Arizona Republic
587:The Arizona Republic
511:The Arizona Republic
442:Stanford v. Kentucky
1819:Mass murder in 1991
1776: /
1577:North Hollywood, CA
1175:East Valley Tribune
1067:"Inmate Datasearch"
666:Google News Archive
476:The Washington Post
417:Luke Air Force Base
374:, who was a former
282:first-degree murder
78:pump-action shotgun
1314:Quitman County, MS
1209:. November 8, 2016
828:Medstar Television
823:Medical Detectives
730:. March 15, 2014.
161:Wat Phrom Khunaram
1889:Murder in Arizona
1874:Massacres in 1991
1759:
1758:
1571:New York City, NY
1525:New York City, NY
1455:San Francisco, CA
1253:978-0-8165-2924-7
1123:Los Angeles Times
1001:. March 14, 2014.
983:. Newspapers.com.
923:Los Angeles Times
547:Phoenix New Times
272:Legal proceedings
157:
143:Wat Promkunaram (
130:
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41:August 9–10, 1991
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1736:1980s and before
1734:by time period (
1613:West Paducah, KY
1461:Fayetteville, NC
1326:Jacksonville, FL
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1207:Associated Press
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1047:. March 14, 2014
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436:Roper v. Simmons
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388:Mano Laohavanich
265:20-gauge shotgun
171:place of worship
167:Waddell, Arizona
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31:Waddell, Arizona
19:
18:
1909:
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1804:1991 in Arizona
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1707:Los Angeles, CA
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1654:Springfield, OR
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1607:Channelview, TX
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1045:Chicago Tribune
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433:'s decision in
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289:Miranda warning
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242:Marlin Firearms
223:
221:Initial arrests
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195:Buddhist temple
191:
183:Arizona history
141:Buddhist temple
83:Marlin Model 60
48:
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12:
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1713:Fort Worth, TX
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1666:Washington, DC
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1542:Moses Lake, WA
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1414:Olivehurst, CA
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1373:Youngstown, OH
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1320:Las Cruces, NM
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1158:, p. 122.
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1032:
1004:
986:
967:
936:
905:
893:
891:, p. 258.
881:
853:
851:, p. 121.
841:
830:. 2001-10-22.
801:
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709:
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149:วัดพรหมคุณาราม
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1695:Las Vegas, NV
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1689:Columbine, CO
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1761:
1719:Honolulu, HI
1672:Muskegon, MI
1648:Edinboro, PA
1521:(Jun. 17–21)
1443:Palatine, IL
1366:
1332:Berkeley, CA
1328:(Jun. 17–18)
1301:in the 1990s
1257:. Retrieved
1234:
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203:Thai descent
192:
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136:occurred at
131:
113:Perpetrators
1783: /
1771:112°25′47″W
1701:Atlanta, GA
1583:Detroit, MI
1548:Jackson, MS
1519:NJ & NY
1496:Gadsden, AL
1490:Bucyrus, OH
1449:Langley, VA
1420:Houston, TX
1379:Killeen, TX
1367:Waddell, AZ
1156:Stuart 2010
1144:Stuart 2010
889:Stuart 2010
849:Stuart 2010
723:News.com.au
321:Tucson Four
261:Nakon Nayok
254:.22-caliber
86:.22-caliber
72:Stevens 67E
56:mass murder
47:Attack type
1798:Categories
1768:33°31′50″N
1660:Tacoma, WA
1619:Bartow, FL
1565:Bethel, AK
1473:Aurora, CO
1397:Austin, TX
1361:Denver, CO
1355:Florin, CA
1349:Boston, MA
1259:August 16,
1213:August 16,
1181:August 16,
1129:August 16,
1096:August 16,
960:August 16,
874:August 16,
794:August 16,
738:August 15,
702:August 15,
558:August 15,
522:August 15,
454:References
372:Joe Arpaio
1715:(Sep. 15)
1709:(Aug. 10)
1703:(Jul. 29)
1691:(Apr. 20)
1674:(Nov. 29)
1668:(Jul. 24)
1650:(Apr. 24)
1644:(Mar. 25)
1638:(Mar. 24)
1609:(Nov. 13)
1601:Pearl, MS
1597:(Sep. 15)
1595:Aiken, SC
1591:(Aug. 19)
1585:(Mar. 11)
1579:(Feb. 28)
1573:(Feb. 23)
1567:(Feb. 19)
1550:(Apr. 25)
1498:(Apr. 16)
1492:(Feb. 13)
1475:(Dec. 14)
1451:(Jan. 25)
1428:(Dec. 14)
1422:(Jun. 20)
1393:(Nov. 14)
1381:(Oct. 16)
1369:(Aug. 10)
1363:(Jun. 16)
1351:(Jan. 12)
1334:(Sep. 28)
1322:(Feb. 10)
1226:Citations
999:USA Today
368:Tom Agnos
1730:Part of
1721:(Nov. 2)
1697:(Jun. 3)
1662:(Jul. 5)
1656:(May 21)
1621:(Dec. 3)
1615:(Dec. 1)
1603:(Oct. 1)
1544:(Feb. 2)
1527:(Dec. 8)
1504:(Nov. 7)
1469:(Dec. 7)
1463:(Aug. 6)
1457:(Jul. 1)
1445:(Jan. 8)
1399:(Dec. 6)
1387:(Nov. 1)
1375:(Sep. 2)
1357:(Apr. 4)
1316:(Feb. 2)
1025:June 19,
929:June 19,
788:Archived
732:Archived
696:Archived
636:June 19,
630:Archived
598:June 19,
592:Archived
552:Archived
516:Archived
487:June 20,
481:Archived
382:See also
189:Overview
75:20-gauge
27:Location
1416:(May 1)
1202:KSAZ-TV
1051:May 26,
1019:Reuters
691:KNXV-TV
657:The Day
411:by the
156::
125:Robbery
105:Injured
66:Weapons
60:robbery
1250:
444:(1989)
362:Legacy
227:Tucson
205:: the
201:or of
121:Motive
97:Deaths
33:, U.S.
1752:2020s
1748:2010s
1744:2000s
1740:1990s
395:Notes
350:Doody
257:rifle
207:abbot
199:Thais
165:) in
89:rifle
1682:1999
1629:1998
1558:1997
1535:1996
1512:1995
1483:1994
1436:1993
1407:1992
1342:1991
1307:1990
1261:2020
1248:ISBN
1215:2020
1183:2020
1131:2020
1098:2020
1053:2024
1027:2015
962:2020
931:2015
876:2020
796:2020
740:2020
704:2020
638:2015
600:2015
560:2020
524:2020
489:2015
280:and
154:RTGS
145:Thai
138:Thai
38:Date
832:TLC
820:".
376:DEA
1800::
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100:9
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