51:
230:
389:
or the
Marabout War, overthrowing the ruling aristocracy of Waalo (among other Senegal river kingdoms) in an attempt to establish an Islamic theocracy. Upon his death in 1674, however, his movement collapsed and the old hierarchies, aligned with Arab Hassan tribes north of the river and vigorously
590:
Waalo had its own traditional
African religion. Islam was initially the province of the elite, but in the aftermath of Marabout War the ruling class increasingly rejected it while it become more and more widespread among the ruled. The Brak himself converted only in the 19th century.
417:
into concessions. His attempt at secession from Waalo failed when the French company stopped their support. By 1734 Yerim
Mbyanik had the most powerful army in the region. His rule and that of his two successors, Njaam Aram Bakar and Naatago Aram, was the apogee of Waalo-Waalo power.
438:
of Cayor counterattacked, armed with
English guns, and soundly defeated the Waalo-Waalo. After Naatago's death in 1766 a long civil war broke out, with the Moors constantly intervening and raiding. In 1775 the English took more than 8000 slaves from Waalo in less than six months.
318:
from Takrur, united the
Lamanes and ruled Waalo for 16 years as an arbiter or judge rather than king before, according to some oral accounts, being driven out by his half brother Barka Bo, or Barka Mbodj. After this, Ndiaye took control of Jolof and founded the
1747:
Barry, Boubacar. 'The
Subordination of Power and Mercantile Economy: The Kingdom of Waalo 1600-1831 "in The Political Economy of Under-Development, Dependence in Senegal by Rita Cruise O'Brien (Ed.) Sage Series on African Mod. and Dev., Vol. 3. California.
425:
had total control over river trade. Naatago repeatedly demanded increases in customs payments and slave prices, and blockaded the island when necessary. In 1762 he appropriated payments from Cayor intended for Saint-Louis, and two years later invaded.
1625:
330:
Europeans first appeared off the coast of Waalo in the 15th century, and soon began trading. This caused a significant shift in economic power away from the Jolof heartland towards coastal vassals such as Waalo and
467:
married the Emir of Trarza in 1833. Faced with an alliance that could threaten the survival of the colony, Saint Louis attacked Waalo, deepening the long-running crisis. Njembot Mbodj was succeeded by her sister
1773:. Extrait du portrait de cette reine sénégalaise du 19e siècle que nous dresse Sylvia Serbin dans son ouvrage « Reines d’Afrique et héroïnes de la diaspora noire » (Editions Sépia) Par Sylvia Serbin.
421:
Through the middle decades of the 18th century, Waalo exerted hegemony over the entire
Senegal estuary and dominated Cayor as well. When the English took Saint-Louis in 1758 they found that the
599:
Waalo played an integral role in the slave trade in the
Senegal river valley, with most captives coming from regions upriver, often captured in war or slaving raids. Other trade goods included
516:
culture in
Senegal today, especially its highly formalized and rigid caste system. The kingdom was indirectly hereditary, ruled by three matrilineal families: the Logar, the Tedyek, and the
575:
dominated the area. There was also a complicated hierarchy of officials and dignitaries. Women had high positions and figured prominently in the political and military history of Waalo.
1673:
Weikert, Imche (2013). "Les souveraines dans les systèmes politiques duaux en
Afrique: L'exemple de la lingeer au Sénégal". In Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Hirsch, Bertrand (eds.).
397:
forces came south to the Senegal river, forcing the Brak to move the capital from Ngurbel to the south bank and permanently breaking the kingdom's control on the north side.
269:. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emirates; to the south was the kingdom of
205:
582:, such as the Bethio. Shifting allegiances between these powerful nobles, the Brak, other kingdoms, and the French of Saint-Louis led to a series of civil wars.
442:
With recurring civil war and frequent foreign meddling in succession disputes, Waalo's power declined progressively in favor of the Moorish Emirate of Trarza.
354:
The Jolof empire broke up in the aftermath of the battle of Danki in 1549, though the Brak continued to pay symbolic tribute to the Bourba Jolof until 1715.
1457:
Ndiaye, Bara (2021). "Le Jolof: Naissance et Evolution d'un Empire jusqu'a la fin du XVIIe siecle". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).
1822:
405:
In another attempt to further strengthen their economic position in the Senegal valley, in 1724 the French allied with Maalixuri, the lord of
618:
Waalo was paid fees for every boatload of gum arabic or slaves that was shipped on the river, in return for its "protection" of the trade.
486:
362:
In 1638, the French established the first permanent European trading settlement at the mouth of the Senegal River, moving to the site of
1598:
1807:
1802:
544:
is the matriarch and early ancestor of this dynasty. These matrilineal families engaged in constant dynastic struggles to become "
310:
The exact founding date of Waalo is debated by historians, but is associated with the rule of the first king, the semi-legendary
298:
title meaning the original owner of the land. Etymological evidence suggests that the area was ruled by the Jaa'ogo dynasty of
1692:
1792:
1447:
Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)", in Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3-4, 1986–1987. p. 19
457:. His forces, led by general Dille Thiam, took control of Waalo instead. The French intervened however, and killed Thiam.
1408:
340:
1779:
in Sites et Monuments historiques du Senegal, Center of Resources for the Emergence of Social Participation, Senegal.
1725:
1817:
343:, may have established his own control over Waalo during this period, and is credited with creating a system of
1566:
571:
terms that initially meant 'masters of initiation', and originate from the period before Ndiadiane Ndiaye when
521:
1767:
at the website of the national office of statistics, La RĂ©publique Islamique de Mauritanie : www.ons.mr.
1674:
1797:
1744:
Barry, Boubacar. Le Royaume du Waalo Le Sénégal avant la Conquête" François Maspéro. 393 pages. Paris 1972.
1494:
101:
1812:
1599:"Senegambia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century: evolution of the Wolof, Sereer and 'Tukuloor'"
1556:
290:
Oral histories claim that, before becoming a kingdom, the area of Waalo was ruled by a patchwork of
1368:
50:
517:
378:
24:
567:, that consisted of three great electors who selected the next king. Their titles come from
545:
529:
367:
363:
347:
who served as customs collectors for the Buurba Jolof. He later attempted to ally with the
557:
469:
8:
626:
In all, Waalo had 52 kings since its founding. Names and dates taken from John Stewart's
533:
512:
Waalo had a complicated political and social system, which has a continuing influence on
460:
To stop the cripplying Moorish raids and present a unified front against the French, the
453:
Ndiaga Issa, who had amassed significant political power in Cayor, was driven out by the
20:
1558:
Desert frontier : ecological and economic change along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850
370:. The French presence would have a decisive effect on the rest of the history of Waalo.
1698:
552:" means queen or royal princess, used by the Serer and Wolof. Several Lingeer, notably
541:
223:
1721:
1702:
1688:
1603:
General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1562:
1404:
414:
1758:
1684:
1680:
1676:
Les ruses de l'historien. Essais d'Afrique et d'ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue
653:
311:
1776:
537:
548:" or king of Waalo, as well as warring with Waalo's neighbors. The royal title "
1594:
386:
250:
91:
1786:
568:
553:
506:
490:
464:
450:
274:
258:
1679:. Hommes et sociétés (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. pp. 15–29.
525:
513:
498:
324:
320:
295:
152:
76:
1764:
1626:"ISLAM AND THE STATE OF KAJOOR: A CASE OF SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE TO JIHAD"
366:
in 1659 while facing consistent military and political pressure from the
336:
315:
600:
494:
266:
1770:
351:
to take power, but was killed by his erstwhile allies in a dispute.
502:
446:
382:
348:
81:
64:
1435:
Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle)
604:
549:
461:
394:
374:
262:
612:
572:
472:
in 1847, but the French finally conquered the kingdom in 1855.
406:
299:
291:
210:
608:
454:
332:
270:
105:
323:. Barka Mbodj was the first ruler to use the royal title '
501:
on the south bank of the river. The capital was moved to
1401:
Les épopées d'Afrique noire: Le myth de Ndiadiane Ndiaye
1561:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 29.
1660:
Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
314:, in the 13th or 14th century. Ndiaye, originally a
1496:
Encyclopedia Of African History And Culture, Vol. 2
373:Partly in response to the shift in trade away from
1537:Le royaume du Waalo: le Senegal avant la conquete
390:supported by the French, re-asserted themselves.
1784:
1459:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle
563:The Brak ruled with a kind of legislature, the
1461:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 187.
1398:
560:ruled Waalo in their own right or as regents.
1771:Ndete Yalla, dernière reine du Walo (Sénégal)
357:
1399:Dieng, Bassirou; Kesteloot, Lilyan (2009).
327:'. Ndiaye eventually made Waalo a vassal.
1823:States and territories established in 1287
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
49:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
578:Provinces were ruled by semi-independent
141:• Waalo founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye
1662:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 179.
1471:
1432:
1394:
1392:
1219:
1715:
1709:
1672:
1657:
1479:. Paris: Karthala Editions. p. 63.
1417:
611:, as well as the foodstuffs, primarily
1785:
1623:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1511:
1499:(E-book ed.). The Learning Source
1488:
1486:
1456:
1437:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
1593:
1534:
1389:
485:The royal capital of Waalo was first
1777:NDIOURBEL: Première capital du Waalo
1554:
1582:
1543:
1483:
1441:
489:(Guribel) on the north bank of the
400:
13:
1752:
1720:. London: McFarland. p. 288.
14:
1834:
1492:
621:
615:upon which Saint-Louis depended.
164:-1549 (de facto) / 1715 (de jure)
1624:Colvin, Lucie Gallistel (1974).
1403:. Paris: Karthala. p. 255.
228:
203:
1808:Political history of Mauritania
1803:Countries in precolonial Africa
1738:
1685:10.3917/kart.fauve.2013.01.0015
1666:
1651:
1617:
261:in West Africa, in what is now
1465:
1450:
524:backgrounds. The Joos were of
1:
1382:
853:N'dyak Kumba-gi tyi Ngelogan
480:
257:) was a kingdom on the lower
158:
16:Former kingdom in West Africa
1375:
1372:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1300:
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1286:
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1023:
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1009:
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942:
939:
928:
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914:
911:
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897:
886:
883:
872:
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830:
827:
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771:
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746:
743:
732:
729:
718:
715:
702:
699:
688:
685:
674:
671:
660:
657:
532:was established in Waalo by
102:African traditional religion
7:
1793:Former monarchies of Africa
585:
305:
170:• French colonization
10:
1839:
1761:Senegal Traditional States
1658:Sheldon, Kathleen (2016).
1633:Journal of African History
1539:. Paris: Francois Maspero.
1175:N'dyak Aram Bakar Teedyek
594:
475:
429:
285:
280:
18:
1718:African States and Rulers
1147:Yerim Mbanyik Aram Bakar
881:N'dyak Ko N'Dyay Mbanyik
825:N'dyak Kumba Sam Dyakekh
628:African States and Rulers
505:on the west shore of the
393:During this same period,
358:The French and the Desert
182:
178:
168:
149:
139:
135:
127:
119:
111:
97:
87:
70:
60:
48:
43:
31:
1601:. In Ogot, B. A. (ed.).
1535:Barry, Boubacar (1972).
1217:Yerim Mbanyik Anta Dyop
1472:Boulègue, Jean (1987).
1433:Boulegue, Jean (2013).
1270:N'dyak Kumba Khuri Yay
1228:Yerim Khode Fara Mbuno
1077:Fara Penda Langan Dyam
867:N'dyak Kumba-Nan Sango
1818:1855 disestablishments
1716:Stewart, John (1989).
1493:Davis, R. Hunt (ed.).
1476:, (XVIII - XVI Siècle)
1203:Meu Mbody Kumba Khedy
923:Yerim Mbanyik Konegil
413:Yerim Mbyanik and the
377:tribes to the French,
254:
44:13th-14th century–1855
1284:Saayodo Yaasin Mbody
1119:Naatago Kbaari Daaro
88:Common languages
25:Joos Maternal Dynasty
19:Further information:
1765:Présentation du pays
1555:Webb, James (1995).
1340:Fara Penda Adam Sal
993:Naatago Fara N'dyak
1798:Kingdoms of Senegal
1759:WORLD STATESMEN.org
1354:Kherfi Khari Daano
1256:Fara Penda Teg Rel
1161:Naatago Aram Bakar
1133:Beur Tyaaka Loggar
965:Fara Penda Teg Rel
534:Lingeer Ndoye Demba
151:• part of the
21:Lingeer Ndoye Demba
1813:French West Africa
1326:Yerim Mbanyik Teg
1312:Amar Faatim Borso
1242:N'dyak Khuri Dyop
1189:Yerim N'date Bubu
979:Tykaaka Daro Khot
542:Lingeer Fatim Beye
540:. Her grandmother
409:, to pressure the
339:, a member of the
273:; to the east was
224:French West Africa
1694:978-2-8111-0939-4
1380:
1379:
1369:Mbeu Mbody Maalik
1105:Fara Aysa Naalem
1035:Tani Fara N'dyak
1021:Fara Penda Dyeng
558:Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
445:In the 1820s the
415:Emirate of Trarza
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
216:
215:
145:13th-14th century
1830:
1732:
1731:
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1707:
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1615:
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1504:
1490:
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1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1415:
1414:
1396:
909:Meumbody N'dyak
633:
632:
522:different ethnic
401:A Regional Power
312:Ndiadiane Ndiaye
232:
231:
220:
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207:
206:
200:
199:
184:
183:
163:
160:
53:
29:
28:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1783:
1782:
1755:
1753:Further reading
1748:pp. 39–63.
1741:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1695:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1642:
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1618:
1608:
1606:
1595:Barry, Boubacar
1592:
1583:
1573:
1571:
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1500:
1491:
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1455:
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1442:
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1418:
1411:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1091:Fara Ko Ndaama
811:Dembaane Yerim
624:
597:
588:
530:Serer matriclan
483:
478:
432:
403:
385:, launched the
360:
308:
288:
283:
229:
204:
171:
161:
155:
142:
80:
75:
56:
39:
34:
33:Kingdom of Walo
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1726:
1708:
1693:
1665:
1650:
1616:
1581:
1567:
1542:
1510:
1482:
1474:Le Grand Jolof
1464:
1449:
1440:
1416:
1410:978-2811102104
1409:
1387:
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1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Fara Koy Dyop
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:Fara Koy Dyon
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
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1008:
1007:Naatago Yerim
1005:
1001:
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997:
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987:
986:
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977:
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927:
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902:
899:
896:
895:Mbany Naatago
893:
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749:
748:
745:
742:
741:Yerim Mbanyik
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:Amadu Faaduma
725:
721:
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709:
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646:
643:
640:
637:
623:
622:Kings of Waalo
620:
596:
593:
587:
584:
482:
479:
477:
474:
431:
428:
402:
399:
387:Char Bouba War
359:
356:
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287:
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72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
55:Waalo ca. 1850
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1835:
1824:
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1819:
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1801:
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1791:
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1772:
1769:
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1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1727:0-89950-390-X
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
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1604:
1600:
1596:
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1588:
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1559:
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507:Lac de Guiers
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1641:. Retrieved
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1609:16 September
1607:. Retrieved
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697:Tyaaka Mbar
683:Barka Mbody
642:Reign Start
627:
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434:In 1765 the
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341:royal family
329:
321:Jolof Empire
309:
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193:Succeeded by
192:
187:
153:Jolof Empire
36:
1574:25 December
937:Yerim Kode
797:Mbay Yerim
783:Fara Yerim
669:Mbang Waad
654:N'Dya-N'Dya
565:Seb Ak Baor
520:, all from
493:(in modern
470:Ndate Yalle
381:, a Berber
379:Nasr ad-Din
364:Saint-Louis
337:Buumi Jelen
188:Preceded by
162: 1350
1787:Categories
1643:4 December
1568:0299143309
1383:References
951:Fara Toko
839:Fara Khet
645:Reign End
601:gum arabic
495:Mauritania
481:Government
349:Portuguese
267:Mauritania
112:Government
74:Ndiourbel;
1703:246907590
487:Ndiourbel
98:Religion
1639:(4): 604
1605:. UNESCO
1597:(1992).
755:Tyukuli
630:(1989).
586:Religion
499:Ndiangué
497:), then
447:marabout
395:Moroccan
383:Marabout
345:alkaldes
306:Founding
115:Monarchy
77:Ndiangué
712:unknown
605:leather
595:Economy
550:Lingeer
476:Society
462:Lingeer
430:Decline
292:Lamanes
286:Origins
281:History
263:Senegal
128:History
71:Capital
65:Kingdom
1724:
1701:
1691:
1565:
1503:18 May
1407:
613:millet
607:, and
580:Kangam
573:Takrur
569:Pulaar
407:Bethio
375:Berber
300:Takrur
211:Takrur
131:
123:
61:Status
1699:S2CID
1629:(PDF)
1376:1855
1373:1840
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689:1225
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672:1202
661:1202
658:1186
639:Name
609:ivory
526:Serer
514:Wolof
455:damel
436:Damel
333:Cayor
296:Serer
275:Jolof
271:Cayor
255:Waalo
251:Wolof
247:Waalo
106:Islam
92:Wolof
37:Waalo
1722:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1645:2023
1611:2023
1576:2023
1563:ISBN
1505:2023
1405:ISBN
556:and
546:Brak
538:Sine
518:Joos
503:Nder
451:Koki
423:Brak
411:Brak
368:Brak
325:Brak
316:Fula
294:, a
265:and
174:1855
120:Brak
82:Nder
23:and
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1789::
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159:c.
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249:(
79:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
