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523:. The British retaliated by hanging at least five Boers for insurrection. In 1828, the Cape governor declared that all native inhabitants but slaves were to have the rights of "citizens", in respect of security and property ownership, on parity with the settlers. This had the effect of further alienating the colony's white population. Boer resentment of successive British administrators continued to grow throughout the late 1820s and early 1830s, especially with the official imposition of the English language. This replaced Dutch with English as the language used in the Cape's judicial and political systems, putting the Boers at a disadvantage, as most spoke little or no English.
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1276:'s written eye-witness account survived. Retief's written request for land contained veiled threats by referring to the Voortrekker's defeat of indigenous groups encountered along their journey. The Voortrekker demand for a written contract guaranteeing private property ownership was incompatible with the contemporaneous Zulu oral culture which prescribed that a chief could only temporarily dispense land as it was communally owned.
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expensive military intervention. However, authorities at the Cape also judged that the human and material cost of pursuing the settlers and attempting to re-impose an unpopular system of governance on those who had deliberately spurned it was not worth the immediate risk. Some officials were concerned for the tribes the Boers were certain to encounter, and whether these tribes would be enslaved or otherwise reduced to a state of
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445:(free citizens), former Company employees who remained in Dutch territories overseas after completing their contracts. Since the primary purpose of the Cape settlement at the time was to stock provisions for passing Dutch ships, the VOC offered grants of farmland to its employees under the condition they would cultivate grain for the Company warehouses, and released them from their contracts to save on their wages.
748:. Sometime around late August 1834 he arrived in Grahamstown, contacted Uys and made his introductions. Bantjes was already well known in the area as an educated young man fluent both in spoken and written Dutch and in English. Because of these skills, Uys invited Bantjes to join him. Bantjes's writing skills would prove invaluable in recording events as the journey unfolded.
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545:, a class of Boers who pursued semi-nomadic pastoral activities, were frustrated by the apparent unwillingness or inability of the British government to extend the borders of the Cape Colony eastward and provide them with access to more prime pasture and economic opportunities. They resolved to trek beyond the colony's borders on their own.
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in the main church to much approval, and the first sparks of Trek Fever began to take hold. From all the information accumulated at Port Natal, Bantjes drew up the final report on "Natalia or Natal Land" that acted as the catalyst which inspired the Boers at the Cape to set in motion the Great Trek.
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and provided the trekkers with information regarding conditions at Port Natal. Bantjes made notes suggested by Uys, which later formed the basis of his more comprehensive report on the positive aspects of Natal. Bantjes also made rough maps of the bay - although this journal is now missing - showing
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rivers. Travel was slow due to the rugged terrain, and since it was the summer, the rainy season had swollen many of the rivers to their maximum. Progress required days of scouting to locate the most suitable tracks to negotiate. Eventually, after weeks of extraordinary toil, the small party arrived
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and, encouraged by his father
Bernard Louis Bantjes, sent word to Uys of his interest in participating. Bantjes wanted to help re-establish Dutch independence over the Boers and to get away from British law at the Cape. In early August 1834, he set off with some travellers headed for Grahamstown 220
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left Port Natal for
Grahamstown with a stash of ivory in early June 1835, following more or less the same route back to the Cape, and arrived at Grahamstown in October 1835. On Piet Uys's recommendation, Bantjes set to work on the first draft of the Natalialand Report. Meetings and talks took place
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For its part, the distinct Cape Dutch community had accepted
British rule; many of its members even considered themselves loyal British subjects with a special affection for English culture. The Cape Dutch were also much more heavily urbanised and therefore less likely to be susceptible to the same
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The
British government insisted that the Cape finance its own affairs through self-taxation, an approach which was alien to both the Boers and the Dutch merchants in Cape Town. In 1815, the controversial arrest of a white farmer for allegedly assaulting one of his servants resulted in the abortive
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The commemoration sparked mass enthusiasm amongst
Afrikaners as the re-enactment trek passed through the small towns and cities of South Africa. Both participants and spectators participated by dressing in Voortrekker clothing, renaming streets, holding ceremonies, erecting monuments, and laying
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Britain's alienation of the Boers was particularly amplified by the decision to abolish slavery in all its colonies in 1834. All 35,000 slaves registered with the Cape governor were to be freed and given rights on par with other citizens, although in most cases their masters could retain them as
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At the onset of the
British rule, the Cape Colony encompassed 100,000 square miles (260,000 km) and was populated by about 26,720 people of European descent, a relative majority of whom were of Dutch origin. Just over a quarter were of German ancestry and about one-sixth were descended from
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refugees at the Cape. As a result, by 1691 over a quarter of the colony's
European population was not ethnically Dutch. Nevertheless, there was a degree of cultural assimilation through intermarriage, and the almost universal adoption of the Dutch language. Cleavages were likelier to occur along
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The
Voortrekkers' guns offered them a technological advantage over the Zulu's traditional weaponry of short stabbing spears, fighting sticks, and cattle-hide shields. The Boers attributed their victory to a vow they made to God before the battle: if victorious, they and future generations would
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A map charting the routes of the largest trekking parties during the first wave of the Great Trek (1835-1840) along with key battles and events. The yellow area indicating the initial area of colonisation extends too far south – south of Thaba Nchu and what would become
Bloemfontein was an area
1133:(Matebele) patrol attacked the Liebenberg family part of Potgieter's party, killing six men, two women and six children. It is thought that their primary aim was to plunder the Voortrekkers' cattle. On 20 October 1836, Potgieter's party was attacked by an army of 4,600 Ndebele warriors at the
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Bridling at what they considered an unwarranted intrusion into their way of life, some in the Boer community considered selling their farms and venturing deep into South Africa's unmapped interior to preempt further disputes and live completely independent from
British rule. Others, especially
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Conflict amongst the Voortrekkers was a problem because the trek levelled out the pre-existing class hierarchy which had previously enforced discipline, and thus social cohesion broke down. Instead the trek leaders became more reliant on patriarchal family structure and military reputation to
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and the following period, between 1906 and 1934, of a lack of public discussion about the war within the Afrikaans community helped set the scene for a large increase in interest in Afrikaans national identity. The celebration of the centenary of the Great Trek along with a new generation of
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Although it did nothing to impede the Great Trek, Great Britain viewed the movement with pronounced trepidation. The British government initially suggested that conflict in the far interior of Southern Africa between the migrating Boers and the Bantu peoples they encountered would require an
1293:" (Zulu for "kill the witches") may indicate that he considered the Boers to wield evil supernatural powers. After killing Retief's delegation, a Zulu army of 7,000 impis were sent out and immediately attacked Voortrekker encampments in the Drakensberg foothills at what later was called
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were granted tax-exempt status for 12 years and loaned all the necessary seeds and farming implements they requested. They were married Dutch citizens, considered "of good character" by the Company, and had to commit to spending at least 20 years on the African continent. Reflecting the
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515:. Relations between the settlers – especially the Boers – and the new administration quickly soured. The British authorities were adamantly opposed to the Boers' ownership of slaves and what was perceived as their unduly harsh treatment of the indigenous peoples.
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as a potential colony. On their return to the Cape, Smith waxed very enthusiastic, and the impact of discussions Berg had with the Boers proved crucial. Berg portrayed Natal as a land of exceptional farming quality, well watered, and nearly devoid of inhabitants.
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Most versions agree that the following happened: King Dingane's authority extended over some of the land in which the Boers wanted to settle. As prerequisite to granting the Voortrekker request, he demanded that the Voortrekkers return some cattle stolen by
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They arrived at the sweltering hot bay of Port Natal in February 1835, exhausted after their long journey. There, the trek was soon welcomed with open arms by the few British hunters and ivory traders there such as James Collis, including Reverend
1566:. In 1938, celebrations of the centenary of the Battle of Blood River and the Great Trek mobilised behind an Afrikaans nationalist theses. The narrative of Afrikaner nationalism was a significant reason for the National Party's victory in the
1284:, a rival chief. After the Boers retrieved the cattle, King Dingane invited Retief to his residence at uMgungundlovu to finalise the treaty, having either planned the massacre in advance, or deciding to do so after Retief and his men arrived.
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and weaving their way through the coastal forest into the bay area. They had travelled a distance of about 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Grahamstown. This trip would have taken about 5 to 6 months with their slow moving wagons. The
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station there in 1652 to provide its outward bound fleets with fresh provisions and a harbour of refuge during the long sea journey from Europe to Asia. In a few short decades, the Cape had become home to a large population of
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The first wave of Voortrekkers lasted from 1835 to 1840, during which an estimated 6,000 people (roughly 10% of the Cape Colony's white population or 20% of the white population in the eastern district in 1830s) trekked.
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565:, to which most of the Boers belonged, explicitly refused to endorse the Great Trek. Despite their hostility towards the British, there were Boers who chose to remain in the Cape of their own accord.
293:. It was also reflective of an increasingly common trend among individual Boer communities to pursue an isolationist and semi-nomadic lifestyle away from the developing administrative complexities in
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The Great Trek was not universally popular among the settlers either. Around 12,000 of them took part in the migration, about a fifth of the colony's Dutch-speaking white population at the time. The
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wreaths at the graves of Afrikaner heroes. Cooking meals over an open fire in the same way the Voortrekkers did became fashionable amongst urbanites, giving birth to the South African tradition of
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owned slaves at the time, and the size of their slave holdings correlated greatly to their production output. Compensation was offered by the British government, but payment had to be received in
1531:) was made in 1938 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Great Trek. The film tells the Afrikaans version of the history of South Africa from 1652 to 1910 with a focus on the Great Trek.
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to investigate with King Dingane the possibility of granting them land. When Dick King returned to Port Natal some weeks later, he reported that King Dingane insisted they visit him in person.
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from 1836 onwards, seeking to live beyond the Cape's British colonial administration. The Great Trek resulted from the culmination of tensions between rural descendants of the Cape's original
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began their trek from Graaff-Reinet. There was no clear consensus amongst the trekkers on where they were going to settle, but they all had the goal of settling near an outlet to the sea.
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with the loss of two men and almost all the trekkers' cattle. Potgieter, Uys and Maritz mounted two punitive commando raids. The first resulted in the sacking of the Ndebele colony at
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apprentices until 1838. Many Boers, especially those involved with grain and wine production, were dependent on slave labour; for example, 94% of all white farmers in the vicinity of
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continued to promote the centenary's goals of furthering the Afrikaner cause and entrenching a greater sense of unity and solidarity within the community well into the 20th century.
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French Huguenots, although most had ceased speaking French since about 1750. There were also 30,000 African and Asian slaves owned by the settlers, and about 17,000 indigenous
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1605:'), since this was the experience of only one section of our community". When apartheid in South Africa ended and the country transitioned to majority rule, President
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1347:, aligned with the Voortrekkers to overthrow the king and impose himself. Mpande sent 10,000 impis to assist the trekkers in follow-up expeditions against Dingane.
1328:, southwest of uMgungundlovu. The well-known reluctance of Afrikaner leaders to submit to one another's leadership, which later hindered sustained success in the
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occupied the fledgling colony by force until 1803. From 1806 to 1814, the Cape was governed as a British military dependency, whose sole importance to the
1570:. A year later the Voortrekker Monument was completed and opened in Pretoria by the newly elected South African Prime Minister and National Party member
727:('Commission Trek') to visit Natal and to assess its potential as a new homeland for the Cape Boers who were disenchanted with British rule at the Cape.
847:, chosen because it had suitable grazing for the oxen and horses and was far from the foraging hippos in the bay. Several small streams running off the
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as a core symbol of a common Afrikaans history. It was used to promote the idea of an Afrikaans nation and a narrative that promoted the ideals of the
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and attended by over 100,000 people. A second re-enactment trek starting at the same time and place ended at the scene of the Battle of Blood River.
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The Voortrekkers retaliated with a 347-strong punitive raid against the Zulu (later known as the Flight Commando), supported by new arrivals from the
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824:, who had decided to start a mission station there. After congenial exchanges between the Boers and British sides, the party joined them and invited
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was its strategic relation to Indian maritime traffic. The British formally assumed permanent administrative control around 1815, as a result of the
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142:
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Petzold, Jochen. "'Translating' the Great Trek to the twentieth century: re-interpretations of the Afrikaner myth in three South African novels."
1354:. After Dingane's death, Mpande was proclaimed king, and the Zulu nation allied with the short-lived Natalia Republic until its annexation by the
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After the defeat of the Zulu forces and the recovery of the treaty between Dingane and Retief from Retief's body, the Voortrekkers proclaimed the
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874:, brother of Piet Uys, and a number of comrades with a few wagons travelled toward King Dingane's capital at uMgungundlovu, and after making a
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1832:(1961), an adventure/love story about two British soldiers who desert the military and join a group of Boers heading north on the Great Trek.
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on the eastern Cape frontier, the Zulus killed women and children along with men, wiping out half of the Natal contingent of Voortrekkers.
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of 40 men and one woman, as well as a retinue of coloured servants, set off from Grahamstown for Natal with 14 wagons. Moving through the
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1820:(1955), an adventure/love story set in the later part of the trek about an Irish woman seeking a new life in South Africa after the
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769:, and they passed unharmed into Natal. They travelled more or less the same route that Smith and Berg had taken two years earlier.
2494:"(Re)reading the Narratives of Political Violence in South Africa: Indigenous founding myths & frontier violence as discourse"
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The centenary celebrations began with a re-enactment of the trek beginning on 8 August 1938 with nine ox wagons at the statue of
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2317:. Vol. 8: South Africa, Rhodesia and the Protectorates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 272, 320–322, 490.
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Afrikaners interested in learning about the Afrikaans experiences of the Boer War catalysed a surge of Afrikaans nationalism.
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2452:"Johannes Jacobus Janse (Lang Hans) van Rensburg, leader of one of the early Voortrekker treks, is born at the Sundays River"
2016:
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In late July 1836 van Rensburg's entire party of 49, except two children who were saved by a Zulu warrior, were massacred at
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Benyon, John. "The necessity for new perspectives in South African history with particular reference to the Great Trek."
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Dutch Ships in Tropical Waters: The Development of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Shipping Network in Asia 1595–1660
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A group of Afrikaans women at the centenary celebrations in 1938 dressed in Voortrekker clothing most notably the white
1368:. Thereafter, 16 December was celebrated by Boers as a public holiday, first called Dingane's Day, later changed to the
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arrived to assist in the defence. A few days later on 16 December 1838, the trekkers fought against Zulu impis at the
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referring to the Great Trek, was chosen to be the words of the pre-1994 South African national anthem. The post-1997
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1343:. Pretorius's victory over the Zulu army led to a civil war within the Zulu nation as King Dingane's half-brother,
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in January 1836, but in April 1836 the two parties split up, just 110 kilometres (70 mi) from the
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trekked out of the Tarka area in either late 1835 or early 1836, and in September 1836 a party led by
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status as well, and in 1688 the Dutch government sponsored the resettlement of over a hundred French
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This article is about the migration of Dutch-speaking people in southern Africa. For other uses, see
469:, poor farmers who settled directly on the frontier, and the more affluent, predominantly urbanised
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An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa
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in which 532 people were killed, including 282 Voortrekkers, of whom 185 were children, and 250
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by the South African government, in order to foster reconciliation between all South Africans.
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1711:- a controversial novel about a promiscuous drug-using Voortrekker set during the Great Trek.
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Britain across the seas: Africa; a history and description of the British Empire in Africa
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Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World
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By spring 1837, five to six large Voortrekker colonies had been established between the
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In January 1832, Andrew Smith (an Englishman) and William Berg (a Boer farmer) scouted
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social and economic lines; broadly speaking, the Cape colonists were delineated into
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The celebration of the Great Trek in the 1930s played a major role in the growth of
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Etherington, Norman. "The Great Trek in relation to the Mfecane: a reassessment."
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In August 1836, despite pre-existing peace agreements with local black leaders, a
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were erected in small towns across the country during the centenary celebrations.
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The history of the great Boer trek and the origin of the South African republics
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the potential for a harbour which could supply the Boers in their new homeland.
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The trek avoided the coastal route, keeping to the flatter inland terrain. The
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tribes. The first Europeans settled in the Cape area under the auspices of the
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maintain control over their parties. This had a large and lasting impact on
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1599:" but it was decided to omit the section in "reference to the Great Trek ('
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Various interpretations of what transpired exist, as only the missionary
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2043:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp. 130–142.
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Afrikaans horsemen celebrating the centenary of the Great Trek in 1938.
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The first two parties of Voortrekkers left in September 1835, led by
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1324:. The Voortrekkers were roundly defeated by about 7,000 warriors at
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mountains, following differences between Tregardt and van Rensburg.
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381:. It also led to conflicts that resulted in the displacement of the
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The Protestant International and the Huguenot Migration to Virginia
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1137:. Thirty-five armed trekkers repulsed the Ndebele assault on their
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2130:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 13–35.
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The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous
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The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape
2234:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.
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297:. Boers who took part in the Great Trek identified themselves as
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Bradley, John; Bradley, Liz; Vidar, Jon; Fine, Victoria (2011).
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Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February 1838. The
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rural grievances and considerations as those held by the Boers.
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Von Veh, Karen. "The politics of memory in South African art."
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1510:
1313:
accompanying them. In contrast to earlier conflicts with the
783:
648:
465:
389:
that contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the
285:
120:
884:, they proceeded on horseback, but were halted by a flooded
866:
At Port Natal, Uys sent Dick King, who could speak Zulu, to
2285:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–293.
1099:
324:
27:
1836–1852 Boer migrations away from the British Cape Colony
2689:"South Africa approves new constitution to end white rule"
2232:
Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting
2128:
Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708
744:
kilometres (140 mi) away, a three-week journey from
66: Survivors of Tregardt’s trek evacuated by sea, 1839
1824:. Based on a 1950 novel of the same name by Helga Moray.
1802:
Piet Uijs, of lijden en strijd der voortrekkers in Natal
1400:
was raised to commemorate the Voortrekkers who left the
2073:. Madison, Wisconsin: Modern Overland. pp. 13–19.
2068:
1983:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55.
1893:
The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881
535:, and few Boers possessed the funds to make the trip.
450:
multi-national character of the VOC's workforce, some
2833:
2531:. London: National Society's Depository. p. 111.
1939:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 201–206.
1287:
King Dingane's reputed instruction to his warriors, "
1206:" ('kill the witches'). They were killed outside the
333:
327:
312:
1840:
1151:
and his followers to flee to what is now modern day
765:
who were in dispute with the neighbouring Zulu King
321:
318:
2699:
on 19 September 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
2205:. New York: Peter Land Publishing. pp. 32–34.
1585:" ('The Voice of South Africa'), a poem written by
839:('wagon fort') camp in the area of the present-day
309:
37:"Voortrekkers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2628:
1980:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War
1166:with a total population of around 2,000 trekkers.
2789:Routh, C. R. N. "The Great South African Trek."
2382:
2226:
2224:
2222:
4884:
2390:. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. p. 161.
2126:Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.).
1534:A number of Afrikaans organisations such as the
1500:Monuments to the Great Trek such as this one in
1004:Over 700 people including roughly 100 white men
3623:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2740:(in Afrikaans). Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau.
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1726:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1454:
1209:
1138:
898:
889:
875:
832:
773:
752:
731:was chosen as trek leader. At the same time at
722:
690:
106:'s route, including missions with his entourage
2454:. South African History Online. Archived from
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2246:
2219:
1485:in Cape Town and ended at the newly completed
1267:had Retief and seventy of his followers killed
1261:to negotiate a treaty for land in what is now
454:soldiers and sailors were also considered for
2819:
2415:. Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp. 97–98.
2413:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2310:
1895:. Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp. 10–13.
1200:and his Boer representatives with the words "
1124:
572:
136:
2636:"Great Trek Centenary Celebrations commence"
2542:Bulpin, T. V. "11 - The Republic of Natal".
2518:
2331:Simons, Mary; James, Wilmot Godfrey (1989).
2311:Newton, A. P.; Benians, E. A., eds. (1963).
2306:
2304:
2302:
2280:
2087:
1473:. It is thought that the experiences of the
952:Nine families including the Tregardt family
76:'s route, after it separated from Tregardt’s
2444:
2335:. Claremont: David Philip. pp. 31–35.
2330:
2314:The Cambridge History of the British Empire
2247:Mbenga, Bernard; Giliomee, Hermann (2007).
2071:Cape Town: Winelands & the Garden Route
1800:
672:, depicting the exodus of farmers from the
611:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2826:
2812:
2658:"The national anthem is owned by everyone"
2349:
2150:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1612:invoked the measures as a new Great Trek.
1288:
1201:
654:A romanticised depiction of the Great Trek
143:
129:
2712:"Mad Boers burn Great Trek bodice ripper"
2703:
2326:
2324:
2299:
2155:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
2144:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1416:
1169:
982:Over 200 once united with the parties of
631:Learn how and when to remove this message
3696:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2735:
2535:
2524:
2435:
2251:. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 59–60.
2242:
2240:
2038:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1886:
1884:
1495:
1387:
1233:was the massacre of Voortrekkers by the
1049:
808:into Natal had not yet been discovered.
689:Flag of the Voortrekkers, also known as
400:
45:
3292:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2709:
2662:South African Music Rights Organisation
2470:
2200:
2194:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2025:
1976:
1731:(2007; 'The sun comes up over the sea')
14:
4885:
3773:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2477:Bulpin, T. V. "9 - The Voortrekkers".
2321:
2281:Collins, Robert; Burns, James (2007).
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2180:. New York: Springer. pp. 29–33.
1953:
1890:
1215:on the execution rock called Matiwane.
1022:Roughly 100 men, women, and children.
2807:
2686:
2650:
2555:
2553:
2410:
2404:
2388:The Afrikaners: Biography of a People
2237:
2175:
2169:
2003:
1934:
1909:
1881:
416:Before the arrival of Europeans, the
345:
262:
249:
124:
86:'s trek, campaign and scouting routes
2606:
2125:
2112:
2057:
1546:Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging
1040:Over 100 members of the Uys family.
786:, crossing the upper regions of the
739:heard about the exploratory trek to
609:adding citations to reliable sources
576:
3703:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3349:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2710:Ritchie, Kevin (11 February 2012).
2491:
2265:
1553:
51:colonised by Griqua and Trekboers.
24:
2748:
2550:
2541:
2476:
2440:. London: John Murray. p. 42.
713:In June 1834, the Boer leaders of
428:(also known by its Dutch initials
25:
4934:
4855:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4490:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2525:Johnston, Harry Hamilton (1910).
4867:
4866:
2777:South African Historical Journal
2687:Lyman, Rick (22 December 1993).
2009:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1843:
1446:
1432:
1222:
1185:
1079:. These two parties crossed the
915:Largest first wave trek parties
682:
661:
647:
581:
484:Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam
305:
283:settlers, known collectively as
4504:South African Party (1977–1980)
4497:South African Party (1911–1934)
4413:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4210:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2729:
2680:
2578:
2485:
2429:
2283:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa
1591:national anthem of South Africa
3822:2019 service delivery protests
3808:#FeesMustFall student protests
3553:1983 constitutional referendum
2793:(May 1951) 1#5 pp 7–13 online.
2738:Die Son Kom Aan die Seekant Op
2664:. 17 June 2012. Archived from
2638:. South African History Online
1997:
1728:Die son kom aan die seekant op
1376:, the name was changed to the
150:
13:
1:
4898:Internal migrations in Africa
4280:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3509:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2902:
2887:
2864:
2857:
1937:The British Empire, 1558–1995
1874:
1620:
1615:
1062:
907:
548:
396:
39:Voortrekkers (disambiguation)
4908:19th century in South Africa
4903:Dutch colonisation in Africa
3935:Black Consciousness Movement
3689:Government of National Unity
2546:. T. V. Bulpin Publications.
2499:. p. 18. Archived from
2481:. T. V. Bulpin Publications.
2099:South African History Online
1715:
1587:Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven
888:and forced to return to the
851:ridge provided fresh water.
795:at Port Natal, crossing the
761:, they were welcomed by the
275:into the interior of modern
7:
3646:Saint James Church massacre
3532:Weapons of mass destruction
2249:New History of South Africa
2151:Parthesius, Robert (2010).
1935:Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1997).
1836:
1593:incorporates a section of "
1558:The Great Trek was used by
778:approached Port Natal from
10:
4939:
3386:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3264:South West Africa campaign
3163:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3128:French Huguenot settlement
2736:Ferreira, Janette (2007).
2594:] (in Afrikaans). 1938
2544:Natal and the Zuku Country
2479:Natal and the Zulu Country
1625:
1243:
1125:Conflict with the Matebele
573:Exploratory treks to Natal
369:(also known simply as the
36:
29:
4864:
4841:African National Congress
4830:
4736:
4569:
4301:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4024:
4015:
3873:
3669:
3639:1992 apartheid referendum
3308:
3253:
3172:
3110:
3083:
3076:
2842:
2436:Ransford, Oliver (1972).
2011:(3rd ed.). Longman.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1383:
1362:commemorate the day as a
1102:(a force of warriors) of
914:
880:camp at the mouth of the
855:was also at the bay as a
816:, an ex-commander of the
751:On 8 September 1834, the
505:
385:, and conflicts with the
160:
4294:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4287:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3843:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3801:#RhodesMustFall protests
3400:1960 republic referendum
2693:Knight-Ridder Newspapers
1977:Greaves, Adrian (2013).
1793:
1687:The Madonna of Excelsior
1602:met die kreun van ossewa
1596:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
1581:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika
1332:, was largely to blame.
1196:ordering the killing of
767:Dingane ka Senzangakhona
521:Slachter's Nek Rebellion
426:Dutch East India Company
264:[dəˌɣroːtəˈtrɛk]
4739:terrorist organisations
3829:2019 Johannesburg riots
3442:Constructive engagement
3407:International isolation
3225:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2565:Encyclopædia Britannica
2561:"Battle of Blood River"
2201:Lambert, David (2009).
2039:Arquilla, John (2011).
1869:History of South Africa
1809:
1799:C. W. H. Van der Post,
977:late 1835 or early 1836
831:The Boers set up their
828:to become their guide.
432:), which established a
383:Northern Ndebele people
347:[ˈfuərˌtrɛkərs]
251:[diˌχruətˈtrɛk]
60:'s route (1833 to 1838)
3752:Attack on Kennedy Road
3363:Congress of the People
2954:South African Republic
2614:"Die Bou van 'n Nasie"
1801:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1727:
1667:is based on this book.
1665:movie of the same name
1601:
1595:
1579:
1560:Afrikaner nationalists
1544:
1536:
1527:
1505:
1455:
1425:Centenary celebrations
1417:Centenary celebrations
1405:
1404:between 1835 and 1854.
1345:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
1289:
1210:
1202:
1170:Conflict with the Zulu
1139:
1068:
899:
890:
876:
833:
814:Allen Francis Gardiner
774:
753:
723:
691:
668:A stone relief at the
420:area was populated by
413:
367:South African Republic
259:
246:
168:Piet Retief Delegation
118:
4322:Natal Indian Congress
4042:Afrikaner Broederbond
3896:Afrikaner nationalism
3682:1994 general election
3653:Bophuthatswana crisis
3546:Church Street bombing
3326:Apartheid legislation
3319:1948 general election
3239:South Africa Act 1909
3034:Union of South Africa
2854:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2834:Political history of
2786:34.1 (2007): 115–131.
2176:Lucas, Gavin (2004).
2095:"The Empty Land Myth"
1891:Laband, John (2005).
1538:Afrikaner Broederbond
1499:
1413:culture and society.
1391:
1378:Day of Reconciliation
1341:Battle of Blood River
1290:Bulalani abathakathi!
1246:Battle of Blood River
1053:
563:Dutch Reformed Church
406:Trekboers making camp
404:
49:
32:Trek (disambiguation)
3956:Greater South Africa
3794:2014 platinum strike
3660:Shell House massacre
3588:Transkei coup d'état
3393:Sharpeville massacre
3156:Battle of Blaauwberg
3149:Battle of Muizenberg
3101:Battle of Salt River
2884:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2616:(in Afrikaans). IMDb
2587:Die Bou van 'n Nasie
2411:Gooch, John (2000).
2230:Entry: Cape Colony.
1775:Land of the covenant
1701:Canvas under the Sky
1577:A few years later, "
1528:Die Bou van 'n Nasie
1487:Voortrekker Monument
1394:Voortrekker Monument
1237:on 17 February 1838.
1203:Bulalani abathakathi
841:Greyville Racecourse
737:Jan Gerritze Bantjes
670:Voortrekker Monument
605:improve this section
4848:Democratic Alliance
4025:Civic and political
3889:Afrikaner Calvinism
3882:African nationalism
3731:African Renaissance
3421:UNSC Resolution 591
3342:Internal resistance
3243:National Convention
3211:Transvaal Civil War
3135:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3018:Orange River Colony
2758:33.2 (1988): 1–10.
2506:on 17 December 2008
2458:on 19 February 2014
1851:South Africa portal
986:and Casper Kruger.
3595:Ciskei coup d'état
3414:UN Resolution 1761
3379:Women's March 1956
3232:South African Wars
3218:Mineral Revolution
2800:54.1 (2019): 3–24.
2779:25.1 (1991): 3–21.
2768:(J. Murray, 1899)
1829:The Fiercest Heart
1506:
1406:
1069:
931:Point of departure
441:, also denoted as
414:
119:
4880:
4879:
4833:political parties
4826:
4825:
4803:Orde van die Dood
4420:Progressive Party
4126:Congress Alliance
3942:Cape Independence
3874:Political culture
3869:
3868:
3836:COVID-19 pandemic
3766:Marikana massacre
3602:Venda coup d'état
3356:Defiance Campaign
2946:Orange Free State
2876:Dutch Cape Colony
2784:English in Africa
2592:Building a Nation
2384:Giliomee, Hermann
2018:978-1-4058-8118-0
1763:Land of sacrifice
1721:Jeanette Ferreira
1671:James A. Michener
1523:Building a Nation
1337:Andries Pretorius
1335:In November 1838
1322:Orange Free State
1301:, leading to the
1115:Hendrik Potgieter
1077:Hans van Rensburg
1055:Hendrik Potgieter
1044:
1043:
973:Hendrik Potgieter
958:Hans van Rensburg
926:Date of departure
729:Petrus Lafras Uys
641:
640:
633:
488:Batavian Republic
480:Flanders Campaign
418:Cape of Good Hope
375:Orange Free State
234:
233:
84:Hendrik Potgieter
16:(Redirected from
4930:
4913:Afrikaner people
4870:
4869:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4737:Paramilitary and
4729:
4727:Umkosi Wezintaba
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4572:social movements
4570:Trade unions and
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4091:Boerestaat Party
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4022:
4021:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3974:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3862:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3581:Dakar Conference
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3504:
3502:Israeli alliance
3497:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3456:Sporting boycott
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3428:Academic boycott
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3285:Great Depression
3280:
3273:
3271:Maritz rebellion
3266:
3246:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3121:Dutch settlement
3103:
3096:
3094:Bantu migrations
3081:
3080:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3026:Transvaal Colony
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2994:Nieuwe Republiek
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2930:Natalia Republic
2925:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2899:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2894:
2892:
2889:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2756:Historia Archive
2742:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2695:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:on 13 March 2013
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
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2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2492:du Toit, André.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2380:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2055:
2054:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1730:
1663:(1950) - a 1955
1632:H. Rider Haggard
1609:
1604:
1598:
1584:
1554:Political impact
1549:
1541:
1530:
1483:Jan van Riebeeck
1458:
1450:
1436:
1352:Natalia Republic
1292:
1250:In October 1837
1226:
1213:
1205:
1189:
1142:
1135:Battle of Vegkop
1067:
1064:
912:
902:
893:
879:
853:Alexander Biggar
838:
777:
756:
726:
697:Potgieter's Flag
694:
686:
665:
651:
636:
629:
625:
622:
616:
585:
577:
379:Natalia Republic
349:
344:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
266:
253:
155:
145:
138:
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122:
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111:
101:
91:
81:
71:
65:
55:
21:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4238:HNP (Herstigte)
4236:
4231:HNP (Herenigde)
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:Afrikaner Party
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3977:
3968:
3963:Honorary whites
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3865:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3724:Soweto bombings
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3525:Soweto Uprising
3523:
3516:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3449:Tar Baby Option
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:Freedom Charter
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2970:Griqualand West
2968:
2962:Griqualand East
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2764:Cloete, Henry.
2751:
2749:Further reading
2746:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2704:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2381:
2350:
2343:
2329:
2322:
2309:
2300:
2293:
2279:
2266:
2259:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2037:
2026:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1975:
1954:
1947:
1933:
1910:
1903:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1812:
1796:
1718:
1699:Robin Binckes,
1628:
1623:
1618:
1607:
1556:
1475:Second Boer War
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:on their heads.
1451:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1386:
1330:Anglo-Boer Wars
1303:Weenen massacre
1248:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:Weenen Massacre
1227:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1127:
1113:A party led by
1065:
910:
860:elephant-hunter
780:East Griqualand
703:
702:
701:
700:
699:
687:
678:
677:
676:
666:
657:
656:
655:
652:
637:
626:
620:
617:
602:
586:
575:
551:
508:
500:Treaty of Paris
399:
342:
308:
304:
235:
230:
177:
156:
151:
149:
117:
109:
107:
99:
97:
89:
87:
79:
77:
69:
67:
63:
61:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4796:Ossewabrandwag
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4539:Unionist Party
4535:
4528:
4521:
4518:Torch Commando
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4392:Orde Boerevolk
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4168:DP (1989–2000)
4164:
4161:DP (1973–1977)
4157:
4154:Dominion Party
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4035:Afrikaner Bond
4030:
4028:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3949:Day of the Vow
3945:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3717:Floor crossing
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3632:Bisho massacre
3628:
3627:
3626:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3574:Operation Vula
3570:
3567:Rubicon speech
3563:
3560:Langa massacre
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3278:Rand Rebellion
3274:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3204:Boer Republics
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3050:Bophuthatswana
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3010:Klein Vrystaat
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2895:
2880:
2872:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2762:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2702:
2679:
2649:
2627:
2605:
2577:
2549:
2534:
2517:
2484:
2469:
2443:
2438:The Great Trek
2428:
2422:978-0714651019
2421:
2403:
2396:
2348:
2342:978-0864861160
2341:
2320:
2298:
2292:978-1107628519
2291:
2264:
2258:978-0624043591
2257:
2236:
2218:
2212:978-1433107597
2211:
2193:
2187:978-0306485381
2186:
2168:
2162:978-9053565179
2161:
2143:
2137:978-1904744955
2136:
2111:
2086:
2080:978-1609871222
2079:
2056:
2050:978-1566638326
2049:
2024:
2017:
2005:Wells, John C.
1996:
1990:978-1629145136
1989:
1952:
1946:978-0198731337
1945:
1908:
1902:978-0582772618
1901:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:, novel, 1918.
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1751:Afflicted land
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1680:
1668:
1657:
1654:Turning Wheels
1647:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1568:1948 elections
1564:National Party
1555:
1552:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1385:
1382:
1374:Post-apartheid
1370:Day of the Vow
1356:British Empire
1263:Kwa-Zulu Natal
1244:Main article:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1126:
1123:
1085:Robert's Drift
1073:Louis Tregardt
1066: 1851–52
1042:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
997:
996:September 1836
994:
988:
987:
984:Sarel Cilliers
980:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
963:
962:September 1835
960:
954:
953:
950:
948:
947:September 1835
945:
943:Louis Tregardt
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
916:
909:
906:
688:
681:
680:
679:
667:
660:
659:
658:
653:
646:
645:
644:
643:
642:
639:
638:
589:
587:
580:
574:
571:
550:
547:
507:
504:
478:Following the
410:Samuel Daniell
398:
395:
363:Boer republics
291:British Empire
247:Die Groot Trek
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
176:
175:
170:
161:
158:
157:
148:
147:
140:
133:
125:
108:
98:
88:
78:
68:
62:
58:Louis Tregardt
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4935:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:Die Spoorbund
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:Workers Party
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:Radio Freedom
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:Oranjewerkers
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:organisations
4023:
4020:
4018:organisations
4014:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:Tshwane riots
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:Project Coast
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:Mafeje affair
3515:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:Durban Moment
3485:
3482:
3481:Rivonia Trial
3478:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
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2791:History Today
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1864:Dorsland Trek
1862:
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1823:
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1787:Intended land
1783:
1782:Bedoelde land
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1746:Geknelde land
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1650:Stuart Cloete
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1164:Orange Rivers
1161:
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1119:Gerrit Maritz
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1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:February 1837
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:Graaff-Reinet
998:
995:
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992:Gerrit Maritz
990:
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913:
905:
901:
900:Kommissietrek
895:
892:
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883:
878:
873:
869:
868:uMgungundlovu
864:
861:
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850:
846:
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837:
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829:
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823:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
798:
797:Congela River
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
775:Kommissietrek
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
754:Kommissietrek
749:
747:
746:Graaff-Reinet
742:
738:
734:
733:Graaff-Reinet
730:
725:
724:Kommissietrek
720:
716:
711:
708:
698:
693:
685:
675:
671:
664:
650:
635:
632:
624:
621:November 2022
614:
610:
606:
600:
599:
595:
590:This section
588:
584:
579:
578:
570:
566:
564:
559:
557:
546:
544:
543:
536:
534:
530:
524:
522:
516:
514:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:Great Britain
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
473:
468:
467:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
443:"vrijburgers"
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
407:
403:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:, namely the
364:
359:
357:
353:
348:
338:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
260:De Grote Trek
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
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204:
202:
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115:
105:
95:
94:Gerrit Maritz
85:
75:
59:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4871:
4831:Histories of
4532:United Party
4441:Reform Party
4378:Orangia Unie
4003:
3994:
3987:Swart gevaar
3985:
3969:
3925:
3916:
3857:
3759:Blikkiesdorp
3196:
3085:Pre-colonial
2938:Natal Colony
2922:Zulu Kingdom
2836:South Africa
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2765:
2755:
2737:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2705:
2697:the original
2692:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2661:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2591:
2586:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2487:
2478:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2446:
2437:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2387:
2332:
2313:
2282:
2248:
2231:
2202:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2152:
2146:
2127:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2070:
2040:
2008:
1999:
1979:
1936:
1892:
1827:
1822:Great Famine
1815:
1700:
1686:
1676:The Covenant
1674:
1660:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1576:
1572:Daniel Malan
1557:
1533:
1522:
1507:
1480:
1465:
1424:
1407:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1334:
1319:
1286:
1278:
1274:Francis Owen
1271:
1259:King Dingane
1249:
1177:
1157:
1128:
1112:
1093:
1089:Soutpansberg
1070:
1045:
935:
930:
925:
920:
896:
886:Tugela River
872:Johannes Uys
865:
857:professional
830:
821:
810:
771:
759:Eastern Cape
750:
721:discussed a
712:
704:
696:
627:
618:
603:Please help
591:
567:
560:
552:
540:
537:
529:Stellenbosch
525:
517:
509:
477:
470:
464:
455:
446:
442:
439:"vrijlieden"
438:
429:
415:
405:
391:Zulu Kingdom
370:
360:
300:voortrekkers
299:
298:
284:
277:South Africa
269:wagon trains
238:
236:
179:
178:
162:
152:
74:Van Rensburg
43:
4923:Cape Colony
4918:Voortrekker
3971:Rooi gevaar
3850:2021 unrest
3780:Nkandlagate
3609:Third Force
3470:Rugby union
3068:(1981–1994)
3060:(1979–1994)
3052:(1977–1994)
3044:(1976–1994)
3036:(1910–1961)
3028:(1902–1910)
3020:(1902–1910)
3012:(1886–1891)
3004:(1885–1887)
2996:(1884–1888)
2988:(1882–1885)
2980:(1882–1883)
2972:(1870–1873)
2964:(1861–1879)
2956:(1856–1902)
2948:(1854–1902)
2940:(1843–1910)
2932:(1839–1843)
2924:(1816–1897)
2916:(1795–1910)
2914:Cape Colony
2906: 1780
2891: 1780
2878:(1652–1806)
2868: 1220
2861: 1075
2642:31 December
1770:Gelofteland
1737:F.A. Venter
1640:(1899) and
1608:F. W.
1502:Clanwilliam
1471:nationalism
1402:Cape Colony
1295:Blaauwkrans
1178:Blood River
1108:Delagoa Bay
1059:Delagoa Bay
1010:Piet Retief
882:Mvoti River
802:Drakensberg
719:Grahamstown
674:Cape Colony
447:Vrijburgers
434:victualling
387:Zulu people
273:Cape Colony
206:Blood River
104:Piet Retief
18:Voortrekker
4893:Great Trek
4887:Categories
4782:Greyshirts
4546:Volksparty
4084:Black Sash
3745:Xenophobia
3738:Travelgate
3495:Border War
3299:Bantustans
3197:Great Trek
3142:Xhosa Wars
3002:Upingtonia
2986:Stellaland
2397:062403884X
2104:7 December
1875:References
1785:(English:
1773:(English:
1761:(English:
1749:(English:
1709:1920143637
1695:0312423829
1621:Literature
1616:In fiction
1081:Vaal river
1032:April 1837
908:First wave
818:Royal Navy
806:Kerkenberg
804:route via
741:Port Natal
549:Opposition
496:Royal Navy
472:Cape Dutch
456:vrijburger
408:(1804) by
397:Background
377:, and the
343:Afrikaans:
289:, and the
239:Great Trek
226:Boomplaats
211:Opatikloof
153:Great Trek
4005:Volkstaat
3996:Uitlander
3927:Boerehaat
3903:Anarchism
3710:Arms Deal
3673:apartheid
3333:Pass laws
3310:Apartheid
3255:1910–1948
3174:1815–1910
3112:1652–1815
2672:8 January
2510:18 August
2462:24 August
1859:Trekboers
1758:Offerland
1716:Afrikaans
1683:Zakes Mda
1574:in 1949.
1517:language
1515:Afrikaans
1468:Afrikaans
1411:Afrikaans
1358:in 1843.
1282:Sekonyela
1254:met with
1149:Mzilikazi
1096:Inhambane
1036:Uitenhage
826:Dick King
715:Uitenhage
692:Kruisvlag
592:does not
542:trekboers
371:Transvaal
356:Afrikaans
295:Cape Town
271:from the
243:Afrikaans
163:Massacres
4873:Category
4775:Boeremag
4273:Jeugkrag
4224:Het Volk
3918:Baasskap
3860:incident
3463:Olympics
3042:Transkei
2845:polities
2843:Defunct
2716:IOL News
2598:22 March
2386:(2003).
2007:(2008).
1837:See also
1789:) (1968)
1777:) (1966)
1765:) (1963)
1753:) (1960)
1610:de Klerk
1491:Pretoria
1398:Pretoria
1326:Ithaleni
1307:Khoikhoi
1153:Zimbabwe
1104:Manukosi
1028:Piet Uys
792:Umkomazi
788:Mtamvuna
482:and the
460:Huguenot
281:European
221:Congella
216:Maqongqo
116:'s route
114:Piet Uys
96:'s route
4678:SAAPAWU
4016:Defunct
3979:Slavery
3183:Mfecane
2798:de arte
2721:1 March
2620:1 March
1817:Untamed
1703:(2011)
1689:(2002)
1661:Untamed
1637:Swallow
1626:English
1521:called
1511:braaing
1365:Sabbath
1194:Dingane
1131:Ndebele
822:Clinker
613:removed
598:sources
513:Khoisan
422:Khoisan
373:), the
201:Italeni
180:Battles
4629:FOSATU
4483:SAYRCO
4455:SADECO
4371:Occupy
3910:Azania
3858:Lady R
3787:Racism
3616:CODESA
3077:Events
3066:Ciskei
2978:Goshen
2908:–1819)
2893:–1817)
2770:online
2760:online
2570:21 May
2419:
2394:
2339:
2289:
2255:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2134:
2077:
2047:
2015:
1987:
1943:
1899:
1707:
1693:
1679:(1980)
1656:(1937)
1646:(1912)
1456:kappie
1384:Impact
1311:Basuto
1299:Weenen
1252:Retief
1208:royal
1198:Retief
1145:Mosega
1140:laager
1098:by an
1018:Albany
921:Leader
891:laager
877:laager
845:Durban
835:laager
556:penury
533:London
506:Causes
452:German
196:Kapain
191:Mosega
186:Vegkop
173:Weenen
112:
110:
102:
100:
92:
90:
82:
80:
72:
70:
64:
56:
54:
4810:PAGAD
4706:SATUC
4699:SARHU
4685:SACTU
4664:NURHS
4622:FNETU
4608:CTSWU
4601:CNETU
4594:BLATU
4476:SAYCO
4364:NUSAS
4245:IDASA
4056:AITUP
3671:Post-
3058:Venda
2590:[
2504:(PDF)
2497:(PDF)
1794:Dutch
1643:Marie
1513:. An
1315:Xhosa
1211:kraal
1192:King
849:Berea
820:ship
784:Ixopo
763:Xhosa
707:Natal
466:Boers
352:Dutch
286:Boers
256:Dutch
4817:SANF
4747:APLA
4692:SAIF
4671:PAWE
4657:NEUM
4650:MUSA
4615:FCWU
4560:WOSA
4511:TNIP
4469:SASO
4462:SAIC
4448:SABP
4399:PAVN
4133:COSG
4112:CTEG
4105:CNIP
2723:2015
2674:2015
2644:2014
2622:2015
2600:2024
2572:2010
2512:2009
2464:2014
2417:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2106:2023
2075:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1810:Film
1705:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1542:and
1519:epic
1392:The
1309:and
1297:and
1256:Zulu
1235:Zulu
1162:and
1160:Vaal
1100:impi
1075:and
936:Size
897:The
790:and
782:and
717:and
596:any
594:cite
354:and
237:The
4768:BBB
4761:AWB
4754:ARM
4720:UDF
4643:IWW
4636:ICU
4587:BCM
4580:APF
4525:UFP
4427:PRP
4406:PFP
4357:NRP
4350:NPP
4336:NNP
4329:NLP
4315:NCP
4266:ISL
4217:GNP
4189:ECC
4182:DSM
4175:DPP
4147:DLF
4119:COD
4098:CDA
4077:BPC
4070:AVF
4063:APO
1489:in
1396:in
1083:at
1057:at
967:49
843:in
607:by
558:.
430:VOC
316:ʊər
4889::
4789:MK
4343:NP
4308:NA
4259:IP
4252:ID
4203:FD
4196:FA
4140:CP
2903:c.
2888:c.
2865:c.
2858:c.
2714:.
2691:.
2660:.
2563:.
2552:^
2351:^
2323:^
2301:^
2267:^
2239:^
2221:^
2114:^
2097:.
2059:^
2027:^
1955:^
1911:^
1883:^
1685:,
1673:,
1652:,
1634:,
1372:.
1269:.
1155:.
1063:c.
1061:,
894:.
735:,
695:,
502:.
475:.
393:.
358:.
341:,
331:ər
258::
254:;
245::
3245:)
3241:(
2901:(
2886:(
2870:)
2863:–
2856:(
2827:e
2820:t
2813:v
2772:.
2725:.
2676:.
2646:.
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