Skeletal muscle - Knowledge

3663:, both for adults over 60 years old and for adults under 60 years old. The study was a meta-analysis of 15 studies, which, combined, evaluated 47,471 adults over a period of 7 years. Individuals were divided into approximately equal quartiles. The lowest quartile averaged 3,553 steps/day, the second quartile 5,801 steps/day, the third quartile 7,842 steps/day and the fourth quartile 10,901 steps/day. The briskness of walking, adjusted for the volume of walking, did not affect mortality. However, the number of steps/day was clearly related to mortality. When risk of mortality for those over 60 years old was set at 1.0 for the lowest quartile of steps/day, the relative risk of mortality for the second, third and fourth quartiles were 0.56, 0.45, and 0.35, respectively. For those under 60 years of age, the results were less pronounced. For those under 60 years of age, with the first quartile risk of mortality set at 1.0, the second, third and fourth quartile relative risks of mortality were 0.57, 0.42 and 0.53, respectively. Thus, use of skeletal muscles in walking has a large effect, especially among older individuals, on mortality. 3775:

loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter, and these proteins are joined together to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory transcription factors bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer), the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.

3394: 3535: 1977: 3855: 1397: 3591:(2%) made up most of the remaining mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle. In addition, Cameron et al. also identified two types of myocyte cells, Type I and Type II. Each of the different types of cells in skeletal muscle was found to express different sets of genes. The median number of genes expressed in each of the nine different cell types was 1,331 genes. When a biopsy is taken from a thigh muscle, however, the biopsy contains all the different cell types. Mixed together, in a biopsy of human thigh skeletal muscle, there are 13,026 to 13,108 genes with detected expression. 716:(PCSA). This effect is known as fiber packing, and in terms of force generation, it more than overcomes the efficiency-loss of the off-axis orientation. The trade-off comes in overall speed of muscle shortening and in the total excursion. Overall muscle shortening speed is reduced compared to fiber shortening speed, as is the total distance of shortening. All of these effects scale with pennation angle; greater angles lead to greater force due to increased fiber packing and PCSA, but with greater losses in shortening speed and excursion. Types of pennate muscle are 3768: 1958: 7520: 3128:(e.g. marathons) involves activities of low intensity but long duration, during which the muscles used are below their maximal contraction strength. Aerobic activities rely on aerobic respiration (i.e. citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) for metabolic energy by consuming fat, protein, carbohydrates, and oxygen. Muscles involved in aerobic exercises contain a higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, which primarily contain mitochondrial and oxidation enzymes associated with aerobic respiration. On the contrary, 3889:(K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome. 2457:. The aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any molecule involved. The heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise. 1985: 322:(myocytes). However, considerable numbers of resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells are also present in skeletal muscles. In terms of volume, myocytes make up the great majority of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle myocytes are usually very large, being about 2–3 cm long and 100 μm in diameter. By comparison, the mononuclear cells in muscles are much smaller. Some of the mononuclear cells in muscles are endothelial cells (which are about 50–70 μm long, 10–30 μm wide and 0.1–10 μm thick), 5308: 42: 3647:. The study found that those individuals with lower skeletal muscle mass at the start of the study declined in their executive mental function considerably more sharply than those with higher muscle mass. Memory, as well as psychomotor speed, on the other hand, did not correlate with skeletal muscle mass. Thus, larger muscle mass, with a concomitantly larger secretome, appeared to have the endocrine function of protecting the executive mental function of individuals over the age of 65. 380: 368: 2397: 3064:

exercising muscles, and the removal of several of the by-products of anaerobic metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid. Some of these responses are governed by transcriptional control of the fast twitch (FT) glycolytic phenotype. For example, skeletal muscle reprogramming from an ST glycolytic phenotype to an FT glycolytic phenotype involves the Six1/Eya1 complex, composed of members of the Six protein family. Moreover, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (

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fiber type proportions through training and responding to the environment has served organisms well when placed in changing environments either requiring short explosive movements (higher fast twitch proportion) or long duration of movement (higher slow twitch proportion) to survive. Bodybuilding has shown that changes in muscle mass and force production can change in a matter of months. Some examples of this variation are described below.

3040: 3217: 2928: 2743: 2478: 2194: 3095: 2092:), while the RyRs reside across the SR membrane. The close apposition of a transverse tubule and two SR regions containing RyRs is described as a triad and is predominantly where excitation–contraction coupling takes place. Excitation–contraction coupling occurs when depolarization of skeletal muscle cell results in a muscle action potential, which spreads across the cell surface and into the muscle fiber's network of 2566:, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20 percent, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal per hour. For example, one manufacturer of rowing equipment calibrates its 2408:. This occurs during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria. 1695: 632: 640: 3942: 3846:, while transcriptionally downregulated genes were associated with enhancers that had increased DNA methylation. Increased methylation was mainly associated with genes involved in structural remodeling of the muscle and glucose metabolism. Enhancers with decreased methylation were associated with genes functioning in inflammatory or immunological processes and in transcriptional regulation. 1442:. Early researchers believed humans to express a MHC IIb, which led to the ATPase classification of IIB. However, later research showed that the human MHC IIb was in fact IIx, indicating that the IIB is better named IIX. IIb is expressed in other mammals, so is still accurately seen (along with IIB) in the literature. Non human fiber types include true IIb fibers, IIc, IId, etc. 617:, an area specialised for the primary transmission of force. At the muscle-tendon interface, force is transmitted from the sarcomeres in the muscle cells to the tendon. Muscles and tendons develop in close association, and after their joining at the myotendinous junction they constitute a dynamic unit for the transmission of force from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. 3136:. The anaerobic activities predominately use Type II, fast-twitch, muscle fibers. Type II muscle fibers rely on glucogenesis for energy during anaerobic exercise. During anaerobic exercise, type II fibers consume little oxygen, protein and fat, produce large amounts of lactic acid and are fatigable. Many exercises are partially aerobic and anaerobic; for example, 1683: 3516:. The two types of EMG are intra-muscular EMG and the most common, surface EMG. The EMG signals are much greater when a skeletal muscle is contracting verses relaxing. However, for smaller and deeper skeletal muscles the EMG signals are reduced and therefore are viewed as a less valued technique for measuring the activation. In research using EMG, a 3051:), a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism, directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective slow twitch (ST) muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling. A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ ( 1790: 3687:, or else by studies investigating the secretome of muscle cells. Because many of the exercise-regulated genes are identified as secreted, this indicates that much of the effect of exercise has an endocrine rather than metabolic function. The main pathways found to be affected by secreted exercise-regulated proteins were related to 3930:

up-regulated and 176 genes down-regulated. Williams et al. identified 599 enhancer-gene interactions, covering 491 enhancers and 268 genes (multiple enhancers were found connected to some genes), where both the enhancer and the connected target gene were coordinately either upregulated or downregulated after exercise training.

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high intensity endurance training which brings them to a level at which they are able to perform oxidative metabolism as effectively as slow twitch fibers of untrained subjects. This would be brought about by an increase in mitochondrial size and number and the associated related changes, not a change in fiber type.

1610:, have complementary muscles within the neck that show a potential inverse trend of fiber type percentages (one muscle has high percentage of fast twitch, while the complementary muscle will have a higher percentage of slow twitch fibers). The complementary muscles of turtles had similar percentages of fiber types. 1384:

large numbers of type IIX fibers. Middle-distance event athletes show approximately equal distribution of the two types. This is also often the case for power athletes such as throwers and jumpers. It has been suggested that various types of exercise can induce changes in the fibers of a skeletal muscle.

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Paluch AE, Bajpai S, Bassett DR, Carnethon MR, Ekelund U, Evenson KR, Galuska DA, Jefferis BJ, Kraus WE, Lee IM, Matthews CE, Omura JD, Patel AV, Pieper CF, Rees-Punia E, Dallmeier D, Klenk J, Whincup PH, Dooley EE, Pettee Gabriel K, Palta P, Pompeii LA, Chernofsky A, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Spartano N,

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Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building. Sometimes a person may notice an increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise, such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only on the

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and an increased proportion of ST fibers. Thus—through functional genomics—calcineurin, calmodulin-dependent kinase, PGC-1α, and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber-type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance

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muscles are composed of 67% fast-twitch fibers and have a maximum dynamic force and power output 1.35 times higher than human muscles of similar size. Among mammals, there is a predominance of type II fibers utilizing glycolytic metabolism. Because of the discrepancy in fast twitch fibers compared to

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Sedentary men and women (as well as young children) have 45% type II and 55% type I fibers. People at the higher end of any sport tend to demonstrate patterns of fiber distribution e.g. endurance athletes show a higher level of type I fibers. Sprint athletes, on the other hand, require

728:. A unipennate muscle has similarly angled fibers that are on one side of a tendon. A bipennate muscle has fibers on two sides of a tendon. Multipennate muscles have fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along the force-generating axis, and this is the most general and most common architecture. 7476:

Chal J, Oginuma M, Al Tanoury Z, Gobert B, Sumara O, Hick A, Bousson F, Zidouni Y, Mursch C, Moncuquet P, Tassy O, Vincent S, Miyanari A, Bera A, Garnier JM, Guevara G, Hestin M, Kennedy L, Hayashi S, Drayton B, Cherrier T, Gayraud-Morel B, Gussoni E, Relaix F, Tajbakhsh S, Pourquié O (August 2015).

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An active enhancer regulatory region is enabled to interact with the promoter region of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can allow initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The

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A study in Canada tested the effect of muscle mass on mental functions during aging. An expectation of the study was that the endocrine components of the secretome specific to skeletal muscle could protect cognitive functions. The skeletal muscle mass of arms and legs of 8,279 Canadians over the age

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The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during intense work requires that several systems are rapidly activated to ensure a constant supply of ATP for the working muscles. These include a switch from fat-based to carbohydrate-based fuels, a redistribution of blood flow from nonworking to

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Many nuclei are needed by the skeletal muscle cell for the large amounts of proteins and enzymes needed to be produced for the cell's normal functioning. A single muscle fiber can contain from hundreds to thousands of nuclei. A muscle fiber for example in the human biceps with a length of 10 cm

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There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, making up around 40% of body weight in healthy young adults. In Western populations, men have on average around 61% more skeletal muscle than women. Most muscles occur in bilaterally-placed pairs to serve both sides of the body. Muscles are

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Contracting muscles produce vibration and sound. Slow twitch fibers produce 10 to 30 contractions per second (10 to 30 Hz). Fast twitch fibers produce 30 to 70 contractions per second (30 to 70 Hz). The vibration can be witnessed and felt by highly tensing one's muscles, as when making a

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Some authors define a fast twitch fiber as one in which the myosin can split ATP very quickly. These mainly include the ATPase type II and MHC type II fibers. However, fast twitch fibers also demonstrate a higher capability for electrochemical transmission of action potentials and a rapid

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that line the inside of capillary blood vessels; small fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) which are muscle-fiber-adjacent multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that under different conditions can differentiate into adipocytes, fibroblasts or osteocytes. Also shown are pericytes situated on the

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Contraction-induced changes in intracellular calcium or reactive oxygen species provide signals to diverse pathways that include the MAPKs, calcineurin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV to activate transcription factors that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity in skeletal

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Environmental influences such as diet, exercise and lifestyle types have a pivotal role in proportions of fiber type in humans. Aerobic exercise will shift the proportions towards slow twitch fibers, while explosive powerlifting and sprinting will transition fibers towards fast twitch. In animals,

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Almost all multicellular animals depend on muscles to move. Generally, muscular systems of most multicellular animals comprise both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers, though the proportions of each fiber type can vary across organisms and environments. The ability to shift their phenotypic

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It is thought that by performing endurance type events for a sustained period of time, some of the type IIX fibers transform into type IIA fibers. However, there is no consensus on the subject. It may well be that the type IIX fibers show enhancements of the oxidative capacity after

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The total number of skeletal muscle fibers has traditionally been thought not to change. It is believed there are no sex or age differences in fiber distribution; however, proportions of fiber types vary considerably from muscle to muscle and person to person. Among different species there is much

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Slow oxidative (type I) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. Fast oxidative (type IIA) fibers have fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration, but because they may switch to anaerobic respiration (glycolysis), can fatigue more quickly than slow

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and other peptides produced by skeletal muscle as signaling molecules. Iizuka et al., indicated that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ because it "synthesizes and secretes multiple factors, and these muscle derived-factors exert beneficial effects on peripheral and remote organs." The altered

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has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle. It can even stop ATP production if the intracellular concentration becomes too high. However, endurance training mitigates the buildup of lactic acid through increased capillarization and myoglobin. This increases the ability to remove

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to count burned calories as equal to four times the actual mechanical work, plus 300 kcal per hour, this amounts to about 20 percent efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. The mechanical energy output of a cyclic contraction can depend upon many factors, including activation timing, muscle

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tails set for transcriptional activation"). Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle showed expression of 13,108 genes at baseline before the exercise training program. Four days after the exercise program was completed, biopsies of the same muscles showed altered gene expression, with 641 genes

2400:(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to 2905:

throughout the contraction, particularly at the end of the motion. In the example of throwing, the chest and front of the shoulder (anterior deltoid) contract to pull the arm forward, while the muscles in the back and rear of the shoulder (posterior deltoid) also contract and undergo eccentric

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In fish, different fiber types are expressed at different water temperatures. Cold temperatures require more efficient metabolism within muscle and fatigue resistance is important. While in more tropical environments, fast powerful movements (from higher fast-twitch proportions) may prove more

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of HIF-1α in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in the activity of rate-limiting enzymes of the mitochondria, indicating that the citric acid cycle and increased fatty acid oxidation may be compensating for decreased flow through the glycolytic pathway in these animals. However,

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energy transfer. These mainly include the ATPase type I and MHC type I fibers. They tend to have a low activity level of ATPase, a slower speed of contraction with a less well developed glycolytic capacity. Fibers that become slow-twitch develop greater numbers of mitochondria and

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When "type I" or "type II" fibers are referred to generically, this most accurately refers to the sum of numerical fiber types (I vs. II) as assessed by myosin ATPase activity staining (e.g. "type II" fibers refers to type IIA + type IIAX + type IIXA ... etc.).

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of 65 and in average health was measured at baseline and after three years. Of these individuals, 1,605 participants (19.4%) were considered to have a low skeletal muscle mass at baseline, with less than 7.30 kg/m for males, and less than 5.42 kg/m for females (levels defined as

3675:(vastus lateralis muscle) of eight 23-year old, originally sedentary, Caucasian males. Biopsies were taken both before and after a six-week long endurance exercise training program. The exercise consisted of riding a stationary bicycle for one hour, five days a week for six weeks. 7978:

Ballin M, Nordström P, Nordström A, Anderssen SA, Hansen BH, Cochrane JA, Dwyer T, Wang J, Ferrucci L, Liu F, Schrack J, Urbanek J, Saint-Maurice PF, Yamamoto N, Yoshitake Y, Newton RL Jr, Yang S, Shiroma EJ, Fulton JE, et al. (Steps for Health Collaborative) (March 2022).

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Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it is misleading to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". But below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons.

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Considerable research on skeletal muscle is focused on the muscle fiber cells, the myocytes, as discussed in detail in the first sections, below. However, recently, interest has also focused on the different types of mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle, as well as on the

3500:(EMG). Skeletal muscle has two physiological responses: relaxation and contraction. The mechanisms for which these responses occur generate electrical activity measured by EMG. Specifically, EMG can measure the action potential of a skeletal muscle, which occurs from the 2378:, the perception of body awareness, the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The cerebellum and 1530:. While ATPase activity is only one component of contraction speed, Type I fibers are "slow", in part, because they have low speeds of ATPase activity in comparison to Type II fibers. However, measuring contraction speed is not the same as ATPase fiber typing. 1344:, short term, glycolytic system for energy transfer and can contract and develop tension at 2–3 times the rate of slow twitch fibers. Fast twitch muscles are much better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles, and so fatigue more quickly. 2053:(Ca), which then interacts with the regulatory protein troponin. Calcium-bound troponin undergoes a conformational change that leads to the movement of tropomyosin, subsequently exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin. This allows for myosin and actin ATP-dependent 1430:. These methods are closely related physiologically, as the MHC type is the primary determinant of ATPase activity. However, neither of these typing methods is directly metabolic in nature; they do not directly address oxidative or glycolytic capacity of the fiber. 1079:

properties. The table below differentiates these types of properties. These types of properties—while they are partly dependent on the properties of individual fibers—tend to be relevant and measured at the level of the motor unit, rather than individual fiber.

2897:. Muscles are normally arranged in opposition so that when one group of muscles contracts, another group relaxes or lengthens. Antagonism in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles means that it is impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two 1303:

oxidative fibers. Fast glycolytic (type IIX) fibers have fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. The FG fibers fatigue more quickly than the others. Most skeletal muscles in a human contain(s) all three types, although in varying proportions.

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is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by

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Fiber types are established during embryonic development and are remodelled later in the adult by neural and hormonal influences. The population of satellite cells present underneath the basal lamina is necessary for the postnatal development of muscle cells.

3643:, memory and psychomotor speed were each measured at baseline and after three years. Executive mental function was measured with standard tests, including the ability to say the sequence 1-A, 2-B, 3-C…, to name a number of animals in one minute, and with the 3152:

waste products, like lactic acid, out of the muscles in order to not impair muscle function. Once moved out of muscles, lactic acid can be used by other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy, or transported to the liver where it is converted back to

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firm fist. The sound can be heard by pressing a highly tensed muscle against the ear, again a firm fist is a good example. The sound is usually described as a rumbling sound. Some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the

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Of the 13,108 genes with detected expression in the muscle biopsies, 641 genes were upregulated after endurance training and 176 genes were downregulated. Of the 817 total altered genes, 531 were identified as being in the secretome by either or both of

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In addition to having a genetic basis, the composition of muscle fiber types is flexible and can vary with a number of different environmental factors. This plasticity can, arguably, be the strongest evolutionary advantage among organisms with muscle.

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If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal

2100:. The activated dihydropyridine receptors physically interact with ryanodine receptors to activate them via foot processes (involving conformational changes that allosterically activates the ryanodine receptors). As the ryanodine receptors open, 1315:

content. Type I fibers appear red due to the high levels of myoglobin. Red muscle fibers tend to have more mitochondria and greater local capillary density. These fibers are more suited for endurance and are slow to fatigue because they use

3910:(a thigh muscle) biopsies before entering an exercise program (six weeks of 60-minute sessions of riding a stationary cycle, five days per week). Four days after this exercise program was completed, the expression of many genes was persistently 2893:(PCSA), and muscle velocity is proportional to muscle fiber length. The torque around a joint, however, is determined by a number of biomechanical parameters, including the distance between muscle insertions and pivot points, muscle size and 2678:

than vertebrates, resulting in many more sites for actin and myosin to bind and thus much greater force per square centimeter at the cost of much slower speed. The force generated by a contraction can be measured non-invasively using either

3439:, involving prolonged periods of immobilization and weightlessness is known to result in muscle weakening and atrophy resulting in a loss of as much as 30% of mass in some muscles. Such consequences are also noted in some mammals following 1437:

Below is a table showing the relationship between these two methods, limited to fiber types found in humans. Subtype capitalization is used in fiber typing vs. MHC typing, and some ATPase types actually contain multiple MHC types. Also, a

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Skeletal muscle comprises about 35% of the body of humans by weight. The functions of skeletal muscle include producing movement, maintaining body posture, controlling body temperature, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscle is also an

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nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the

3055:)-mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype. Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARδ display an "endurance" phenotype, with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and 1522:, fast vs. slow contraction time). As noted above, fiber typing by ATPase or MHC does not directly measure or dictate these parameters. However, many of the various methods are mechanistically linked, while others are correlated 1748:. In the sarcoplasm are the myofibrils. The myofibrils are long protein bundles about one micrometer in diameter. Pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma are the unusual flattened myonuclei. Between the myofibrils are the 7687:

Cameron A, Wakelin G, Gaulton N, Young LV, Wotherspoon S, Hodson N, Lees MJ, Moore DR, Johnston AP (December 2022). "Identification of underexplored mesenchymal and vascular-related cell populations in human skeletal muscle".

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of their target genes (see Figure "Regulation of transcription in mammals"). As reported by Williams et al., the average distance in the loop between the connected enhancers and promoters of genes is 239,000 nucleotide bases.

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on only one leg during 3 months. The other leg was used as an untrained control leg. The training consisted of one-legged knee extension training for 3 month (45 min, 4 sessions per week). Skeletal muscle biopsies from the

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is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. The tongue consists of eight muscles, not

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ATPase staining of a muscle cross section. Type II fibers are dark, due to the alkaline pH of the preparation. In this example, the size of the type II fibers is considerably less than the type I fibers due to denervation

330:(12-15 μm in diameter). However, in terms of nuclei present in skeletal muscle, myocyte nuclei may be only half of the nuclei present, while nuclei from resident and infiltrating mononuclear cells make up the other half. 6350:

Grube, L; Dellen, R; Kruse, F (2 February 2018). "Mining the Secretome of C2C12 Muscle Cells: Data Dependent Experimental Approach To Analyze Protein Secretion Using Label-Free Quantification and Peptide Based Analysis".

4080: 3346:. Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite cells alongside the existing muscle cells. 1587:

embryos, the first muscle fibers to form are the slow twitch fibers. These cells will undergo migration from their original location to form a monolayer of slow twitch muscle fibers. These muscle fibers undergo further

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when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two

2096:, thereby depolarizing the inner portion of the muscle fiber. Depolarization of the inner portions activates dihydropyridine receptors in the terminal cisternae, which are close to ryanodine receptors in the adjacent 1417:

staining for myosin heavy chain (MHC) type. Myosin ATPase activity is commonly—and correctly—referred to as simply "fiber type", and results from the direct assaying of ATPase activity under various conditions (e.g.

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of hundreds of muscle genes. This includes genes producing proteins secreted into the systemic circulation, many of which may act as endocrine messengers. Six sedentary, about 23 years old, Caucasian males provided

1875:(muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of 5946:

Callister, Robert J.; Pierce, Patricia A.; McDonagh, Jennifer C.; Stuart, Douglas G. (April 2005). "Slow-tonic muscle fibers and their potential innervation in the turtle,Pseudemys (Trachemys)scripta elegans".

701:, in which the fibers are longitudinally arranged, but create a circle from origin to insertion. These different architectures, can cause variations in the tension that a muscle can create between its tendons. 697:. A convergent muscle has a triangular or fan-shape as the fibers converge at its insertion and are fanned out broadly at the origin. A less common example of a parallel muscle is a circular muscle such as the 6496: 3156:. In addition to increasing the level of lactic acid, strenuous exercise results in the loss of potassium ions in muscle. This may facilitate the recovery of muscle function by protecting against fatigue. 1945:

Muscle also functions to produce body heat. Muscle contraction is responsible for producing 85% of the body's heat. This heat produced is as a by-product of muscular activity, and is mostly wasted. As a

2861:. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." However, eye movements (particularly 3599:

As pointed out in the Introduction to this article, under different physiological conditions, subsets of 654 different proteins as well as lipids, amino acids, metabolites and small RNAs occur in the

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Heymsfield, SB; Gallagher, D; Kotler, DP; Wang, Z; Allison, DB; Heshka, S (2002). "Body-size dependence of resting energy expenditure can be attributed to nonenergetic homogeneity of fat-free mass".

685:. In parallel muscles, the fascicles run parallel to the axis of force generation, but the fascicles can vary in their relationship to one another, and to their tendons. These variations are seen in 3823:(a thigh muscle) were taken both before training began and 24 hours after the last training session from each of the legs. The endurance-trained leg, compared to the untrained leg, had significant 3567:

Nuclei present in skeletal muscle are about 50% myocyte nuclei and 50% mononuclear cell nuclei. Mononuclear cells found in skeletal muscle tissue samples from mice and humans can be identified by

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reduces the effective force of any individual fiber, as it is effectively pulling off-axis. However, because of this angle, more fibers can be packed into the same muscle volume, increasing the

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which are fast. Type II has two divisions of type IIA (oxidative), and type IIX (glycolytic), giving three main fiber types. These fibers have relatively distinct metabolic, contractile, and

3520:(MVC) is commonly performed on the skeletal muscle of interest, to have reference data for the rest of the EMG recordings during the main experimental testing for that same skeletal muscle. 2906:

contraction to slow the motion down to avoid injury. Part of the training process is learning to relax the antagonist muscles to increase the force input of the chest and anterior shoulder.

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are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a

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In rodents such as rats, the transitory nature of their muscle is highly prevalent. They have high percentage of hybrid muscle fibers and have up to 60% in fast-to-slow transforming muscle.

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Fibers can also be classified on their twitch capabilities, into fast and slow twitch. These traits largely, but not completely, overlap the classifications based on color, ATPase, or MHC (

2046:, that make muscle contraction possible. These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin. Once a cell is sufficiently stimulated, the cell's 5517:

Smerdu V, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Campione M, Leinwand L, Schiaffino, S (December 1994). "Type IIx myosin heavy chain transcripts are expressed in type IIb fibers of human skeletal muscle".

1980:

When a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together, and the I band becomes smaller. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.

1622:

humans, chimpanzees outperform humans in power related tests. Humans, however, will do better at exercise in aerobic range requiring large metabolic costs such as walking (bipedalism).

7533:

Cè, E; Rampichini, S; Limonta, E; Esposito, F (10 December 2013). "Fatigue effects on the electromechanical delay components during the relaxation phase after isometric contraction".

6801: 2854:

is delivered, the entire uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each contraction.

3309:

technique that measures muscle noise is undergoing experimentation to provide a way of monitoring neuromuscular disease. The sound produced by a muscle comes from the shortening of

3000:

links the motor neurons and signaling systems, coupling excitation and transcription regulation to promote the nerve-dependent induction of the slow program in regenerating muscle.

1518:

Further fiber typing methods are less formally delineated, and exist on more of a spectrum. They tend to be focused more on metabolic and functional capacities (i.e., oxidative vs.

2823:) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles. 597:

and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. These cells are normally quiescent but can be activated by exercise or pathology to provide additional myonuclei for muscle growth or repair.

4088: 7288:

Fuster G, Busquets S, Almendro V, López-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM (2007). "Antiproteolytic effects of plasma from hibernating bears: a new approach for muscle wasting therapy?".

5243:

Betts, J. Gordon; Young, Kelly A.; Wise, James A.; Johnson, Eddie; Poe, Brandon; Kruse, Dean H.; Korol, Oksana; Johnson, Jody E.; Womble, Mark; Desaix, Peter (6 March 2013).

4079:

Betts, J. Gordon; Young, Kelly A.; Wise, James A.; Johnson, Eddie; Poe, Brandon; Kruse, Dean H.; Korol, Oksana; Johnson, Jody E.; Womble, Mark; Desaix, Peter (6 March 2013).

6051:"Expression of multiple slow myosin heavy chain genes reveals a diversity of zebrafish slow twitch muscle fibres with differing requirements for Hedgehog and Prdm1 activity" 3121:, an increase in size of muscle due to an increase in the number of muscle fibers or cross-sectional area of myofibrils. Muscle changes depend on the type of exercise used. 3073:

hypoxia-mediated HIF-1α responses are also linked to the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction through the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species in mitochondria.

2004:. The motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the many fibers that it makes contact with. A single muscle is stimulated by many motor units. Muscle fibers are subject to 5154: 5322:

Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (14 May 2023).

2800:

In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the

7576:

Xu, Q; Quan, Y; Yang, L; He, J (January 2013). "An adaptive algorithm for the determination of the onset and offset of muscle contraction by EMG signal processing".

6891:

Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Piehl K, Saltin B (September 1972). "Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men".

3338:

Independent of strength and performance measures, muscles can be induced to grow larger by a number of factors, including hormone signaling, developmental factors,

452:

Apart from the contractile part of a muscle consisting of its fibers, a muscle contains a non-contractile part of dense fibrous connective tissue that makes up the

778:

There are a number of terms used in the naming of muscles including those relating to size, shape, action, location, their orientation, and their number of heads.

7170: 1886:

Between the tenth and the eighteenth weeks of gestation, all muscle cells have fast myosin heavy chains; two myotube types become distinguished in the developing

2831:

does not vary much. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the

1559:, has three fiber types including fast twitch fibers, slow-twitch and slow-tonic fibers. Slow-tonic is a slow twitch-fiber that can sustain longer contractions ( 1360:

Individual muscles tend to be a mixture of various fiber types, but their proportions vary depending on the actions of that muscle. For instance, in humans, the

7930:"Association of Low Muscle Mass With Cognitive Function During a 3-Year Follow-up Among Adults Aged 65 to 86 Years in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging" 3914:

altered. The alterations altered acetylations and deacetylations of the histone tails located in the enhancers controlling the genes with altered expression.

7874:

Williams K, Carrasquilla GD, Ingerslev LR, Hochreuter MY, Hansson S, Pillon NJ, Donkin I, Versteyhe S, Zierath JR, Kilpeläinen TO, Barrès R (November 2021).

3881:. Nucleosomes consist of four pairs of histone proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized 3012:

implicated in nerve activity-dependent fiber-type specification in skeletal muscle, directly controls the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor

7731:

Rubenstein AB, Smith GR, Raue U, Begue G, Minchev K, Ruf-Zamojski F, Nair VD, Wang X, Zhou L, Zaslavsky E, Trappe TA, Trappe S, Sealfon SC (January 2020).

5358: 4752: 1767:. These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule). 4663: 3024:

activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity, possibly because it amplifies the slow-type calcineurin-generated responses by promoting MEF2

3016:, allowing for its translocation to the nucleus and leading to the activation of slow-type muscle proteins in cooperation with myocyte enhancer factor 2 ( 307:. Under different physiological conditions, subsets of 654 different proteins as well as lipids, amino acids, metabolites and small RNAs are found in the 2132: 5408:

Johnson, M.A.; Polgar, J.; Weightman, D.; Appleton, D. (1973). "Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study".

4726: 3361:

is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average, men find hypertrophy much easier to achieve than women. Taking additional testosterone or other

2370:

convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The

3489:

is used to determine force and contraction speed at different frequencies related to fiber-type composition and mix within an individual muscle group.

2988:

Skeletal muscle fiber-type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent signaling pathways. These include pathways involved with the

1405:

There are numerous methods employed for fiber-typing, and confusion between the methods is common among non-experts. Two commonly confused methods are

7372: 3433:

and its consequences. A decrease in muscle mass may be accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content.

3921:. Down-regulated genes were associated with the removal of epigenetic acetylations at H3K27 in nucleosomes located at their enhancers (see Figure "A 3508:

from nerve impulses sent to the muscle. EMG is used in research for determining if the skeletal muscle of interest is being activated, the amount of

6143:"Non Conservation of Function for the Evolutionarily Conserved Prdm1 Protein in the Control of the Slow Twitch Myogenic Program in the Mouse Embryo" 3790:. Enhancers are non-coding sequences in the genome that activate the expression of distant target genes, by looping around and interacting with the 5740: 3068:) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells. 7127:

Wang, Y; Jardine, MJ (November 2011). "Benefits of exercise training in patients receiving haemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1630:

Across species, certain gene sequences have been preserved, but do not always have the same functional purpose. Within the zebrafish embryo, the

1674:"exercise training" will look more like the need for long durations of movement or short explosive movements to escape predators or catch prey. 6050: 1890:– both expressing fast chains but one expressing fast and slow chains. Between 10 and 40 per cent of the fibers express the slow myosin chain. 5906: 4022:

Birbrair, Alexander; Zhang, Tan; Wang, Zhong-Min; Messi, Maria Laura; Enikolopov, Grigori N.; Mintz, Akiva; Delbono, Osvaldo (21 March 2013).

3731:, thus inhibiting access of other molecules to the DNA. Epigenetic alterations also often occur through acetylations or deacetylations of the 3076:

Other pathways also influence adult muscle character. For example, physical force inside a muscle fiber may release the transcription factor

1939: 1600:

In larger animals, different muscle groups will increasingly require different fiber type proportions within muscle for different purposes.

2460:

Skeletal muscle uses more calories than other organs. At rest it consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is larger than

1706:

Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of two contractile proteins

8210:"An integrative analysis reveals coordinated reprogramming of the epigenome and the transcriptome in human skeletal muscle after training" 3167:, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly, it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise. 1563:). In lobsters, muscles in different body parts vary in the muscle fiber type proportions based on the purpose of the muscle group. 969: 960: 756:. However, muscle cells cannot divide to produce new cells, and as a result there are fewer muscle cells in an adult than in a newborn. 3043:

Exercise-induced signaling pathways in skeletal muscle that determine specialized characteristics of slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers

6965:

Monster AW, Chan H, O'Connor D (April 1978). "Activity patterns of human skeletal muscles: relation to muscle fiber type composition".

3917:

Up-regulated genes were associated with epigenetic acetylations added at histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) of nucleosomes located at their

3604: 1883:. Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongated multinucleated skeletal muscle cells. 414: 352: 6301:

Murach, KA; Fry, CS; Kirby, TJ; Jackson, JR; Lee, JD; White, SH; Dupont-Versteegden, EE; McCarthy, JJ; Peterson, CA (1 January 2018).

8275: 5595:

Staron, Robert S.; Johnson, Peter (November 1993). "Myosin polymorphism and differential expression in adult human skeletal muscle".

3021: 2996:) pathway, calcineurin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, and the peroxisome proliferator γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1). The 2695: 2298:. However, the majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain. 2088:(identified as dihydropyridine receptors, DHPRs). DHPRs are located on the sarcolemma (which includes the surface sarcolemma and the 1372:

within the muscle, however, have minimal variation between the fibers of that unit. It is this fact that makes the size principal of

1426:

staining is most accurately referred to as "MHC fiber type", e.g. "MHC IIa fibers", and results from determination of different MHC

7196: 4787:

Klein, CS; Marsh, GD; Petrella, RJ; Rice, CL (July 2003). "Muscle fiber number in the biceps brachii muscle of young and old men".

4244:

Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R (July 2000). "Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr".

7876:"Epigenetic rewiring of skeletal muscle enhancers after exercise training supports a role in whole-body function and human health" 8477: 5715: 6749: 950: 940: 8170:

Marsman J, Horsfield JA (2012). "Long distance relationships: enhancer-promoter communication and dynamic gene transcription".

3956: 910: 904: 736:

Muscle fibers grow when exercised and shrink when not in use. This is due to the fact that exercise stimulates the increase in

5565: 8546: 7229: 6709: 6285: 5498: 5389: 5331: 5290: 5143: 5106: 4675: 3756: 2842:

Because muscle strength is determined by cross-sectional area, a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by

740:

which increase the overall size of muscle cells. Well exercised muscles can not only add more size but can also develop more

456:

at each end. The tendons attach the muscles to bones to give skeletal movement. The length of a muscle includes the tendons.

7000:

Pattengale PK, Holloszy JO (September 1967). "Augmentation of skeletal muscle myoglobin by a program of treadmill running".

2558:

cost, as can be calculated from oxygen consumption. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating

2111:

is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the local junctional space and diffuses into the bulk cytoplasm to cause a

1348: 1341: 8863: 916: 267:, repeated in units called sarcomeres, which are the basic functional, contractile units of the muscle fiber necessary for 8894: 7621:"Sustained maximal voluntary contraction produces independent changes in human motor axons and the muscle they innervate" 934: 922: 6732: 4582:

Giordani L, He GJ, Negroni E, Sakai H, Law JY, Siu MM, Wan R, Corneau A, Tajbakhsh S, Cheung TH, Le Grand F (May 2019).

3534: 3393: 2714:. Significant reductions in muscle strength can indicate underlying pathology, with the chart at right used as a guide. 2890: 2262:

is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement.

1722:. The myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments, and are arranged in repeating units called 713: 5852:

Hamilton, Marc T.; Booth, Frank W. (1 January 2000). "Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise: a century of progress".

5312: 3814:

In a study by Lindholm et al., twenty-three individuals who were about 27 years old and sedentary volunteered to have

1740:

Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure that it meets desired functions. The

1324:). Less oxidative Type II fibers are white due to relatively low myoglobin and a reliance on glycolytic enzymes. 8439: 6531: 6403: 6240: 5244: 5227: 5195: 4764: 4147: 2975: 2782: 2525: 2241: 2085: 928: 17: 2957: 2507: 2223: 2097: 1340:

level of calcium release and uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The fast twitch fibers rely on a well-developed,

3849: 2949: 2865:

used on facial scanning and reading) do require high speed movements, and eye muscles are exercised nightly during

2857:

The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the

2760: 2499: 2215: 6075:

O'Neill, Matthew C.; Umberger, Brian R.; Holowka, Nicholas B.; Larson, Susan G.; Reiser, Peter J. (11 July 2017).

5817:

Sieck, Gary C. (1 January 2001). "Highlighted Topics series: Plasticity in Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle".

8352: 2065: 674: 5350: 4995:"Bioengineered constructs combined with exercise enhance stem cell-mediated treatment of volumetric muscle loss" 3759:, they usually cause loosening of the DNA around the nucleosome, leading to increased accessibility of the DNA. 2382:

in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.

964: 3479: 2953: 2764: 2503: 2219: 8027:

Widmann M, Nieß AM, Munz B (April 2019). "Physical Exercise and Epigenetic Modifications in Skeletal Muscle".

2069: 1526:. For instance, ATPase fiber type is related to contraction speed, because high ATPase activity allows faster 670: 9127: 8564: 8357: 8268: 3486: 3159: 2691:

using tendon strain (if a prominent tendon is present), or be measured directly using more invasive methods.

6803:, Peak Performance – Endurance training: understanding your slow twitch muscle fibers will boost performance 3550:

outer surface of blood capillaries where they interact with the underlying endothelial cells. In addition,

7376: 4832:"With the greatest care, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins verify what skeletal muscle is doing" 4513:

Von Walden F, Rea M, Mobley CB, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA, Murach KA (November 2020).

2670:) of force per square centimeter of muscle cross-sectional area when isometric and at optimal length. Some 1992:

Contraction is achieved by the muscle's structural unit, the muscle fiber, and by its functional unit, the

1853: 1636:

gene down-regulates the formation of new slow twitch fibers through direct and indirect mechanisms such as

769: 578:

where it is responsible for supporting the volume of cytoplasm in that particular section of the myofiber.

8208:

Lindholm ME, Marabita F, Gomez-Cabrero D, Rundqvist H, Ekström TJ, Tegnér J, Sundberg CJ (December 2014).

4219:

Brainard, Jean; Gray-Wilson, Niamh; Harwood, Jessica; Karasov, Corliss; Kraus, Dors; Willan, Jane (2011).

3202:. The cause of many myopathies is attributed to mutations in the various associated muscle proteins. Some 2886: 1527: 666: 8470: 8362: 8347: 5630:

Buchthal, F.; Schmalbruch, H. (August 1970). "Contraction times and fibre types in intact human muscle".

3501: 446: 442: 2914:

of the middle ear. The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed.

8899: 8422: 4562:

Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).

3839: 3357:

produced by the body increase. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens. As

989:

serve to fix a joint in a given position by stabilizing the prime mover whilst other joints are moving.

773: 765: 6813:

Gonyea WJ, Sale DG, Gonyea FB, Mikesky A (1986). "Exercise induced increases in muscle fiber number".

4459:

Florin A, Lambert C, Sanchez C, Zappia J, Durieux N, Tieppo AM, Mobasheri A, Henrotin Y (March 2020).

2901:

at any one time. During ballistic motions such as throwing, the antagonist muscles act to 'brake' the

2571:

strain trajectory, and rates of force rise & decay. These can be synthesized experimentally using

123: 6142: 3827:

changes at 4,919 sites across the genome. The sites of altered DNA methylation were predominantly in

3798: 2259: 1852:(which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form 7839: 7519: 7429:

Ebner N, Springer J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lainscak M, Doehner W, Anker SD, von Haehling S (July 2013).

3554:

are shown that can fuse with muscle fibers and contribute new myonuclei to muscle fibers, grow into

3275: 1976: 694: 519:

Skeletal muscle cells are the individual contractile cells within a muscle, and are often termed as

9122: 9117: 8530: 8261: 7084:

Robergs, R; Ghiasvand, F; Parker, D (2004). "Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis".

4115: 3854: 3475: 3342:, and disease. Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased through 3056: 3029: 2938: 2894: 2866: 2809: 2488: 2279: 2271: 2204: 1589: 284: 118: 94: 5552:

Pette, D; Staron, RS (15 September 2000). "Myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types, and transitions".

4584:"High-Dimensional Single-Cell Cartography Reveals Novel Skeletal Muscle-Resident Cell Populations" 3885:

tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have

3235:

affect the muscles and their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause

2850:

layer of the uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the female body. At the time when an

2131:

by the action potential causes a cell-wide increase in calcium giving rise to the upstroke of the

1922:

that act as signalling molecules. Myokines in turn are believed to mediate the health benefits of

1311:

Traditionally, fibers were categorized depending on their varying color, which is a reflection of

686: 678: 9092: 8966: 8961: 6606:"Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy-Implications for Therapies" 3966: 3907: 3820: 3672: 3490: 3470:

Myopathies have been modeled with cell culture systems of muscle from healthy or diseased tissue

3256: 3211: 3203: 2942: 2753: 2492: 2208: 2120: 7479:"Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy" 3850:

Exercise-induced long-term alteration of gene expression by histone acetylation or deacetylation

2404:. If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to 570:

where the nucleus is centrally positioned, the myonucleus is elongated and located close to the

9132: 9050: 8879: 8519: 8509: 8463: 3971: 3961: 3252: 2559: 2417: 2267: 2077: 2047: 2013: 1880: 1857: 1845: 1829: 1756: 1575:

of vertebrate embryos, growth and formation of muscle happens in successive waves or phases of

1373: 1321: 690: 292: 194: 170: 130: 106: 7221: 7215: 6699: 5280: 2282:

and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the

1347:

The slow twitch fibers generate energy for ATP re-synthesis by means of a long term system of

574:. The myonuclei are quite uniformly arranged along the fiber with each nucleus having its own 550:

of myoblasts each contributing a nucleus. Fusion depends on muscle-specific proteins known as

208:– bundles of muscle fibers. Each individual fiber, and each muscle is surrounded by a type of 7325:"Response of the neuromuscular unit to spaceflight: What has been learned from the rat model" 3624:

as well as the secretome of sedentary muscle appear to have many effects on distant tissues.

3528: 3248: 3232: 3199: 3185: 3164: 3077: 2911: 2539: 2334: 1813: 1730: 1572: 1396: 504: 6856:

Jansson E, Kaijser L (July 1977). "Muscle adaptation to extreme endurance training in man".

4701: 3571:

transcription of cell type markers. Cameron et al. identified nine cell types. They include

2464:(fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and bone at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg). 8494: 7744: 7632: 7052: 6088: 5006: 4944:

Snijders, T; Aussieker, T; Holwerda, A; Parise, G; van Loon, LJC; Verdijk, LB (July 2020).

3715:

mechanisms in skeletal muscle responses to exercise. Epigenetic alterations often occur by

3113:, muscle and bone strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, 2391: 2306: 2255: 1849: 1580: 1317: 5316: 5307: 2694:

The strength of any given muscle, in terms of force exerted on the skeleton, depends upon

1050:

means diagonal to the midline. Relative to the axis of the generation of force – types of

8: 8679: 8432: 8342: 3918: 3898: 3828: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3767: 3406: 3132:

is associated with activities of high intensity but short duration, such as sprinting or

2898: 1957: 1687: 1560: 1414: 662: 626: 438: 430: 7748: 7636: 6303:"Starring or Supporting Role? Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size Regulation" 6092: 5446:

Schiaffino, S; Reggiani, C (October 2011). "Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles".

5010: 3353:

in males, hypertrophy occurs at an accelerated rate as the levels of growth-stimulating

3349:

Biological factors such as age and hormone levels can affect muscle hypertrophy. During

8325: 8234: 8209: 8147: 8120: 8096: 8072:"Understanding the relationship between DNA methylation and histone lysine methylation" 8071: 8052: 8004: 7979: 7954: 7945: 7929: 7900: 7875: 7816: 7789: 7765: 7732: 7713: 7655: 7620: 7601: 7558: 7508: 7458: 7354: 7270: 7152: 7109: 7061: 7036: 6943: 6927: 6869: 6838: 6680: 6632: 6605: 6581: 6548: 6455: 6428: 6327: 6302: 6193: 6168: 6119: 6076: 6024: 5999: 5980: 5885: 5796: 5691: 5666: 5643: 5577: 5071: 5054: 5027: 4994: 4970: 4945: 4921: 4908: 4883: 4856: 4831: 4812: 4539: 4514: 4485: 4460: 4433: 4408: 4384: 4359: 4269: 4196: 4171: 4081:"Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems" 4056: 4023: 3815: 3688: 3640: 3617: 3555: 3517: 3333: 3317: 3299: 3221: 3198:. Both can affect muscle function or cause muscle pain, and fall under the umbrella of 3129: 3118: 2425: 2286:, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes. 2089: 2054: 1971: 1903: 1841: 1764: 1760: 1423: 1368:

is ~80% type I. The orbicularis oculi muscle of the eye is only ~15% type I.

1333: 894: 492: 268: 7995: 7258: 1930:(IL-6) is the most studied myokine, other muscle contraction-induced myokines include 1864:. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and innervated by the 9012: 8928: 8835: 8588: 8399: 8239: 8187: 8152: 8101: 8044: 8009: 7959: 7905: 7821: 7770: 7717: 7705: 7660: 7593: 7550: 7500: 7450: 7411: 7346: 7341: 7324: 7305: 7274: 7262: 7225: 7144: 7101: 7066: 7017: 7013: 6982: 6947: 6908: 6873: 6830: 6784: 6705: 6672: 6637: 6586: 6568: 6527: 6478: 6460: 6409: 6399: 6368: 6332: 6281: 6236: 6198: 6124: 6106: 6029: 5972: 5964: 5877: 5869: 5834: 5788: 5780: 5734: 5696: 5647: 5612: 5608: 5569: 5534: 5530: 5494: 5471: 5425: 5421: 5385: 5327: 5286: 5223: 5191: 5102: 5076: 5032: 4975: 4925: 4913: 4861: 4804: 4760: 4671: 4644: 4605: 4544: 4490: 4438: 4389: 4360:"Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations" 4340: 4292: 4261: 4201: 4143: 4061: 4043: 3720: 3621: 3580: 3551: 3524: 3343: 3339: 3244: 3114: 2726: 2648:(muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to training), 2584: 2543: 2450: 2154:, to allow crossbridge cycling, producing force and, in some situations, motion. The 2116: 2050: 1876: 1809: 1763:

needed to cause a muscle contraction. Periodically, it has dilated end sacs known as

698: 594: 586: 457: 209: 8056: 7605: 7562: 7512: 7462: 7446: 7358: 7156: 6842: 6684: 6668: 5984: 4816: 8628: 8444: 8427: 8404: 8229: 8221: 8179: 8142: 8132: 8091: 8083: 8036: 7999: 7991: 7949: 7941: 7895: 7887: 7811: 7801: 7760: 7752: 7697: 7650: 7640: 7585: 7542: 7492: 7483: 7442: 7403: 7336: 7297: 7254: 7136: 7113: 7093: 7056: 7048: 7009: 6974: 6939: 6900: 6865: 6822: 6664: 6627: 6617: 6576: 6560: 6450: 6440: 6391: 6360: 6322: 6314: 6188: 6180: 6114: 6096: 6019: 6011: 5956: 5889: 5861: 5826: 5800: 5770: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5639: 5604: 5581: 5561: 5526: 5463: 5455: 5417: 5066: 5022: 5014: 4965: 4957: 4903: 4895: 4851: 4843: 4796: 4595: 4534: 4526: 4480: 4472: 4428: 4420: 4379: 4371: 4330: 4273: 4253: 4191: 4183: 4051: 4035: 3627: 3608: 3497: 3430: 3362: 3313: 3279: 3125: 3110: 2997: 2902: 2722: 2680: 2454: 1984: 1833: 1606: 1552: 496: 484: 406: 335: 304: 7980:"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts" 6364: 6184: 5664: 4530: 3799:

Exercise-induced alteration to gene expression by DNA methylation or demethylation

3751:

and one segment of DNA is connected to an adjacent DNA segment on a nucleosome by

8848: 8389: 8335: 8284: 8225: 8183: 8087: 7891: 7645: 7140: 6736: 4899: 4847: 4600: 4583: 4476: 4220: 3976: 3947: 3902: 3843: 3824: 3804: 3779: 3728: 3716: 3706: 3370: 3291: 3263: 3133: 2836: 2551: 2429: 2330: 2322: 2310: 2151: 1772: 1759:. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the 1013: 955: 829: 825: 709: 402: 205: 99: 70: 7790:"Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors Cross-Talk in Skeletal Muscle: The Social Network" 6904: 5865: 5775: 5758: 4640: 4375: 4300: 3575:

that line capillaries (45% of cells), fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs)(20%),

2445:

molecules in the process (in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead

189:

are much longer than in the other types of muscle tissue, and are also known as

8913: 8889: 8394: 8303: 8137: 8040: 7756: 7701: 7589: 7407: 7301: 7097: 6318: 5459: 4946:"The concept of skeletal muscle memory: Evidence from animal and human studies" 4623: 4563: 4257: 3660: 3579:(14%) and endothelial-like pericytes (4%). Another 9% of mononuclear cells are 3513: 3422: 3382: 3320:, the muscle shortens along its length and expands across its width, producing 3025: 2699: 2684: 2461: 2453:). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during 2405: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2345: 2128: 2005: 1997: 1755:

While the muscle fiber does not have smooth endoplasmic cisternae, it contains

985: 945: 890: 705: 682: 644: 567: 508: 488: 162: 7037:"Protective effects of lactic acid on force production in rat skeletal muscle" 6564: 6000:"Limited expression of slow tonic myosin heavy chain in human cranial muscles" 5830: 41: 9111: 8978: 8486: 8313: 8298: 7806: 6729: 6572: 6445: 6110: 5968: 5873: 5838: 5784: 5299: 4424: 4047: 3986: 3644: 3568: 3455: 3283: 3141: 2989: 2858: 2817: 2813: 2664: 2660: 2314: 2290: 2124: 2112: 2009: 1927: 1817: 1741: 1410: 1406: 1365: 1017: 531: 500: 480:. Deep fascia also separates the groups of muscles into muscle compartments. 315: 229: 166: 158: 111: 6928:"Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to endurance training of long duration" 6218:

Born to Run: a hidden tribe, superathletes, and the Greatest Race Never Seen

6101: 5665:

Garnett, R.A.; O'Donovan, M.J.; Stephens, J.A.; Taylor, A. (February 1979).

4515:"The myonuclear DNA methylome in response to an acute hypertrophic stimulus" 4170:

Henderson, CA; Gomez, CG; Novak, SM; Mi-Mi, L; Gregorio, CC (18 June 2017).

3405:

Every day between one and two percent of muscle is broken down and rebuilt.

2656:(muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities). 8657: 8610: 8243: 8191: 8156: 8105: 8048: 8013: 7963: 7909: 7825: 7774: 7709: 7664: 7618: 7597: 7554: 7504: 7478: 7454: 7415: 7309: 7266: 7148: 7105: 7070: 6978: 6750:"9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints - College Physics | OpenStax" 6676: 6641: 6590: 6464: 6413: 6372: 6336: 6202: 6128: 6033: 5976: 5881: 5573: 5475: 5080: 5036: 4979: 4917: 4865: 4808: 4648: 4609: 4548: 4494: 4442: 4393: 4344: 4296: 4265: 4205: 4065: 3732: 3496:

The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction is measured via

3410: 3398: 3358: 3306: 3274:. Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing 3207: 3195: 3124:

Generally, there are two types of exercise regimes, aerobic and anaerobic.

2828: 2671: 2567: 2180:

declines back to resting levels, the force declines and relaxation occurs.

2001: 1865: 1861: 1793: 1749: 824:

means huge. These terms are often used after the particular muscle such as

741: 725: 656: 535: 379: 367: 280: 245: 233: 65: 7431:"Mechanism and novel therapeutic approaches to wasting in chronic disease" 7350: 7171:"Overview of Movement Disorders - Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders" 7021: 6951: 6912: 6834: 6788: 6775:

Barry, D. T. (1992). "Vibrations and sounds from evoked muscle twitches".

5792: 5651: 5616: 5538: 5429: 4039: 2652:(how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract), and 1950:

response to extreme cold, muscles are signaled to trigger contractions of

1860:

and small vertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the

1729:

The sarcomere is attached to other organelles such as the mitochondria by

1542: 9007: 8982: 8801: 8772: 8573: 8373: 8330: 6986: 6877: 6395: 5700: 5467: 4751:

Muller, Martin N.; Wrangham, Richard W.; Pilbeam, David R., eds. (2017).

4335: 4318: 4187: 3981: 3911: 3894: 3712: 3588: 3572: 3546: 3440: 3436: 3148: 3106: 3009: 3001: 2721:

for a contracted muscle depends on its supply of energy and is stated by

2563: 2442: 2421: 2401: 2396: 2379: 2338: 2326: 2295: 2283: 2043: 2027: 1947: 1715: 1369: 753: 547: 464:. Deep fascia specialises within muscles to enclose each muscle fiber as 461: 410: 323: 319: 296: 264: 217: 186: 5097:

Martini, Frederic H.; Timmons, Michael J.; Tallitsch, Robert B. (2008).

5018: 4024:"Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation" 136: 9077: 9038: 9033: 8923: 8884: 8858: 8853: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8741: 8674: 8652: 8504: 7873: 7546: 6826: 6622: 5960: 5759:"Genetic determinism of fiber type proportion in human skeletal muscle" 4961: 3922: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3634: 3584: 3474:. Another source of skeletal muscle and progenitors is provided by the 3426: 3388: 3321: 3310: 3236: 3225: 3191: 3005: 2847: 2832: 2767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2711: 2555: 2349: 2318: 2147: 1993: 1926:. Myokines are secreted into the bloodstream after muscle contraction. 1837: 1784: 1745: 1648:

gene is present but does not control slow muscle genes in mice through

1618: 1576: 1519: 1361: 1076: 737: 717: 648: 571: 543: 469: 465: 426: 327: 252: 241: 225: 155: 8207: 7394:) experience skeletal muscle protein balance during winter anorexia". 6015: 4800: 3803:

Endurance muscle training alters muscle gene expression by epigenetic

3117:, bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles. One such effect is 1625: 9082: 8987: 8973: 8933: 8843: 8759: 8711: 8706: 8623: 8541: 7496: 5566:

10.1002/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<500::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-7

5516: 4512: 4001: 3736: 3724: 3711:

Between 2012 and 2019, at least 25 reports indicated a major role of

3692: 3650: 3600: 3542: 3267: 3240: 3080:

from the structural protein titin, leading to altered muscle growth.

2703: 2675: 2572: 2073: 2035: 2031: 1951: 1907: 1734: 1723: 1719: 1699: 1584: 1312: 975: 862: 745: 721: 652: 582: 473: 434: 308: 221: 198: 7532: 7430: 5998:

Sokoloff, Alan J.; Li, Haiyan; Burkholder, Thomas J. (August 2007).

5279:

MacIntosh, Brian R.; Gardiner, Phillip F.; McComas, Alan J. (2006).

3224:, the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of 3216: 2927: 2742: 2477: 2428:

which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with

2193: 360:

Front and back views of the major skeletal muscles of the human body

9072: 9043: 9003: 8808: 7428: 7287: 6547:

Calderón, Juan C.; Bolaños, Pura; Caputo, Carlo (24 January 2014).

6169:"Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish" 4759:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 397. 3808: 3727:. Methylations of cytosines can cause the DNA to be compacted into 3700: 3684: 3612: 3576: 3459: 3287: 3243:, depending on the location and nature of the problem. A number of 3181: 3153: 3089: 3069: 3048: 2801: 2446: 2433: 2093: 2039: 1923: 1915: 1872: 1768: 1427: 850: 749: 665:

refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers relative to the axis of

422: 418: 182: 8253: 7928:

Tessier AJ, Wing SS, Rahme E, Morais JA, Chevalier S (July 2022).

7578:

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

6549:"The excitation–contraction coupling mechanism in skeletal muscle" 6429:"Role of Myokines in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function" 3842:

were associated with enhancers that had a significant decrease in

3762: 3052: 3039: 3028:

functions and enhancing oxidative capacity through stimulation of

2076:

to contract. This process relies on a direct coupling between the

1726:. The interaction of both proteins results in muscle contraction. 9087: 8792: 8716: 5907:"Fiber polymorphism in skeletal muscles of the American lobster, 4218: 4142:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 30–33. 3996: 3991: 3926: 3882: 3864: 3832: 3747:(and each histone also has a loose tail) in a structure called a 3744: 3680: 3666: 3656: 3493:

is used for more complete characterization of muscle properties.

3414: 3354: 3350: 3271: 3098: 3094: 2862: 2688: 2547: 2437: 1919: 1911: 551: 8455: 8076:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms

7390:

Lohuis TD, Harlow HJ, Beck TD (2007). "Hibernating black bears (

6074: 3628:

Sedentary skeletal muscle mass affects executive mental function

1694: 9028: 8782: 8369: 8320: 7733:"Single-cell transcriptional profiles in human skeletal muscle" 6280:(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 63–64. 6077:"Chimpanzee super strength and human skeletal muscle evolution" 4943: 3886: 3696: 3471: 3447: 3429:. Sarcopenia is commonly an age-related process that can cause 3137: 3105:

Physical exercise is often recommended as a means of improving

2873: 2851: 2707: 2413: 2302: 2024: 1961:

Classes of levers present in the human skeletal muscular system

1825: 1821: 1797: 1707: 1601: 1440:

subtype B or b is not expressed in humans by either method

631: 606: 524: 453: 260: 213: 174: 7787: 7619:

Milder, DA; Sutherland, EJ; Gandevia, SC; McNulty, PA (2014).

5407: 4664:"3. Body composition assessment of the critically ill patient" 3707:

Exercise-trained effects are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms

2659:

Vertebrate muscle typically produces approximately 25–33

1698:

Diagram of sarcoplasmic reticulum with terminal cisternae and

8787: 8777: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 6890: 6654: 5945: 4461:"The secretome of skeletal muscle cells: A systematic review" 3869:....DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146 3587:(such as B-cells and T-cells) (3%) and myeloid cells such as 3509: 3505: 3485:

Research on skeletal muscle properties uses many techniques.

3418: 3065: 2846:) than a longer muscle of the same cross-sectional area. The 2432:. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of 2371: 2333:

at the muscles. Along the way, feedback, such as that of the

2275: 2263: 2155: 2020: 1935: 1887: 1711: 1643: 1632: 527:

in a young adult male contains around 253,000 muscle fibers.

398: 272: 256: 82: 7976: 6657:

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

5384:(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 274. 4884:"Skeletal muscle fibers count on nuclear numbers for growth" 3782:

in muscle is largely regulated, as in tissues generally, by

3603:

of skeletal muscles. As described in the Knowledge article "

2420:(ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the 1682: 639: 197:– having a striped appearance due to the arrangement of the 8736: 8667: 8662: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8583: 8578: 7475: 3739:. DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146 3451: 3282:(measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, 3017: 3013: 2993: 2843: 2630:

Movement against external resistance, but less than normal

2622:

Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance

2550:) at 18% to 26%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of 2424:. Muscles have a short-term store of energy in the form of 2081: 1931: 1856:, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the 1650: 1638: 295:(ATP) molecules that are used to power the movement of the 178: 8121:"Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown" 7686: 7245:

Cruz-Jentoft, AJ; Sayer, AA (29 June 2019). "Sarcopenia".

6730:

Muscle Physiology Home Page – Skeletal Muscle Architecture

4458: 2644:

Muscle strength is a result of three overlapping factors:

5321: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5052: 4243: 3594: 3295: 2812:

records the achievement of a bite strength of 4,337

2805: 2732: 1906:. Following contraction, skeletal muscle functions as an 1789: 1744:

is called the sarcolemma with the cytoplasm known as the

566:

can have as many as 3,000 nuclei. Unlike in a non-muscle

276: 7730: 7220:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 6925: 6263:

Basic Concepts in Embryology: A Student's Survival Guide

5278: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5055:"The development of the myotendinous junction. A review" 4565:

Genesis, Modulation, and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle

4409:"Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines" 4169: 6964: 6812: 6386:

Pedersen, B. K. (2013). "Muscle as a Secretory Organ".

5667:"Motor unit organization of human medial gastrocnemius" 5096: 4661: 4561: 3562: 1543:

Examples of muscle fiber variation in different animals

1419: 7927: 7083: 5326:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 10.5 Types of muscle fibres. 5115: 4786: 4581: 4021: 3397:

Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of

3298:

abnormalities associated with specific myopathies and

2038:, there are two other important regulatory proteins – 1583:

is a major determinant of the specific fiber type. In

708:

run at an angle to the axis of force generation. This

8118: 7788:

Biferali B, Proietti D, Mozzetta C, Madaro L (2019).

7575: 7034: 6546: 6497:"1.5 Homeostasis - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax" 6479:"Introduction to the Muscular System | SEER Training" 6300: 6235:(3rd ed.). New York: Watnick. pp. 405–406. 5757:

Simoneau, Jean-Aimé; Bouchard, Claude (August 1995).

5716:"Too Small for Big Muscles, Tiny Animals Use Springs" 5261: 5242: 5053:

Charvet, B; Ruggiero, F; Le Guellec, D (April 2012).

4750: 4316: 4286: 4078: 2542:

of human muscle has been measured (in the context of

499:

located in the muscle belly. Golgi tendon organs are

6526:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 23. 5997: 5594: 5403: 5401: 5222:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 265. 4670:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. 3937: 1686:

Structure of muscle fibre showing a sarcomere under

1380:

variation in the proportions of muscle fiber types.

338:

functions of muscle, described subsequently, below.

7197:"'Muscle noise' could reveal diseases' progression" 6265:(1st Paperback ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 6230: 5629: 5130:

Skeletal muscle structure, function, and plasticity

5101:(6 ed.). Benjamin Cummings. pp. 251–252. 4638: 3835:, identified 4,076 differentially expressed genes. 3655:Paluch et al. compared the average number of steps 3259:where there is central nervous system dysfunction. 2606:Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint 1626:

Genetic conservation versus functional conservation

1364:muscles contain ~52% type I fibers, while the 1352:capillaries making them better for prolonged work. 60:

Skeletal striated muscle, striated voluntary muscle

7322: 6999: 6739:, Effect of Muscle Architecture on Muscle Function 6521: 5445: 5190:(13th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 372. 4992: 4406: 4287:McCuller C, Jessu R, Callahan AL (January 2022) . 3651:Walking, using skeletal muscles, affects mortality 2412:Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's 2127:. The near synchronous activation of thousands of 2060: 397:that work together to carry out an action. In the 287:chemical reactions are also used, particularly by 7244: 6926:Schantz P, Henriksson J, Jansson E (April 1983). 5398: 4727:"What is the strongest muscle in the human body?" 2674:muscles, such as in crab claws, have much longer 9109: 8169: 7389: 6349: 5756: 4993:Quarta, M; Cromie, M; Chacon, R (20 June 2017). 3721:removing methyl groups from the cytosines of DNA 1012:named after the near main structure such as the 8026: 6704:(3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 6648: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6081:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5551: 4639:Tigner, A.; Ibrahim, S. A.; Murray, I. (2022). 4357: 3763:Exercise-induced regulation of genes in muscles 2917: 620: 314:Skeletal muscles are substantially composed of 7373:"NASA Muscle Atrophy Research (MARES) Website" 6855: 5597:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 5512: 5510: 5488: 4753:"11. The Evolution of the Human Mating System" 4312: 4310: 4291:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 4116:"Structure of Skeletal Muscle | SEER Training" 3743:of DNA wrapped around eight tightly connected 3667:Skeletal muscle secretome alters with exercise 2614:Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated 1533: 938:moving that increase an angle or straightens; 173:muscular system and typically are attached by 8471: 8269: 8163: 8112: 8020: 7781: 5851: 5441: 5439: 1067:Broadly there are two types of muscle fiber: 8203: 8201: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7612: 7569: 7526: 7469: 7077: 7035:Nielsen, OB; Paoli, F; Overgaard, K (2001). 7028: 6249: 5739:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5545: 5345: 5343: 4888:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 4881: 4628:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. 2011. 4508: 4506: 4504: 4400: 4351: 3717:adding methyl groups to cytosines in the DNA 3541:cell types include: very large multinuclear 1879:frameworks, usually formed from the somatic 1085:Various Properties of Different Fiber Types 7923: 7921: 7919: 7383: 7281: 7126: 6993: 6919: 6884: 6806: 5623: 5507: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 4577: 4575: 4307: 4237: 4222:CK-12 Life Science Honors for Middle School 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 3583:, adjacent to muscle fiber cells. Types of 2956:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2506:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2374:of where our bodies are in space is called 2222:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1820:the paraxial mesoderm is divided along the 609:in a complex interface region known as the 271:. Muscles are predominantly powered by the 8478: 8464: 8276: 8262: 7724: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7365: 7238: 7207: 6958: 6849: 6597: 5658: 5436: 5373: 5092: 5090: 5048: 5046: 4407:Severinsen MC, Pedersen BK (August 2020). 3605:List of human endocrine organs and actions 3558:, or support focal membrane damage repair. 3020:) proteins and other regulatory proteins. 2156:sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase 1737:attaches the sarcomere to the sarcolemma. 353:List of skeletal muscles of the human body 40: 8233: 8198: 8146: 8136: 8095: 8069: 8003: 7953: 7899: 7850: 7815: 7805: 7764: 7654: 7644: 7340: 7213: 7188: 7060: 6631: 6621: 6603: 6580: 6454: 6444: 6326: 6275: 6269: 6215: 6192: 6173:Temperature Medical Physiology and Beyond 6166: 6118: 6100: 6023: 5774: 5690: 5379: 5340: 5144:"&Muscle Cell Anatomy & Function" 5070: 5026: 4969: 4907: 4877: 4875: 4855: 4830:Cho, CH; Lee, KJ; Lee, EH (August 2018). 4829: 4666:. In Faber, Peter; Siervo, Mario (eds.). 4599: 4538: 4501: 4484: 4454: 4452: 4432: 4383: 4334: 4195: 4055: 2976:Learn how and when to remove this message 2783:Learn how and when to remove this message 2526:Learn how and when to remove this message 2344:Deeper muscles such as those involved in 2242:Learn how and when to remove this message 2169:back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As 2115:. The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a large 417:are subdivisions of muscle groups in the 7916: 7323:Roy RR, Baldwin KM, Edgerton VR (1996). 7316: 6742: 6726:National Skeletal Muscle Research Center 6697: 6385: 6278:Skeletal muscle : form and function 5382:Skeletal muscle : form and function 5204: 5172: 4696: 4694: 4572: 4317:Iizuka K, Machida T, Hirafuji M (2014). 4156: 4133: 4131: 4129: 3867:tails set for transcriptional activation 3853: 3766: 3533: 3392: 3369:right biceps. This phenomenon is called 3262:Symptoms of muscle diseases may include 3215: 3170: 3093: 3038: 3022:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2395: 2348:often are controlled from nuclei in the 2305:correspond with neuron groups along the 2301:Nerves that control skeletal muscles in 1983: 1975: 1956: 1788: 1693: 1681: 1395: 1046:means perpendicular to the midline, and 638: 630: 600: 514: 8119:Panigrahi A, O'Malley BW (April 2021). 7840:"The skeletal muscle-specific proteome" 7671: 6260: 5812: 5810: 5217: 5185: 5087: 5043: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4358:Hoffmann C, Weigert C (November 2017). 4319:"Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ" 3772:Regulation of transcription in mammals. 3607:", skeletal muscle is identified as an 3446:Many diseases and conditions including 3190:Diseases of skeletal muscle are termed 2436:. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to 2012:, released by the motor neurons at the 1832:of the body most obviously seen in the 1391: 677:. The usual arrangements are types of 14: 9110: 7086:Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 7053:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00161.x 6426: 6294: 5188:Principles of anatomy & physiology 5160:from the original on 23 September 2015 5059:Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 4986: 4872: 4449: 4110: 4108: 4106: 3957:Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 3595:Endocrine functions of skeletal muscle 3421:can increase the breakdown leading to 3194:, while diseases of nerves are called 2449:is formed and transmitted through the 2416:consumption. All muscle cells produce 731: 251:Muscle fibers are in turn composed of 240:, are located along the inside of the 8459: 8257: 7422: 6774: 6471: 6343: 6045: 6043: 5941: 5939: 5901: 5899: 5816: 5752: 5750: 5361:from the original on 21 November 2007 5135: 4780: 4691: 4172:"Overview of the Muscle Cytoskeleton" 4137: 4126: 3877:connected to adjacent nucleosomes by 3671:Williams et al. obtained biopsies of 3316:along the axis of the muscle. During 2385: 2278:. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, 2086:voltage-gated L-type calcium channels 1455: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 193:. The tissue of a skeletal muscle is 8864:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle 7194: 7120: 6489: 5807: 5713: 5410:Journal of the Neurological Sciences 4932: 4882:Prasad, V; Millay, DP (8 May 2021). 3893:As indicated above, after exercise, 3563:Mononuclear cells of skeletal muscle 3365:will increase muscular hypertrophy. 2954:adding citations to reliable sources 2921: 2765:adding citations to reliable sources 2736: 2504:adding citations to reliable sources 2471: 2220:adding citations to reliable sources 2187: 1452: 1355: 373:Front view of major skeletal muscles 216:. Muscle fibers are formed from the 204:A skeletal muscle contains multiple 8563: 8283: 8070:Rose NR, Klose RJ (December 2014). 7163: 6420: 4823: 4719: 4103: 3840:transcriptionally upregulated genes 3276:creatine kinase levels in the blood 2992:/mitogen-activated protein kinase ( 2881: 2710:isoforms, and neural activation of 2317:and are modified by input from the 2146:released into the cytosol binds to 1836:. Each somite has three divisions, 476:. Together these layers are called 385:Back view of major skeletal muscles 291:. These chemical reactions produce 244:. Muscle fibers also have multiple 24: 7946:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19926 7129:British Journal of Sports Medicine 6944:10.1111/j.1475-097x.1983.tb00685.x 6870:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05956.x 6701:Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise 6040: 5936: 5911:: continuum between slow-twitch (S 5896: 5747: 5714:Magazine, Viviane Callier,Quanta. 5644:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04744.x 5519:The American Journal of Physiology 5282:Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function 4662:Ying Ji; Dympna Gallagher (2014). 3831:. Transcriptional analysis, using 2891:physiological cross-sectional area 2808:muscle is the strongest. The 1992 2578: 2313:. Commands are routed through the 2183: 1902:The primary function of muscle is 714:physiological cross-sectional area 27:One of three major types of muscle 25: 9144: 8485: 8440:List of muscles of the human body 6390:. Vol. 3. pp. 1337–62. 5554:Microscopy Research and Technique 5141: 3523:Research into the development of 3175: 2355: 2321:before being relayed through the 635:Muscle types by fiber arrangement 288: 255:. The myofibrils are composed of 8063: 7970: 7832: 7518: 7342:10.1249/00003677-199600240-00015 7014:10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.213.3.783 6815:Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 5531:10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.6.C1723 5311: This article incorporates 5306: 4085:Interactions of skeletal muscles 3940: 3101:is one form of aerobic exercise. 2926: 2741: 2729:from the beginning of exertion. 2476: 2337:contribute signals to influence 2192: 1547: 932:moving that decreases an angle; 889:means slender. Examples are the 857:means round or cylindrical, and 759: 472:, and each individual muscle as 437:. Muscles are also grouped into 378: 366: 346: 8895:Excitation–contraction coupling 7447:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.014 6795: 6768: 6718: 6691: 6669:10.1152/ajpendo.2002.282.1.e132 6540: 6515: 6379: 6224: 6216:McDougall, Christopher (2009). 6209: 6160: 6135: 6068: 5991: 5845: 5707: 5588: 5482: 5236: 4757:Chimpanzees and Human Evolution 4744: 4702:"Muscle Groups | SEER Training" 4655: 4632: 4616: 4555: 4225:. CK-12 Foundation. p. 451 3512:generated, and an indicator of 3458:can cause muscle loss known as 2752:needs additional citations for 2274:(involuntary) signals from the 2072:in the muscle fiber causes the 2066:Excitation contraction coupling 2061:Excitation-contraction coupling 1677: 1327: 1111:Fast Oxidative/Glycolytic (FOG) 1042:means parallel to the midline; 415:intrinsic and extrinsic muscles 154:) is one of the three types of 6777:Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 5683:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012643 5632:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 4280: 4212: 4072: 4015: 3327: 2289:In addition, muscles react to 2057:and shortening of the muscle. 1965: 1778: 1566: 1306: 1062: 908:moving away from the midline; 523:. A single muscle such as the 13: 1: 7996:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9 7259:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-9 7201:NewScientist.com news service 6604:Heydemann, A (20 June 2018). 6365:10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00684 6185:10.1080/23328940.2020.1765950 5854:Journal of Applied Physiology 5819:Journal of Applied Physiology 5493:. Ultimate Athlete Concepts. 4641:"Histology, White Blood Cell" 4531:10.1080/15592294.2020.1755581 4364:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4008: 3518:maximal voluntary contraction 3487:Electrical muscle stimulation 3160:Delayed onset muscle soreness 2467: 2034:that make up the contractile 1808:All muscles are derived from 1657: 973:rotating away from the body; 460:is present in all muscles as 8226:10.4161/15592294.2014.982445 8184:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.008 8088:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.02.007 7892:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101290 7646:10.1371/journal.pone.0091754 7141:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090558 6353:Journal of Proteome Research 6276:MacIntosh, Brian R. (2006). 6231:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010). 5609:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90120-T 5422:10.1016/0022-510x(73)90023-3 5380:MacIntosh, Brian R. (2006). 5218:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011). 4900:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.015 4848:10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.8.128 4601:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.026 4477:10.1016/j.ocarto.2019.100019 2918:Signal transduction pathways 2733:The "strongest" human muscle 2266:move muscles in response to 2119:capacity partially due to a 2084:(ryanodine receptor 1), and 1854:epaxial and hypaxial muscles 1667:beneficial in the long run. 914:moving towards the midline; 770:Anatomical terms of location 621:Arrangement of muscle fibers 341: 46:Depiction of skeletal muscle 7: 7195:Dumé, Belle (18 May 2007). 7175:MSD Manual Consumer Version 6905:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.3.312 6698:McGinnis, Peter M. (2013). 6522:Costanzo, Linda S. (2002). 5866:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.327 5776:10.1096/fasebj.9.11.7649409 5186:Tortora, Gerard J. (2012). 4376:10.1101/cshperspect.a029793 4289:Physiology, Skeletal Muscle 4140:Clinically oriented anatomy 3933: 3465: 3228:(green) is greatly reduced. 3083: 2590:Grading of muscle strength 1954:in order to generate heat. 1897: 1690:with schematic explanation. 1595: 1534:Muscle fiber type evolution 530:Skeletal muscle fibers are 10: 9149: 8900:Sliding filament mechanism 8423:Anatomical terms of muscle 8138:10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1 8041:10.1007/s40279-019-01070-4 7757:10.1038/s41598-019-57110-6 7702:10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2022 7590:10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2226916 7408:10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.12.020 7302:10.1016/j.clnu.2007.07.003 7098:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004 6319:10.1152/physiol.00019.2017 5460:10.1152/physrev.00031.2010 5128:Lieber, Richard L. (2002) 4668:Nutrition in Critical Care 4258:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.81 4087:. OpenStax. Archived from 4028:Stem Cells and Development 3386: 3380: 3376: 3331: 3286:may be done to identify a 3179: 3087: 2998:Ras/MAPK signaling pathway 2582: 2389: 2359: 2068:is the process by which a 1988:Contraction in more detail 1969: 1782: 1613: 1447:ATPase Vs. MHC fiber types 1245:Oxidative enzyme capacity 774:Anatomical terms of muscle 766:Anatomical terms of motion 763: 624: 468:; each muscle fascicle as 350: 232:cells. In these cells the 9063: 9021: 8996: 8949: 8942: 8912: 8872: 8834: 8758: 8725: 8648: 8641: 8619: 8554: 8540: 8529: 8518: 8493: 8415: 8382: 8291: 7690:Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 7396:Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 6565:10.1007/s12551-013-0135-x 6427:Lee, JH; Jun, HS (2019). 5831:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.1 5671:The Journal of Physiology 3755:. When histone tails are 3641:Executive mental function 2260:peripheral nervous system 2070:muscular action potential 1733:in the cytoskeleton. The 1642:(indirect). In mice, the 1607:Trachemys scripta elegans 1579:. The myosin heavy chain 1286: 1273:Alkaline ATPase activity 1272: 1258: 1244: 1230: 1216: 1202: 1188: 1174: 1160: 1146: 1132: 1118: 1038:Relative to the midline, 1016:(temporalis) near to the 845:means having four sides; 611:musculotendinous junction 150:(commonly referred to as 129: 117: 105: 93: 81: 76: 64: 56: 51: 39: 34: 7807:10.3389/fphys.2019.01074 6483:training.seer.cancer.gov 6446:10.3389/fphys.2019.00042 6388:Comprehensive Physiology 6261:Sweeney, Lauren (1997). 5324:Anatomy & Physiology 5132:. Wolters Kluwer Health. 4706:training.seer.cancer.gov 4303:– via StatPearls . 4176:Comprehensive Physiology 4138:Moore, Keith L. (2018). 4120:training.seer.cancer.gov 3784:regulatory DNA sequences 3611:due to its secretion of 3476:directed differentiation 3057:mitochondrial biogenesis 3030:mitochondrial biogenesis 2895:architectural gear ratio 2872:The statement that "the 2867:rapid eye movement sleep 2810:Guinness Book of Records 2698:, cross sectional area, 2696:length, shortening speed 2080:calcium release channel 2008:by the neurotransmitter 1848:(which forms skin), and 979:decreases the size, and 752:and a higher density of 326:(21 μm in diameter) and 9093:Fukutin-related protein 7844:The Human Protein Atlas 7214:Poole, RM, ed. (1986). 6433:Frontiers in Physiology 6167:Ronnestad, H.V (2020). 6102:10.1073/pnas.1619071114 6055:journals.biologists.com 5923:journals.biologists.com 5489:Michael Yessis (2006). 3967:In vitro muscle testing 3673:a thigh skeletal muscle 3659:per day to the risk of 3491:In vitro muscle testing 3212:inclusion body myositis 3204:inflammatory myopathies 2158:(SERCA) actively pumps 2121:calcium-binding protein 2014:neuromuscular junctions 1828:, corresponding to the 1592:as the embryo matures. 1287:Acidic ATPase activity 1035:By fascicle orientation 169:. They are part of the 9051:Sarcoplasmic reticulum 8880:Neuromuscular junction 8788:elastic filament/titin 8510:Vascular smooth muscle 7217:The Incredible Machine 6979:10.1126/science.635587 6233:Anatomy and Physiology 5491:Build A Better Athlete 5246:Types of muscle fibers 4465:Osteoarthr Cartil Open 4425:10.1210/endrev/bnaa016 3972:Musculoskeletal injury 3890: 3873:of DNA wrapped around 3776: 3559: 3529:electroactive polymers 3480:pluripotent stem cells 3402: 3249:neurological disorders 3233:Neuromuscular diseases 3229: 3102: 3044: 2646:physiological strength 2418:adenosine triphosphate 2409: 2329:and from there to the 2098:sarcoplasmic reticulum 2078:sarcoplasmic reticulum 2051:releases ionic calcium 2048:sarcoplasmic reticulum 1989: 1981: 1962: 1881:lateral plate mesoderm 1868:of the spinal nerves. 1805: 1757:sarcoplasmic reticulum 1731:intermediate filaments 1714:– that are two of the 1703: 1691: 1402: 1374:motor unit recruitment 1322:adenosine triphosphate 1231:Mitochondrial density 1147:Resistance to fatigue 659: 636: 593:are found between the 495:. Muscle spindles are 447:four groups in the leg 443:four groups in the arm 293:adenosine triphosphate 248:to meet energy needs. 224:in a process known as 131:Anatomical terminology 8783:thick filament/myosin 7329:Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev 7041:Journal of Physiology 5949:Journal of Morphology 5448:Physiological Reviews 4999:Nature Communications 4040:10.1089/scd.2012.0647 3857: 3807:or de-methylation of 3770: 3537: 3396: 3387:Further information: 3219: 3200:neuromuscular disease 3186:Neuromuscular disease 3171:Clinical significance 3165:eccentric contraction 3097: 3078:serum response factor 3042: 2912:tensor tympani muscle 2650:neurological strength 2399: 2366:In skeletal muscles, 2335:extrapyramidal system 1987: 1979: 1960: 1814:embryonic development 1792: 1697: 1685: 1504:MHC IIx > MHC IIa 1496:MHC IIa > MHC IIx 1399: 1114:Fast Glycolytic (FG) 1100:Type IIX fibers 1097:Type IIA fibers 1071:, which is slow, and 764:Further information: 642: 634: 615:myotendinous junction 601:Attachment to tendons 542:. This occurs during 538:often referred to as 515:Skeletal muscle cells 505:myotendinous junction 487:found in muscles are 311:of skeletal muscles. 88:muscularis skeletalis 9128:Somatic motor system 8172:Biochim Biophys Acta 7984:Lancet Public Health 7484:Nature Biotechnology 7253:(10191): 2636–2646. 6735:18 July 2014 at the 6396:10.1002/cphy.c120033 5315:available under the 4336:10.1254/jphs.14r02cp 4188:10.1002/cphy.c160033 3527:includes the use of 3257:Huntington's disease 2950:improve this section 2899:antagonistic muscles 2761:improve this article 2719:maximum holding time 2554:output to the total 2500:improve this section 2392:Bioenergetic systems 2307:primary motor cortex 2216:improve this section 2055:cross-bridge cycling 1996:. Muscle fibers are 1871:During development, 1480:MHC IIa > MHC Iβ 1472:MHC Iβ > MHC IIa 1392:Fiber typing methods 1318:oxidative metabolism 669:, which runs from a 8778:thin filament/actin 8764:(a, i, and h bands; 8343:Fascial compartment 7749:2020NatSR..10..229R 7637:2014PLoSO...991754M 6932:Clinical Physiology 6858:Acta Physiol. Scand 6553:Biophysical Reviews 6093:2017PNAS..114.7343O 5915:) and slow-tonic (S 5720:Scientific American 5525:(6 Pt 1): C1723–8. 5357:. Sports Medicine. 5351:"Muscle fiber type" 5019:10.1038/ncomms15613 5011:2017NatCo...815613Q 4731:Library of Congress 3962:Hill's muscle model 3622:resistance training 3253:Parkinson's disease 2889:is proportional to 2727:exponentially decay 2654:mechanical strength 2591: 2352:and basal ganglia. 2280:muscles of the face 2019:In addition to the 1910:organ by secreting 1688:electron microscope 1528:crossbridge cycling 1456:MHC heavy chain(s) 1449: 1415:immunohistochemical 1108:Slow Oxidative (SO) 1094:Type I fibers 1087: 881:means pear-shaped; 869:means saw-toothed; 812:means smaller, and 732:Muscle fiber growth 663:Muscle architecture 627:Muscle architecture 493:Golgi tendon organs 431:extraocular muscles 403:major muscle groups 8178:(11–12): 1217–27. 7696:(6): C1586–C1600. 7547:10.1111/apha.12212 6827:10.1007/BF00714995 6623:10.3390/nu10060796 6004:Muscle & Nerve 5961:10.1002/jmor.10318 5909:Homarus americanus 5285:. Human Kinetics. 4962:10.1111/apha.13465 4789:Muscle & Nerve 4568:. Garland Science. 3891: 3816:endurance training 3811:within enhancers. 3777: 3618:endurance training 3560: 3543:muscle fiber cells 3525:artificial muscles 3403: 3334:Muscle hypertrophy 3245:movement disorders 3230: 3222:muscular dystrophy 3130:anaerobic exercise 3119:muscle hypertrophy 3103: 3045: 2833:quadriceps femoris 2589: 2573:work loop analysis 2426:creatine phosphate 2410: 2386:Energy consumption 2090:transverse tubules 1990: 1982: 1972:Muscle contraction 1963: 1914:– a wide range of 1824:'s length to form 1816:in the process of 1806: 1802:primitive segments 1765:terminal cisternae 1704: 1692: 1557:Homarus americanus 1445: 1424:Myosin heavy chain 1403: 1334:myosin heavy chain 1189:Capillary density 1083: 992:By number of heads 983:gives tension to; 967:towards the body; 920:moving downwards; 895:pronator quadratus 841:means triangular; 820:means widest, and 695:convergent muscles 660: 637: 613:also known as the 605:Muscles attach to 587:myosatellite cells 581:A group of muscle 401:there are several 289:fast twitch fibers 269:muscle contraction 228:resulting in long 161:, the other being 124:H2.00.05.2.00002 9105: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9059: 9058: 9013:Myosatellite cell 8929:Intercalated disc 8908: 8907: 8836:Connective tissue 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8717:Synemin/desmuslin 8637: 8636: 8453: 8452: 8082:(12): 1362–1372. 7535:Acta Physiologica 7231:978-0-87044-621-4 6711:978-0-7360-7966-2 6287:978-0-7360-4517-9 6087:(28): 7343–7348. 6016:10.1002/mus.20797 5769:(11): 1091–1095. 5763:The FASEB Journal 5500:978-1-930546-78-3 5391:978-0-7360-4517-9 5333:978-1-947172-04-3 5292:978-0-7360-4517-9 5108:978-0-321-50042-7 4950:Acta Physiologica 4801:10.1002/mus.10386 4677:978-1-107-66901-7 4594:(3): 609–621.e6. 4525:(11): 1151–1162. 4034:(16): 2298–2314. 3616:secretomes after 3581:muscle stem cells 3573:endothelial cells 3547:endothelial cells 3502:hyperpolarization 3437:Human spaceflight 3363:anabolic steroids 3340:strength training 3115:connective tissue 2986: 2985: 2978: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2642: 2641: 2585:Physical strength 2536: 2535: 2528: 2451:citric acid cycle 2252: 2251: 2244: 2133:calcium transient 2117:calcium buffering 1877:connective tissue 1810:paraxial mesoderm 1516: 1515: 1356:Type distribution 1320:to generate ATP ( 1300: 1299: 1251:Intermediate-high 1175:Capillary supply 1161:Glycogen content 835:By relative shape 699:orbicularis oculi 595:basement membrane 576:myonuclear domain 507:that inform of a 497:stretch receptors 485:sensory receptors 458:Connective tissue 411:abdominal muscles 395:groups of muscles 393:often classed as 263:filaments called 220:of developmental 210:connective tissue 145: 144: 140: 18:Voluntary muscles 16:(Redirected from 9140: 8947: 8946: 8730: 8646: 8645: 8629:Laminin, alpha 2 8561: 8560: 8552: 8551: 8538: 8537: 8527: 8526: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8457: 8456: 8445:Composite muscle 8278: 8271: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8237: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8140: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8099: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8007: 7990:(3): e219–e228. 7974: 7968: 7967: 7957: 7925: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7871: 7848: 7847: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7809: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7768: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7684: 7669: 7668: 7658: 7648: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7497:10.1038/nbt.3297 7473: 7467: 7466: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7392:Ursus americanus 7387: 7381: 7380: 7375:. Archived from 7369: 7363: 7362: 7344: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7064: 7032: 7026: 7025: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6810: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6663:(1): E132–E138. 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6625: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6258: 6247: 6246: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6147:academic.oup.com 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6104: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6027: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5778: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5276: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5183: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5151:www.austincc.edu 5148: 5142:Ziser, Stephen. 5139: 5133: 5126: 5113: 5112: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5030: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4941: 4930: 4929: 4911: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4510: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4436: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4387: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4338: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4091:on 23 March 2022 4076: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4019: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3908:vastus lateralis 3901:alter long-term 3821:vastus lateralis 3723:, especially at 3498:electromyography 3324:at the surface. 3280:electromyography 3147:The presence of 3126:Aerobic exercise 2981: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2930: 2922: 2882:Force generation 2788: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2745: 2737: 2681:mechanomyography 2638:Normal strength 2592: 2588: 2568:rowing ergometer 2531: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2480: 2472: 2455:aerobic exercise 2247: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2196: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2110: 2109: 2108: 1834:vertebral column 1553:American lobster 1450: 1444: 1088: 1082: 970:external rotator 961:internal rotator 926:moving upwards; 877:means comblike; 873:means circular; 667:force generation 509:muscle's tension 382: 370: 137:edit on Wikidata 134: 44: 32: 31: 21: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9123:Muscular system 9118:Skeletal muscle 9108: 9107: 9106: 9097: 9065: 9055: 9017: 8992: 8938: 8915: 8904: 8868: 8830: 8765: 8763: 8746: 8726: 8721: 8633: 8615: 8556: 8545: 8532: 8521: 8514: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8454: 8449: 8411: 8378: 8309:Skeletal muscle 8287: 8285:Muscular system 8282: 8252: 8251: 8220:(12): 1557–69. 8206: 8199: 8168: 8164: 8117: 8113: 8068: 8064: 8025: 8021: 7975: 7971: 7940:(7): e2219926. 7926: 7917: 7872: 7851: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7786: 7782: 7729: 7725: 7685: 7672: 7617: 7613: 7574: 7570: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7474: 7470: 7427: 7423: 7388: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7321: 7317: 7286: 7282: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7212: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7125: 7121: 7092:(3): R502–516. 7082: 7078: 7033: 7029: 6998: 6994: 6973:(4339): 314–7. 6963: 6959: 6924: 6920: 6889: 6885: 6854: 6850: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6796: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6737:Wayback Machine 6723: 6719: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6653: 6649: 6602: 6598: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6503:. 25 April 2013 6495: 6494: 6490: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6425: 6421: 6406: 6384: 6380: 6348: 6344: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6274: 6270: 6259: 6250: 6243: 6229: 6225: 6214: 6210: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6041: 5996: 5992: 5944: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5918: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5897: 5850: 5846: 5815: 5808: 5755: 5748: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5722: 5712: 5708: 5663: 5659: 5628: 5624: 5593: 5589: 5550: 5546: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5487: 5483: 5454:(4): 1447–531. 5444: 5437: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5277: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5216: 5205: 5198: 5184: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5116: 5109: 5095: 5088: 5051: 5044: 4991: 4987: 4942: 4933: 4880: 4873: 4828: 4824: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4660: 4656: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4580: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4511: 4502: 4457: 4450: 4405: 4401: 4370:(11): a029793. 4356: 4352: 4323:J Pharmacol Sci 4315: 4308: 4285: 4281: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4168: 4157: 4150: 4136: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4073: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4006: 3977:Muscle relaxant 3948:Medicine portal 3946: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3897:alterations to 3852: 3844:DNA methylation 3825:DNA methylation 3805:DNA methylation 3801: 3780:Gene expression 3765: 3729:heterochromatin 3709: 3669: 3653: 3630: 3609:endocrine organ 3597: 3565: 3552:satellite cells 3539:Skeletal muscle 3468: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3371:cross education 3336: 3330: 3305:A non-invasive 3292:genetic testing 3188: 3180:Main articles: 3178: 3173: 3092: 3086: 2982: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2947: 2931: 2920: 2903:agonist muscles 2884: 2837:gluteus maximus 2821: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2758: 2746: 2735: 2668: 2598:No contraction 2587: 2581: 2579:Muscle strength 2552:mechanical work 2532: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2497: 2481: 2470: 2430:creatine kinase 2394: 2388: 2368:muscle spindles 2364: 2358: 2331:motor end plate 2323:pyramidal tract 2311:cerebral cortex 2309:of the brain's 2248: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2213: 2197: 2186: 2184:Muscle movement 2176: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2152:actin filaments 2142: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2063: 1998:excitable cells 1974: 1968: 1900: 1787: 1781: 1680: 1660: 1628: 1616: 1598: 1590:differentiation 1569: 1550: 1545: 1536: 1394: 1358: 1330: 1309: 1105:Motor Unit Type 1065: 1054:, and types of 1014:temporal muscle 986:fixator muscles 956:to face upwards 885:means flat and 861:means having a 849:means having a 830:gluteus minimus 826:gluteus maximus 808:means largest; 796:means longest; 776: 762: 734: 710:pennation angle 706:pennate muscles 681:, and types of 671:muscle's origin 629: 623: 603: 591:satellite cells 517: 503:located at the 489:muscle spindles 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 383: 375: 374: 371: 362: 361: 355: 349: 344: 305:endocrine organ 185:. The skeletal 148:Skeletal muscle 141: 71:Muscular system 47: 35:Skeletal muscle 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9146: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8953: 8951: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8910: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8890:Muscle spindle 8887: 8882: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8805: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8769: 8767: 8766:z and m lines) 8756: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8570: 8568: 8558: 8549: 8535: 8524: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8501: 8499: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8395:Pennate muscle 8392: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8304:Cardiac muscle 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8281: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8249: 8197: 8162: 8111: 8062: 8035:(4): 509–523. 8019: 7969: 7934:JAMA Netw Open 7915: 7849: 7831: 7780: 7723: 7670: 7611: 7568: 7525: 7491:(9): 962–969. 7468: 7441:(3): 199–206. 7421: 7382: 7379:on 4 May 2010. 7364: 7315: 7296:(5): 658–661. 7280: 7237: 7230: 7206: 7187: 7162: 7135:(14): 1165–6. 7119: 7076: 7047:(1): 161–166. 7027: 7002:Am. J. Physiol 6992: 6957: 6918: 6893:J Appl Physiol 6883: 6848: 6821:(2): 137–141. 6805: 6794: 6783:(1–2): 35–40. 6767: 6756:. 21 June 2012 6741: 6717: 6710: 6690: 6647: 6596: 6559:(1): 133–160. 6539: 6532: 6514: 6488: 6470: 6419: 6404: 6378: 6359:(2): 879–890. 6342: 6293: 6286: 6268: 6248: 6241: 6223: 6208: 6179:(4): 307–320. 6159: 6134: 6067: 6039: 6010:(2): 183–189. 5990: 5935: 5916: 5912: 5895: 5860:(1): 327–331. 5844: 5806: 5746: 5706: 5657: 5638:(4): 435–452. 5622: 5603:(3): 463–475. 5587: 5544: 5506: 5499: 5481: 5435: 5416:(1): 111–129. 5397: 5390: 5372: 5339: 5332: 5298: 5291: 5260: 5235: 5228: 5203: 5196: 5171: 5134: 5114: 5107: 5086: 5042: 4985: 4931: 4871: 4842:(8): 378–387. 4822: 4779: 4765: 4743: 4718: 4690: 4676: 4654: 4643:. StatPearls. 4631: 4615: 4571: 4554: 4500: 4448: 4419:(4): 594–609. 4399: 4350: 4306: 4279: 4246:J Appl Physiol 4236: 4211: 4182:(3): 891–944. 4155: 4148: 4125: 4102: 4071: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3935: 3932: 3851: 3848: 3833:RNA sequencing 3800: 3797: 3764: 3761: 3708: 3705: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3649: 3629: 3626: 3596: 3593: 3585:lymphoid cells 3564: 3561: 3514:muscle fatigue 3467: 3464: 3423:muscle atrophy 3383:Muscle atrophy 3381:Main article: 3378: 3375: 3332:Main article: 3329: 3326: 3266:, spasticity, 3247:are caused by 3177: 3176:Muscle disease 3174: 3172: 3169: 3134:weight lifting 3088:Main article: 3085: 3082: 3026:transactivator 2984: 2983: 2934: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2870: 2855: 2840: 2824: 2819: 2791: 2790: 2749: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2687:, be measured 2685:phonomyography 2666: 2663:(5.6–7.4 2640: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2534: 2533: 2484: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2462:adipose tissue 2406:muscle fatigue 2390:Main article: 2387: 2384: 2376:proprioception 2362:Proprioception 2360:Main article: 2357: 2356:Proprioception 2354: 2341:and response. 2250: 2249: 2200: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2164: 2141: 2129:calcium sparks 2106: 2062: 2059: 2006:depolarization 2000:stimulated by 1970:Main article: 1967: 1964: 1899: 1896: 1858:erector spinae 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1679: 1676: 1659: 1656: 1627: 1624: 1615: 1612: 1597: 1594: 1568: 1565: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501:Type IIXA 1498: 1497: 1494: 1493:Type IIAX 1490: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1393: 1390: 1357: 1354: 1329: 1326: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1036: 1033: 1010: 1007: 993: 990: 901: 898: 891:pronator teres 836: 833: 804:means larger; 783: 761: 758: 733: 730: 704:The fibers in 683:pennate muscle 645:pennate muscle 625:Main article: 622: 619: 602: 599: 532:multinucleated 516: 513: 501:proprioceptors 405:including the 384: 377: 376: 372: 365: 364: 363: 359: 358: 357: 356: 348: 345: 343: 340: 316:multinucleated 230:multinucleated 163:cardiac muscle 143: 142: 133: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 109: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9145: 9134: 9133:Muscle tissue 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9062: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8979:Microfilament 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8642:Intracellular 8640: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8557:extracellular 8553: 8550: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8487:Muscle tissue 8481: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8314:Smooth muscle 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8299:Muscle tissue 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8274: 8272: 8267: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8245: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7794:Front Physiol 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7631:(3): e91754. 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7233: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6938:(2): 141–51. 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6864:(3): 315–24. 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6533:0-7216-9549-3 6529: 6525: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6405:9780470650714 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6242:9780072943689 6238: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5902: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5811: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5742: 5736: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5468:11577/2526092 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5229:9780071222075 5225: 5221: 5220:Human anatomy 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5197:9780470646083 5193: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5099:Human Anatomy 5093: 5091: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956:(3): e13465. 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4768: 4766:9780674967953 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471:(1): 100019. 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4329:(2): 125–31. 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4149:9781496347213 4145: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987:Muscle memory 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3912:epigentically 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786:, especially 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3735:tails within 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:messenger RNA 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504:of the motor 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456:heart failure 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290:, as well as 3289: 3285: 3284:muscle biopsy 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3142:rock climbing 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3060:and obesity. 3058: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2980: 2977: 2969: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2935:This section 2933: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2776: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2750:This section 2748: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723:Rohmert's law 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2527: 2519: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2485:This section 2483: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315:basal ganglia 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2201:This section 2199: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:calsequestrin 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113:calcium spark 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010:acetylcholine 2007: 2003: 2002:motor neurons 1999: 1995: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Interleukin 6 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1862:spinal nerves 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840:(which forms 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:somitogenesis 1815: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:cell membrane 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571:In the early 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548:Invertebrates 1540: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1509:Type IIX 1508: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485:Type IIA 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477:Type IIC 1476: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413:activity and 1412: 1411:myosin ATPase 1409:staining for 1408: 1407:histochemical 1398: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1304: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259:Z-line width 1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133:Twitch force 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1119:Twitch speed 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:temporal bone 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987: 982: 978: 977: 972: 971: 966: 963: 962: 957: 953: 952: 947: 943: 942: 937: 936: 931: 930: 925: 924: 919: 918: 913: 912: 907: 906: 902: 899: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 800:means large; 799: 795: 791: 788:means short; 787: 784: 781: 780: 779: 775: 771: 767: 760:Muscle naming 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 654: 650: 646: 641: 633: 628: 618: 616: 612: 608: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 521:muscle fibers 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483:Two types of 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 381: 369: 354: 347:Gross anatomy 339: 337: 331: 329: 325: 321: 320:muscle fibers 317: 312: 310: 306: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:carbohydrates 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 242:cell membrane 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 191:muscle fibers 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:smooth muscle 164: 160: 159:muscle tissue 157: 153: 149: 138: 132: 128: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 110: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 75: 72: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8957:Muscle fiber 8956: 8727: 8658:Dystrobrevin 8611:Dystroglycan 8308: 8217: 8213: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8032: 8028: 8022: 7987: 7983: 7972: 7937: 7933: 7883: 7879: 7843: 7834: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7693: 7689: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7584:(1): 65–73. 7581: 7577: 7571: 7541:(1): 82–96. 7538: 7534: 7528: 7488: 7482: 7471: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7402:(1): 20–28. 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7377:the original 7367: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7216: 7209: 7200: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7174: 7165: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7008:(3): 783–5. 7005: 7001: 6995: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6899:(3): 312–9. 6896: 6892: 6886: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6797: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6758:. Retrieved 6754:openstax.org 6753: 6744: 6725: 6724:Quoted from 6720: 6700: 6693: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6523: 6517: 6505:. Retrieved 6501:openstax.org 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6387: 6381: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6313:(1): 26–38. 6310: 6306: 6296: 6277: 6271: 6262: 6232: 6226: 6217: 6211: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6150:. Retrieved 6146: 6137: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6058:. Retrieved 6054: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5955:(1): 62–74. 5952: 5948: 5926:. Retrieved 5922: 5908: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5822: 5818: 5766: 5762: 5723:. Retrieved 5719: 5709: 5677:(1): 33–43. 5674: 5670: 5660: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5560:(6): 500–9. 5557: 5553: 5547: 5522: 5518: 5490: 5484: 5451: 5447: 5413: 5409: 5381: 5375: 5363:. 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Retrieved 4089:the original 4084: 4074: 4031: 4027: 4017: 3916: 3892: 3858: 3837: 3813: 3802: 3778: 3771: 3710: 3677: 3670: 3654: 3639: 3637:in Canada). 3631: 3598: 3566: 3556:new myocytes 3538: 3522: 3495: 3484: 3469: 3445: 3435: 3411:malnutrition 3404: 3399:malnutrition 3367: 3359:testosterone 3348: 3337: 3307:elastography 3304: 3294:to identify 3261: 3231: 3208:polymyositis 3196:neuropathies 3189: 3158: 3146: 3123: 3107:motor skills 3104: 3075: 3062: 3046: 3034: 2987: 2972: 2963: 2948:Please help 2936: 2908: 2887:Muscle force 2885: 2829:muscle fiber 2794: 2779: 2770: 2759:Please help 2754:verification 2751: 2718: 2716: 2693: 2672:invertebrate 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2537: 2522: 2513: 2498:Please help 2486: 2459: 2422:myosin heads 2411: 2365: 2343: 2300: 2288: 2253: 2238: 2229: 2214:Please help 2202: 2064: 2028:myofilaments 2018: 1991: 1944: 1901: 1892: 1885: 1870: 1866:ventral rami 1830:segmentation 1807: 1801: 1800:labelled as 1794:Human embryo 1761:calcium ions 1754: 1750:mitochondria 1739: 1728: 1716:myofilaments 1705: 1678:Microanatomy 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1599: 1570: 1556: 1551: 1537: 1523: 1517: 1469:Type IC 1453:ATPase type 1446: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1404: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1359: 1346: 1338: 1331: 1328:Twitch speed 1310: 1301: 1262:Intermediate 1195:Intermediate 1084: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1003: 999: 995: 984: 980: 974: 968: 959: 949: 946:to face down 939: 933: 927: 921: 915: 909: 903: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 854: 846: 842: 838: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:means long; 789: 785: 777: 742:mitochondria 735: 726:multipennate 703: 661: 657:multipennate 614: 610: 604: 590: 580: 575: 564: 559: 555: 539: 529: 520: 518: 482: 477: 451: 439:compartments 394: 391: 332: 318:contractile 313: 301: 297:myosin heads 265:myofilaments 250: 246:mitochondria 237: 203: 190: 187:muscle cells 151: 147: 146: 87: 29: 9008:Muscle cell 8983:Myofilament 8802:Tropomyosin 8773:Myofilament 8574:Sarcoglycan 8374:Aponeurosis 8326:Superficial 8214:Epigenetics 8125:Genome Biol 7335:: 399–425. 6152:13 December 6060:13 December 5928:13 December 5725:13 December 5365:27 November 5164:12 February 4836:BMB Reports 4795:(1): 62–8. 4772:17 February 4683:17 February 4519:Epigenetics 4252:(1): 81–8. 3982:Microtrauma 3883:polypeptide 3875:nucleosomes 3703:functions. 3645:Stroop test 3589:macrophages 3441:hibernation 3328:Hypertrophy 3318:contraction 3300:dystrophies 3149:lactic acid 3010:phosphatase 3008:-activated 3002:Calcineurin 2712:motor units 2564:food energy 2443:lactic acid 2402:lactic acid 2380:red nucleus 2339:muscle tone 2327:spinal cord 2258:leg of the 2044:tropomyosin 1966:Contraction 1948:homeostatic 1904:contraction 1779:Development 1573:development 1567:Vertebrates 1461:Type I 1370:Motor units 1307:Fiber color 1293:Medium-high 1091:Properties 1063:Fiber types 1028:below, and 1009:By location 871:orbicularis 847:rhomboideus 794:longissimus 754:capillaries 462:deep fascia 328:neutrophils 324:macrophages 77:Identifiers 9112:Categories 9078:Telethonin 9039:Sarcolemma 9034:Sarcoplasm 8967:extrafusal 8962:intrafusal 8924:Myocardium 8885:Motor unit 8859:Endomysium 8854:Perimysium 8742:Caveolin 3 8675:Syntrophin 8653:Dystrophin 8505:Calmodulin 8400:Unipennate 8131:(1): 108. 8029:Sports Med 7886:: 101290. 7743:(1): 229. 6616:(6): 796. 6524:Physiology 6307:Physiology 5249:. OpenStax 4413:Endocr Rev 4009:References 3923:nucleosome 3903:expression 3895:epigenetic 3879:linker DNA 3871:base pairs 3861:nucleosome 3757:acetylated 3753:linker DNA 3749:nucleosome 3741:base pairs 3713:epigenetic 3635:sarcopenia 3427:sarcopenia 3407:Inactivity 3389:Sarcopenia 3322:vibrations 3311:actomyosin 3237:spasticity 3226:dystrophin 3192:myopathies 3006:calmodulin 2848:myometrial 2816:(975 2773:March 2016 2676:sarcomeres 2540:efficiency 2468:Efficiency 2350:brain stem 2319:cerebellum 2148:Troponin C 2074:myofibrils 2036:sarcomeres 2032:myofibrils 1994:motor unit 1918:and other 1838:sclerotome 1785:Myogenesis 1746:sarcoplasm 1724:sarcomeres 1720:myofibrils 1658:Plasticity 1619:Chimpanzee 1604:, such as 1577:myogenesis 1520:glycolytic 1362:quadriceps 1217:Red color 1203:Myoglobin 1077:motor unit 1044:transverse 1004:quadriceps 1002:three and 893:, and the 879:piriformis 818:latissimus 816:smallest; 738:myofibrils 718:unipennate 649:unipennate 583:stem cells 572:sarcolemma 544:myogenesis 470:perimysium 466:endomysium 445:, and the 441:including 351:See also: 253:myofibrils 226:myogenesis 199:sarcomeres 156:vertebrate 9083:Dysferlin 9066:ungrouped 8988:Sarcomere 8974:Myofibril 8934:Nebulette 8844:Epimysium 8760:Sarcomere 8712:Dysbindin 8707:Syncoilin 8624:Sarcospan 8555:Membrane/ 8542:Costamere 8433:Insertion 8405:Bipennate 7880:Mol Metab 7718:253383236 7435:Maturitas 7290:Clin Nutr 7275:208792618 6610:Nutrients 6573:1867-2450 6111:0027-8424 5969:0362-2525 5919:) fibers" 5874:8750-7587 5839:8750-7587 5785:0892-6638 5355:About.com 5317:CC BY 4.0 5005:: 15613. 4926:234362466 4301:NBK537139 4048:1547-3287 4002:Preflexes 3919:enhancers 3899:enhancers 3829:enhancers 3809:CpG sites 3792:promoters 3788:enhancers 3737:chromatin 3725:CpG sites 3693:cognitive 3661:mortality 3613:cytokines 3601:secretome 3577:pericytes 3314:filaments 3268:myoclonus 3241:paralysis 2937:does not 2704:sarcomere 2700:pennation 2556:metabolic 2516:June 2021 2487:does not 2291:reflexive 2272:autonomic 2268:voluntary 2232:June 2021 2203:does not 2094:T-tubules 1952:shivering 1916:cytokines 1908:endocrine 1873:myoblasts 1846:dermatome 1842:vertebrae 1812:. 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