442:
453:
in all proportions, the designation of solvent and solute is arbitrary. The volume of such a mixture is slightly less than the sum of the volumes of the components. Thus, by the above definition, the term "40% alcohol by volume" refers to a mixture of 40 volume units of ethanol with enough water to
383:
726:
454:
make a final volume of 100 units, rather than a mixture of 40 units of ethanol with 60 units of water. The "enough water" is actually slightly more than 60 volume units, since water-ethanol mixture loses volume due to intermolecular attraction.
566:
327:
577:
280:
155:
321:. It has as a denominator the volume of the mixture itself, as usual for expressions of concentration, rather than the total of all the individual components’ volumes prior to mixing:
73:
759:
786:
1246:
472:
378:{\displaystyle {\text{volume percent}}={\frac {\text{volume of solute}}{\text{volume of solution}}}\times 100\%={\text{volume concentration}}\times 100\%}
721:{\displaystyle Y_{i}={\frac {\rho _{i}\varphi _{i}}{\rho _{m}}},\rho _{i}\equiv {\frac {m_{i}}{V_{i}}},\rho _{m}\equiv \sum _{j}{\rho _{j}\varphi _{j}}}
880:
851:
164:, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is expressed with a
190:
1307:
948:
181:
where the volumes of the constituents are additive (the volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of its ingredients).
94:
993:
941:
17:
909:
1083:
285:
The volume fraction (percentage by volume, vol%) is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a
1322:
1236:
1312:
1166:
934:
1221:
1113:
832:
463:
427:
290:
1098:
1033:
51:
1317:
1053:
812:
734:
1151:
1146:
1003:
764:
423:
286:
161:
1251:
1231:
822:
441:
965:
957:
818:
318:
173:
8:
1078:
1048:
31:
1256:
1215:
1118:
797:
890:
861:
561:{\displaystyle Y_{i}\equiv {\frac {m_{i}}{\sum _{j}m_{j}}}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{tot}}}}
1191:
1186:
1018:
978:
894:
885:
865:
856:
1176:
1161:
1058:
1043:
1038:
1023:
988:
42:
1226:
1181:
1171:
1088:
983:
973:
178:
1301:
1271:
1108:
1068:
1013:
889:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
860:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
807:
431:
310:
294:
898:
869:
445:
At room temperature, water-ethanol mixture loses volume at any mixing ratio.
1128:
1123:
802:
275:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}V_{i}=V;\qquad \sum _{i=1}^{N}\varphi _{i}=1}
1281:
1196:
435:
404:
298:
165:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1138:
915:
827:
1286:
1241:
1156:
926:
408:
38:
1103:
450:
1206:
1008:
998:
918:
396:
391:
percent is usually used when the solution is made by mixing two
422:) is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a
388:
314:
1028:
400:
392:
184:
The sum of all volume fractions of a mixture is equal to 1:
150:{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}={\frac {V_{i}}{\sum _{j}V_{j}}}}
304:
449:
In the case of a mixture of ethanol and water, which are
84:
divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture
767:
737:
580:
475:
330:
193:
97:
54:
1247:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
27:
Proportion of the total volume of a constituent part
780:
753:
720:
560:
377:
274:
149:
67:
1299:
942:
457:
949:
935:
75:is defined as the volume of a constituent
30:"v/v" redirects here. For other uses, see
440:
305:Volume concentration and volume percent
171:The volume fraction coincides with the
14:
1300:
956:
1308:Dimensionless quantities of chemistry
930:
24:
886:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
857:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
372:
355:
25:
1334:
761:is the constituent density, and
430:(percentage by weight, wt%) and
293:(percentage by weight, wt%) and
234:
903:
874:
845:
462:Volume fraction is related to
13:
1:
838:
1237:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
817:For non-ideal mixtures, see
68:{\displaystyle \varphi _{i}}
7:
791:
754:{\displaystyle \rho _{i}\ }
317:, measured by volume, in a
10:
1339:
1222:Acid dissociation constant
29:
1205:
1137:
1067:
964:
833:Mass fraction (chemistry)
781:{\displaystyle \rho _{m}}
458:Relation to mass fraction
911:Volume-volume percentage
788:is the mixture density.
1187:Solubility table (data)
1054:Apparent molar property
899:10.1351/goldbook.C01222
870:10.1351/goldbook.V06643
813:Apparent molar property
1152:Total dissolved solids
1147:Solubility equilibrium
1072:and related quantities
782:
755:
722:
562:
446:
424:dimensionless quantity
407:are only additive for
379:
309:Volume percent is the
287:dimensionless quantity
276:
255:
214:
151:
69:
1252:Partition coefficient
1232:Polar aprotic solvent
823:Excess molar quantity
783:
756:
723:
563:
444:
380:
277:
235:
194:
152:
70:
1323:Analytical chemistry
1167:Enthalpy of solution
1094:Volume concentration
1089:Number concentration
819:Partial molar volume
765:
735:
578:
473:
438:, mol%) are others.
416:percentage by volume
363:volume concentration
328:
301:, mol%) are others.
191:
174:volume concentration
95:
52:
1079:Molar concentration
1049:Dilution (equation)
168:of 100, e.g., 18%.
32:VV (disambiguation)
1313:Physical chemistry
1119:Isotopic abundance
1084:Mass concentration
958:Chemical solutions
778:
751:
718:
695:
558:
511:
447:
375:
345:volume of solution
272:
147:
133:
65:
1295:
1294:
798:Alcohol by volume
750:
686:
668:
628:
556:
523:
502:
364:
347:
346:
343:
334:
145:
124:
88:prior to mixing:
16:(Redirected from
1330:
1192:Solubility chart
1019:Phase separation
979:Aqueous solution
951:
944:
937:
928:
927:
921:
907:
901:
878:
872:
849:
787:
785:
784:
779:
777:
776:
760:
758:
757:
752:
748:
747:
746:
727:
725:
724:
719:
717:
716:
715:
706:
705:
694:
682:
681:
669:
667:
666:
657:
656:
647:
642:
641:
629:
627:
626:
617:
616:
615:
606:
605:
595:
590:
589:
567:
565:
564:
559:
557:
555:
554:
539:
538:
529:
524:
522:
521:
520:
510:
500:
499:
490:
485:
484:
384:
382:
381:
376:
365:
362:
348:
344:
342:volume of solute
341:
340:
335:
332:
281:
279:
278:
273:
265:
264:
254:
249:
224:
223:
213:
208:
156:
154:
153:
148:
146:
144:
143:
142:
132:
122:
121:
112:
107:
106:
74:
72:
71:
66:
64:
63:
21:
18:Volumetric ratio
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1201:
1162:Solvation shell
1133:
1071:
1063:
1059:Miscibility gap
1044:Serial dilution
1039:Supersaturation
989:Buffer solution
960:
955:
925:
924:
908:
904:
879:
875:
862:volume fraction
850:
846:
841:
794:
772:
768:
766:
763:
762:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
711:
707:
701:
697:
696:
690:
677:
673:
662:
658:
652:
648:
646:
637:
633:
622:
618:
611:
607:
601:
597:
596:
594:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
544:
540:
534:
530:
528:
516:
512:
506:
501:
495:
491:
489:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
460:
434:(percentage by
361:
339:
331:
329:
326:
325:
307:
297:(percentage by
260:
256:
250:
239:
219:
215:
209:
198:
192:
189:
188:
179:ideal solutions
138:
134:
128:
123:
117:
113:
111:
102:
98:
96:
93:
92:
83:
59:
55:
53:
50:
49:
47:volume fraction
43:fluid mechanics
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:Thermodynamics
1315:
1310:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Protic solvent
1224:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Lattice energy
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Eutectic point
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
984:Solid solution
981:
976:
974:Ideal solution
970:
968:
962:
961:
954:
953:
946:
939:
931:
923:
922:
902:
873:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
815:
810:
805:
800:
793:
790:
775:
771:
745:
741:
729:
728:
714:
710:
704:
700:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
665:
661:
655:
651:
645:
640:
636:
632:
625:
621:
614:
610:
604:
600:
593:
588:
584:
569:
568:
553:
550:
547:
543:
537:
533:
527:
519:
515:
509:
505:
498:
494:
488:
483:
479:
459:
456:
386:
385:
374:
371:
368:
360:
357:
354:
351:
338:
333:volume percent
306:
303:
283:
282:
271:
268:
263:
259:
253:
248:
245:
242:
238:
233:
230:
227:
222:
218:
212:
207:
204:
201:
197:
158:
157:
141:
137:
131:
127:
120:
116:
110:
105:
101:
79:
62:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Mass fraction
1112:
1110:
1109:Mole fraction
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Concentration
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Phase diagram
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Flory–Huggins
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
952:
947:
945:
940:
938:
933:
932:
929:
920:
917:
913:
912:
906:
900:
896:
892:
891:concentration
888:
887:
882:
877:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
848:
844:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
820:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Alcohol proof
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
789:
773:
769:
743:
739:
712:
708:
702:
698:
691:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
653:
649:
643:
638:
634:
630:
623:
619:
612:
608:
602:
598:
591:
586:
582:
574:
573:
572:
551:
548:
545:
541:
535:
531:
525:
517:
513:
507:
503:
496:
492:
486:
481:
477:
469:
468:
467:
465:
464:mass fraction
455:
452:
443:
439:
437:
433:
432:mole fraction
429:
428:mass fraction
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
369:
366:
358:
352:
349:
336:
324:
323:
322:
320:
316:
313:of a certain
312:
311:concentration
302:
300:
296:
295:mole fraction
292:
291:mass fraction
288:
269:
266:
261:
257:
251:
246:
243:
240:
236:
231:
228:
225:
220:
216:
210:
205:
202:
199:
195:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
176:
175:
169:
167:
163:
162:dimensionless
139:
135:
129:
125:
118:
114:
108:
103:
99:
91:
90:
89:
87:
82:
78:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1177:Raoult's law
1129:Ternary plot
1124:Mixing ratio
1093:
910:
905:
884:
876:
855:
847:
803:Breathalyzer
730:
570:
461:
448:
419:
415:
413:
387:
308:
284:
183:
172:
170:
159:
85:
80:
76:
46:
36:
1282:Lyonium ion
1197:Miscibility
1182:Henry's law
409:ideal gases
405:percentages
403:. However,
166:denominator
1302:Categories
1277:Amphiphile
1272:Lipophilic
1267:Hydrophile
1262:Hydrophobe
1139:Solubility
1034:Saturation
1004:Suspension
839:References
828:Percentage
395:, such as
1287:Lyate ion
1242:Solvation
1157:Solvation
1099:Normality
916:Chembuddy
770:ρ
740:ρ
709:φ
699:ρ
688:∑
684:≡
675:ρ
644:≡
635:ρ
620:ρ
609:φ
599:ρ
504:∑
487:≡
373:%
367:×
356:%
350:×
258:φ
237:∑
196:∑
126:∑
100:φ
57:φ
39:chemistry
1257:Polarity
1216:Category
1104:Molality
966:Solution
792:See also
451:miscible
319:solution
1207:Solvent
1009:Colloid
999:Mixture
919:website
397:liquids
749:
731:where
393:fluids
389:Volume
315:solute
160:Being
45:, the
1029:Alloy
881:IUPAC
852:IUPAC
436:moles
401:gases
299:moles
821:and
420:vol%
414:The
41:and
895:doi
893:".
866:doi
864:".
571:by
399:or
370:100
353:100
177:in
37:In
1304::
914:,
883:,
854:,
466:,
426:;
411:.
289:;
1218:)
1214:(
950:e
943:t
936:v
897::
868::
774:m
744:i
713:j
703:j
692:j
679:m
671:,
664:i
660:V
654:i
650:m
639:i
631:,
624:m
613:i
603:i
592:=
587:i
583:Y
552:t
549:o
546:t
542:m
536:i
532:m
526:=
518:j
514:m
508:j
497:i
493:m
482:i
478:Y
418:(
359:=
337:=
270:1
267:=
262:i
252:N
247:1
244:=
241:i
232:;
229:V
226:=
221:i
217:V
211:N
206:1
203:=
200:i
140:j
136:V
130:j
119:i
115:V
109:=
104:i
86:V
81:i
77:V
61:i
34:.
20:)
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