2184:
2220:
2208:
24:
2196:
33:
366:, began broadcasting from Benghazi. A press report at the time dubbed the station "Radio free (sic) Benghazi" though there is no evidence that this name was used on the air. There was also no evidence that Tribute FM in Benghazi had any connection with the Voice of Free Libya station in the same city.
290:
In the early stages of the Libyan uprising, the activities of the stations were reported by foreign journalists in the country, including video reports on the
Benghazi and Bayda stations, which showed their staff, premises, transmitters and makeshift studios, and gave a vivid impression of improvised
278:
In late March and early April 2011, the broadcasting hours of the
Benghazi station were reported to be 10 a.m. to midnight local time or 3.30 a.m. to 1.50 a.m local time However, it was also reported at the time that the station did not adhere to such a precise schedule and that it had sometimes been
199:
Reporting of the stations' names was imprecise. Some
English-language media reports referred to "Radio Free Libya", "Free Radio Libya", "Free Libya Radio" and other names, sometimes even in the same article. Others referred to "Radio Free Benghazi" and "Radio Free Misrata" as shorthand names, rather
212:
outside Libya watched the frequencies of the country's transmitters for any unusual behaviour. The Bayda station was first heard by an enthusiast during the night of 20–21 February. The following night it was heard carrying material in
English, including an appeal to US President Barack Obama and
358:
was operating as early in the uprising as 18 February 2011. One source at the time referred to this as "Radio Free
Benghazi", operating with "breathless amateur announcers", and said it was based in that city. However, there is no evidence that it was anything more than a chat facility enabling
258:
None of the stations operated a website. However, in early April 2011, a live internet stream of the
Benghazi station was established independently by a political activist, relaying off-air reception of the 675 AM signal. The location where the activist was receiving the 675 AM signal was not
219:
A press report in late April 2011 said the
Misrata station began broadcasting on 21 February. A report in late February 2011 had spoken of a rebel-controlled radio station operating in Misrata. At that time, the station is assumed to have been on FM only as Misrata's AM transmissions were not
321:"this week". The station was said to transmit on 98.2 FM. In late July, a report said that "Free Nalut", the local radio station, was broadcasting updates from the front and sending encouraging messages to towns in the region still controlled by Gaddafi.
1002:
249:, RNI, has not been confirmed. The speculation arose because RNI's ship, Mebo II, and its transmitters were sold to Libya in 1977 and were used for broadcasting there for a few years. The transmitters' subsequent fate is unknown.
997:
992:
270:, with a page called "Radio Free Libya", provided a link to the live stream and posts reports of Voice of Free Libya's broadcasts. However, there was no indication that this site is run by the station itself.
2125:
359:
supporters of the uprising (perhaps outside the country) to speak to each other, or that it had any connection with the "Voice of Free Libya" radio in
Benghazi that began broadcasting on 21 February.
868:
176:. The outlets operated independently and with separate programing, although they shared similar aims. They all carried material strongly supportive of the rebels and firmly critical of Gaddafi.
2033:
987:
2043:
216:
A press report said the
Benghazi station began broadcasting at 2 p.m. local time on 21 February and it was confirmed by radio enthusiasts to be on the air later the same day.
512:
255:
The
Benghazi station used an improvised studio at its transmitting station, as its studio headquarters were burnt down by protesters in the early days of the revolution.
294:
The Benghazi, Bayda and Misrata stations were all audible outside Libya. Numerous recordings made by radio enthusiasts in Europe were posted to media-sharing websites.
2004:
2115:
2048:
2038:
339:" (in eastern Libya) was reported operating in June 2011. An Arabic-language video report posted to the internet on 15 June suggested that it operated on 89.3 FM.
2016:
200:
than a full citation of the station identifications as announced on-air. Another variant seen in English-language reporting was "Misrata's Radio Freedom Voice".
2028:
837:
886:
306:(eastern Libya) in February 2011. The Tobruk station was not reported to have been heard outside Libya, suggesting that it may only have transmitted on
2130:
1999:
954:
2072:
2150:
2145:
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252:
Benghazi also reportedly transmitted on FM, differing sources giving the frequencies as 88.9 and 89.9, 88.8 and 98.9, 89.3 and 98.8, or 98.9.
1035:
1953:
1207:
2263:
2055:
1042:
635:
620:
166:
239:, 500 kW and 500 kW respectively - but variable reception indicated that they may sometimes have operated on reduced power.
223:
A journalist working for the Misrata station, Muhammad Ali al-Ma'dani, was killed on 28 May 2011 by a mortar fired by Gaddafi forces.
1994:
562:
165:
In many cases - and certainly for the stations in Benghazi, Bayda and Misrata - they used captured transmitters formerly run by the
2199:
704:
662:
509:
982:
381:
A further Libyan connection with RNI arose when a timing device made by Mebo II's original owners, the Swiss electronics firm
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disclosed, though it must have been within Libya or its immediate vicinity as it had daytime reception of the signal by
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Ex-radio engineer for Gaddafi regime uses newfound freedom to broadcast encouraging messages to rebels in Tripoli
1293:
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853:
920:
779:
764:
235:), Bayda on 1125 AM and Misrata on 1449 AM. The output powers of the three transmitters are substantial - 100
220:
confirmed until 18 March, carrying continuous religious chants; voice programing was first heard on 21 March.
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A tweet by @ChangeInLibya on 14 June 2011 said a "Radio Free Jadu" was broadcasting on 89.1 FM from
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The Facebook page of Voice of Free Libya in Misrata said on 22 June 2011 that "Radio Free
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A report in late April 2011 described how "Radio Free Nalut" had begun broadcasting in
2207:
464:
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In late April 2011, the Misrata station was reported to be on the air 24 hours a day.
196:, but the latter identification was the one most commonly used by Benghazi and Bayda.
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Speculation that Benghazi's AM transmitter was one formerly used by 1970s offshore
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142:, other rebel-controlled radio stations were reported to be operating in
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Gaddafi troops fight to maintain positions in strategic city of Zawiyah
363:
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that began broadcasting in February 2011, operating from the cities of
267:
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1518:
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838:
Freedom now rings from one mountaintop radio station in western Libya
734:
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Output was in Arabic, with the Nalut station also said to have used
593:
Brnieq: Mortar attack on Misratah kills Radio Free Libya journalist
208:
Following the start of the Libyan uprising on 15–17 February 2011,
116:
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Libyan pro-freedom radio station bombed by regime, reports suggest
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346:" (between Misrata and Tripoli) was operating there on 91 FM.
318:
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A "Radio Free Libya" was reported operating in the city of
247:
Radio North Sea International (Radio Nordsee International)
111:) is the name used by three radio stations aligned to the
32:
227:
Transmitters, frequencies, internet streams and websites
310:, which generally has a shorter range than medium wave
795:
Radio Free Libya shakes up Gaddafi regime from Misrata
720:
Libya unrest: Benghazi gripped by anti-Gaddafi fervour
547:
Radio Free Libya shakes up Gaddafi regime from Misrata
470:
Libya revolt as it happened: Thursday 24 March 2011
884:Libya: 675/1125 kHz now in the hands of protestors
869:With rebels in charge, life returns to Libyan town
131:and have continued to broadcast after the fall of
2131:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265
705:The voice of Libya's rebellion is up and spinning
2240:
2034:International reactions to military intervention
285:
2151:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016
2146:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009
2141:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
2136:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970
438:Monitored transcripts and reports posted on the
385:, was alleged to have been used to trigger the
750:Free speech flowers in Libyan rebel stronghold
678:Free speech flowers in Libyan rebel stronghold
663:'Voice of Free Libya' battles Qaddafi – on air
298:Tobruk, Nalut, Jadu, Derna and Zliten stations
948:
2176:denote operations or battles related to the
1954:Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture
854:New FM radio station in Nalut, Western Libya
962:
896:Media Network blog posting 21 February 2011
599:website, citing opposition newspaper Brnieq
568:Media Network blog posting 28 February 2011
522:Media Network blog comment 22 February 2011
2049:International reactions to Gaddafi's death
1043:Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
955:
941:
765:Live stream of Voice of Free Libya 675 kHz
362:In May 2011, an English-language station,
231:The Benghazi station transmits on 675 AM (
811:At Radio Free Libya, change is on the air
859:Media Network blog posting 28 April 2011
785:Media Network blog comment 13 April 2011
770:Media Network blog posting 12 April 2011
638:Media Network blog comment 10 March 2011
291:radio broadcasting in a civil conflict.
2044:U.S. reactions to military intervention
626:Media Network blog comment 7 March 2011
314:. The FM frequency may have been 98.0.
184:The stations were heard using the name
127:. They played an important role in the
2241:
2219:
2039:Protests against military intervention
921:Radio free Benghazi – the war of words
167:Libyan state broadcasting organisation
2111:Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign
936:
423:New media emerge in 'liberated' Libya
273:
2195:
1907:Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi
874:dispatch by Karin Laub, 31 July 2011
453:'Radio Free Libya' broadcast expands
350:Other "Radio Free Benghazi" stations
213:Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
13:
2264:Radio stations established in 2011
441:Future for Libya: Radio Free Libya
14:
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203:
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1240:Battle of the Misrata frontline
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465:Tweet from "Mhalwes in Tripoli"
455:"PRI's The World" 29 March 2011
375:
279:heard later than 2350 GMT/UTC.
2178:military intervention in Libya
1294:Second Gulf of Sidra offensive
525:
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488:
473:
458:
446:
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401:
1:
2121:National Transitional Council
1142:Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road
1132:First Gulf of Sidra offensive
842:The Christian Science Monitor
840:Article by Scott Peterson in
666:The Christian Science Monitor
395:
286:Foreign reports and reception
2289:2011 establishments in Libya
2085:Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209
1974:Mitiga International Airport
1964:Green Square/Martyrs' Square
1770:Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai
1690:Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi
443:blog from March 2011 onwards
328:. Jadu and Nalut are in the
54:Anti-Gaddafi Broadcast Media
7:
2056:Factional violence in Libya
1363:Operation Unified Protector
923:Article by Zoe Williams on
894:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
857:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
783:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
768:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
624:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
566:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
520:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
10:
2310:
2294:Berber-language mass media
2101:Belarus in Libyan conflict
1902:Prince Mohammed El Senussi
2169:
2093:
2068:2014–2020 civil war
1987:
1934:
1849:
1813:
1730:Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi
1685:Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi
1607:
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1198:
1165:
1127:Second Battle of Benghazi
1082:
1073:
1065:Revolutionary Guard Corps
1013:
970:
738:DX Listening Digest 11-14
581:DX Listening Digest 11-12
498:DX Listening Digest 11-08
326:the town of the same name
86:
58:
50:
42:
30:
21:
2106:Democratic Party (Libya)
2080:Manchester Arena bombing
1912:Hussein Sadiq al Musrati
1705:Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid
1579:Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi
1449:Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak
1223:Nafusa Mountain Campaign
1097:First Battle of Benghazi
1026:National Liberation Army
828:, 2011 edition, page 259
695:, 2011 edition, page 259
611:, 2011 edition, page 259
408:Finding a voice in Libya
369:
179:
2259:Radio stations in Libya
2254:Libyan civil war (2011)
2029:International reactions
2005:Human rights violations
1549:Mustafa A. G. Abushagur
1277:Second Battle of Zawiya
1272:Rebel coastal offensive
964:Libyan civil war (2011)
826:World Radio TV Handbook
693:World Radio TV Handbook
609:World Radio TV Handbook
383:Mebo Telecommunications
261:ground wave propagation
37:Broadcast Location 2011
2269:Mass media in Benghazi
2017:Humanitarian situation
1979:People's Hall, Tripoli
1841:J. Christopher Stevens
1800:Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi
1775:Salih Rajab al-Mismari
1356:Operation Odyssey Dawn
1311:Second Tripoli clashes
1218:First Battle of Zawiya
1152:Fourth Battle of Brega
1117:Second Battle of Brega
648:History repeats itself
190:Idha'at Libya al-Hurra
1867:Abdel Rahman Shalgham
1625:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
1569:Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi
1559:Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi
1464:Abdel Moneim al-Houni
1208:First Tripoli clashes
1137:Third Battle of Brega
1102:First Battle of Brega
1031:Free Libyan Air Force
911:blog 18 February 2011
2061:2012 Benghazi attack
1795:Bashir Saghir Hawadi
1790:Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam
1780:Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud
1680:Saif al-Arab Gaddafi
1306:Battle of Bani Walid
1107:Battle of Ra's Lanuf
1003:16 August–23 October
988:15 February–18 March
814:McClatchy Newspapers
210:DX radio enthusiasts
2249:Mass media in Libya
2156:Voice of Free Libya
1765:Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
1700:Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam
1695:Bashir Saleh Bashir
1620:Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
1599:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
1594:Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo
1434:Mohammed Ali Madani
1389:Mustafa Abdul Jalil
1342:Opération Harmattan
1112:Battle of Bin Jawad
906:Radio Free Benghazi
535:The Washington Post
387:1988 Lockerbie bomb
194:Voice of Free Libya
113:anti-Gaddafi forces
109:Sawt Libya al-Hurra
101:Voice of Free Libya
46:February–March 2011
18:
17:Voice of Free Libya
2126:Topple the Tyrants
2000:Domestic responses
1872:Abdessalam Jalloud
1821:James G. Stavridis
1740:Massoud Abdelhafid
1655:Ali Sharif al-Rifi
1499:Ali Attalah Obeidi
1474:Abdurrahim El-Keib
1439:Mustafa Bin Dardef
1409:Abdelhakim Belhadj
1399:Abdul Fatah Younis
1255:Battle of Tawergha
1147:Cyrenaica campaign
1122:Battle of Ajdabiya
889:2012-03-14 at the
515:2012-03-14 at the
332:of western Libya.
274:Broadcasting hours
268:"Future for Libya"
174:Berber (Tamazight)
107:: صوت ليبيا الحرة
88:Official language
16:
2284:History of Tobruk
2234:
2233:
1969:Maydan al Shajara
1935:Places, buildings
1930:
1929:
1917:Mustafa Ben Halim
1665:Abuzed Omar Dorda
1584:Mohammed Magariaf
1534:Sadiq Al-Ghariani
1454:Jalal al-Digheily
1419:Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
1319:
1318:
1289:Battle of Tripoli
1284:Ras Ajdir clashes
1233:Battle of Gharyan
1213:Battle of Misrata
708:Los Angeles Times
653:blog 9 April 2011
411:BBC World Service
266:A website called
192:) in addition to
98:
97:
2301:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2010:Rape allegations
1944:Abu Salim prison
1892:Mohammed Nabbous
1826:Charles Bouchard
1805:Mustafa Kharoubi
1670:Baghdadi Mahmudi
1650:Abdullah Senussi
1640:Al-Saadi Gaddafi
1635:Mutassim Gaddafi
1564:Salwa Bughaighis
1529:Ismail al-Salabi
1484:Ahmed al-Senussi
1479:Osama al-Juwaili
1424:Suleiman Mahmoud
1379:
1378:
1349:Operation Mobile
1335:Operation Ellamy
1267:Msallata clashes
1250:Battle of Zliten
1228:Battle of Wazzin
1080:
1079:
1053:Libyan Air Force
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816:24 February 2011
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330:Nafusa Mountains
186:Radio Free Libya
140:Libyan Civil War
129:Libyan Civil War
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1922:Ihab Al-Mismari
1887:Nuri al-Mismari
1882:Imbarek Shamekh
1845:
1809:
1720:Khweldi Hameidi
1615:Muammar Gaddafi
1603:
1554:Ahmed Omar Bani
1514:Yousef Mangoush
1504:Mahdi al-Harati
1489:Hussein Darbouk
1368:
1315:
1299:Battle of Sirte
1262:Zawiya skirmish
1245:Zliten uprising
1194:
1185:Battle of Sabha
1180:Fezzan campaign
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1157:Ra's Lanuf raid
1092:Battle of Bayda
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993:19 March–31 May
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925:guardian.co.uk
913:
909:Foreign Policy
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844:April 28, 2011
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237:kilowatts (kW)
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204:Launch history
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2279:Bayda, Libya
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2173:
2155:
1836:Rinaldo Veri
1831:Ralph Jodice
1755:Hala Misrati
1675:Mansour Dhao
1494:Fathi Terbil
1459:Ali Tarhouni
1382:Anti-Gaddafi
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1200:Tripolitania
974:Part of the
924:
916:
908:
901:
893:
879:
871:
864:
856:
849:
841:
833:
825:
821:
813:
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799:The Guardian
798:
797:Xan Rice in
790:
782:
775:
767:
760:
752:
745:
737:
730:
722:
715:
710:7 April 2011
707:
700:
692:
688:
680:
673:
665:
658:
651:Keep smiling
650:
643:
631:
623:
616:
608:
604:
596:
588:
580:
573:
565:
558:
551:The Guardian
550:
549:Xan Rice in
542:
534:
527:
519:
510:Tarek Zeidan
505:
497:
495:Tarek Zeidan
490:
483:The Guardian
482:
475:
467:
460:
448:
440:
433:
425:
418:
413:7 March 2011
410:
403:
377:
361:
354:A web-based
353:
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323:
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207:
198:
193:
189:
185:
183:
171:
164:
137:
108:
100:
99:
2161:Zenga Zenga
1608:Pro-Gaddafi
1444:Hamid Hassy
1058:Libyan Navy
1048:Libyan Army
976:Arab Spring
927:15 May 2011
233:medium wave
152:Jadu, Libya
138:During the
2243:Categories
2225:Wikiquotes
1995:Casualties
1469:Ali Zeidan
1327:operations
1021:Opposition
595:Report on
396:References
364:Tribute FM
1877:Ali Treki
1715:Ali Kanna
1519:Abu Oweis
1084:Cyrenaica
319:that town
188:(Arabic:
43:Formation
2213:Wikinews
2189:Category
2073:Timeline
2022:Refugees
983:Timeline
887:Archived
723:BBC News
513:Archived
468:BBC News
426:BBC News
356:facility
117:Benghazi
66:Benghazi
59:Location
2274:Misrata
2201:Commons
2174:Italics
1075:Battles
636:"Ian B"
133:Gaddafi
125:Misrata
74:Misrata
51:Purpose
1988:Impact
1850:Others
1374:People
1167:Fezzan
1014:Forces
753:FT.com
681:FT.com
621:"Ruud"
344:Zliten
304:Tobruk
160:Zliten
144:Tobruk
105:Arabic
93:Arabic
78:Tobruk
2116:Media
2094:Other
370:Notes
337:Derna
180:Names
156:Derna
148:Nalut
121:Bayda
70:Bayda
1814:NATO
1325:NATO
1036:NCLO
158:and
123:and
76:and
2245::
312:AM
308:FM
263:.
169:.
162:.
154:,
150:,
146:,
135:.
119:,
72:,
68:,
956:e
949:t
942:v
389:.
103:(
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