201:
276:
58:, with sophisticated rules governing their use. The essential convention was that a first person would not expect to see a second person in the second's own home (unless invited or introduced) without having first left his visiting card at the second's home. Upon leaving the card, the first would not expect to be admitted initially but instead might receive a card at his own home in response from the second. This would serve as a signal that a personal visit and meeting at home would be welcome. On the other hand, if no card was forthcoming, or if a card was sent in an envelope, a personal visit was thereby discouraged.
264:
252:
237:
171:
216:
186:
20:
903:
155:
are similarly given as "Lord John Smith", etc., but "Hon" (for "the
Honourable") are not used (Mr, Ms, etc. being used instead). Those without titles of nobility or courtesy titles may use ecclesiastical titles, military ranks, "Professor" or "Dr", or Mr, Ms, etc. For archbishops, bishops, deans, and
41:
Before the 18th century, visitors making social calls left handwritten notes at the home of friends who were not at home. By the 1760s, the upper classes in France and Italy were leaving printed visiting cards decorated with images on one side and a blank space for hand-writing a note on the other.
45:
By the 19th century, men and women needed personalized calling or visiting cards to maintain their social status or to move up in society. These small cards, about the size of a modern-day business card, usually featured the name of the owner, and sometimes an address. Calling cards were left at
38:, was a small, decorative card that was carried by individuals to present themselves to others. It was a common practice in the 18th and 19th century, particularly among the upper classes, to leave a visiting card when calling on someone (which means to visit their house or workplace).
90:
Visiting cards became common among the aristocracy of Europe, and also in the United States. The whole procedure depended upon there being servants to open the door and receive the cards and it was, therefore, confined to the social classes which employed servants.
150:
in 2016, a gentleman's card would traditionally give his title, rank, private or service address (bottom left), and club (bottom right) in addition to his name. Titles of peers are given with no prefix (e.g. simply "Duke of
Wellington"),
164:, which is a modern version of the visiting card, features a person's name, mobile phone number, and email address, with an optional residential address rarely included; family social cards include the names of parents and children.
156:
archdeacons, the territorial title is used (e.g. "The Bishop of London"). Men may use their forenames or initials, while a married or widowed woman may either use her husband's name (the traditional usage) or her own. The only
42:
The style quickly spread across Europe and to the United States. As printing technology improved, elaborate color designs became increasingly popular. However, by the late 1800s, simpler styles became more common.
275:
87:
or "CdVs" were not generally used as calling cards: they did not have the owner/sitter's name printed on them, since they were normally given to family and close friends, or were of celebrities.
299:
are also used by some for dating. These cards typically have the bearer's name, their contact information, and may also feature a humorous quote or piece of information about the individual.
200:
143:
in 2007 endorsed the inclusion of private and club addresses (at the bottom left and right respectively) but states the inclusion of a telephone or fax number would be "a solecism".
125:. However, the standard form of visiting card in the 19th century in the United Kingdom was a plain card with nothing more than the bearer's name on it. Sometimes the name of a
136:, in which contact details, including address and telephone number, are essential. This has led to the inclusion of such details even on modern domestic visiting cards:
98:
Next day Paul found Stubbs' card on his table, the corner turned up. Paul went to
Hertford to call on Stubbs but found him out. He left his card, the corner turned up.
132:
The visiting card is no longer the universal feature of upper-middle-class and upper-class life that it once was in Europe and North
America. Much more common is the
46:
homes, sent to individuals, or exchanged in person for various social purposes. Knowing and following calling card "rules" signalled one's status and intentions.
222:
215:
701:
263:
893:
185:
170:
236:
728:
855:
762:
94:
If a card was left with a turned corner it indicated that the card had been left in person rather than by a servant.
912:
129:
might be added, but addresses were not otherwise included. Visiting cards were kept in highly decorated card cases.
898:
251:
861:
847:
192:
177:
633:
927:
823:
752:
870:
285:
card cutting and scoring machine from 1889, capable of producing 100,000 visiting cards a day
282:
450:
United
Kingdom (alternative lady's, joint or family visiting card, and modern social card) (
160:
used are those indicating membership of the armed forces (e.g. "Captain J. Smith, RN"). The
907:
157:
24:
8:
932:
879:
779:
126:
243:
812:
682:
851:
758:
724:
118:
802:
819:
674:
646:
108:
816:
865:
721:
Debrett's New Guide to
Etiquette & Modern Manners: The Indispensable Handbook
639:
598:
152:
73:
19:
514:
Argentina, Czech
Republic, Finland, Russia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Sri Lanka
921:
843:
628:
133:
122:
613:
227:
138:
103:
410:
Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, Turkey
207:
829:
686:
579:
833:
478:
436:
385:
343:
83:
with the advent of photography in the mid-19th century. Photographic
55:
678:
357:
United
Kingdom (traditional lady's, joint or family visiting card) (
904:
Collection of calling cards received by Mrs. John
Beckwith, Chicago
565:
551:
817:"Army Regulation 600–25 Salutes, Honors, and Visits of Courtesy"
806:
875:
62:
838:
702:"What has replaced 19th Century Parlors and Calling Cards?"
839:
Etiquette in
Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home
117:
Some visiting cards included refined engraved ornaments,
746:
744:
742:
740:
16:
Social cards used by 18th–20th-century upper classes
23:Visiting card of Johann van Beethoven, brother of
737:
919:
329:United Kingdom (gentleman's visiting card) (3 Ă—
54:Visiting cards became an indispensable tool of
750:
665:Mayor, A. Hyatt (1943). "Old Calling Cards".
78:
66:
206:Sample lady's visiting card, specifying an
777:
492:Australia, India, Sweden, Norway, Denmark
913:The Gentleman's Guide to the Calling Card
780:"The New Dating Tools: A Card and a Wink"
602:thick card backing of a carte de visite
295:As of 2010, Business-style cards called
18:
667:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
920:
778:Rosenbloom, Stephanie (21 July 2010).
718:
699:
664:
643:, a related but usually distinct item
112:, Part III, Chapter 7, "Resurrection"
899:The Etiquette of Using Calling Cards
866:"Visiting Cards of the 18th Century"
421:United States, Canada and Pakistan (
269:Victorian silver visiting card case
13:
71:from 1615 to 1800 and then became
14:
944:
894:Social Calls in the Edwardian era
887:
751:Elizabeth Wyse (19 April 2016).
700:Resor, Cynthia (March 4, 2019).
274:
262:
250:
235:
214:
199:
184:
169:
757:. Debrett's. pp. 418–420.
597:photographic print pasted on a
302:
771:
712:
693:
658:
1:
652:
290:
7:
848:Funk & Wagnalls Company
622:
10:
949:
723:. Macmillan. p. 168.
193:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
49:
634:Electronic business cards
121:lettering, and fantastic
868:, Chapter 5 June of the
706:teachingwiththemes.com/
824:Department of the Army
115:
79:
67:
27:
719:Morgan, John (2007).
96:
22:
908:the Newberry Library
880:W. & R. Chambers
826:, 24 September 2004.
158:post-nominal letters
61:As an adoption from
25:Ludwig van Beethoven
308:
225:, caricaturist for
68:une carte d'adresse
65:, they were called
834:"Cards and Visits"
813:United States Army
784:The New York Times
754:Debrett's Handbook
307:
257:Visiting card case
223:Louis Adrien Huart
148:Debrett's Handbook
28:
620:
619:
529:
528:
242:Visiting card of
221:Visiting card of
191:Visiting card of
176:Visiting card of
940:
836:, Chapter 10 of
822:: Headquarters,
820:Washington, D.C.
794:
793:
791:
790:
775:
769:
768:
748:
735:
734:
716:
710:
709:
697:
691:
690:
662:
647:Compliments slip
531:
530:
477:
476:
472:
469:
463:
462:
458:
455:
434:
433:
429:
426:
384:
383:
379:
376:
370:
369:
365:
362:
342:
341:
337:
334:
309:
306:
278:
266:
254:
244:AntonĂn Langweil
239:
218:
203:
188:
173:
127:gentlemen's club
113:
109:Decline and Fall
85:cartes de visite
82:
70:
34:, also called a
948:
947:
943:
942:
941:
939:
938:
937:
918:
917:
890:
885:
862:Robert Chambers
803:"Calling Cards"
797:
788:
786:
776:
772:
765:
749:
738:
731:
717:
713:
698:
694:
679:10.2307/3257136
663:
659:
655:
640:Carte de visite
625:
601:
599:carte de visite
593:
588:
474:
470:
467:
465:
460:
456:
453:
451:
431:
427:
424:
422:
381:
377:
374:
372:
367:
363:
360:
358:
339:
335:
332:
330:
305:
293:
286:
283:Oscar Friedheim
279:
270:
267:
258:
255:
246:
240:
231:
219:
210:
204:
195:
189:
180:
174:
153:courtesy titles
114:
102:
74:carte de visite
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
946:
936:
935:
930:
928:Business cards
916:
915:
910:
901:
896:
889:
888:External links
886:
884:
883:
859:
827:
810:
801:Ray Trygstad.
798:
796:
795:
770:
763:
736:
730:978-1429978286
729:
711:
692:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
636:
631:
624:
621:
618:
617:
611:
608:
604:
603:
595:
590:
584:
583:
577:
574:
570:
569:
563:
560:
556:
555:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
527:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
483:
482:
448:
445:
441:
440:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
355:
352:
348:
347:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
313:
304:
301:
292:
289:
288:
287:
280:
273:
271:
268:
261:
259:
256:
249:
247:
241:
234:
232:
220:
213:
211:
205:
198:
196:
190:
183:
181:
178:Kaiser Wilhelm
175:
168:
100:
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
945:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
914:
911:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
860:
857:
856:1-58734-039-9
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:July 21, 2003
808:
807:Rays of Light
804:
800:
799:
785:
781:
774:
766:
764:9780992934866
760:
756:
755:
747:
745:
743:
741:
732:
726:
722:
715:
707:
703:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
657:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Business card
627:
626:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
600:
596:
591:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
533:
532:
524:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
311:
310:
300:
298:
297:calling cards
284:
277:
272:
265:
260:
253:
248:
245:
238:
233:
230:
229:
224:
217:
212:
209:
208:"At Home" day
202:
197:
194:
187:
182:
179:
172:
167:
166:
165:
163:
159:
154:
149:
146:According to
144:
142:
141:New Etiquette
140:
135:
134:business card
130:
128:
124:
123:coats of arms
120:
111:
110:
105:
99:
95:
92:
88:
86:
81:
76:
75:
69:
64:
59:
57:
47:
43:
39:
37:
33:
32:visiting card
26:
21:
871:Book of Days
869:
837:
787:. Retrieved
783:
773:
753:
720:
714:
705:
695:
673:(2): 93–98.
670:
666:
660:
638:
616:, size ID-1
614:ISO/IEC 7810
607:85.6 mm
418:50.8 mm
415:88.9 mm
303:Common sizes
296:
294:
228:Le Charivari
226:
161:
147:
145:
137:
131:
116:
107:
104:Evelyn Waugh
97:
93:
89:
84:
72:
60:
53:
44:
40:
36:calling card
35:
31:
29:
589:100 mm
162:Social Card
933:Stationery
922:Categories
864:, editor.
830:Emily Post
789:2018-12-03
653:References
610:54 mm
594:64 mm
592:54 mm
587:89 mm
582:in the EU
580:Debit card
576:55 mm
573:85 mm
568:, size C8
562:57 mm
559:81 mm
554:, size A8
548:52 mm
545:74 mm
522:55 mm
519:91 mm
511:50 mm
508:90 mm
503:Hong Kong
500:54 mm
497:90 mm
489:55 mm
486:90 mm
447:64 mm
444:89 mm
407:55 mm
404:85 mm
396:48 mm
393:85 mm
354:57 mm
351:83 mm
326:38 mm
323:76 mm
291:For dating
139:Debrett's
56:etiquette
850:, 1922.
844:New York
623:See also
318:Used in
119:embossed
101:—
80:visiteur
882:, 1869.
687:3257136
566:ISO 216
552:ISO 216
540:Format
473:⁄
459:⁄
430:⁄
380:⁄
366:⁄
338:⁄
50:History
876:London
854:
761:
727:
685:
537:Height
525:Japan
315:Height
63:France
683:JSTOR
534:Width
399:Iran
312:Width
852:ISBN
759:ISBN
725:ISBN
435:Ă— 2
906:at
675:doi
77:or
924::
878::
874:.
846::
842:.
832:.
815:.
805:,
782:.
739:^
704:.
681:.
669:.
481:)
479:in
464:Ă—
439:)
437:in
388:)
386:in
371:Ă—
346:)
344:in
281:A
106:,
30:A
858:.
792:.
767:.
733:.
708:.
689:.
677::
671:2
475:2
471:1
468:+
466:2
461:2
457:1
454:+
452:3
432:2
428:1
425:+
423:3
382:4
378:1
375:+
373:2
368:4
364:1
361:+
359:3
340:2
336:1
333:+
331:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
