119:. The young and the elderly are at the highest risk of viral encephalitis. Many cases of viral encephalitis are not identified either because of lack of testing or mild illness, and serological surveys indicate that asymptomatic infections are common. Various ways of preventing viral encephalitis exist, such as vaccines that are either in standard vaccination programs or which are recommended when living in or visiting certain regions, and various measures aimed at preventing mosquito, sandfly, and tick bites in order to prevent arbovirus infection.
48:
947:
insecticides can be beneficial. Activities that increase the likelihood of tick bites should be avoided. Vaccines against some arboviruses that cause viral encephalitis exist, such as those against
Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Although these vaccines are not perfectly effective, they are recommended for people who live in or travel to high-risk areas. Some vaccines that are included in standard vaccination programs, such as the
29:
938:. Time of the year, geography, and animal, including insect, exposure are also important. For example, arbovirus infections are seasonal and cause viral encephalitis at the highest rate during the summer and early fall when mosquitos are most active. Similarly, those who live in warm, humid climates where there are more mosquitos are more likely to experience viral encephalitis.
918:
the highest incidence among the young and the elderly. Viral encephalitis caused by some viruses, such as the measles virus and the mumps virus, has become less common due to widespread vaccination. For others, such as
Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, incidence has increased due to the increased prevalence of
847:. The most common long-term complication of viral encephalitis is seizures that may occur in 10% to 20% of patients over several decades. These seizures are resistant to medical therapy. However, individuals who have unilateral mesial temporal lobe seizures after viral encephalitis have good results following
439:
If viral encephalitis is suspected, then questions can be asked about the individual's history and physical examination can be performed. Important aspects of one's history include immune status, exposure to animals, including insects, travel history, vaccination history, geography, and time of year.
946:
As many encephalitic viruses are transmitted by mosquitos, many prevention efforts revolve around preventing mosquito bites. In areas where such arboviruses are widespread, people should use protective clothing and should sleep under a mosquito net. Removing containers of stagnant water and spraying
777:
Treatment of viral encephalitis is primarily supportive with intravenous antiviral therapy due to there being no specific medical therapy for most viral infections involving the central nervous system. Individuals may require intensive care for frequent neurological exams or respiratory support, and
833:
drugs may be needed for a short time period if behavior alternations are present. Given the possibility of complications developing from viral encephalitis, an interdisciplinary team consisting of the clinicians, therapists, rehabilitation specialists, and speech therapists is important in order to
917:
While the etiology of many cases of encephalitis is unknown, viruses account for about 70% of confirmed encephalitis cases, with the herpes simplex virus being the most common cause at about 50% of encephalitis cases. The incidence of viral encephalitis is about 3.5 to 7.5 per 100,000 people, with
842:
If treated, most individuals recover from viral encephalitis without long-term problems related to the illness. Mortality rates vary for those who do not receive treatment, for example being about 70% for herpes encephalitis but low for the La Crosse virus. Individuals who remain symptomatic after
99:
can also be done to rule out other causes of the encephalitis. Many encephalitic viruses often have characteristic symptoms of infection, helping to aid diagnosis. Treatment is usually supportive in nature while also providing antiviral drug therapy. The primary exception to this is herpes simplex
793:
for 2 to 3 weeks if it is provided early enough. Acyclovir significant decreases morbidity and mortality of HSV encephalitis and limits the long-term behavioral and cognitive impairments that occur with illness. As such, and because HSV is the most common cause of viral encephalitis, acyclovir is
72:. The different forms of viral encephalitis are called viral encephalitides. It is the most common type of encephalitis and often occurs with viral meningitis. Encephalitic viruses first cause infection and replicate outside of the central nervous system (CNS), most reaching the CNS through the
448:, paralysis, and coma. Neuropsychiatric features such as behavioral changes, hallucinations, or cognitive decline are frequent. Severe symptoms are most common among infants and the elderly. Most infections are asymptomatic, lacking symptoms, whereas most symptomatic cases are mild illnesses.
765:, vascular disease, metabolic disease, or encephalitis from infection caused by a bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasitic worm. In children, differential diagnosis may not be able to distinguish between viral encephalitis and immune-mediated inflammatory CNS diseases, such as
104:. Prognosis is good for most individuals who are infected by an encephalitic virus but is poor among those who develop severe symptoms, including viral encephalitis. Long-term complications of viral encephalitis typically relate to neurological damage, such as experiencing
358:. An example of person-to-person transmission is the herpes simplex virus, which is transmitted by means of intimate physical contact. An example of arboviral transmission is the West Nile virus, which usually is incidentally transmitted to people from the bites of
714:(EEG) is abnormal in more than 80% of viral encephalitis cases, including those who are experiencing seizures, and may need to be monitored continuously to identify non-convulsive status. Lack of testing resources may prevent accurate diagnosis.
353:
Encephalitic viruses vary in their manner of transmission. Some are transmitted from person-to-person, whereas others are transmitted by animals, especially bites from arthropods such as mosquitos, sandflies, and ticks, such viruses being called
794:
often administered as soon as possible to all patients suspected of having viral encephalitis even if the exact viral origin is not yet known. Viral resistance to acyclovir rarely occurs, primarily among the immunocompromised, in which case
1677:
1658:
710:
for various arboviruses and HIV testing, may also be performed based on the individual's history and symptoms. Brain biopsy and body fluid specimen cultures and PCR may also be useful in some cases.
3198:
390:
and the rabies virus, which travel from nerve endings to the CNS. Once in the brain, the virus and the host's inflammatory response disrupt neural cell function, including causing
721:
For herpes simplex virus encephalitis, a CT scan may show low-density lesions in the temporal lobe. These lesions usually appear 3 to 5 days after the start of the infection.
3584:
3579:
3596:
3574:
80:
disrupt neural function, leading to illness and complications, many of which frequently are neurological in nature, such as impaired motor skills and altered behavior.
2747:
2312:
866:
724:
Japanese encephalitis often has distinct EEG patterns, including diffuse delta activity with spikes, diffuse continuous delta activity, and alpha coma activity.
813:
Serial intracranial pressure (ICP) is important to monitor as elevated ICP is associated with poor prognosis. Elevated ICP can be relieved with steroids and
737:
can be performed that looks at many potential causes of the encephalitis, infectious and noninfectious. Potential alternatives to viral encephalitis include
283:
83:
Viral encephalitis can be diagnosed based on the individual's symptoms, personal history, such as travel history, and different clinical tests such as
1735:
2943:
2938:
706:(PCR) testing for herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and enteroviruses. About 10% of patients have normal CSF results. Additional testing, such as
2326:
694:
before performing an LP. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), if analyzed, should be analyzed for opening pressure, cell counts, glucose, protein, and
208:
527:
Nipah virus may produce brainstem and cerebellar signs, hypertension, and segmental myoclonus, or twitching of a group of connected muscles.
2740:
1406:"The ecology and epidemiology of Ross River and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses in Western Australia: examples of One Health in Action"
231:
1992:
1823:
855:
For
Eastern equine encephalitis, some children may experience seizures, severe intellectual disability, and various forms of paralysis.
843:
initial infection may have difficulty concentrating, behavior or speech disorders, or memory loss. Rarely, individuals may remain in a
3566:
1863:
960:
817:, though there is limited data of the efficacy of such treatment with regards to viral encephalitis. Seizures can be managed with
3556:
2733:
41:
3536:
3209:
1082:
Ghosh, S.; Basu, A. (January–February 2017). "Neuropathogenesis by
Chandipura virus: An acute encephalitis syndrome in India".
1499:
3561:
3193:
1728:
3399:
3387:
2849:
1956:
766:
426:
may occur in the CNS, especially among children. Herpes simplex encephalitis tends to produce necrotic lesions in the CNS.
319:
2013:
1365:"Identification of lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus in house mouse (Mus musculus, Rodentia) in French Guiana"
3618:
3551:
3106:
440:
Symptoms usually occur acutely, and the most common symptoms of infection are fever, headache, altered mental status,
3321:
3124:
2332:
1858:
1815:
1316:"Four emerging arboviral diseases in North America: Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika virus diseases"
333:
167:
782:
disturbance, autonomic disregulation, and renal and hepatic dysfunction, as well as for seizures and non-compulsive
2318:
2247:
1721:
248:
3440:
742:
2955:
2931:
2761:
1917:
1903:
3634:
3519:
3435:
3377:
3147:
2926:
2278:
299:
135:
2355:
1613:
555:. Because encephalitis is an inflammatory response, inflammatory cells situated near blood vessels, such as
3603:
2977:
2122:
2116:
2027:
2021:
1911:
3665:
3113:
2485:
2411:
2405:
2078:
844:
411:
219:
1231:
3591:
3141:
2813:
1363:
Lavergne, A.; de Thoisy, B.; Tirera, S.; Donato, D.; Bouchier, C.; Catzeflies, F.; Lacoste, V. (2016).
687:
3541:
3509:
3483:
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3310:
2889:
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2149:
703:
47:
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3382:
2796:
2251:
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2068:
1898:
1871:
1843:
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1696:
1587:
543:
The brain histology of viral encephalitis shows dead neurons with nuclear dissolution and elevated
451:
Virus-specific symptoms may also exist or tests may indicate one virus. Specific examples include:
410:
in the CNS is common as a response to CNS infection. For some forms of viral encephalitis, such as
3613:
3546:
3302:
3120:
2972:
2962:
2806:
2047:
951:, which prevents measles, mumps, and rubella, are also capable of preventing viral encephalitis.
935:
2725:
1713:
789:
A very specific exception is herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis, which can be treated with
3478:
3470:
3425:
3101:
3073:
2921:
2441:
2419:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2241:
2179:
2073:
2034:
1837:
734:
711:
521:
379:
305:
213:
96:
871:
For
Western equine encephalitis, some children may experience seizures and behavioral changes.
806:
for immunocompetent individuals, for varicella-zoster virus encephalitis and a combination of
802:
analogs are used for other herpesviruses as well, such as acyclovir, with possible adjunctive
76:
and a minority from nerve endings toward the CNS. Once in the brain, the virus and the host's
3670:
3493:
3367:
3185:
3163:
3078:
3001:
2911:
2898:
2823:
2426:
2007:
1877:
1848:
923:
415:
77:
769:, as well as immune-mediated encephalitis, so other diagnostic methods may need to be used.
3430:
3247:
3136:
2690:
2522:
2157:
1986:
1540:"Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis in Adults: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management"
1453:
Carod-Artal, F. J. (1 May 2020). "Neurological
Complications of Coronavirus and COVID-19".
441:
183:
8:
3359:
3006:
2861:
2801:
2108:
1829:
1681:
858:
For
Japanese encephalitis, extrapyramidal symptoms relating to motor function may remain.
683:
572:
395:
378:
Viruses that cause viral encephalitis first infect the body and replicate outside of the
198:
193:
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552:
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encephalitis may be accompanied by rash and skin vesicles, and because it involves the
178:
73:
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3258:
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2996:
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1064:
1016:
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For pregnant women infected with Zika virus, the newborn child may have microcephaly.
548:
146:
36:
1690:
1686:
1507:
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1186:
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1135:
1054:
931:
691:
512:
Many arboviral encephalitides, such as
Japanese encephalitis, primarily affect the
403:
140:
111:
Encephalitic viruses are typically transmitted either from person-to-person or are
2614:
3337:
3028:
2574:
2479:
2399:
2388:
2259:
2223:
2143:
1929:
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679:
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288:
225:
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153:
92:
88:
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3343:
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1810:
1264:"Differences in Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic California Serogroup Viruses"
1140:
900:
882:
803:
455:
391:
260:
1555:
1331:
1191:
127:
Many viruses are capable of causing encephalitis during infection, including:
3659:
3420:
3372:
3242:
3011:
2967:
2818:
1805:
1800:
1748:
1466:
1124:"Viral encephalitis: a practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment"
830:
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762:
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513:
502:
494:
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423:
366:
272:
237:
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1421:
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2055:
1573:
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1020:
927:
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862:
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531:
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489:
293:
266:
160:
65:
61:
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2836:
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2655:
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2638:
2631:
2619:
2593:
2563:
2465:
2304:
2216:
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2134:
1795:
948:
807:
779:
564:
560:
387:
383:
254:
242:
173:
1650:
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2556:
2340:
2097:
799:
738:
544:
505:, is often characterized by psychiatric features, memory deficits, and
399:
340:
309:
278:
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3047:
3035:
3018:
2950:
2601:
2582:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2510:
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2384:
2270:
2232:
2001:
1980:
1886:
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822:
795:
790:
556:
463:
407:
355:
116:
112:
101:
84:
28:
1404:
Mackenzie, J. S.; Lindsay, M. D. A.; Smith, D. W.; Imrie, A (2017).
878:
Other potential complications following viral encephalitis include:
690:(MRI) help identify increased intracranial pressure and the risk of
3571:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
3276:
3268:
3234:
3088:
2991:
2699:
2346:
2088:
1944:
1314:
Pastula, D. M.; Smith, D. E.; Beckham, J. D.; Tyler, K. L. (2016).
814:
754:
707:
419:
313:
934:
people who have weakened immune systems or who are susceptible to
682:(LP) are both essential methods of diagnosing viral encephalitis.
444:, stiff neck and back, vomiting, confusion, and, in severe cases,
2755:
2452:
1743:
506:
478:
445:
386:
and brain via the circulatory system. Exceptions to this include
105:
3315:
3056:
3023:
2061:
1662:
568:
467:
459:
422:
of nerve cells. Following encephalitis caused by arboviruses,
2712:
2471:
2103:
1362:
758:
360:
69:
919:
584:
Preferred diagnostic test according to suspected etiology.
1403:
636:
of disease onset if negative with high clinical suspicion;
484:
Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis is usually accompanied by
1938:
699:
695:
188:
1313:
1043:"California encephalitis virus, a newly described agent"
1175:"The role of microglia in viral encephalitis: a review"
534:
among newborn children if a pregnant woman is infected.
1262:
Evans, A. B.; Winkler, C. W.; Peterson, K. E. (2019).
867:
excess, unsuppressable release of antidiuretic hormone
648:
integration into host DNA that causes false positives
656:
Culture, antigen test, PCR of respiratory secretions
638:
or CSF for HSV-IgG after 10–14 days of disease onset
1640:
1261:
1537:
717:Test results specific to certain viruses include:
851:. Prognoses related to specific viruses include:
3657:
810:and foscarnet for cytomegalovirus encephalitis.
741:, autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases such as
616:Stool and throat PCR are preferred over CSF PCR
646:CSF PCR paired with serum PCR to exclude viral
551:, within cells' cytoplasm when viewed with an
2741:
1729:
1040:
702:antibodies. CSF testing should also include
108:, memory loss, and intellectual impairment.
3460:
1452:
1172:
798:should be used. Although not as effective,
634:CSF PCR, can be repeated within 2 to 7 days
520:and movements similar to those observed in
516:, sometimes causing motor symptoms such as
232:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus
2748:
2734:
1993:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1736:
1722:
1614:"Understanding encephalitis -- prevention"
1232:"Understanding encephalitis -- the basics"
624:Serum EBV capsid antigen IgG and IgM (VCA)
46:
27:
1864:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1563:
1429:
1380:
1339:
1287:
1200:
1190:
1149:
1139:
1121:
1081:
1058:
961:List of central nervous system infections
728:
1538:Bradshaw, M. J.; Venkatesan, A. (2016).
1446:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1008:
530:Zika virus characteristically may cause
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1009:Said, S.; Kang, M. (16 December 2019).
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
418:, there may be a significant amount of
3658:
3537:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3210:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1606:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1494:
1492:
1257:
1255:
1253:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
578:
100:encephalitis, which is treatable with
2729:
1717:
1309:
1307:
1122:Costa, B. K. D.; Sato, D. K. (2020).
1102:
1041:Hammon, W. M.; Reeves, W. C. (1952).
930:, which have increased the number of
3388:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2777:
1356:
1217:
767:acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
320:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
2014:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1580:
1522:
1489:
1250:
1173:Chen, Z.; Zhong, D.; Li, G (2019).
973:
626:and EBV nuclear antigen IgG (EBNA)
13:
3619:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1397:
1304:
1166:
1034:
825:. Status epilepticus may required
382:(CNS). Thereafter, most reach the
14:
3682:
3322:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3125:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2333:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1859:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1636:
468:impaired balance and coordination
334:Western equine encephalitis virus
168:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
3342:For more detailed coverage, see
3320:For more detailed coverage, see
3291:For more detailed coverage, see
3257:For more detailed coverage, see
3208:For more detailed coverage, see
2319:Middle East respiratory syndrome
249:Murray Valley encephalitis virus
64:of the brain parenchyma, called
912:
757:, exposure to certain drugs or
743:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
571:within neurons are visible via
472:fluid accumulation in the lungs
373:
348:
1918:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1904:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1075:
908:Residual neurological deficits
486:enlargement of the lymph nodes
434:
1:
3635:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3520:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3378:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1015:. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
966:
941:
300:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
136:California encephalitis virus
3604:Progressive muscular atrophy
2123:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2028:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1382:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.023
861:For St. Louis encephalitis,
837:
772:
608:CSF PCR or CSF-specific IgM
600:CSF PCR or CSF-specific IgM
538:
429:
7:
3114:Primary progressive aphasia
2486:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2406:Human parainfluenza viruses
2079:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
954:
905:Mood and behavioral changes
845:persistent vegetative state
412:Eastern equine encephalitis
220:Japanese encephalitis virus
122:
10:
3687:
3436:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3142:Posterior cortical atrophy
2963:Striatonigral degeneration
2814:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1141:10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.006
688:magnetic resonance imaging
592:Preferred diagnostic test
507:loss of language faculties
392:fluid buildup in the brain
3542:Spinal muscular atrophies
3510:Primary lateral sclerosis
3492:
3469:
3453:
3408:
3368:Intracranial hypertension
3358:
3330:
3301:
3267:
3229:
3218:
3184:
3162:
3148:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3087:
2897:
2888:
2874:
2834:
2768:
2689:
2665:
2573:
2496:
2451:
2440:
2269:
2231:
2210:
2178:
2150:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2133:
2087:
1966:
1955:
1928:
1755:
1644:
1592:World Health Organization
1556:10.1007/s13311-016-0433-7
1504:World Health Organization
1332:10.1007/s13365-016-0428-5
1192:10.1186/s12974-019-1443-2
704:polymerase chain reaction
490:enlargement of the spleen
402:. Widespread presence of
35:
26:
21:
3609:Progressive bulbar palsy
3400:Intracranial hypotension
3383:Choroid plexus papilloma
2797:Herpesviral encephalitis
2252:Infectious mononucleosis
2069:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1899:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1844:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1777:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1467:10.33588/rn.7009.2020179
1410:Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
936:opportunistic infections
3121:Frontotemporal dementia
2807:Encephalitis lethargica
2048:Encephalitis lethargica
1749:viral systemic diseases
605:Dengue/Chikungunya/Zika
115:-borne viruses, called
3426:Hepatic encephalopathy
2420:Human orthopneumovirus
2074:Herpesviral meningitis
2035:Arbovirus encephalitis
1280:10.3201/eid2504.181016
896:Low blood sodium level
863:low blood sodium level
735:differential diagnosis
729:Differential diagnosis
712:Electroencephalography
669:Varicella-zoster virus
380:central nervous system
364:mosquitos, especially
306:Varicella-zoster virus
214:Jamestown Canyon virus
97:differential diagnosis
3484:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3441:Static encephalopathy
3164:Mitochondrial disease
3002:Spasmodic torticollis
2912:Basal ganglia disease
1878:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1500:"Encephalitis, Viral"
1455:Revista de NeurologĂa
1422:10.1093/trstmh/trx045
924:organ transplantation
892:Impaired intelligence
518:involuntary movements
416:Japanese encephalitis
78:inflammatory response
3431:Toxic encephalopathy
3137:Lewy bodies dementia
2523:Adenovirus infection
1987:Human polyomavirus 2
1816:Oropharyngeal cancer
631:Herpes simplex virus
573:electron microscopes
442:sensitivity to light
308:, which causes both
184:Herpes simplex virus
3479:Friedreich's ataxia
2862:Meningoencephalitis
2802:Limbic encephalitis
2109:Post-polio syndrome
1745:Infectious diseases
1179:J Neuroinflammation
1134:(Suppl. 1): 12–19.
1128:Jornal de Pediatria
684:Computed tomography
585:
579:Clinical evaluation
522:Parkinson's disease
396:vascular congestion
284:Snowshoe hare virus
199:Human herpesvirus 7
194:Human herpesvirus 6
42:Infectious diseases
3666:Viral encephalitis
3515:Pseudobulbar palsy
3253:Status epilepticus
3204:Multiple sclerosis
3041:Myoclonic epilepsy
2904:movement disorders
2850:Acute disseminated
2792:Viral encephalitis
2242:Epstein–Barr virus
2212:Respiratory system
1849:Burkitt's lymphoma
1012:Viral encephalitis
784:status epilepticus
621:Epstein-Barr virus
583:
553:optical microscope
179:Epstein-Barr virus
74:circulatory system
58:Viral encephalitis
22:Viral encephalitis
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3449:
3448:
3354:
3353:
3293:Template:Headache
3259:Template:Epilepsy
3180:
3179:
3154:Vascular dementia
2997:Status dystonicus
2870:
2869:
2845:Encephalomyelitis
2723:
2722:
2685:
2684:
2436:
2435:
2367:Influenza virus A
2284:Human coronavirus
2174:
2173:
2164:Herpes of the eye
1711:
1710:
1588:"West Nile Virus"
1544:Neurotherapeutics
1369:Infect Genet Evol
932:immunocompromised
888:Flaccid paralysis
678:Neuroimaging and
676:
675:
672:CSF-specific IgG
664:CSF-specific IgG
549:hypereosinophilia
404:white blood cells
204:Influenza viruses
147:Chikungunya virus
55:
54:
16:Medical condition
3678:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3416:Brain herniation
3227:
3226:
3067:Intention tremor
3062:Essential tremor
2927:Postencephalitic
2895:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2775:
2774:
2756:Diseases of the
2750:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2449:
2448:
2444:digestive system
2361:Orthomyxoviridae
2327:SARS coronavirus
2313:MERS coronavirus
2229:
2228:
2041:Orthomyxoviridae
1964:
1963:
1930:Immune disorders
1854:Hodgkin lymphoma
1830:Kaposi's sarcoma
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1594:. 3 October 2017
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1506:. Archived from
1496:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1268:Emerg Infect Dis
1259:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1119:
1100:
1099:
1084:Natl Med J India
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1006:
753:or drug-induced
692:uncal herniation
586:
582:
141:Chandipura virus
93:lumbar punctures
51:
50:
31:
19:
18:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3641:
3567:Congenital DSMA
3488:
3445:
3404:
3350:
3338:Sleep disorders
3326:
3303:Cerebrovascular
3297:
3263:
3220:
3214:
3176:
3158:
3083:
3029:Choreoathetosis
2902:
2879:
2866:
2830:
2764:
2754:
2724:
2719:
2681:
2661:
2569:
2543:Gastroenteritis
2501:
2498:Gastroenteritis
2492:
2480:Cytomegalovirus
2443:
2432:
2400:Paramyxoviridae
2389:Avian influenza
2265:
2260:Cytomegalovirus
2224:viral pneumonia
2222:
2219:nasopharyngitis
2218:
2215:
2206:
2170:
2144:Cytomegalovirus
2129:
2083:
1971:
1958:
1951:
1924:
1791:Cervical cancer
1751:
1742:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1653:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1620:. 26 March 2019
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1536:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1510:on May 16, 2006
1498:
1497:
1490:
1451:
1447:
1402:
1398:
1361:
1357:
1312:
1305:
1260:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1238:. 26 March 2019
1230:
1229:
1218:
1171:
1167:
1120:
1103:
1080:
1076:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1007:
974:
969:
957:
944:
915:
840:
834:help patients.
827:benzodiazepines
804:corticosteroids
775:
731:
680:lumbar puncture
647:
637:
635:
625:
597:Cytomegalovirus
581:
567:, are visible.
541:
437:
432:
376:
351:
346:
327:West Nile virus
289:St. Louis virus
226:La Crosse virus
154:Cytomegalovirus
125:
89:medical imaging
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Cerebral edema
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:Template:Sleep
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3172:Leigh syndrome
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2908:
2906:
2899:Extrapyramidal
2892:
2883:
2881:encephalopathy
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2758:nervous system
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2184:
2182:
2180:Cardiovascular
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1961:
1959:nervous system
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:Vaginal cancer
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1674:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:Classification
1638:
1637:External links
1635:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1579:
1550:(3): 493–508.
1521:
1488:
1461:(9): 311–322.
1445:
1416:(6): 248–254.
1396:
1355:
1326:(3): 257–260.
1303:
1274:(4): 728–738.
1249:
1216:
1165:
1101:
1074:
1053:(5): 303–309.
1033:
971:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
956:
953:
943:
940:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
903:
901:Mononeuropathy
898:
893:
890:
885:
883:Encephalopathy
876:
875:
872:
869:
859:
856:
839:
836:
778:treatment for
774:
771:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
674:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
639:
632:
628:
627:
622:
618:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
594:
593:
590:
580:
577:
547:count, called
540:
537:
536:
535:
528:
525:
510:
492:
482:
456:Enterovirus 71
436:
433:
431:
428:
375:
372:
350:
347:
345:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
303:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
269:
264:
261:Powassan virus
257:
252:
245:
240:
235:
228:
223:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
138:
133:
129:
124:
121:
53:
52:
39:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3683:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Reye syndrome
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Hydrocephalus
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3186:Demyelinating
3183:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Restless legs
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:Blepharospasm
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Hemiballismus
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:Brain abscess
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:Parainfluenza
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:EBV infection
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Poliomyelitis
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
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1809:
1807:
1806:Vulvar cancer
1804:
1802:
1801:Penile cancer
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835:
832:
831:Antipsychotic
828:
824:
820:
819:valproic acid
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
787:
785:
781:
770:
768:
764:
763:neurosyphilis
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:brain abscess
744:
740:
736:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
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558:
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546:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:basal ganglia
511:
508:
504:
503:temporal lobe
500:
496:
495:Herpes zoster
493:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:cranial nerve
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
443:
427:
425:
424:calcification
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:herpesviruses
385:
381:
371:
369:
368:
367:Culex pipiens
363:
362:
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343:
342:
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336:
335:
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304:
302:
301:
297:
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292:
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287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:
273:Rubella virus
270:
268:
265:
263:
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253:
251:
250:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Measles virus
236:
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229:
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221:
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210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
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192:
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187:
185:
182:
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177:
175:
174:Enteroviruses
172:
170:
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165:
163:
162:
158:
156:
155:
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144:
142:
139:
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90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
43:
40:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3671:Encephalitis
3629:
3528:
3501:
3462:Degenerative
3199:Inflammatory
3146:
3079:Stiff-person
2917:Parkinsonism
2890:Degenerative
2791:
2787:Encephalitis
2770:Inflammation
2760:, primarily
2705:
2698:
2674:
2667:Pancreatitis
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2606:
2587:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2536:
2515:
2478:
2464:
2425:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2365:
2359:
2339:
2325:
2311:
2282:
2258:
2240:
2195:Pericarditis
2187:
2156:
2142:
2115:
2096:
2054:
2039:
2020:
2006:
1985:
1968:Encephalitis
1967:
1937:
1910:
1891:
1870:
1836:
1822:
1783:
1769:
1695:
1676:
1657:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1547:
1543:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1503:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1323:
1320:J Neurovirol
1319:
1271:
1267:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1131:
1127:
1090:(1): 21–25.
1087:
1083:
1077:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1011:
945:
928:chemotherapy
916:
913:Epidemiology
877:
849:neurosurgery
841:
812:
788:
776:
751:tuberculosis
732:
716:
677:
542:
532:microcephaly
499:frontal lobe
450:
438:
377:
374:Pathogenesis
365:
359:
352:
349:Transmission
339:
332:
325:
318:
298:
294:Tahyna virus
271:
267:Rabies virus
259:
247:
230:
218:
166:
161:Dengue virus
159:
152:
145:
126:
110:
82:
66:encephalitis
62:inflammation
57:
56:
3614:Fazio–Londe
3454:Both/either
3248:Generalised
3107:Early-onset
3102:Alzheimer's
2837:spinal cord
2564:Coronavirus
2305:Common cold
2217:acute viral
2200:Myocarditis
2044:(probable)
1796:Anal cancer
1375:: 225–230.
949:MMR vaccine
808:ganciclovir
780:electrolyte
613:Enterovirus
565:lymphocytes
561:macrophages
435:Examination
384:spinal cord
356:arboviruses
255:Nipah virus
243:Mumps virus
209:Inkoo virus
132:Borna virus
117:arboviruses
3660:Categories
3222:paroxysmal
3194:Autoimmune
2987:Dyskinesia
2857:Meningitis
2835:Brain and
2691:Urogenital
2557:Astrovirus
2517:Adenovirus
2341:SARS-CoV-2
2098:Poliovirus
1973:meningitis
967:References
942:Prevention
800:nucleoside
739:malignancy
545:eosinophil
458:may cause
341:Zika virus
310:chickenpox
279:SARS-CoV-2
3219:Episodic/
3097:Tauopathy
3048:Akathisia
3036:Myoclonus
3019:Athetosis
2951:Tauopathy
2602:RNA virus
2583:DNA virus
2575:Hepatitis
2550:Norovirus
2538:Rotavirus
2532:RNA virus
2511:DNA virus
2457:Esophagus
2385:Influenza
2271:RNA virus
2233:DNA virus
2002:RNA virus
1981:DNA virus
1887:RNA virus
1765:DNA virus
1757:Oncovirus
1483:226200547
1185:(1): 76.
1047:Calif Med
838:Prognosis
823:phenytoin
796:foscarnet
791:acyclovir
773:Treatment
653:Influenza
557:microglia
539:Histology
464:twitching
430:Diagnosis
408:microglia
113:arthropod
102:acyclovir
85:histology
37:Specialty
3585:SMALED2B
3580:SMALED2A
3277:Migraine
3269:Headache
3235:epilepsy
3231:Seizures
3089:Dementia
2992:Dystonia
2700:BK virus
2503:diarrhea
2347:COVID-19
2089:Myelitis
1624:27 March
1598:27 March
1574:27106239
1514:27 March
1475:32329044
1440:29044370
1391:26631809
1350:26903031
1298:30882310
1242:27 March
1211:30967139
1160:31513761
1096:28731002
1069:13009479
1026:28 March
1021:29262035
955:See also
815:mannitol
755:delirium
733:A broad
708:serology
686:(CT) or
446:seizures
420:necrosis
400:bleeding
314:shingles
123:Etiology
106:seizures
3597:SMA-PME
3592:SMA-PCH
3575:SMALED1
3287:Tension
3282:Cluster
3007:Meige's
2824:Amoebic
2453:Pharynx
1957:Central
1702:D018792
1565:4965403
1431:5914307
1341:5087598
1289:6433036
1202:6454758
1151:9431993
1060:1521486
661:Measles
569:Virions
479:palsies
460:tremors
68:, by a
3316:Stroke
3130:Pick's
3057:Tremor
3024:Chorea
2117:HTLV-I
2062:Rabies
1912:HTLV-I
1572:
1562:
1481:
1473:
1438:
1428:
1389:
1348:
1338:
1296:
1286:
1209:
1199:
1158:
1148:
1094:
1067:
1057:
1019:
926:, and
759:toxins
563:, and
474:, and
398:, and
91:, and
44:
3630:both:
3562:DSMA1
3557:SMAX2
3552:SMAX1
3532:only:
3505:only:
3409:Other
3331:Other
3243:Focal
2876:Brain
2779:Brain
2713:Mumps
2472:Mumps
2442:Human
1872:MCPyV
1618:WebMD
1479:S2CID
1236:WebMD
643:HHV-6
589:Virus
361:Culex
70:virus
3233:and
2944:PKAN
2939:NBIA
2427:hMPV
2299:OC43
2295:HKU1
2291:NL63
2287:229E
1945:AIDS
1824:KSHV
1697:MeSH
1682:9-CM
1626:2020
1600:2020
1570:PMID
1516:2020
1471:PMID
1436:PMID
1387:PMID
1346:PMID
1294:PMID
1244:2020
1207:PMID
1156:PMID
1092:PMID
1065:PMID
1028:2020
1017:PMID
920:AIDS
865:and
745:, a
698:and
501:and
488:and
414:and
406:and
312:and
95:. A
3547:SMA
3530:LMN
3503:UMN
3494:MND
3360:CSF
3311:TIA
2956:PSP
2932:NMS
2901:and
2762:CNS
2707:MuV
2676:CBV
2651:HEV
2639:HDV
2627:HCV
2615:HAV
2608:CBV
2589:HBV
2466:MuV
2397:V,
2189:CBV
2158:HSV
2135:Eye
2022:LCV
2008:MeV
1939:HIV
1893:HCV
1838:EBV
1785:HPV
1771:HBV
1691:064
1687:062
1678:ICD
1672:A86
1668:A83
1659:ICD
1560:PMC
1552:doi
1463:doi
1426:PMC
1418:doi
1414:111
1377:doi
1336:PMC
1328:doi
1284:PMC
1276:doi
1197:PMC
1187:doi
1146:PMC
1136:doi
1055:PMC
821:or
700:IgM
696:IgG
189:HIV
60:is
3662::
3471:SA
2978:OA
2973:HD
2922:PD
2403::
2364::
2358:,
2281::
2279:IV
2056:RV
1747:–
1700::
1685::
1666::
1663:10
1616:.
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1558:.
1548:13
1546:.
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1502:.
1491:^
1477:.
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1424:.
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1371:.
1367:.
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1322:.
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481:.
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