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754:. The technique required for playing a viola has certain differences compared with that of a violin, partly because of its larger size: the notes are spread out farther along the fingerboard and often require different fingerings. The viola's less responsive strings and the heavier bow warrant a somewhat different bowing technique, and a violist has to lean more intensely on the strings.
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electric violins. It can be hard for violists who prefer a physical size or familiar touch references of a viola-sized instrument, when they must use an electric viola that uses a smaller violin-sized body. Cale, formerly of The Velvet
Underground, is one of the more notable users of such an electric viola and he has used them both for melodies in his solo work and for
634:. For a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola. Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a standard full size. The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm (20 in) long to match the acoustics of a violin, however it can only be played vertically like a Cello, hence the name
845:. Such tuning is generally easier to learn than using the pegs, and adjusters are usually recommended for younger players and put on smaller violas, though pegs and adjusters are usually used together. Some violists reverse the stringing of the C and G pegs, so that the thicker C string does not turn so severe an angle over the
1126:, were unusual in their use of viola. The third concerto grosso, scored for three violins, three violas, three cellos, and basso continuo, requires virtuosity from the violists. Indeed, Viola I has a solo in the last movement which is commonly found in orchestral auditions. The sixth concerto grosso,
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transcribed for viola. The viola also has the advantage of smaller scale-length, which means that the stretches needed by cellists to play the piece are easier to achieve on the viola. However, occasional changes must be made due to differences in the ways that the two instruments are played, as well
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While the viola repertoire is quite large, the amount written by well-known pre-20th-century composers is relatively small. There are many transcriptions of works for other instruments for the viola and the large number of 20th-century compositions is very diverse. See "The Viola
Project" at the San
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The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size viola's body is between 25 and 100 mm (1 and 4 in) longer than the body of a full-size violin (i.e., between 38 and 46 cm ), with an average length of 41 cm (16 in). Small violas typically made
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The viola is held in the same manner as the violin; however, due to its larger size, some adjustments must be made to accommodate. The viola, just like the violin, is placed on top of the left shoulder between the shoulder and the left side of the face (chin). Because of the viola's size, violists
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model viola, which has wider bouts and deeper ribs to promote a better tone, is another slightly "nonstandard" shape that allows the player to use a larger instrument. Many experiments with the acoustics of a viola, particularly increasing the size of the body, have resulted in a much deeper tone,
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pickup and specialized electric violas, which have little or no body. While traditional acoustic violas are typically only available in historically used earth tones (e.g., brown, reddish-brown, blonde), electric violas may be traditional colors or they may use bright colors, such as red, blue or
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The viola is strung with thicker gauge strings than the violin. This, combined with its larger size and lower pitch range, results in a deeper and mellower tone. However, the thicker strings also mean that the viola responds to changes in bowing more slowly. Practically speaking, if a violist and
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near the scroll and is tuned by turning the peg. Tightening the string raises the pitch; loosening the string lowers the pitch. The A string is normally tuned first, to the pitch of the ensemble: generally 400â442 Hz. The other strings are then tuned to it in intervals of fifths, usually by
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Most electric instruments with lower strings are violin-sized, as they use the amp and speaker to create a big sound, so they do not need a large soundbox. Indeed, some electric violas have little or no soundbox, and thus rely entirely on amplification. Fewer electric violas are available than
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Small, temporary tuning adjustments can also be made by stretching a string with the hand. A string may be tuned down by pulling it above the fingerboard, or tuned up by pressing the part of the string in the pegbox. These techniques may be useful in performance, reducing the ill effects of an
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More recent (and more radically shaped) innovations have addressed the ergonomic problems associated with playing the viola by making it shorter and lighter, while finding ways to keep the traditional sound. These include the Otto Erdesz "cutaway" viola, which has one shoulder cut out to make
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to retain the viola sound. Prior to the eighteenth century, violas had no uniform size. Large violas (tenors) were designed to play the lower register viola lines or second viola in five part harmony depending on instrumentation. A smaller viola, nearer the size of the violin, was called an
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and right arm farther away from the player's body. A violist must bring the left elbow farther forward or around, so as to reach the lowest string, which allows the fingers to press firmly and so create a clearer tone. Different positions are often used, including half position.
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with short arms tend to use smaller-sized instruments for easier playing. The most immediately noticeable adjustments that a player accustomed to playing the violin has to make are to use wider-spaced fingerings. It is common for some players to use a wider and more intense
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music has also seen its share of violists, from those used in string sections in the early 1900s to a handful of quartets and soloists emerging from the 1960s onward. It is quite unusual though, to use individual bowed string instruments in contemporary popular music.
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wrote a romance for viola and orchestra, his Op. 85, which explores the emotive capabilities of the viola's timbre. In addition, his Eight pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano, Op. 83, features the viola in a very prominent, solo aspect throughout. His
937:, which was followed with the second volume in 1991. The IVS published the multi-language Viola Yearbook from 1979 to 1994, during which several other national chapters of the IVS published respective newsletters. The Primrose International Viola Archive at
1027:
976:
884:, wrote the viola part in D major, and specified that the violist raises the strings in pitch by a semitone. He probably intended to give the viola a brighter tone so the rest of the ensemble would not overpower it. Tertis, in his transcription of the
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wrote music that prominently featured the viola. Among his first published pieces of chamber music, the sextets for strings Op. 18 and Op. 36 contain what amounts to solo parts for both violas. Late in life, he wrote two greatly admired
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making it resemble the tone of a cello. Since many composers wrote for a traditional-sized viola, particularly in orchestral music, changes in the tone of a viola can have unintended consequences upon the balance in ensembles.
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in the UK). Viola bows, at 70â74 g (2.5â2.6 oz), are heavier than violin bows (58â61 g ). The profile of the rectangular outside corner of a viola bow frog generally is more rounded than on violin bows.
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violinist are playing together, the violist must begin moving the bow a fraction of a second sooner than the violinist. The thicker strings also mean that more weight must be applied with the bow to make them vibrate.
1188:. The viola quintets use two violas, which frees them (especially the first viola) for solo passages and increases the variety of writing that is possible for the ensemble. Mozart also wrote for the viola in his
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can make up for the comparatively weaker output of a violin-family instrument string tuned to notes below G3. There are two types of instruments used for electric viola: regular acoustic violas fitted with a
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was a 20th-century composer and violist who also wrote extensively for the viola. Lionel Tertis records that Elgar (whose cello concerto Tertis transcribed for viola, with the slow movement in scordatura),
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As the viola is tuned exactly one octave above the cello, music that is notated for the cello can be easily transcribed for alto clef without any changes in key. For example, there are numerous editions of
638:. For centuries, viola makers have experimented with the size and shape of the viola, often adjusting proportions or shape to make a lighter instrument with shorter string lengths, but with a large enough
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There are few well-known viola virtuoso soloists, perhaps because little virtuoso viola music was written before the twentieth century. Pre-twentieth century viola players of note include
Stamitz, Rolla,
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647:. It was more suited to higher register writing, as in the viola 1 parts, as their sound was usually richer in the upper register. Its size was not as conducive to a full tone in the lower register.
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1084:, which is otherwise rarely used. Viola music employs the treble clef when there are substantial sections of music written in a higher register. The alto clef is defined by the placement of C
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fitted a viola with a cello neck to allow the use of his 43-tone scale, called the "adapted viola". Luthiers have also created five-stringed violas, which allow a greater playing range.
1287:" respectively: the quartets begin with an impassioned statement by the viola. This is similar to Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven all occasionally played the viola part in chamber music.
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made an early attempt at an organization, in 1927, with the
Violists' World Union. But it was not until 1968, with the creation of the Viola-Forschungsgesellschaft, now the
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houses the greatest amount of material related to the viola, including scores, recordings, instruments, and archival materials from some of the world's greatest violists.
823:), with G, D, and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin, so that they have three strings in commonâG, D, and Aâand is one octave above the cello.
933:, which has undergone several versions, the most recent being in 1985. In 1980, Maurice Riley produced the first attempt at a comprehensive history of the viola, in his
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In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Tertis. Englishmen
685:, whose violas are sought after and highly valued. Many of his violas remain in Australia, his country of residence, where during some decades the violists of the
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wrote well-known viola concertos. Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for the viola; being himself a violist, he often performed his own works.
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material assigned to it. When the viola was given a melodic part, it was often duplicated (or was in unison with) the melody played by other strings.
513:. In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as
1018:
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1567:, the viola has been sought after because of its lower overtone partials that are more easily heard than on the violin. Spectral composers like
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1251:", Op. 91, "Gestillte Sehnsucht" ("Satisfied Longing") and "Geistliches Wiegenlied" ("Spiritual Lullaby") as presents for the famous violinist
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A renewal of interest in the viola by performers and composers in the twentieth century led to increased research devoted to the instrument.
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1353:. It was later scored for orchestra with violin sections, and published in 1901. Recordings of the older scoring with violas are available.
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played the viola and apparently said that it was his favorite instrument: his chamber music is rich in important parts for the viola. Two
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was originally scored (in 1888) with divided viola sections, lacking the usual violin sections, having only a solo violin for the
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1970:
1493:, a Swiss-born American composer best known for his compositions inspired by Jewish music, wrote two famous works for viola, the
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The tuning CâGâDâA is used for the great majority of all viola music. However, other tunings are occasionally employed, both in
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Among the great composers, several preferred the viola to the violin when they were playing in ensembles, the most noted being
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have written solo works for viola. Neo-Romantic, post-Modern composers have also written significant works for viola including
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914:(IVS), that a lasting organization took hold. The IVS now consists of twelve chapters around the world, the largest being the
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1231:, Op. 88 has been quite prominent in the repertoire and has been recorded by prominent violists throughout the 20th century.
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has paired a composer with each of her students, resulting in a recital of brand-new works played for the very first time.
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The 1960s also saw the beginning of several research publications devoted to the viola, beginning with Franz
Zeyringer's,
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for clarinet and piano, his Op. 120 (1894): he later transcribed these works for the viola (the solo part in his
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In the latter part of the 20th century a substantial repertoire was produced for the viola; many composers including
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713:-esque" shapes of both Bernard Sabatier's violas in fractional sizesâwhich appear to have meltedâand David Rivinus'
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428:, meaning, literally, 'of the arm'. "Brazzo" was another Italian word for the viola, which the Germans adopted as
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2739:â The role of viola in music. Information, description of works, videos, free sheet music, MIDI files, RSS update
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parts. The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral or chamber music. Examples include the
1037:, arranged for viola and piano by Elias Goldstein, performed by Elias Goldstein (viola) and Monica Pavel (piano)
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in the left hand, facilitated by employing the fleshier pad of the finger rather than the tip, and to hold the
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Other experiments that deal with the "ergonomics vs. sound" problem have appeared. The
American composer
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on viola. Many noted violinists have publicly performed and recorded on the viola as well, among them
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Several experiments have intended to increase the size of the viola to improve its sound and harmony.
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all promised concertos for viola, yet all three died before doing any substantial work on them.
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Short four-part improvisation demonstrating the range and part of the tone quality of the viola
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922:. In addition to the journal, the AVS sponsors the David Dalton Research Competition and the
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has a wider band of horsehair than a violin's bow, which is particularly noticeable near the
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line. Music for the viola differs from most other instruments in that it primarily uses the
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601:, who was a violist, wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto
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1769:, Bach and Mozart. Other composers also chose to play the viola in ensembles, including
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for viola and piano. He also wrote a set of four pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano,
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The viola occasionally has a major role in orchestral music, a prominent example being
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and concert works. Many of these pieces were commissioned by, or written for, Tertis.
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for solo cello and viola and orchestra. Other examples are the "Ysobel" variation of
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467:. When viola music has substantial sections in a higher register, it switches to the
380:, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or
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has inspired a significant number of other composers to write for this combination.
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for children typically start at 30 cm (12 in), which is equivalent to a
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One of the most notable makers of violas of the twentieth century was
Englishman
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1682:, and Ritter. Important viola pioneers from the twentieth century were Tertis,
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In early orchestral music, the viola part was usually limited to filling in
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The viola's four strings are normally tuned in fifths: the lowest string is
418:
In the past, the viola varied in size and style, as did its names. The word
3344:
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2839:
2719:
2018:"Michael Balling: Pioneer German Solo Violist with a New Zealand Interlude"
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and symphonic writing, and it is more likely than the first violin to play
1489:(1943) for viola and piano; it was subsequently transcribed for clarinet.
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3145:
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2471:"John Cale Reflects on 50th Anniversary of 'Velvet Underground and Nico'"
1913:
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The viola is sometimes used in contemporary popular music, mostly in the
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566:
468:
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203:
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1338:
1012:, performed by Elias Goldstein (viola) with the Advent Chamber Orchestra
987:, performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with Elias Goldstein (viola)
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back, to reduce weight: violas played in the same manner as cellos (see
669:, which measured about 48 cm (19 in), was intended for use in
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1854:
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originates from the
Italian language. The Italians often used the term
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1223:
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is also available in a transcription for viola). Brahms also wrote "
1184:. Mozart used the viola in more creative ways when he wrote his six
795:
701:'s "Evia" model, which also uses a moveable neck and maple-veneered
53:
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3079:
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1872:. In rock and other loud styles, the electric viola player may use
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green. Some electric violas are made of materials other than wood.
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803:
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shifting easier; the "Oak Leaf" viola, which has two extra bouts;
30:
This article is about the musical instrument. For other uses, see
3231:
3072:
3062:
2928:
2900:
2713:
2321:
Howard, Jacinta K. (August 1966). "The ViolaâUp from
Obscurity".
1328:
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1106:
759:
650:
456:
2760:
2736:
1995:
799:"Normal" stringing shown here; some players reverse the G and C.
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3251:
2982:
2806:
2520:"Meet The Father-Daughter Duo In The Boston Symphony Orchestra"
1877:
1264:
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816:
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393:
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38:
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2146:"Five String Violas: What is special about a 5-string viola?"
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2748:
1860:. While such signals may be fed directly to an amplifier or
396:
lower). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to
3329:
1647:
1275:, included significant viola parts, originally written for
1161:, being one of the earliest viola concertos known, and one
888:, wrote the slow movement with the C string tuned down to B
694:
381:
342:
336:
330:
157:
42:
2620:"Caravan's Geoffrey Richardson on sobriety and going solo"
1781:. Among those noted both as violists and as composers are
1646:, and others often with instruments in a chamber setting.
1357:
894:, enabling the viola to play one passage an octave lower.
853:
out-of-tune string until an opportunity to tune properly.
831:
bowing two strings simultaneously. Most violas also have
577:
have written well-known viola concertos. The concerti by
742:
Playing a 43 cm (17 in) viola in 3rd position.
2577:Ăber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke
2368:"NZSO-2020-July-Associate-Principal-Viola-Excerpts.pdf"
1136:
Gleichwie der Regen und Schnee vom Himmel fÀllt, BWV 18
1130:, which was scored for 2 violas "concertino", cello, 2
1080:
Music that is written for the viola primarily uses the
2389:
A Treatise on Modern Orchestration and Instrumentation
2196:
Performance Practice: A Dictionary-guide for Musicians
1100:
1868:
on the end of a short cable, before being fed to the
351:
2689:
The Violin and Viola: History, Structure, Techniques
2645:"Mary Ramsey celebrates 25 years as a 10,000 Maniac"
1835:"). Other notable players of the electric viola are
1142:, the chorale is accompanied by an obbligato viola.
876:
Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra
339:
327:
2592:"Electric Viola: Amplifying Violas in Modern Music"
2305:
Free scores by various composers arranged for viola
1973:. Oakville Suzuki Association. 2009. Archived from
1785:and Hindemith. Contemporary composers and violists
1192:, a set of two duets for violin and viola, and the
333:
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1718:, Csaba Erdélyi, the only violist to ever win the
2749:Dr. Lindsay Aitkenhead's folk viola research page
2420:"Ichmouratov: Viola Concerto No.1/Piano Concerto"
1952:Until the end of the 17th century, there was the
1622:used the viola, as do some modern groups such as
1485:also wrote several works for viola including his
455:The viola was popular in the heyday of five-part
3377:
2117:"The Pellegrina â David L. Rivinus Violin Maker"
1451:all wrote chamber and concert works for Tertis.
2164:
1831:in his work with The Velvet Underground (e.g. "
1364:
593:, and Walton are considered major works of the
376:when played. Violas are slightly larger than a
2682:, vol. 20, no. 1, Spring 2004, pp. 41â42.
2495:"Imagine Dragons is a study in contradictions"
1998:. The New Violin Family Association. 2004â2009
278:Cello Suite 5, BWV 1011 â 1. Prelude
2776:
2745:â University of Iowa Electronic Music Studios
1909:Maurice Vieux International Viola Competition
1904:Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition
1864:, they often benefit from an external preamp/
1813:(and speaker), and adjusting the tone with a
1204:(without opus number, but dating from 1824).
897:
2366:New Zealand Symphony Orchestra (July 2020).
1720:Carl Flesch International Violin Competition
474:The viola often plays the "inner voices" in
1600:Three Romances for Viola, Strings, and Harp
1403:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1229:Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra
994:Arpeggione Sonata â 3. Allegretto
826:Each string of a viola is wrapped around a
2783:
2769:
2728:, Joseph Curtin's experimental viola model
2228:"5 Differences Between Violas and Violins"
1846:Instruments may be built with an internal
1797:have written a number of works for viola.
1196:for viola, clarinet, and piano. The young
2309:International Music Score Library Project
1605:
1583:Viola Concerto Op. 56 and Sonata Op. 87,
1516:, Op. 44, for viola and piano), and
1423:Learn how and when to remove this message
746:A person who plays the viola is called a
503:, and a symphony with a main viola line:
392:higher) and the cello (which is tuned an
296:, performed on a viola by Elias Goldstein
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
924:Primrose International Viola Competition
802:
794:
737:
649:
620:
2642:
2192:
1587:a large five-movement work with piano,
1342:, which features a lengthy viola solo.
388:, between the violin (which is tuned a
14:
3378:
2617:
2570:
2543:
2401:
2320:
2167:"Violas: They're hardly second string"
2082:
689:had a dozen of them in their section.
2764:
2580:(in German). Berlin: Henschel Verlag.
2574:(1802). Claudia Maria Knispel (ed.).
2271:. Vol. 110, no. 1306. 1999.
1180:The viola plays an important role in
920:Journal of the American Viola Society
372:of the violin family, and is usually
363:
2714:Primrose International Viola Archive
2468:
2165:Constance Meyer (12 December 2004).
1401:adding citations to reliable sources
1368:
1249:Two Songs for Voice, Viola and Piano
1140:Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut, BWV 199
1019:Humoresque in G, Op. 101, No. 7
727:
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
2547:Music and Sound in Documentary Film
2405:Orchestral Music: An Armchair Guide
2267:"Growth in the Primrose Archives".
2015:
1654:
1101:Role in pre-twentieth century works
24:
2743:Anechoic Recordings of Viola Tones
2665:
2047:
1800:
1726:, the first violist to record the
1066:Problems playing these files? See
957:
860:, where the technique is known as
432:. The French had their own names:
266:
226:
25:
3417:
2790:
2707:
2643:Iwasaki, Scott (8 January 2020).
2392:; J. Alfred Novello; Paris: 1856.
1555:wrote a series of works entitled
1088:on the middle line of the staff.
617:Violin construction and mechanics
448:. Today, the French use the term
3358:
3357:
2692:. New York: Dover Publications.
2288:, W. W. Norton, New York: 1955.
1805:Amplification of a viola with a
1469:Sonata for flute, viola and harp
1373:
1075:
1048:
1023:
998:
973:
969:Viola Concerto â 2. Allegro
323:
304:Problems playing this file? See
282:
156:
52:
2636:
2611:
2584:
2564:
2537:
2512:
2487:
2462:
2445:"Ichmouratov: Orchestral Works"
2437:
2412:
2395:
2377:
2359:
2314:
2298:
2275:
2260:
2246:
2220:
2186:
2158:
2061:(November 2000). Archived from
1097:as their differences in range.
807:First position viola fingerings
192:HornbostelâSachs classification
63:needs additional citations for
2138:
2109:
2076:
2041:
2009:
1988:
1963:
1946:
1939:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1926:
1503:for solo viola and orchestra.
1332:and the "La Paix" movement of
654:Oak Leaf viola, Eric Benning,
13:
1:
2193:Jackson, Ronald John (2005).
2026:(Summer 2003). Archived from
1919:
1044:Improvisation for four violas
849:, although this is uncommon.
37:For similar instruments, see
2544:Rogers, Holly (2014-11-20).
1642:, The Airborne Toxic Event,
1365:Twentieth century and beyond
452:, a reference to its range.
251:(violin, cello, double bass)
7:
2720:International Viola Society
2618:Barnes, Mike (2016-04-01).
1887:
1777:, Mendelssohn, DvoĆĂĄk, and
1153:concerti, such as those by
918:(AVS), which publishes the
912:International Viola Society
471:to make it easier to read.
10:
3422:
2686:Nelson, Sheila M. (2003).
2408:. Oxford University Press.
2337:10.1177/000313136601600308
1658:
1310:and the solo in his work,
1128:Brandenburg Concerto No. 6
948:
898:Organizations and research
731:
614:
36:
29:
3353:
3275:
3219:
3131:
3031:
2946:
2914:
2876:
2848:
2805:
2798:
2597:Johnson String Instrument
2469:Grow, Kory (2017-03-10).
2402:Gilman, Lawrence (1951).
2092:American Lutherie Journal
1481:in 2008 for Lois Martin.
1234:From his earliest works,
790:
687:Sydney Symphony Orchestra
365:[ËvjÉËla,viËÉËla]
262:
257:
243:
236:
225:
218:
210:
190:
171:
164:
155:
3119:(changing string tuning)
2053:"Otto Erdesz Remembered"
1551:. The American composer
944:
939:Brigham Young University
709:); and the eye-catching
625:Viola close up of bridge
2572:Forkel, Johann Nikolaus
2324:American String Teacher
2254:"Viola Online â Tuning"
2121:Rivinus-instruments.com
1728:24 Caprices by Paganini
1477:composed his virtuosic
1202:Viola Sonata in C minor
1171:Franz Anton Hoffmeister
697:-shaped violas such as
610:
440:was a large viola, and
27:Bowed string instrument
3396:Folk music instruments
2679:American Viola Society
2023:American Viola Society
1620:The Velvet Underground
1606:Contemporary pop music
1449:Ralph Vaughan Williams
1313:In the South (Alassio)
1155:Georg Philipp Telemann
985:Georg Philipp Telemann
962:
916:American Viola Society
808:
800:
743:
658:
626:
591:Georg Philipp Telemann
549:all wrote substantial
547:Ralph Vaughan Williams
271:
231:
184:
180:
176:
32:Viola (disambiguation)
3340:Violin musical styles
3288:History of the violin
2924:Electric upright bass
2726:"Evia" 1999 prototype
1659:Further information:
1279:, in their quartets "
1200:wrote a little-known
1119:Brandenburg Concertos
1116:The concerti grossi,
961:
806:
798:
741:
653:
624:
270:
230:
3191:Double bass concerto
2732:History of the Viola
2499:The Georgia Straight
2199:. Psychology Press.
2094:(60). Archived from
1850:, or may put out an
1811:instrument amplifier
1767:Ludwig van Beethoven
1680:Louis van Waefelghem
1596:Viola Concerto No. 1
1557:The Viola in My Life
1545:Krzysztof Penderecki
1397:improve this section
1322:scene from act 2 of
1190:Sinfonia Concertante
935:History of the Viola
886:Elgar cello concerto
521:. English composers
72:improve this article
3406:Baroque instruments
3220:Related instruments
3134:and genres of music
3100:Finger substitution
2526:. 30 September 2019
1837:Geoffrey Richardson
1109:, with very little
1094:Bach's Cello Suites
931:Literatur fĂŒr Viola
501:Dmitri Shostakovich
436:was a small viola,
238:Related instruments
152:
2825:Five-string violin
2754:2009-07-19 at the
1996:"The Violin Octet"
1971:"Violin and Viola"
1942:. Merriam-Webster.
1510:Alexander Glazunov
1217:MÀrchenerzÀhlungen
963:
809:
801:
744:
659:
627:
604:Der Schwanendreher
292:Prelude of Bach's
272:
232:
150:
3373:
3372:
2942:
2941:
2699:978-04864-2-853-6
2557:978-1-317-91604-8
2172:Los Angeles Times
2016:Maurice, Joseph.
1815:graphic equalizer
1688:Théophile Laforge
1640:British Sea Power
1593:Airat Ichmouratov
1577:HoraÈiu RÄdulescu
1537:Sofia Gubaidulina
1433:
1432:
1425:
1307:Enigma Variations
1198:Felix Mendelssohn
1053:
1028:
1010:Arpeggione Sonata
1003:
978:
728:Method of playing
370:string instrument
315:
314:
294:Fifth Cello Suite
287:
166:String instrument
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
3413:
3361:
3360:
3283:Violin acoustics
3237:Hardanger fiddle
3171:String orchestra
2835:Alexander violin
2803:
2802:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2703:
2671:Chapman, Eric. "
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2318:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:below the viola.
1950:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1779:Benjamin Britten
1744:Pinchas Zukerman
1708:Frederick Riddle
1684:William Primrose
1661:List of violists
1655:Notable violists
1624:alternative rock
1563:viola parts. In
1559:, which feature
1533:Alfred Schnittke
1479:Viola Variations
1475:Charles Wuorinen
1457:Bohuslav MartinĆŻ
1441:Edwin York Bowen
1428:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1377:
1369:
1345:Gabriel Fauré's
1285:Intimate Letters
1167:Alessandro Rolla
1145:There are a few
1055:
1054:
1030:
1029:
1008:From Schubert's
1005:
1004:
980:
979:
960:
951:Viola repertoire
908:Vadim Borisovsky
893:
892:
883:
882:
734:Violin technique
632:half-size violin
595:viola repertoire
571:Alfred Schnittke
559:Bohuslav MartinĆŻ
539:Benjamin Britten
527:Edwin York Bowen
519:William Primrose
506:Harold en Italie
425:viola da braccio
367:
362:
355:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
289:
288:
269:
160:
153:
149:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3349:
3335:Violin lutherie
3271:
3247:Lira da braccio
3215:
3176:Violin concerto
3133:
3127:
3027:
2938:
2910:
2896:Cello da spalla
2891:Baritone violin
2872:
2844:
2830:Violino piccolo
2815:Electric violin
2794:
2789:
2756:Wayback Machine
2716:library website
2710:
2700:
2685:
2677:Journal of the
2675:and the Evia".
2668:
2666:Further reading
2663:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2449:www.chandos.net
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2424:www.chandos.net
2418:
2417:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2384:Berlioz, Hector
2382:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2319:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2234:. 13 March 2017
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2086:(Winter 1999).
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1890:
1803:
1801:Electric violas
1716:Ernst Wallfisch
1712:Walter Trampler
1692:Cecil Aronowitz
1663:
1657:
1636:John & Mary
1632:Imagine Dragons
1608:
1585:Peter Seabourne
1549:viola concertos
1547:, have written
1500:Suite HĂ©braĂŻque
1429:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1394:
1378:
1367:
1292:Richard Strauss
1269:BedĆich Smetana
1206:Robert Schumann
1194:Kegelstatt Trio
1186:string quintets
1132:violas da gamba
1103:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
996:
990:
989:
988:
981:
974:
971:
964:
958:
953:
947:
900:
890:
889:
880:
879:
858:classical music
793:
736:
730:
673:'s operas. The
656:Benning Violins
619:
613:
493:Richard Strauss
476:string quartets
413:
409:
405:
401:
360:
353:
326:
322:
311:
310:
302:
300:
299:
298:
297:
290:
283:
280:
273:
267:
214:c. 13th Century
197:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:String section
3398:
3393:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Bass amplifier
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3211:Carnatic music
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Cello concerto
3183:
3181:Viola concerto
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:String section
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:String quintet
3148:
3143:
3141:String quartet
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2906:Electric cello
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Vertical viola
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2737:Viola in music
2734:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2708:External links
2706:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2683:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2649:ParkRecord.com
2635:
2610:
2583:
2563:
2556:
2536:
2511:
2486:
2461:
2436:
2411:
2394:
2376:
2358:
2313:
2297:
2282:Piston, Walter
2274:
2259:
2245:
2232:consordini.com
2219:
2205:
2185:
2157:
2137:
2108:
2088:"Project Evia"
2084:Curtin, Joseph
2075:
2049:Curtin, Joseph
2040:
2008:
1987:
1962:
1958:perfect fourth
1945:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1802:
1799:
1783:Rebecca Clarke
1775:Franz Schubert
1752:Julian Rachlin
1748:Maxim Vengerov
1740:David Oistrakh
1736:Yehudi Menuhin
1698:, Borisovsky,
1672:Chrétien Urhan
1656:
1653:
1628:10,000 Maniacs
1607:
1604:
1581:Robin Holloway
1573:Tristan Murail
1565:spectral music
1553:Morton Feldman
1512:(who wrote an
1505:Rebecca Clarke
1483:Elliott Carter
1465:Claude Debussy
1453:William Walton
1431:
1430:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1255:and his wife,
1253:Joseph Joachim
1163:for two violas
1159:for solo viola
1122:, composed by
1102:
1099:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1033:From DvoĆĂĄk's
1032:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1007:
997:
992:
991:
982:
972:
967:
966:
965:
956:
955:
954:
946:
943:
904:Paul Hindemith
899:
896:
866:, and in some
792:
789:
729:
726:
717:model violas.
707:vertical viola
663:Hermann Ritter
636:Vertical viola
612:
609:
583:Paul Hindemith
563:TĆru Takemitsu
555:William Walton
543:Rebecca Clarke
511:Hector Berlioz
484:symphonic poem
411:
407:
403:
399:
313:
312:
301:
291:
281:
276:
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265:
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263:
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194:
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187:
183:; Portuguese:
173:
169:
168:
162:
161:
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3418:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:C instruments
3384:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
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3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Violin sonata
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:String sextet
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
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3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Shoulder rest
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
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2984:
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2887:
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2881:
2879:
2875:
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2866:
2864:
2863:Viola pomposa
2861:
2859:
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2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Violin family
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2753:
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2747:
2744:
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2715:
2712:
2711:
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2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:Joseph Curtin
2670:
2669:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2550:. Routledge.
2549:
2548:
2540:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2476:
2475:Rolling Stone
2472:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2390:
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2369:
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2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:Orchestration
2283:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2206:9780415941396
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2127:on 2013-05-15
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2098:on 2006-12-28
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2065:on 2006-10-17
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2030:on 2006-08-23
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1977:on 2013-09-27
1976:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
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1915:
1912:
1910:
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1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1892:
1891:
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1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:effects units
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:Venus in Furs
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:piezoelectric
1816:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1760:Nigel Kennedy
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:Emanuel Vardi
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Dino Asciolla
1701:
1700:Lillian Fuchs
1697:
1696:Maurice Vieux
1693:
1689:
1686:, Hindemith,
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:Antonio Rolla
1662:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
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1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:GĂ©rard Grisey
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Giya Kancheli
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1518:Maurice Ravel
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
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1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Benjamin Dale
1442:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:This section
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1354:
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1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
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1308:
1303:
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1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:viola d'amore
1274:
1270:
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1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:MĂ€rchenbilder
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:chamber music
1178:
1176:
1172:
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1125:
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1120:
1114:
1112:
1108:
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1095:
1089:
1083:
1076:Reading music
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1020:
1011:
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986:
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797:
788:
785:
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768:
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761:
755:
753:
749:
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723:
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708:
704:
700:
699:Joseph Curtin
696:
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532:
531:Benjamin Dale
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Lionel Tertis
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
485:
481:
480:accompaniment
477:
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458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:
395:
391:
390:perfect fifth
387:
386:violin family
384:voice of the
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
358:
357:
347:
320:
309:
307:
295:
279:
261:
256:
250:
249:
248:Violin family
245:
244:
242:
239:
235:
229:
224:
221:
220:Playing range
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:sounded by a
201:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
154:
142:
139:
131:
128:November 2022
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: â
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3362:
3345:Violin octet
3325:Stradivarius
3206:Cello sonata
3201:Viola sonata
3161:String octet
3050:
2868:Tenor violin
2849:
2840:Stroh violin
2688:
2676:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:
2638:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:www.wbur.org
2523:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2501:. 2012-10-03
2498:
2489:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:
2464:
2454:29 September
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2429:29 September
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2379:
2361:
2331:(3): 12â16.
2328:
2322:
2316:
2300:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2195:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2120:
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2091:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2056:
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2021:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1965:
1954:tenor violin
1948:
1937:
1928:
1899:Garrod's pad
1894:Amati violas
1870:sound system
1862:mixing board
1848:preamplifier
1845:
1843:and Ramsey.
1825:
1804:
1791:Scott Slapin
1771:Joseph Haydn
1764:
1732:EugĂšne YsaĂże
1664:
1609:
1598:, Op. 7 and
1588:
1556:
1525:MiklĂłs RĂłzsa
1522:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1491:Ernest Bloch
1486:
1478:
1473:
1437:Arthur Bliss
1434:
1419:
1410:
1395:Please help
1383:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1324:Adolphe Adam
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:Edward Elgar
1295:
1294:' tone poem
1289:
1281:From My Life
1273:LeoĆĄ JanĂĄÄek
1233:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1179:
1175:Carl Stamitz
1144:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1090:
1079:
1065:
983:Composed by
934:
930:
928:
919:
901:
861:
855:
851:
836:
832:
825:
810:
783:
774:The viola's
773:
769:
756:
752:viola player
751:
747:
745:
722:Harry Partch
719:
714:
703:carbon fibre
691:
680:
666:
660:
644:
628:
602:
587:Carl Stamitz
535:Frank Bridge
523:Arthur Bliss
504:
497:13th Quartet
486:
473:
454:
449:
441:
438:haute contre
437:
433:
429:
423:
419:
417:
318:
316:
303:
258:Sound sample
246:
185:Viola d'arco
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
3315:Jazz violin
3257:Nyckelharpa
3242:Hurdy-gurdy
3146:String trio
3090:Double stop
2993:Fingerboard
2916:Double bass
2886:Bass violin
2799:Instruments
1914:Viola jokes
1795:Lev Zhurbin
1787:Kenji Bunch
1756:James Ehnes
1676:Casimir Ney
1634:, folk duo
1612:avant-garde
1561:concertante
1529:Revol Bunin
1461:BĂ©la BartĂłk
1359:Jodi Levitz
1334:LĂ©o Delibes
1319:pas de deux
1297:Don Quixote
1267:composers,
1035:Humoresques
838:fine tuners
683:A. E. Smith
575:BĂ©la BartĂłk
567:Tibor Serly
488:Don Quixote
469:treble clef
200:chordophone
198:(Composite
172:Other names
3380:Categories
3227:Arpeggione
3117:Scordatura
3046:Bow stroke
3033:Techniques
3023:Tuning peg
3013:Sound post
2654:2021-08-06
2629:2021-08-06
2530:2021-08-06
2505:2021-08-06
2480:2021-08-06
2294:0393097404
2151:2023-09-11
2131:2013-04-29
2102:2006-10-08
2069:2006-07-30
2034:2006-07-31
2002:2011-05-18
1981:2013-07-13
1956:, tuned a
1920:References
1855:transducer
1852:unbuffered
1602:, Op. 22.
1495:Suite 1919
1413:April 2021
1336:'s ballet
1208:wrote his
1124:J. S. Bach
1068:media help
949:See also:
863:scordatura
732:See also:
715:Pellegrina
667:viola alta
645:alto viola
615:See also:
434:cinquiesme
306:media help
196:321.322â71
179:; German:
98:newspapers
3308:Slap bass
3293:Jazz bass
3132:Ensembles
3112:Pizzicato
3105:Bariolage
3095:Fingering
3085:Harmonics
3052:Col legno
3018:Tailpiece
2353:186782038
2345:0003-1313
2058:The Strad
1882:overdrive
1866:equalizer
1644:Marillion
1616:John Cale
1384:does not
1245:Horn Trio
1224:Max Bruch
1151:Classical
1107:harmonies
1082:alto clef
874:, in his
843:tailpiece
833:adjusters
640:sound box
599:Hindemith
465:alto clef
211:Developed
3364:Category
3303:Big band
3262:Pochette
3080:Arpeggio
3068:Spiccato
2978:Chinrest
2956:Bass bar
2934:Octobass
2820:Pochette
2752:Archived
2603:6 August
2238:28 April
2212:28 April
1888:See also
1876:such as
1497:and the
1339:Coppélia
891:♭
881:♭
870:styles.
821:middle C
430:Bratsche
361:Italian:
181:Bratsche
175:French:
3267:Quinton
3232:Baryton
3123:Vibrato
3073:Tremolo
3063:Portato
3058:Martelé
2929:Violone
2901:Cellone
2722:website
2311:(IMSLP)
2307:at the
2178:7 March
1934:"viola"
1841:Caravan
1405:removed
1390:sources
1351:Sanctus
1347:Requiem
1329:Giselle
1283:" and "
1241:sonatas
1147:Baroque
1138:and in
1111:melodic
760:vibrato
748:violist
551:chamber
457:harmony
410:, and A
368:) is a
112:scholar
87:"Viola"
18:Violist
3391:Violas
3252:Lirone
3041:Bowing
3003:Scroll
2988:F-hole
2983:Endpin
2973:Bridge
2807:Violin
2696:
2624:Louder
2554:
2351:
2343:
2292:
2203:
1878:reverb
1858:signal
1829:drones
1807:pickup
1793:, and
1758:, and
1722:, and
1575:, and
1459:, and
1447:, and
1316:, the
1261:DvoĆĂĄk
1257:Amalie
1236:Brahms
872:Mozart
819:below
817:octave
791:Tuning
675:Tertis
671:Wagner
579:BartĂłk
573:, and
495:, the
461:melody
444:was a
394:octave
378:violin
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
39:Violin
3320:Rosin
3276:Other
2948:Parts
2878:Cello
2850:Viola
2371:(PDF)
2349:S2CID
2269:Strad
1809:, an
1626:band
1589:PietĂ
1514:Elegy
1487:Elegy
1265:Czech
1157:(one
945:Music
750:or a
711:"DalĂ
509:, by
491:, by
446:tenor
442:taile
420:viola
374:bowed
319:viola
151:Viola
119:JSTOR
105:books
3330:Viol
2966:Frog
2694:ISBN
2605:2021
2552:ISBN
2456:2023
2431:2023
2341:ISSN
2290:ISBN
2240:2019
2214:2019
2201:ISBN
2180:2021
1648:Jazz
1543:and
1388:any
1386:cite
1271:and
1173:and
1149:and
906:and
878:in E
868:folk
815:(an
784:heel
782:(or
780:frog
695:viol
611:Form
545:and
517:and
450:alto
382:alto
352:vee-
317:The
177:alto
91:news
43:Viol
41:and
2998:Nut
2961:Bow
2333:doi
1880:or
1839:of
1618:of
1467:'s
1399:by
1326:'s
1304:'s
1165:),
847:nut
828:peg
776:bow
764:bow
665:'s
499:by
406:, D
402:, G
356:-lÉ
204:bow
74:by
3382::
2647:.
2622:.
2594:.
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1762:.
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1750:,
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1259:.
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359:,
354:OH
337:oÊ
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334:Ë
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328:v
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321:(
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206:)
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116:·
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