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kill as they were constantly being attracted by maquiladora worksites. The factories paid women higher wages compared to other employment opportunities in Mexico. Additionally, maquiladoras were just as interested in hiring women. Elvia
Arriola explains that employers prefer hiring women because they have smaller hands which are useful in assembling intricate goods, are considered to be more submissive than Mexican men, and are less likely to unionize against the factory. According to Mother Jones, women and young girls compose more than 60% of maquiladora workers. However, maquiladoras refuse to employ pregnant women, as the Mexican government requires companies to provide monetary aid to pregnant employees. As a result, maquiladoras conduct routine pregnancy tests on their female employees, and analyze their sanitary napkins every menstrual cycle. Birth control pills are also offered to female employees, but not other health services. Jessica Livingston, scholar, explains that women continue to arrive at Juarez at a rate of forty to sixty thousand per year even with the maquiladoras performing intrusive acts. Leslie Salzinger, a sociologist who worked at a maquiladora in Juarez, argues that women continue to go work at maquiladoras for a sense of independence, an opportunity to earn their own money.
1223:(Federal Educational Authority of Mexico City) explained that if a child is not picked up by a parent or guardian within twenty minutes of school closing time, the child should be taken to the local police. Nonetheless, educational authorities insist that children were turned over to their parents according to established protocol. A MXN $ 2 million (US$ 107,000) reward was offered for the woman's capture. The woman was identified by her landlord, and when police searched her house they found clothing and other belongings of Fatima; a drone was used to find the woman and a man suspected of the actual murder. Gladys Giovana Cruz Hernandez, who confessed to strangling the girl, and Mario Alberto Reyes Najara, who was looking for a young girlfriend, were arrested on February 19. Members of all political parties have called for legislative reforms; the Chamber of Deputies approved a change in the law to make femicides punishable by 65 years in prison instead of 45 years. Legislators also held a moment of silence for Fatima.
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discuss political related concerns over the general population and generate solutions together. Men nor women overpowered one another because the Aztecs believed that the creation of a human was equally made by both genders, therefore they were each to be treated and respected equally within society. As a result, women had many political freedoms and the opportunity to achieve economic independence. Women had the liberty to choose from a variety of jobs ranging from being a midwife to a market trader. In addition, they could own various forms of wealth assets including: houses, land and movable goods. If a woman owned land before marriage, she still maintained independent control over her property and could choose who inherited her assets without needing the disclosure of her husband. The term "woman land" is found across
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women. In 2016, INEGI found that 43.9 percent of women in a relationship have been attacked by their partner at some point. There are many different types of domestic violence that can occur, including emotional abuse, intimidation, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. A survey conducted by the
National Institute for Women in Mexico (INMUJERES) found that 98.4 percent of all cases involving maltreatment of women include emotional abuse, 16 percent include intimidation, 15 percent include physical abuse, and 14 percent include sexual abuse. According to a 2006 survey in Mexico, 38.4 percent of married women suffer from emotional, physical, financial, or sexual abuse from their husbands. As of 2011, this rate has decreased slightly to 28.9 percent. More recently,
1112:, has argued that the creation of jobs attracted over tens of thousands of poor women from all over Mexico and Central America to Juarez. According to the Council of Hemispheric Affairs, women earned an average of fifty five dollars for the 48 hours they worked a week at a maquiladoras. Rosa Fregoso, professor and former Chair of Latin American and Latino Studies at the University of California-Santa Cruz, reported that women's dismembered bodies were found in the deserts of Juarez one year after NAFTA was signed. From 1994 to 2000 it is estimated 300-400 women were murdered in Juarez, one third of them being identified as maquiladora workers. In less than a decade, the once low homicide reporting Juarez became known as the "murder capital of the world".
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they were appropriately reported. While the supply is related to the governmental regulations, mechanisms, and institutions that have been established to provide the affected women with these services.In 2003 the
Attorney General of Mexico City, Alvarez de Lara, reported that about 15% of the women suffering from domestic violence were the head of their home. With the inequalities of societal norms and lack of governmental regulations to support the development of women, it was stated by the World Bank that in Mexico a working women only makes 68 cents of a dollar to what a man typically makes. Often leading women to remain in abuse relationships in order to maintain some financial stability.
1059:, Chihuahua. The first major cases of female homicides in Ciudad Juárez were in the early 1990s, during which the city and events gained international attention. It is claimed by scholars, that the initial rise in femicide cases in Ciudad Juárez were related to the establishment of the maquiladora industry in 1993. Over the course of just a decade, hundreds of women were reported missing. According to a report by Amnesty International, in 2010 there were 320 women killed in the city of Ciudad Juárez. Amnesty International has also reported the lack of response by authorities in Ciudad Juárez and Mexico, as well as the irregularities in investigations concerning missing or killed women.
1443:(100 deaths). During the first four months of 2020, a total of 987 women were killed, and 308 of those cases were classified as femicides according to Mexico's Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection. Compared to the femicide rate in 2019, it was reported to have increased by 7.7% after the COVID-19 lock down was initiated. Additionally, reports of domestic violence increased in Mexico. UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres stated, "one negative repercussion of this isolation period has been the horrifying global surge in domestic violence". Over 260,000 domestic violence related calls were made to the Mexican police in 2020 compared to the 198,000 made in 2019.
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814:, and she is involved in the Independent Women's Movement and the Center for Women's Rights. Olivera argues that as poverty, unemployment, and insecurity have increased in Mexico, more women have started joining the workplace in order to attempt to escape their situations. This progression of increasing numbers of women in the workplace has threatened the concept of a division of labor between men and women, where men's place was the workplace and that the duties of the women are in the home. According to Olivera, this change has affected men's self-image and harmed their personal sense of "machismo" or superiority.
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forces. They emphasized that the legislative inconsistencies at the state and municipal level should be tackled, including impunity and every other discriminatory penal and legal driven action or non-action. More over, they argued that appropriate monitoring and sanctions should be carried out to all law enforcing actors and judiciaries who acts against the interest of women's protection. Lastly, they stated that it was strictly necessary to collect consistent and veridical information on violence against women and to make gender-based violence a state primary issue.
1547:(GLWALFV) was introduced the February 1, 2007 with the aim to prevent and eradicate gender-based violence, by combining the efforts among the Federation, Federal entities and municipalities. It established the regulations to guarantee Mexican women a life without violence, according to the constitutional principles of equality and justice. As well as to enforce a democracy to strengthen the sovereignty of the state and its laws. This law recognizes all the international treaties on Human Rights and gender-based violence that the Mexican state ratified.
1149:, a convicted sex offender and employee of a US maquiladora plant was charged with killing a woman. One year later, in 1996 a gang by the name of "Los Rebeldes" confessed to killing six women and in 1999 the designated bus drivers for the maquiladora workers confessed to committing five murders. After this success, Mexican police officers attempted to convict more bus drivers for femicide cases. In 1999 four maquiladora bus drivers admitted to 20 murders, however it was later revealed that they were tortured by police into giving a false confession.
1522:“It is deeply concerned that the public security strategy to combat organized crime, combined with persistent impunity and corruption, have contributed to the intensification of already existing patterns of widespread discrimination and violence against women in the State party, rooted in patriarchal attitudes, and to the minimization and invisibility of this phenomenon. The Committee is concerned that women and girls have been subjected to increasing levels and different types of gender-based violence, such as domestic violence,
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crimes against women are further investigated after being reported. However, even after investigations are opened, suspect aggressors are rarely caught and taken before a judge. In 2018, Mexico's
National Statistic and Geography Institute stated that out of the 1,058,052 cases that were opened for investigation only 58,228 suspects were forced to present themselves in court. One activist, Natalia Reyes, reported that only 8 percent of femicides in Mexico are punished. As a result, many
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1774:, stated that this underreporting "has a lot to do with discrimination at the time of reporting. Women are treated with prejudices and stereotypes, the authorities ask them is they were drunk, if they had a relationship with the aggressor, if they are sure they want to report". With no trust in authorities to bring justice to victims, women have avoided contacting them for help. The Mexican government has recognized this underreporting phenomenon as
1869:, a group of women from Veracruz led the charge of another protest. On March 9, the protest was dubbed "Un Día Sin Mujeres" (A Day Without Women). The aim of this subsequent protest was to simulate a world in which women did not exist. The protest encouraged women to stay home and withdraw from activities that they would normally be involved in. Women stayed home from work, school, social media and refrained from making online purchases.
1865:, women took to the streets and demanded that the government be held accountable for their inability to acknowledge gender violence as an issue. They demanded that murderers be held accountable for their crimes, and that awareness be brought to the sexual and physical harassment experienced by women on the daily. On the day of the protest, an estimated 80,000 people took part in Mexico City. The following day,
1349:, Yeliz Ozman, believes that while this is due to the problem of male entitlement in Mexico, it is made worse by the overcrowded public transportation system and when women have to work late night shifts. In 2016, the government of Mexico City started offering free rape whistles to women at public transportation hubs. They also provided women-only subway cars and pink buses to help protect women.
1417:. Migrants are at great risk for different kinds of violence as they make their journey, including kidnapping, threats and assaults. According to a human rights groups situated in Mexico, there are increasing numbers of women and girls attempting to migrate as well. Women and girls are at risk of being victims of sexual violence and sexual assault when they make their journey north. A report by
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judge ruled that it was not attempted murder because Abril was sleeping at the time of the incident and the baseball bat was not to be considered a weapon. The murder occurred three weeks after García's release from prison, but a judge threw the murder charges out. His daughter said the judge, who had earlier released a doctor from charges of sexually abusing a mentally-ill woman, was bribed.
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concerning the different values that are placed on humans and on monuments with patriotic ties. In addition, the UN Women, National
Citizen Observatory on Femicide, and Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir opened the first permanent exhibition on femicides in Mexico in 2017; the exhibition is called "¡Ya basta!", which is located in the Museum of Memory and Tolerance in Mexico City.
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prosecutions and 14,829 complaints of rape in Mexico. It has been shown through numerous surveys that the majority of women in Mexico do not report rape to authorities; these studies have shown that as few as 15 percent of rapes are reported. An INEGI report in 2017 found that of the women attending school in the prior 12 months, 10.7 percent of them were sexually assaulted.
1426:, require them to get contraceptive injections before leaving their home country. It is hard for researchers to get statistics on violence against migrant women because these women are unable to report their assault cases out of fear of being deported. In addition, the existing stigma behind sexual violence may cause many of these sexual assaults to go unreported.
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many bodies were found, nor identify corpses correctly. After the report was released, Suly Ponce was appointed as the official prosecutor for the women's deaths, and she testified to witnessing police's carelessness at crime scenes as they would ruin evidence with footprints. There were only three successful captures of murderers. In 1995 Egyptian chemist,
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from the
Mexican population, which urged the government to provide tangible resources for domestic violence victims, the collection of videos were removed from television commercials. In July 2020 Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador announced that the federal women's institute would receive a budget cut of 75%, an estimated 151 million
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at night. In 1999, Chihuahuas State Public
Prosecutor, Arturo Gonzalez Rascon, stated "women with a night life go out very late and come into contact with drinkers. It's hard to go out on the street when it's raining and not get wet". Melissa Wright, scholar of social justice movements within Mexico at Penn State, reported that
1219:, 7, who was kidnapped after school on February 11, 2020; her raped and tortured body was discovered on February 15. When the child's mother was late in picking her up from school, she was turned over to an unrelated woman between the ages of 42 and 45 without identification. When questioned, a representative of the
5421:"Refworld | Mexico: Adoption of the General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence (Ley General de Accesso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia), its implementation regulations, and local implementation laws in the Federal District and the states of Mexico, Jalisco and Querétaro"
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program. This program started up in 2008 and created designated safe locations at subway stations where women could report sexual assault or a violent crime confidently and safely. This allowed for women to recover their sense of safety and confidence while traveling, as well as regaining the control
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The GLWALFV in point IV, Article 5 in
Chapter I defines 'Violence against women' as: Any act or omission, based on their gender, that causes them psychological, physical, patrimonial, economic, sexual damage, suffering or death, in the private and the public matter. It recognizes 6 types of violence:
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Abril Pérez Sagaón, ex-wife of Amazon México CEO Juan Carlos García, was murdered on
November 25, 2019, the same day a "violence against women" march took place. García is the prime suspect in the case. Abril had divorced Garcia after he had fractured her head with a baseball bat 11 months earlier. A
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These protests were also intended to show government officials how frustrated women are with their inability to solve violence against women. President Andrés Manuel López
Obrador(AMLO), had made promises to fix the issue, but has not respond to the increasing violence and deaths of women and girls.
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that 92.4 percent of crimes in Mexico are either not reported to authorities or investigated by them. In 2016, Mexico received a 67.42 from a scale of 0–100, 0 being no impunity, placing it at 58th place out of the 59 countries that were examined in the Global Impunity Index. Specifically only 7% of
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stated that 90% of calls made to domestic violence hotlines during the stay at home orders were false. Later that same month, the government previewed an anti domestic violence commercial, urging spouses to count to ten and to wave the "white flag of peace" when frustrated. After receiving criticism
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It is reported that the main location of sexual harassment in Mexico is in the workplace, in which victims rarely file any complaints since there are no rules in place to address the problem and punish the aggressor. Another common location where sexual harassment occurs is on public transportation.
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The National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico (INEGI) reported that almost 3 million sexual attacks, ranging from rape to groping or other forms of sexual harassment, occurred between the years 2010 and 2015. In the year 2009, there were 2,795 convictions of rape, but there were 3,462
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Additionally there is a discrepancy in the information most citizens know about how services are impacted by the supply and demand in the countries economy. The demand for these services proceeds from cases of women suffering violent acts or any form of physical, verbal or psycho-social abuse and if
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encouraged the Mexican State to prosecute and punish perpetrators of violence towards women. In addition, they urged Mexico to increase efforts and resources to improve public security, by providing a systematic training on gender-based violence to law enforcing actors and all other public security
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did not provide extensive resources to further investigate the murders of women. In 1998 the National Commission for Human Rights issued a report, identifying Mexicos negligence in investigating femicide cases. In the report they stated that Mexico was unable to collect evidence, keep record of how
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Maquiladora corporations and Mexican officials did not take safety measures to protect female employees after the rise of femicide cases in Juarez. Reported by victims families, Mexican authorities blamed the disappearing young girls for living a "double life", suggesting they worked as prostitutes
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Human rights activist, Esther Chavez Cano stated, "If you want to rape and kill a woman, there is no better place to do it than Juarez". Katherine Pantaleo, professor at the Department of Criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, argued that women of Juarez became an easy target for men to
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When the Spanish conquered Tenotchitlan in the 16th century, indigenous societies became male dominated as women could no longer hold positions in government or religion, nor have control over their own personal assets. In 1530 the Spanish converted the once male and female controlled Mexican urban
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in Mexico (INEGI), 66.1 percent of all women ages 15 and older have experienced some kind of violence in their lives. Forty-nine percent have suffered from emotional violence; 29 percent have suffered from emotional-patrimonial violence or discrimination; 34 percent from physical violence; and 41.3
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called Nos Queremos Vivas has gathered for marches, and has also created self-defense workshops to help young girls protect themselves. In addition, there is an alliance of 47 different organizations in Mexico called the National Citizen Observatory on Femicide, which has called for more effective
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With the lack of authoritative force in Mexicos' justice system, women and other members of the population have quit reporting cases overall. The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), revealed that women refuse to report their case to authorities due to their lack of trust in the
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One policy that has been put in place to increase response by local officials is the Gender Violence Alert Mechanism (Alerta de Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres). In this program, citizens may opt to receive a gender alert when violence against women is increasing in their municipality. This
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will need free of charge. It also explicitly denounces couples’ counselling as an acceptable approach. Also, familial violence and/or the failure for the aggressor to meet their obligations to feed and support children are grounds for losing custody of the children. it in encouraged to re- educate
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estimates that there were 34,000 female homicides in Mexico between 1986 and 2009. In 2012, Mexico was ranked as the 16th country with the highest rates of femicides. Moreover, between 2011 and 2016, there were an average of 7.6 female homicides per day. In 2016, Mexico had a rate of 4.6 femicides
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There are different explanations for the causes of these high numbers of violence; scholars have looked at the cultural roots as well as economic policies and changes that have led to a recent growth in the amount of gender-based violence. There was a rise of international attention looking at the
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does not consider the killing of a women, different from a homicide. According to the National Citizen Observatory on Femicide, only 49 percent of the 800 cases of women killed in Mexico between June and July 2017 were investigated as femicide. In an attempt to accurately quantify femicide cases,
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A 2003 survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in Mexico found that 47 percent of women that are over 15 years old and in a relationship have experienced some form of domestic violence, and that 96 out of every 100 victims of domestic violence in Mexico are
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In 2012, Mexico created a new crime category for femicides, in hopes of understanding the magnitude of the issue. From 2015 to 2019 the Secretary General of National Public Security (SESNSP) reported an increase in femicide cases from 411 to 983, a 139% difference. However, not all states within
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had the highest rate of female homicides in the world: 58.4 per 100,000 women. After 2010, the rates of femicide in the municipality of Juárez did decrease significantly; in 2011, the rate of female deaths with presumption of homicides was 31.49 per 100,000 women, and by 2016 it had decreased to
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While there has been legislation over the last few decades attempting to decrease violence against women, they have proven to have had little effect due to a lack of enforcement by authorities and trust in the government. The absence in punishing delinquents is often referred to as "impunity".
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Articles 1-3 explicitly state that all levels of government are to work together to “prevent, sanction, and eradicate” the violence against women. These articles state that the “common sensical” preventative measures will be enacted to eradicate all types of violence against women. The Mexican
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estimates that 6 out of every 10 women migrating through Mexico may be a victim of sexual assault. Migrant women are at risk of sexual violence by gangs, human traffickers, other migrants, and corrupt officers. The risk of sexual assault and rape is so high for migrant women that smugglers, or
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believed in a gender complementary and parallel society; men and women operated in two separate but equal, interdependent divisions. For example, both Aztec men and women had their own political systems in which same-sex rulers were appointed to government. These appointed officials would then
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Activists painted slogans on historically significant monuments, buildings, and paintings to advocate for women. This was done in an effort to demonstrate the governments overemphasis on inanimate objects, rather than on the lives of women and girls. These acts sparked a topic of conversation
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that all murders involving women should be investigated as femicides. One of the most progressive actions taken by the SCJN was the incorporation of a gender perspective during trials and investigations related to female violence. In 2013, the framework on how this analytical method should be
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stay at home orders went into full effect, disabling some women from escaping their abusive households. The following month of April became the deadliest reported month in the last five years in Mexico as 267 women were murdered. It is reported that more women died by murder in April than of
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In recent years, feminist groups have become more vocal with their critique towards police organizations and government figures. Specifically, these activists claim to be protesting against their ineffectiveness when handling cases of violence against women. As a result, feminist groups have
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and any other analogous forms that harm the integrity or freedom of women. Furthermore, Article 21 of Chapter V recognizes 'Femicide violence' as: the extreme form of gender violence against women, produced by the violation of their human rights in the public and private spheres, produced by
657:, women in developing countries are more prone to justify violence or violent crimes against the female gender. Despite the growing number or protest and advocacy in Mexico for violence against women, there seems to be some lack of efficiency as violence against women only continues to grow.
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Rodríguez, J. J. (2016). Paralelismos en los capítulos de feminicidios y desapariciones forzosas de mujeres y niñas en Ciudad Juarez y Ecatepec entre 2008 y 2014: el patriarcado como sistema de poder garante de la impunidad y la desinformación/Parallels in chapters of femicide and forced
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has appeared in the form of a hashtag on various social media platforms, as well as out in the streets in campaigns and protests. The hashtag #NiUnaMás has served as a place to diffuse information, encourage dialogue, and bring awareness to the assault that women and girls experience in
1733:. This alerting system has been reported as ineffective, since authorities view it as a punishment or a political attack. They choose to hide away from facing any repercussions rather than addressing the problem and making changes in ways to investigate violence against women cases.
782:. If the Catholic church suspected a woman was not following these pillars they were viewed as evil and were closely monitored. The Spanish conquest changed the division of labor in the Aztec society, women were now expected to remain at home, attend to their husband and children.
1689:, the state with the highest population, the federal government found that its femicide rates were severe enough to issue an alert on gender violence on July 31 in 2015. This was the first time the federal government released an alert. Since then, alerts have been released in
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Liberation theologian Virgil Elizondo has argued, "The devotion to Mary is the most popular, persistent, and original characteristic of Latin American Christianity". Other scholars have also agreed with this point of view, arguing that when Spanish conquistador,
1827:. Women decided to organize these hashtags, slogans, and protests as a way to bring awareness to the harm and the issues that have been happening to women and children throughout Mexico as an average of 10 women are murdered every day and 4 children go missing.
700:" and have had less access to knowledge and power to discuss and change the current norms. They call violence against women "an expression of male power," and they include institutional forms of violence, such as lack of access to resources or types of freedom.
1243:, Chiapas, would be investigated as a femicide. Two months earlier she had denounced a sexual attack that had not been followed up by the state prosecutor (FGE). Her death had been classified as a suicide, despite evidence of violence and strangulation.
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While legislation and different policies have been put in place to decrease violence against women in Mexico, different organizations have shown that these policies have had little effect on the state of violence due to a lack of proper implementation.
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as "the violent death of women for reasons of gender." Femicide is categorized as a specific type of violence against women or gender violence, which the UN described in 1979 as "a mechanism of domination, control, oppression, and power over women."
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the wife of Mexico's president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, gave a mixed stance on the protests. She first joined the movement, but then later opposed the strike on social media by using the hashtag #NoAlParoNacional (No To The National Strike).
770:, elite women in the Aztec empire, were forced to surrender their power to their husbands once they were married. It is argued by Karen Powers, an ethnohistorian, that as indigenous men were given more authoritative power by the Spanish, the "
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One specific system that was implemented in order to support the monitoring and risk reduction for violence towards women was done through the Department of Transportation in Mexico City. INMUJERES worked alongside this agency to create the
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This short, two-article section establishes the eradication of violence within communities (i.e. public places) as a task for the Mexican government. A brief outline of the steps necessary is included, one where the government is to:
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774:" mentality started to plague their minds. Under Spanish law, the church granted men authority to punish their wives or sisters if they failed to be obedient. Indigenous women were strongly advised to follow the tenets of the
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The Mexican government is part of various international efforts and agreements that aim to enhance the living standards of women and lower gender inequality within the country. First and foremost, they signed in favor of the
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per 100,000 women, and there were a total of 2,746 female deaths with the presumption of them being homicides. In this same year, the top three states with the highest rates of female deaths with presumption of homicide were
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Although there is an increasing number of feminicides in Mexico, not enough cases are investigated as they do not meet or were not reported under the feminicide state criminal codes representing some of the unreported cases.
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committed due to the nature of workplace hierarchies. The law here holds the Mexican government accountable for helping implement educational activities to curb violence in the workplace and in educational settings.
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Mexico were enforced to adopt femicide into their penal code, therefore there are still many femicide cases that go unreported. Currently, only 13 out of 32 states in Mexico have included femicide into their penal codes:
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in 1979. In 1993 Mexico signed the first international document recognizing ‘gender violence’ as a type of violence, by the United Nations ‘The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women’. Followed by the
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Articles 7-9 discuss the course of action to be taken in the case of domestic gender violence. It emphasizes that the state is responsible for providing free shelter, counselling, and any other services a survivor of
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was to help North American countries remain competitive within the global market. As a result of the agreement, industries expanded and the three countries were able to trade at low cost. American industries such as
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documents, the Aztec language, indicating land was passed down to a woman either through "inheritance, dowries, or gifts". However, Aztec women's rights were taken away with the arrival of Spanish conquistadors.
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Reports by Amnesty International have shown that this law has not been very effective due to poor implementation and a minimal change in police investigations following reports of different kinds of violence.
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717:(present day Mexico City) in 1519, he imposed Spains' gender norms and Christian evangelization beliefs on to the indigenous societies. As a result of Spanish colonization, the ideological gender models of
4799:(UN) United Nations (2012). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Mexico: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
4816:(UN) United Nations (2012). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Mexico: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
4789:(UN) United Nations (2012). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Mexico: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
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alert is the governments and security forces effort, at eradicating femicide violence in a specific area. It looks to guarantee women's security, lowering violence levels and eliminating inequalities by:
1185:, 25, was skinned and disemboweled by her partner Erik Rosas after an argument on February 9, 2020. Graphic photographs of her corpse were then displayed on the front pages of tabloids and social media.
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The book "Each and Her" by Valerie Martinez, is a collection of poems focusing on the femicide cases of maquiladoras workers in Juarez as well as on the suffering experienced by victims' family members.
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Wright, Melissa W. “Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 36.3 (2011): 712-713. Web. November 2012.
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and complete investigations following missing or killed women, increasing accountability on part of the authorities in Mexico. This group is funded by the UN Trust to End Violence Against Women.
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has offered a different explanation as to the origination of machismo. He argues indigenous men adopted a hyper masculine attitude as a result of feeling inferior to Spanish conquistadors. This
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market into a solely male supervised system. Thus, men had control over price management in the market, and prohibited women from purchasing or owning land without consent of their husbands.
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Guevara Bermúdez, J. A., & Chávez Vargas, L. G. (2018). La impunidad en el contexto de la desaparición forzada en México = Impunity in the context of enforced disappearance in Mexico.
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percent of women have suffered from sexual violence. Of the women who were assaulted in some form from 2015 to 2018, 93.7 percent did not seek help or report their attacks to authorities.
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1526:, torture and murders, especially femicide, by state actors, including law enforcement officials and the security forces, as well as by non-state actors, such as organized crime groups.”
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In 2019 the National Survey on Urban Public Security (ENSU), unveiled that 77% of women reported feeling unsafe in Mexico, as an average of 11 women are killed every day. As a result,
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The television show "Narcos: Mexico", created by Carlos Bernard, Chris Brancato and Doug Miro, depicts a Juarez cop investigating the rise of femicide cases at the border in season 3.
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696:" that has created a feeling of superiority or entitlement for men in Mexico. Women, on the other hand, have been traditionally put into roles of subservience due to the culture of "
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a domestic violence hotline in Mexico, also reported a 97% increase in calls received compared to the year before. Lastly, the number of women and children admitted to the 69
905:— a 10 percent increase from 2018. For this same year an average of 10 women were killed every day in Mexico, while two years before in 2017 the rate was at seven per day .
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1649: ii. The implementation of a monitoring system towards violent individuals and states of perceived societal violence.
3311:
1304:. Still, each state differs the way in which they classify femicides, due to Mexicos vague definition. This increases the risk of cases being misclassified. For example,
5455:
4143:
2624:
1236:
1873:
Some of the protests turned violent, in which AMLO responded by blaming the "neoliberal policies" of his predecessor and complaining about protesters graffiti on the
187:
504:
1618:
This following chapter focuses on the importance of classifying gender violence outside of the family environment. It addresses hierarchical roots and emphasizes
5141:
disappearances of women and girls in Ciudad Juarez and Ecatepec between 2008 and 2014: Patriarchy as a power system that guarantees impunity and misinformation.
4069:
1579:
The first and foremost section of this law begins with the multiple definitions used throughout the bill and with establishing the focus and goal of eradicating
1379:, head of the National Institute for Women in Mexico (INMUJERES) reported in October 2019 that 267 women and girls were victims of violence every day in Mexico.
1191:
defended its policies of reporting on crime but has indicated it will review its policies about publishing explicit photos. Protesters marched to the offices of
2129:
4765:
4373:
3301:, World Health Organization, 2012, apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77421/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf;jsessionid=2E636E5F0740BAC96712F0F2C005A00A?sequence=1.
5309:
4280:[Violence Against Women Information: Criminal Incidences and Emergency Calls to 9-1-1]. Secretaria de Seguridad Y Protección Ciudadana. 30 April 2020
1770:
government, it being a waste of time, not having sufficient evidence, or out of fear of their abuser. Furthermore, Irene Tello Arista, executive director of
2642:
1893:, Mexico City's mayor, and others showed their support for the protest by using the hashtag #UnDiaSinMujeres or #UnDiaSinNosotras on social media. However,
1342:
689:
4397:
2533:
152:
5016:
Institute for Economics & Peace. Mexico Peace Index 2021: Identifying and Measuring the Factors That Drive Peace, Sydney, May 2021. Available from:
4169:
4028:
5579:
1207:
4014:
3991:
5847:
865:, specifically, has persisted as an issue, due to factors such as organized crime, gender norms, and lack of effective legislature to address it.
601:
5448:
4464:
1317:, a rape crisis shelter in Juarez, have made an effort at collecting femicide cases at the border. Torreblanca, the director of data analysis at
2461:
4124:
3505:
692:(IMIFAP), examine the cultural roots that play a role in the current state of violence against women in Mexico. They look into the culture of "
642:
4930:
5912:
5786:
1564:
misogynistic behaviors that can lead to social and state impunity which can culminate in homicide and other forms of violent death of women.
4718:
5479:
5234:
3964:
Paul de la Garza, "Series of Slayings Baffles City on Mexican Border" (Morales murder), Arizona Republic, November 27, 1998, in LexisNexis
5917:
5640:
2515:
1109:
661:
state of violence against women in Mexico in the early 1990s, as the number of missing and murdered women in the northern border city of
3312:"Modelo de protocolo latinoamericano de investigación de las muertes violentas de mujeres por razones de género (femicidio/feminicidio)"
1885:
These protests received mixed support from those in government via social media. Female members in government such as Interior Minister
6058:
5441:
5150:
4195:
4105:
811:
555:
499:
480:
3953:
1681:
Transparency on the causes that triggered the alert and the security conditions of the area where these measure have to be implemented
6053:
5569:
4901:
3376:
2099:
5066:
4575:
1942:
The documentary, "Luchadoras" directed by Patrick Jasim and Paola Calvo examines the lives of three maquiladora workers who live in
810:
economic policies in Mexico. Mercedes Olivera is a researcher at the Center for Higher Studies of Mexico and Central America in the
1357:
4440:
2479:
2660:
471:
3973:
Curry, Grace Ronan. (2013). Cruces Rosas: The Femicide in Ciudad Juárez (Bachelor's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA).
5574:
5504:
3322:
222:
5992:
5852:
5732:
5534:
5333:
5209:
4694:
4551:
Alfaro, M. J. V., & José, M. (2020). Feminist solidarity networks have multiplied since the COVID-19 outbreak in Mexico.
3863:
3349:"Bringing an end to violence against women and girls and femicide or feminicide: A key challenge for building a care society"
3240:
3164:
3114:
3086:
3061:
3036:
3003:
2968:
2933:
2893:
2858:
2820:
2765:
2723:
2588:
2130:
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/WW2010%20Report_by%20chapter(pdf)/violence%20against%20women.pdf
1489:(UDHR) in 1948 which guarantees the fundamental rights of men and women equally. The Mexican State also became a part of the
1486:
1353:
535:
6063:
5116:
2204:
778:, often referred by scholars as "marianismo". Women were forced to embody the submissive, chastity and modest nature of the
5539:
4884:
3583:"Accountability for Murder in the Mquiladoras: Linking Corporate Indifference to Gender Violence at the U.S. Mexico Border"
3413:
594:
2606:
1104:
in Juarez are U.S. owned. NAFTA helped create 1.2 million jobs in Mexico, and over 25% of those opportunities were in the
1043:
5887:
5862:
5722:
5645:
5625:
5600:
5091:
4645:
4599:
2026:
1996:
1078:
1074:
853:
5277:
3755:
2382:
1033:
Crosses in the city of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, were placed in the spot where 8 victims of femicide were found in 1996.
5872:
5564:
5544:
5484:
1503:
5427:
4960:"'Pink transportation' in Mexico City: reclaiming urban space through collective action against gender-based violence"
4302:
885:
5779:
5706:
5676:
5661:
5605:
5584:
5499:
5494:
5162:
4623:
Manrique De Lara, A., De Jesús Medina Arellano, M. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Ethics in Mexico Through a Gender Lens.
3667:
3194:
3139:
1758:
798:
attitude was then adopted by indigenous men to compensate for not being able to protect their land from the Spanish.
274:
2142:"Estadísticas a Propósito del Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Violencia Contra La Mujer (25 de noviembre)"
1056:
893:
5892:
5827:
5753:
5748:
5671:
5615:
5610:
5559:
5509:
4500:
1463:
110:
2497:
1337:
A survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography(INEGI) found that 96 percent of women in
806:
Mercedes Olivera looks at the way that gender dynamics have changed recently, especially with the introduction of
5696:
5691:
5620:
5554:
5549:
2699:
Buchanan, Kathryn A., "Constructing Marianismo in Colonial Mexico" (2016). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects.
2175:
1669:
Establishing an institutional and multi-disciplinary group with a gender perspective that monitors the situation.
1490:
1169:
587:
390:
385:
22:
5727:
5635:
3434:
1818:, Not Another One, has become widely used to signal that no other woman should be a victim of gender violence.
4744:"Versión estenográfica de la conferencia de prensa matutina del presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador – AMLO"
3348:
2332:, New York Academy of Sciences, 5 Dec. 2006, nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1196/annals.1385.014.
301:
4826:
3632:
2141:
1894:
1656:
and those they're placed on to facilitate the exchange of information between different governmental offices
1499:
666:
509:
182:
5772:
4576:"Women are being killed in Mexico at record rates, but the president says most emergency calls are 'false'"
4222:
1862:
575:
449:
380:
145:
3827:
2071:
1324:
urges the Mexican government to improve the current femicide database, in order to best combat the issue.
1157:
Below is a list of femicide cases that caused public outrage against Mexico's inability to protect women.
6068:
4277:
2016:
1844:
1435:
1182:
734:
4481:
1216:
669:(2006–present) have been raped, tortured, and murdered in the conflict. Women have also been victims of
4422:
3260:
2279:
1789:
1763:
115:
3346:
2686:
Liu, Y. and T. M., Jr. Fullerton. "Evidence from Mexico on Social Status and Violence against Women."
2176:"Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional Sobre La Dinámica de Las Relaciones en Los Hogares (ENDIREH) 2016"
5519:
4278:"Información Sobre Violencia Contra Las Mujeres: Incidencia Delictiva y Llamadas de Emergencia 9-1-1"
1986:
1806:
established campaigns that aim to bring awareness to violence against women and femicides in Mexico.
1766:
continue to go unrecognized by authorities, as no action is taken to investigate the women's deaths.
1392:
1055:
located on the border between Mexico and the United States; it is located within the municipality of
862:
841:
670:
654:
434:
327:
105:
5151:
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A498585413/AONE?u=txshracd2542&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=d11e0f87
4959:
3697:
2995:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2960:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2925:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2885:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2850:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2812:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2757:
Women in the crucible of conquest : the gendered genesis of Spanish American society, 1500-1600
2407:
1341:
have experienced some form of sexual harassment in a public space, and 58 percent have been groped.
6073:
4398:"Mexico: Lawmaker Proposes Criminalizing Sexual Harassment at Federal Level | Global Legal Monitor"
3954:
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A19011117/AONE?u=txshracd2542&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=c4f25eff
2443:
1874:
1199:
newspaper titled the crime story as "It was cupids fault". They could not be reached for comments.
429:
74:
4170:"Hallan muerta a Mariana, doctora que denunció ataque sexual en Chiapas; autoridades la ignoraron"
3224:
Gender-Based Violence in the Global South: Ideologies, Resistances, Responses, and Transformations
1924:
1518:
showed its concern with the raising levels of insecurity and gender-based violence in the country:
1509:
4053:
Schools must follow protocol to deliver children, says SEP; they will review the campus of Fatima
1839:
1646:
and the expectation to keep the public informed about current risk levels for women in the area.
1642: i. Re-education of the public sans
1187:
286:
252:
1886:
1232:
5464:
4144:"La Jornada - Se busca que caso de Mariana se investigue con visión de género: Sánchez Cordero"
2357:
2011:
1991:
1785:
1580:
570:
30:
5291:
5034:
901:
10.36 per 100,000 women. However, in 2019, the Mexican government recorded 1,006 incidents of
5163:"'Femicide nation': murder of young woman casts spotlight on Mexico's gender violence crisis"
4252:
2051:
1672:
Implement preventive, security and justice actions to confront and reduce femicide violence .
1418:
868:
618:
444:
296:
264:
3582:
4539:
3604:
1523:
889:
848:) as the "intentional murder of women because they are women." Similarly, it is defined by
125:
5764:
4535:
8:
1849:
1652: iii. The establishment of a data bank on
1552:
1401:
and other countries on the journey to the United States. Most of these migrants are from
1121:
622:
279:
247:
217:
207:
120:
5259:
4885:
http://sites.sandiego.edu/tbi-femicide/files/2017/12/2016-2017-Femicide-Report-Final.pdf
4087:
2551:
2425:
4355:
3927:
3562:, Amnesty International, 10 Aug. 2003, www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AMR41/027/2003/en/.
3486:
2263:
2230:
2021:
1313:
based on local and national news reports. In addition, community organizations such as
1146:
832:
710:
540:
360:
269:
64:
4766:"Aprueba Inmujeres reducción presupuestal del 75% para gastos - Política - La Jornada"
1718:
1678:
Allocate the necessary budgetary resources to face the Gender Violence Alert Mechanism
1506:(CIM), which criminalizes violence against women with an emphasis on sexual violence.
1285:
5205:
4979:
4416:
4347:
3931:
3919:
3869:
3859:
3809:
3730:
3673:
3663:
3513:
3490:
3478:
3347:
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2022-11-25).
3280:
3236:
3200:
3190:
3160:
3135:
3110:
3082:
3057:
3032:
3009:
2999:
2974:
2964:
2939:
2929:
2899:
2889:
2864:
2854:
2826:
2816:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2719:
2299:
2250:
2231:"Gender based political violence against women in Mexico from a regional perspective"
2104:
2046:
2036:
1890:
1653:
1606:
1556:
1440:
1305:
1137:
1052:
897:
466:
398:
375:
167:
162:
130:
5433:
5191:
5190:
Spigno, Irene; Scotti, Valentina Rita; Penalva da Silva, Janaína Lima (2023-04-15).
4670:
4359:
3222:
2700:
2569:
1356:
for sexual harassment. As a response, there was a strike at nineteen schools of the
5197:
5001:
4971:
4628:
4339:
3911:
3801:
3470:
3377:"Femicide and Impunity in Mexico: A context of structural and generalized violence"
3272:
3228:
3157:
Women in the Crucible of Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society
3079:
Women in the Crucible of Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society
3029:
Women in the Crucible of Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society
2793:
2625:"DOJ: Mexican Sex Trafficking Organization Uses Southern Border to Smuggle Victims"
2349:
2291:
2258:
2242:
1423:
1141:
1083:
439:
424:
135:
5334:"Feminists Take over Federal Building in Mexico City and Use Painting as a Weapon"
2792:(2nd ed., New Approaches to the Americas). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1943:
1901:
1538:
1095:
1048:
662:
5420:
4975:
2031:
2006:
2001:
1619:
1560:
1398:
1369:
1352:
On February 26, 2020, twenty professors were fired from the four colleges of the
1269:
560:
514:
461:
419:
409:
332:
291:
232:
202:
172:
79:
5392:
4465:
On strike, four colleges of the UAEMex; 20 teachers are dismissed for harassment
3855:
The daughters of Juárez : a true story of serial murder south of the border
3107:
Women in the Crucible Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society
3054:
Women in the Crucible Conquest: The Gendered Genesis of Spanish American Society
4632:
2246:
2100:"Why Mexico is giving out half a million rape whistles to female subway riders"
1793:
1675:
Report on the area and the behavior of the indicators of gender-based violence.
1510:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 2012
1098:, Mexico to take advantage of the cheap labor. In fact 80% of border factories/
744:
634:
626:
322:
259:
237:
197:
140:
5005:
3873:
3458:
3204:
3013:
2978:
2943:
2903:
2868:
2830:
2775:
641:
as one of the most violent countries for women in the world. According to the
6047:
5235:"Mexican women call for a national strike after a series of brutal femicides"
4983:
4800:
4600:"Pandemic of Violence: Protecting Women during COVID-19 - Mexico | ReliefWeb"
4343:
3923:
3813:
3734:
3677:
3517:
3482:
3474:
3435:"The Grisly Deaths of a Woman and a Girl Shock Mexico and Test Its President"
3284:
3261:"Violence against Women in Mexico: Conceptualization and Program Application"
2797:
2733:
2353:
2303:
2280:"Violence against Women in Mexico: Conceptualization and Program Application"
2254:
1824:
1627:
1376:
807:
54:
44:
3944:
Nathan, D. (1997, January 13). Death comes to the maquilas: a border story.
3276:
2295:
1830:
1702:
1451:
4351:
4327:
4196:"Así era Mariana, la médico que soñaba con ser patóloga pero fue asesinada"
3899:
3414:“La Violencia Femenicida En Mexico, Aproximaciones y Tendencias 1985-2016.”
2516:"72 Bodies Found at Ranch: Mexico Massacre Survivor Describes Grisly Scene"
1726:
1686:
1588:
791:
714:
630:
370:
344:
337:
212:
5310:"'We'll disappear': Thousands of Mexican women strike to protest femicide"
5201:
4108:[Mario wanted a young girlfriend and Giovana brought him Fatima].
3992:
Abril Pérez was murdered while Mexicans complained about feminist protests
3915:
3232:
2607:"Tenancingo: the small town at the dark heart of Mexico's sex-slave trade"
1694:
1516:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1495:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
5348:
4328:"Murder in Ciudad Juárez: A Parable of Women's Struggle for Human Rights"
3900:"Murder in Juarez: Gender, Sexual Violence, and the Global Assembly Line"
3723:"Young Women Follow Journeys of Hope To Factories--and Then, to Violence"
1402:
1338:
1261:
1105:
1100:
1068:
1029:
779:
775:
565:
404:
365:
317:
242:
227:
49:
5370:
5017:
4719:"Femicides rise in Mexico as president cuts budgets of women's shelters"
4127:[In San Lázaro, law to punish feminicide with 65 years passed].
3789:
1643:
1293:
1273:
718:
697:
685:
84:
4026:
3853:
3805:
3184:
2993:
2958:
2923:
2883:
2848:
2810:
2755:
4088:"Fátima Aldrighett: Mexico police arrest suspects over girl's murder"
3657:
3259:
Pick, Susan; Contreras, Carmen; Barker‐Aguilar, Alicia (2006-11-01).
2713:
2278:
Pick, Susan; Contreras, Carmen; Barker‐Aguilar, Alicia (2006-11-01).
1414:
1406:
881:
192:
177:
89:
69:
5067:"The Impunity Machine: Crimes against women do not matter in Mexico"
4827:"Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a Una Vida Libre de Violencia"
4374:"Mexico City's Plan To Fight Sexual Assault: Whistles On The Subway"
2715:
Hail Mary? : The Struggle for Ultimate Womanhood in Catholicism
896:(10.36 per 100,000 women). During the years 2002–2010, the state of
688:, Carmen Contreras, and Alicia Barker-Aguilar, researchers from the
4861:
Ley General de Acceso de las mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia.
4848:
Ley General de Acceso de las mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia.
4671:"Reports of violence against women in Mexico spike during pandemic"
4503:[267 women suffer from violence every day in the country].
3794:
Emergences: Journal for the Study of Media & Composite Cultures
2041:
1981:
1947:
1722:
1706:
1410:
1301:
1277:
1240:
1077:
was signed by the United States, Mexico and Canada. The purpose of
902:
884:(9.7 per 100,000 women). The top three municipalities in 2016 were
877:
849:
837:
795:
771:
722:
693:
59:
4125:"En San Lázaro aprueban que feminicidio sea castigado con 65 años"
3545:“Mexico: Briefing to the UN on the Discrimination Against Women.”
1397:
There are tens of thousands of migrants going through Mexico from
1389:
Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States
4859:(CDHCU) Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión (2007).
4072:[Shock over the murder of Fatima: this is what we know].
1730:
1710:
1698:
1690:
1314:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1265:
1253:
767:
753:
414:
4846:(CDHCU) Cámara de Diputados del H. Congreso de la Unión (2007).
4484:[Strike ends in five schools and colleges of the UNAM].
4221:
McGinnis, Teagan; Ferreira, Octavio; Shirk, David (2022-07-11).
1429:
5260:"Mexican women strike to protest against gender-based violence"
4015:
Mexico women protest after gruesome killing of Ingrid Escamilla
3384:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3356:
Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean
1797:
appropriately used during GBV cases was published by the SCJN.
1714:
1539:
General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence (2007)
1346:
1257:
1091:
873:
858:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
748:
740:
638:
455:
4070:"Conmoción por el asesinato de Fátima: esto es lo que sabemos"
3132:
Hail Mary?: The Struggle for Ultimate Womanhood in Catholicism
1474:
1239:, a 24-year-old recently graduated doctor in Nueva Palestina,
1087:
5375:(Crime, Drama), Gaumont International Television, 2018-11-16
5189:
4029:"In Mexico, a grisly killing inflames debate about femicide"
2358:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0094582X05286092
1235:, Secretary of the Interior (SEGOB), said that the death of
1211:
Memorial site made for Fatima Cecilia & Ingrid Escamilla
5794:
4106:"Mario quería una novia joven y Giovanna le llevó a Fátima"
3459:"Gendered Violence: An Analysis of the Maquiladora Murders"
3432:
3258:
2589:"The Mexican Drug Cartels' Other Business: Sex Trafficking"
2277:
1748:
1610:
the aggressor with non-misogynistic views to prevent this.
1479:
1454:
locations in Mexico, increased by 50% during the pandemic.
157:
5092:"The long road to justice, prosecuting femicide in Mexico"
3659:
The Maquiladora Reader Cross-Border Organizing since NAFTA
2383:"The long road to justice, prosecuting femicide in Mexico"
1319:
840:, also known as feminicide, is defined in a report by the
4027:
By Patrick J. McDonnell; Cecilia Sanchez (Feb 14, 2020).
2552:"Mexican newspaper editor Maria Macias found decapitated"
845:
3506:"Wave of Violence Swallows More Women in Juárez, Mexico"
2325:
Pick, Susan, et al. “Violence against Women in Mexico.”
1545:
General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence
1195:
and burned a newspaper delivery truck. In addition, the
5028:
5026:
4812:
4810:
4808:
3633:"Femicides of Juárez: Violence Against Women in Mexico"
3297:“Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women.”
2498:"Cartel turf war behind Juarez massacre, official says"
1130:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
4482:"Levantan paro cinco escuelas y facultades de la UNAM"
3186:
HOMBRES Y MACHOS : masculinity and latino culture
2661:"Human trafficking survivor: I was raped 43,200 times"
2643:"Human trafficking survivors find hope in Mexico City"
909:
Female deaths with presumption of homicide, 2000-2016
5463:
5193:
The Rights of Women in Comparative Constitutional Law
4220:
2534:"Mass graves in Mexico reveal new levels of savagery"
5023:
4902:"Mexico's largest state rocked by slayings of women"
4805:
3790:"Voices Without Echo: The Global Gendered Apartheid"
2480:"Drug traffickers suspected in murders of 154 women"
703:
690:
Mexican Institute for Family and Population Research
5051:
4553:
Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements
4501:"En el país, cada día 267 mujeres sufren violencia"
4441:"Sexual harassment: How it stands around the globe"
4253:"Exploring the Legal Context of Femicide in Mexico"
1360:to protest against sexual harassment and violence.
1173:
A "#JusticeforIngrid" poster in memory of her life.
153:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
5278:"Femicides in Mexico Are on the Rise ¡Ni Una Mas!"
4931:"Alerta de Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres"
4695:"COVID-19 in Mexico: domestic violence calls 2020"
4067:
1659:
1221:Autoridad Federal Educativa de la Ciudad de México
4536:nvisible Victims: Migrants on the Move in Mexico"
2701:https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1951
1587:government claims that the woman has inalienable
1382:
1246:
6045:
5117:"Sólo se investiga 7% de delitos contra mujeres"
4646:"COVID-19 and Mexico's domestic violence crisis"
3221:Biholar, Ramona; Leslie, Dacia L. (2024-01-15).
2205:"Sólo se investiga 7% de delitos contra mujeres"
1327:
4957:
4122:
3756:"Accountability for murder in the maquiladoras"
1745:over their safety when using public transport.
1600:Chapter I: Violence in the Familial Environment
1571:The first three chapters have been summarized.
1358:National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4498:
4479:
4303:"How one woman is mapping femicides in Mexico"
3828:"Juarez, Mexico - Murder Capital of the World"
3433:Kirk Semple; Paulina Villegas (Feb 19, 2020).
3159:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 65.
3109:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 55.
3081:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 40.
3056:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 45.
3031:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 47.
2998:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 66.
2963:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 39.
2928:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 37.
2888:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 33.
2853:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 17.
2815:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 15.
2760:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 41.
2426:"More than 11,000 migrants abducted in Mexico"
2229:Serrano Oswald, Serena Eréndira (2023-03-01).
2228:
1630:of sexual violence to stop its normalization.
1591:and that it will act to protect these rights.
1502:agreement, signed in 1994 and promoted by the
1471:(US$ 7,537,752.92) after the pandemic crisis.
643:National Institute of Statistics and Geography
5780:
5449:
4538:. Amnesty International. 2010. Archived from
4223:"Analyzing the Problem of Femicide in Mexico"
3220:
2570:"How a Mexican family became sex traffickers"
2183:Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía
2149:Institute Nacional de Estadística y Geografía
2126:The World's Women 2010: Trends and Statistics
1856:
1430:Effects of COVID-19 on violence against women
1309:local activist Maria Salguero has created an
1115:
1051:is a city in northern Mexico in the state of
760:
595:
5308:City, Maya Averbuch in Mexico (2020-03-09).
3655:
2444:"Drug Killings Haunt Mexican Schoolchildren"
1202:
1152:
1037:
728:
5347:Calvo, Paola; Jasim, Patrick (2022-03-10),
5033:Jose, Cabrera; Tessa, Butler (2017-05-04).
4998:EUNOMÍA. Revista En Cultura De La Legalidad
4833:
1555:, physical violence, patrimonial violence,
1475:Politics of gender-based violence in Mexico
1110:Northern Illinois University College of Law
1075:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
739:Pre colonial indigenous groups such as the
5787:
5773:
5456:
5442:
5346:
3910:(1). University of Nebraska Press: 59–76.
3897:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3265:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2284:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1226:
812:Universidad de Ciencias y Artes of Chiapas
785:
602:
588:
5032:
4763:
3851:
3130:Hamington, Maurice (September 20, 1995).
3129:
2711:
2462:"Mexican police find 12 bodies in Cancun"
2344:Olivera, Mercedes. “Violencia Femicida.”
2262:
2097:
1634:Chapter III: On Violence in the Community
1614:Chapter II: On Labor and Faculty Violence
1062:
5795:Violence against women in North America
4438:
4325:
3456:
2235:Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science
1900:
1829:
1749:Invisibility, normalization and impunity
1575:Title I, Chapter I: General Dispositions
1480:International agreements and legislation
1206:
1168:
1028:
5292:"In Mexico City, a "Day Without Women""
5185:
5183:
4953:
4951:
4924:
4922:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4871:
4869:
4229:. Mexico Center & The Wilson Center
4141:
4020:
3787:
3753:
3580:
3419:
3254:
3252:
3182:
2690:, vol. 47, no. 40, 2015, pp. 4260-4274.
1880:
1800:
1108:of Juarez. Elvia Arriola, professor at
1094:transferred their factory locations to
6046:
5303:
5301:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5143:Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico
5035:"Impunity in Mexico: A Rising Concern"
4669:Murray, Christine (January 25, 2021).
4668:
4643:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4297:
4295:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3662:. American Friends Service Committee.
3605:"The History of NAFTA and Its Purpose"
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3216:
3214:
3178:
3176:
3154:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3076:
3051:
3026:
2991:
2956:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2881:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2808:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2586:
2405:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2348:, vol. 33, no. 2, 2006, pp. 104–114.,
1931:
1918:
1809:
1457:
876:(with 16.3 deaths per 100,000 women),
653:According to studies conducted by the
5768:
5437:
5064:
5018:http://visionofhumanity.org/resources
4644:Huerta, Carolina Mayen (2020-08-21).
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4434:
4432:
4202:(in Mexican Spanish). 29 January 2021
3904:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
3720:
3656:Hoffman, Anya; Kamel, Rachel (1999).
3626:
3624:
3463:International Criminal Justice Review
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2340:
2338:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2093:
2091:
1487:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1354:Autonomous University of Mexico State
1160:
536:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
5307:
5180:
4948:
4929:Mujeres, Instituto Nacional de las.
4919:
4889:
4866:
4711:
4447:. Graphics by Sarah-Grace Mankarious
4142:Urrutia, Alonso (February 1, 2021).
3630:
3503:
3249:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2128:, United Nations, 2010, pp. 127–139.
1363:
1131:Response to the maquiladora killings
821:
725:were embedded into Mexican society.
5298:
5218:
4958:Dunckel-Graglia, Amy (2013-07-01).
4928:
4562:
4292:
4240:
4068:Paula Bravo Medina (Feb 18, 2020).
4001:
3880:
3772:
3684:
3565:
3530:
3445:
3398:
3340:
3211:
3173:
3155:Powers, Karien Viera (April 2005).
3095:
2992:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2957:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2922:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2910:
2882:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2847:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2837:
2809:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2790:The Women of Colonial Latin America
2754:Powers, Karen Vieira (April 2005).
2740:
2362:
2271:
2098:Linthicum, Kate (23 October 2016).
2027:Violence and activism at the border
1997:Crime and violence in Latin America
1759:Institute for Economics & Peace
1626:This section promotes the societal
1462:On May 15, 2020, Mexican president
1177:
854:UNiTe to End Violence Against Women
13:
5413:
4519:
4429:
3695:
3621:
3587:Seattle Journal for Social Justice
3457:Pantaleo, Katherine (2010-11-13).
3362:
3105:Powers, Karen Viera (April 2005).
3077:Powers, Karen Viera (April 2005).
3052:Powers, Karen Viera (April 2005).
3027:Powers, Karen Viera (April 2005).
2671:
2335:
2310:
2088:
1583:in it its various, defined forms.
1504:Inter-American Commission of Women
1311:interactive map tracking femicides
14:
6085:
6059:Violence against women by country
5196:(1 ed.). London: Routledge.
4764:Xantomila, Jessica (2020-07-15).
3227:(1 ed.). London: Routledge.
2406:Grillo, Ioan (January 25, 2008).
2327:Annals of the New York Academy of
2163:
1044:Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez
801:
704:Origin of machismo and marianismo
680:
6054:Violence against women in Mexico
5908:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5518:
5480:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5385:
5363:
5340:
5326:
5284:
5270:
5252:
5155:
5134:
5109:
5084:
5010:
4990:
4881:Violence Against Women in Mexico
4879:. Trans-Border Institute, 2017,
4877:Violence Against Women in Mexico
4853:
4819:
4793:
4783:
4757:
4736:
4687:
4662:
4123:Claudia Bolaños (Feb 19, 2020).
3558:“Mexico: Intolerable Killings.”
3183:Mirande, Alfredo (May 2, 1997).
1954:
1950:by engaging in female wrestling.
1757:In 2020, it was reported by the
1215:Another tragic case was that of
615:Violence against women in Mexico
4650:Pursuit-University of Melbourne
4637:
4617:
4592:
4545:
4499:Blanca Valadez (Oct 10, 2019).
4492:
4473:
4458:
4390:
4366:
4319:
4270:
4214:
4188:
4162:
4135:
4116:
4112:(in Spanish). 20 February 2020.
4098:
4080:
4061:
4046:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3938:
3845:
3820:
3747:
3714:
3649:
3597:
3552:
3497:
3304:
3291:
3148:
3123:
3070:
3045:
3020:
2985:
2950:
2875:
2802:
2782:
2705:
2693:
2653:
2635:
2617:
2599:
2580:
2562:
2544:
2526:
2508:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2436:
2418:
2399:
1909:
1905:"No More Femicide" graffiti art
1660:Gender violence alert mechanism
1491:United Nations General Assembly
892:(10.84 per 100,000 women), and
4675:Thomas Reuters Foundation News
4574:Gallón, Natalie (2020-06-05).
4480:Octavio Garcia (Feb 9, 2020).
4404:. Gutierrez, Norma. 2017-08-28
4176:(in Spanish). January 29, 2021
2587:Grillo, Ioan (July 31, 2013).
2222:
2197:
2134:
2118:
2064:
1383:Violence against migrant women
1247:Discrepancies in femicide data
880:(13.1 per 100,000 women), and
790:Renowned Mexican psychologist
1:
3754:Arriola, Elvia (2011-05-20).
3581:Arriola, Elvia (2007-05-01).
2058:
1328:Sexual harassment and assault
667:Women in the Mexican Drug War
481:International legal framework
6033:United States Virgin Islands
5065:Ortiz, Alexis (2020-03-05).
5020:(accessed October 21, 2022).
4976:10.1080/13552074.2013.802131
4058:Animal Politico, 17 Feb 2020
3898:Livingston, Jessica (2004).
3788:Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2000).
1946:. They avoid the dangers of
1838:protest held outside of the
1836:Ni Una Más (Not Another One)
1595:Title II: Models of Violence
665:began to rise dramatically.
617:includes different forms of
576:Violence against LGBT people
450:Online gender-based violence
146:Violence against prostitutes
7:
4863:México: Secretaría General.
4850:México: Secretaría General.
3858:. Atria Books. p. 72.
3721:Moore, Molly (2000-06-25).
3698:"To Work and Die in Juarez"
3504:Cave, Damien (2012-06-23).
2712:Hamington, Maurice (1995).
2408:"Mexico's Narco-Insurgency"
2346:Latin American Perspectives
2017:Human trafficking in Mexico
1974:
1964:
1464:Andres Manual Lopez Obrador
1452:National Network of Shelter
888:(24.22 per 100,000 women),
826:
735:Women in Aztec civilization
633:, and/or mental abuse. The
10:
6090:
5353:(Documentary), Tumult Film
4633:10.1007/s11673-020-10029-4
3852:Rodriguez, Teresa (2008).
2574:Thomson Reuters Foundation
2247:10.1007/s41685-022-00271-6
2124:“Violence against Women.”
1936:
1857:Un Día Sin Mujeres protest
1790:Attorney General of Mexico
1386:
1367:
1119:
1116:Female maquiladora workers
1066:
1041:
830:
761:Post-colonial gender norms
732:
116:Sexual violence statistics
6008:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5926:
5800:
5741:
5715:
5654:
5593:
5527:
5516:
5472:
5006:10.20318/eunomia.2018.416
3299:World Health Organization
3189:. ROUTLEDGE. p. 36.
3134:. Routledge. p. 17.
2718:. Routledge. p. 16.
2076:World Health Organization
1987:Femicide in Latin America
1863:International Women's Day
1393:Sex trafficking in Mexico
1217:Fátima Cecilia Aldrighett
1203:Fatima Cecilia Aldrighett
1153:Femicide cases: 2019-2021
1038:Femicide in Ciudad Juárez
863:Femicide in Latin America
842:World Health Organization
729:Pre-colonial gender norms
671:sex trafficking in Mexico
435:Intimate partner violence
328:Female genital mutilation
106:Causes of sexual violence
6064:Women's rights in Mexico
6028:Turks and Caicos Islands
5241:(in Spanish). 2020-02-19
5123:(in Spanish). 2020-02-27
4964:Gender & Development
4344:10.1177/1077801206287963
4150:(in Spanish). La Jornada
3475:10.1177/1057567710380914
2798:10.1017/CBO9781139031189
2354:10.1177/0094582x05286092
2211:(in Spanish). 2020-02-27
2072:"Violence against women"
1895:Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller
1792:, recommended in August
1500:Bélem do Pará Convention
5096:UN Women – Headquarters
4326:Ensalaco, Mark (2006).
4017:Al Jazeera, 14 Feb 2020
3277:10.1196/annals.1385.014
2296:10.1196/annals.1385.014
1923:A group in the city of
1840:Palacio de Bellas Artes
1345:program coordinator in
1237:Mariana Sánchez Dávalos
1227:Mariana Sanchez Davalos
786:Alternative perspective
287:Secondary victimisation
111:Child sexual initiation
98:Sexual assault and rape
5958:British Virgin Islands
5465:Violence against women
4421:: CS1 maint: others (
4332:Violence Against Women
3321:. 2014. Archived from
2012:Human rights in Mexico
1992:Violence against women
1906:
1853:
1786:Alejandro Gertz Manero
1553:psychological violence
1528:
1343:UN Women's Safe Cities
1212:
1174:
1063:Maquiladoras and NAFTA
1034:
971:Rate per 100,000 women
571:Violence against women
31:Violence against women
5898:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5202:10.4324/9781003349488
4439:Senthilingam, Meera.
3916:10.1353/fro.2004.0034
3560:Amnesty International
3547:Amnesty International
3233:10.4324/9781003350125
2667:. September 20, 2017.
2629:People's Pundit Daily
2558:. September 25, 2011.
2052:Fourth Transformation
1904:
1861:On March 8, 2020, on
1833:
1524:forced disappearances
1520:
1419:Amnesty International
1231:On February 1, 2021,
1210:
1172:
1032:
869:Amnesty International
621:. It may consist of
619:gender-based violence
445:Marry-your-rapist law
440:Marriage by abduction
297:Virgin cleansing myth
5580:United Arab Emirates
5336:. 10 September 2020.
4627:17, 613–617 (2020).
4470:Proceso, 26 Feb 2020
2788:Socolow, S. (2015).
2576:. November 30, 2017.
2432:. February 23, 2011.
1887:Olga Sánchez Cordero
1881:Responses to protest
1801:Activism and protest
1233:Olga Sánchez Cordero
430:Forced sterilisation
126:Cybersex trafficking
5913:Trinidad and Tobago
5808:Antigua and Barbuda
5430:summit-americas.org
4875:Lettieri, Michael.
3760:Women on the Border
3631:COHA (2009-08-03).
2538:The Washington Post
2504:. February 2, 2010.
2450:. October 19, 2008.
2151:. November 23, 2017
1932:Cultural references
1919:Other organizations
1850:guerrilla sculpture
1810:#Ni Una Más protest
1458:Government response
1122:Maquiladora murders
910:
121:Forced prostitution
6069:Violence in Mexico
5848:Dominican Republic
5098:. 29 November 2017
4770:www.jornada.com.mx
4625:Bioethical Inquiry
4542:on April 12, 2014.
3510:The New York Times
3439:The New York Times
2631:. January 7, 2019.
2522:. August 26, 2010.
2486:. January 2, 2020.
2484:Fox 5 Morning News
2448:The New York Times
2022:Feminism in Mexico
1907:
1854:
1654:restraining orders
1434:On March 23, 2020
1213:
1175:
1161:Abril Perez Sagoan
1147:Abdel Latif Sharif
1035:
908:
886:Acapulco de Juárez
833:Femicide in Mexico
361:Narcissistic abuse
6041:
6040:
5930:other territories
5762:
5761:
5211:978-1-003-34948-8
5039:JUSTICE IN MEXICO
5000:, (14), 162-174.
4906:The Seattle Times
4257:JUSTICE IN MEXICO
4227:JUSTICE IN MEXICO
4033:Los Angeles Times
3865:978-0-7432-9204-7
3806:10.1080/713665778
3242:978-1-003-35012-5
3166:978-0-8263-3519-7
3116:978-0-8263-3519-7
3088:978-0-8263-3519-7
3063:978-0-8263-3519-7
3038:978-0-8263-3519-7
3005:978-0-8263-3519-7
2970:978-0-8263-3519-7
2935:978-0-8263-3519-7
2895:978-0-8263-3519-7
2860:978-0-8263-3519-7
2822:978-0-8263-3519-7
2767:978-0-8263-3519-7
2725:978-1-315-02203-1
2688:Applied Economics
2540:. April 24, 2011.
2185:. August 18, 2017
2105:Los Angeles Times
2037:Domestic violence
1891:Claudia Sheinbaum
1607:domestic violence
1557:economic violence
1446:Linea de la Mujer
1364:Domestic violence
1262:Districto Federal
1027:
1026:
822:Types of violence
612:
611:
467:Toxic masculinity
399:Droit du seigneur
376:Domestic violence
131:Human trafficking
6081:
5998:Saint Barthélemy
5928:Dependencies and
5801:Sovereign states
5789:
5782:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5742:Transcontinental
5522:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5294:. 10 March 2020.
5288:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5231:
5216:
5215:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5159:
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5138:
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5129:
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5113:
5107:
5106:
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5103:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5062:
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5048:
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5030:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4955:
4946:
4945:
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4926:
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4914:
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4898:
4887:
4873:
4864:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4691:
4685:
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4682:
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4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4641:
4635:
4621:
4615:
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4612:
4611:
4596:
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4587:
4586:
4571:
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4517:
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4514:
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4496:
4490:
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4477:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4456:
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4452:
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4420:
4412:
4410:
4409:
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4388:
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4384:
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4364:
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4323:
4317:
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4313:
4299:
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4285:
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4264:
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4211:
4209:
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4159:
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4155:
4139:
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4132:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4012:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3895:
3878:
3877:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:. 12 August 2010
3824:
3818:
3817:
3785:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3696:Nieves, Evelyn.
3693:
3682:
3681:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3578:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3454:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3417:
3411:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3316:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2806:
2800:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2649:. July 17, 2015.
2639:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2613:. April 4, 2015.
2603:
2597:
2596:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2468:. June 18, 2010.
2458:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2360:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2068:
1778:the black figure
1764:female homicides
1685:In the state of
1270:Estado de Mexico
1183:Ingrid Escamilla
1178:Ingrid Escamilla
1142:Francisco Barrio
1084:General Electric
911:
907:
604:
597:
590:
425:Forced pregnancy
18:
17:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6074:Women in Mexico
6044:
6043:
6042:
6037:
5931:
5929:
5922:
5796:
5793:
5763:
5758:
5737:
5711:
5650:
5589:
5523:
5514:
5468:
5462:
5419:
5416:
5414:Further reading
5411:
5402:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5266:. 9 March 2020.
5258:
5257:
5253:
5244:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5219:
5212:
5188:
5181:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5076:
5074:
5063:
5052:
5043:
5041:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5011:
4995:
4991:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4927:
4920:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4890:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4854:
4845:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4773:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4679:
4677:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4642:
4638:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4572:
4563:
4550:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4505:Milenio Digital
4497:
4493:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4437:
4430:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4324:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4140:
4136:
4121:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4094:. Feb 20, 2020.
4086:
4085:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4025:
4021:
4013:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3943:
3939:
3896:
3881:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3832:www.cbsnews.com
3826:
3825:
3821:
3786:
3773:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3727:Washington Post
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3685:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3579:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3502:
3498:
3455:
3446:
3431:
3420:
3412:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3386:. July 17, 2012
3379:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3219:
3212:
3197:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2936:
2920:
2911:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2768:
2752:
2741:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2363:
2343:
2336:
2324:
2311:
2276:
2272:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2032:Sexual violence
2007:Women in Mexico
2002:Crime in Mexico
1977:
1967:
1957:
1939:
1934:
1921:
1912:
1883:
1875:National Palace
1859:
1812:
1803:
1776:la Cifra negra,
1751:
1719:San Luis Potosí
1662:
1620:sexual violence
1581:gender violence
1561:sexual violence
1541:
1512:
1482:
1477:
1460:
1432:
1399:Central America
1395:
1385:
1372:
1370:Women in Mexico
1366:
1330:
1286:San Luis Potosí
1249:
1229:
1205:
1180:
1163:
1155:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1071:
1065:
1046:
1040:
835:
829:
824:
804:
788:
763:
737:
731:
706:
683:
637:(UN) has rated
608:
561:Sex and the law
541:Women's shelter
462:Sexual bullying
420:Forced marriage
410:Forced abortion
333:Gishiri cutting
302:Widow cleansing
292:Sexual violence
12:
11:
5:
6087:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6018:Sint Eustatius
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Cayman Islands
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5702:United Kingdom
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5393:"Each and Her"
5384:
5372:Narcos: México
5362:
5339:
5325:
5297:
5283:
5269:
5251:
5217:
5210:
5179:
5154:
5133:
5108:
5083:
5050:
5022:
5009:
4989:
4970:(2): 265–276.
4947:
4918:
4888:
4865:
4852:
4832:
4818:
4804:
4792:
4782:
4756:
4735:
4710:
4686:
4661:
4636:
4616:
4591:
4561:
4544:
4518:
4491:
4472:
4457:
4428:
4389:
4365:
4338:(5): 417–440.
4318:
4291:
4269:
4239:
4213:
4187:
4161:
4148:jornada.com.mx
4134:
4129:Contra Replica
4115:
4097:
4079:
4074:CNN en Español
4060:
4045:
4019:
4000:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3937:
3879:
3864:
3844:
3819:
3800:(1): 137–155.
3771:
3746:
3713:
3683:
3668:
3648:
3620:
3596:
3564:
3551:
3529:
3496:
3469:(4): 349–365.
3444:
3418:
3397:
3361:
3339:
3303:
3290:
3271:(1): 261–278.
3248:
3241:
3210:
3195:
3172:
3165:
3147:
3140:
3122:
3115:
3094:
3087:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3037:
3019:
3004:
2984:
2969:
2949:
2934:
2909:
2894:
2874:
2859:
2836:
2821:
2801:
2781:
2766:
2739:
2724:
2704:
2692:
2670:
2652:
2634:
2616:
2598:
2579:
2561:
2543:
2525:
2507:
2489:
2471:
2453:
2435:
2417:
2398:
2361:
2334:
2309:
2290:(1): 261–278.
2270:
2241:(1): 135–157.
2221:
2196:
2162:
2133:
2117:
2087:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:Women's rights
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1925:Nezahualcoyotl
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1882:
1879:
1867:Brujas del Mar
1858:
1855:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1772:Impunidad Cero
1750:
1747:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1628:stigmatization
1540:
1537:
1511:
1508:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1459:
1456:
1431:
1428:
1384:
1381:
1365:
1362:
1329:
1326:
1248:
1245:
1228:
1225:
1204:
1201:
1179:
1176:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1114:
1064:
1061:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
823:
820:
803:
802:Economic roots
800:
787:
784:
762:
759:
730:
727:
705:
702:
682:
681:Cultural roots
679:
635:United Nations
610:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
530:
529:
528:Related topics
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
484:
483:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
350:
349:
348:
347:
342:
341:
340:
335:
325:
323:Breast ironing
320:
312:
311:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
260:Sexual assault
257:
256:
255:
250:
248:Unacknowledged
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
155:
150:
149:
148:
143:
141:Sexual slavery
138:
133:
128:
118:
113:
108:
100:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
75:Pregnant women
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
39:
38:
34:
33:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6086:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5925:
5919:
5918:United States
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:United States
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
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4606:. 15 May 2020
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4604:reliefweb.int
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4307:openDemocracy
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4174:Vanguardia MX
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4131:(in Spanish).
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3328:on 2014-09-13
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1955:In television
1949:
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1944:Ciudad Juarez
1941:
1940:
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1848:, a feminist
1847:
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1845:Antimonumenta
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1377:Nadine Gasman
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1073:In 1993, the
1070:
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1049:Ciudad Juárez
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711:Hernan Cortes
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663:Ciudad Juárez
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510:Belém do Pará
508:
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423:
421:
418:
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415:Force-feeding
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:
396:
392:
391:and pregnancy
389:
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310:Disfigurement
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147:
144:
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137:
136:Fetish slaves
134:
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127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
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103:
102:
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97:
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88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
55:Honor killing
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:Bride burning
43:
42:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
6023:Sint Maarten
6003:Saint Martin
5882:
5630:
5575:Saudi Arabia
5505:South Africa
5428:General Laws
5401:. Retrieved
5399:. 2017-07-12
5396:
5387:
5377:, retrieved
5371:
5365:
5355:, retrieved
5349:
5342:
5328:
5317:. Retrieved
5314:the Guardian
5313:
5286:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5243:. Retrieved
5239:El Universal
5238:
5192:
5171:. Retrieved
5169:. 2022-04-26
5167:the Guardian
5166:
5157:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:El Universal
5120:
5111:
5100:. Retrieved
5095:
5086:
5075:. Retrieved
5073:(in Spanish)
5071:El Universal
5070:
5042:. Retrieved
5038:
5012:
4997:
4992:
4967:
4963:
4939:. Retrieved
4937:(in Spanish)
4934:
4910:. Retrieved
4908:. 2017-10-11
4905:
4880:
4876:
4860:
4855:
4847:
4821:
4795:
4785:
4774:. Retrieved
4772:(in Spanish)
4769:
4759:
4748:. Retrieved
4746:(in Spanish)
4738:
4727:. Retrieved
4725:. 2020-07-22
4723:the Guardian
4722:
4713:
4702:. Retrieved
4698:
4689:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4653:. Retrieved
4649:
4639:
4624:
4619:
4608:. Retrieved
4603:
4594:
4583:. Retrieved
4579:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4540:the original
4509:. Retrieved
4507:(in Spanish)
4504:
4494:
4485:
4475:
4468:(in Spanish)
4460:
4449:. Retrieved
4444:
4406:. Retrieved
4401:
4392:
4381:. Retrieved
4377:
4368:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4310:. Retrieved
4306:
4282:. Retrieved
4272:
4261:. Retrieved
4259:. 2020-06-12
4256:
4231:. Retrieved
4226:
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4199:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4173:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4147:
4137:
4128:
4118:
4110:El Universal
4109:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4063:
4056:(in Spanish)
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4032:
4022:
3996:(in English)
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3907:
3903:
3854:
3847:
3836:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3797:
3793:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:
3749:
3738:. Retrieved
3726:
3716:
3705:. Retrieved
3702:Mother Jones
3701:
3658:
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3612:. Retrieved
3608:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3559:
3554:
3549:, July 2012.
3546:
3521:. Retrieved
3509:
3499:
3466:
3462:
3438:
3388:. Retrieved
3383:
3355:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3318:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3268:
3264:
3223:
3185:
3156:
3150:
3131:
3125:
3106:
3078:
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3028:
3022:
2994:
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2924:
2884:
2877:
2849:
2811:
2804:
2789:
2784:
2756:
2714:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2664:
2655:
2647:Deseret News
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2611:The Guardian
2610:
2601:
2592:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2345:
2329:
2326:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:El Universal
2208:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2153:. Retrieved
2148:
2136:
2125:
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2103:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
1922:
1913:
1910:Art activism
1884:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1843:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1727:Quintana Roo
1684:
1663:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:human rights
1585:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1483:
1468:
1461:
1444:
1433:
1396:
1373:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1250:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1164:
1156:
1134:
1125:
1106:maquiladoras
1101:maquiladoras
1099:
1072:
1047:
970:
867:
836:
816:
805:
792:Samuel Ramos
789:
764:
738:
715:Tenochtitlan
713:, landed in
707:
684:
675:
659:
652:
648:
614:
613:
472:Witch trials
454:
397:
371:Dating abuse
353:Other issues
345:Foot binding
338:Infibulation
168:By Deception
163:Acquaintance
15:
5993:Puerto Rico
5903:Saint Lucia
5853:El Salvador
5733:New Zealand
5570:Philippines
5535:Afghanistan
5149:(2), 759+.
4486:W Radio.com
4402:www.loc.gov
4284:October 20,
4206:February 1,
4200:Tabasco HOY
4180:February 1,
4154:February 1,
3609:The Balance
1814:The slogan
1644:stereotypes
1403:El Salvador
1339:Mexico City
1320:Data Civica
1069:Maquiladora
780:Virgin Mary
776:Virgin Mary
566:Victimology
546:25 November
405:Eve teasing
366:Gaslighting
318:Acid attack
65:Infanticide
50:Dowry death
6048:Categories
5988:Montserrat
5983:Martinique
5978:Guadeloupe
5833:Costa Rica
5540:Bangladesh
5467:by country
5403:2022-11-08
5379:2022-11-08
5357:2022-10-20
5350:Luchadoras
5319:2021-03-24
5245:2021-03-24
5173:2022-10-21
5127:2022-10-14
5102:2022-10-14
5077:2022-10-14
5044:2022-10-14
4941:2018-05-16
4912:2018-05-14
4801:Categories
4776:2022-10-17
4750:2022-10-17
4729:2022-10-17
4704:2022-10-17
4680:2022-10-17
4655:2022-10-17
4610:2022-10-17
4585:2022-10-17
4451:2018-05-28
4408:2018-05-28
4383:2018-05-21
4312:2022-10-17
4263:2022-10-17
4233:2022-10-17
3998:2 Dec 2019
3952:(2), 18+.
3946:The Nation
3874:1023056514
3838:2022-10-21
3765:2022-10-16
3740:2022-10-16
3707:2022-10-16
3642:2022-10-16
3614:2022-10-16
3523:2018-05-21
3416:Dec. 2017.
3205:1114571276
3014:1273002131
2979:1273002131
2944:1273002131
2904:1273002131
2869:1273002131
2831:1273002131
2776:1273002131
2392:2018-05-14
2215:2022-10-20
2111:2018-05-21
2081:2018-05-21
2059:References
1820:Ni Una Más
1816:Ni Una Más
1703:Nuevo León
1387:See also:
1368:See also:
1315:Casa Amiga
1294:Tamaulipas
1274:Guanajuato
1138:Chihuahuas
1120:See also:
1067:See also:
1042:See also:
856:, and the
808:neoliberal
796:"machista"
733:See also:
719:marianismo
698:marianismo
686:Susan Pick
556:By country
551:6 February
386:management
275:In Service
233:Statistics
223:Prevention
173:Corrective
85:Sororicide
5973:Greenland
5888:Nicaragua
5863:Guatemala
5723:Australia
5646:Venezuela
5626:Guatemala
5601:Argentina
4984:1355-2074
4092:BBC World
3932:144659311
3924:1536-0334
3814:1045-7224
3735:0190-8286
3678:930805772
3518:0362-4331
3491:144818023
3483:1057-5677
3285:0077-8923
2734:880452384
2304:0077-8923
2255:2509-7946
1834:The 2019
1695:Michoacán
1532:Committee
1514:The 2012
1415:Nicaragua
1407:Guatemala
1306:Chihuahua
1193:La Prensa
1188:La Prensa
1140:Governor
1053:Chihuahua
898:Chihuahua
882:Zacatecas
623:emotional
238:Statutory
218:Pregnancy
198:Genocidal
90:Uxoricide
70:Matricide
5938:Anguilla
5873:Honduras
5843:Dominica
5818:Barbados
5594:Americas
5565:Pakistan
5545:Cambodia
5485:Ethiopia
5264:BBC News
4699:Statista
4417:cite web
4360:19975572
4352:16617169
3319:UN Women
2556:BBC News
2520:CBS News
2430:BBC News
2387:UN Women
2330:Sciences
2042:UN Women
1982:Femicide
1975:See also
1965:In books
1948:femicide
1842:and the
1739:Viajemos
1723:Guerrero
1707:Veracruz
1441:COVID-19
1436:Mexico's
1411:Honduras
1302:Veracruz
1278:Guerrero
1241:Ocosingo
903:Femicide
878:Guerrero
850:UN Women
838:Femicide
827:Femicide
772:machista
747:and the
723:machismo
694:machismo
627:physical
520:Istanbul
60:Femicide
23:a series
21:Part of
5968:Curaçao
5953:Bonaire
5948:Bermuda
5878:Jamaica
5858:Grenada
5813:Bahamas
5716:Oceania
5707:Ukraine
5687:Ireland
5677:Germany
5667:Belgium
5662:Belarus
5606:Bolivia
5585:Vietnam
5500:Nigeria
5495:Namibia
5490:Morocco
5397:UAPress
4511:Oct 14,
4378:NPR.org
4038:Feb 20,
3390:Oct 20,
3332:June 5,
2466:Reuters
2264:9797880
2189:June 5,
2155:June 5,
1937:In film
1742:Seguras
1731:Nayarit
1711:Sinaloa
1699:Chiapas
1691:Morelos
1493:(UNGA)
1424:coyotes
1298:Tabasco
1290:Sinaloa
1282:Morelos
1266:Durango
1254:Chiapas
890:Tijuana
768:Cacicas
754:Nahuatl
745:Quechua
381:outline
253:Wartime
213:Marital
203:History
188:Factors
183:Effects
37:Killing
5893:Panama
5883:Mexico
5828:Canada
5823:Belize
5754:Turkey
5749:Russia
5682:Greece
5672:France
5655:Europe
5631:Mexico
5616:Canada
5611:Brazil
5560:Israel
5510:Uganda
5473:Africa
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1258:Colima
1197:Pasala
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1057:Juárez
894:Juárez
874:Colima
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741:Mexica
639:Mexico
631:sexual
515:Maputo
456:Raptio
265:Campus
243:Threat
228:Prison
5943:Aruba
5868:Haiti
5697:Spain
5692:Italy
5621:Chile
5555:India
5550:China
4356:S2CID
3928:S2CID
3487:S2CID
3380:(PDF)
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3326:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
1469:pesos
1088:Alcoa
1079:NAFTA
965:2016
962:2015
959:2014
956:2013
953:2012
950:2011
947:2010
944:2009
941:2008
938:2007
935:2006
932:2005
929:2004
926:2003
923:2002
920:2001
917:2000
914:Year
505:DEVAW
495:CEDAW
490:DEDAW
270:Child
6013:Saba
5838:Cuba
5728:Fiji
5636:Peru
5528:Asia
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4980:ISSN
4559:(6).
4513:2019
4423:link
4348:PMID
4286:2022
4208:2021
4182:2021
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3860:ISBN
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2890:ISBN
2865:OCLC
2855:ISBN
2827:OCLC
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2762:ISBN
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2251:ISSN
2191:2018
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5198:doi
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