439:
885:
132:
750:
125:
773:
588:
43:
723:
Different sources vary on the average elevation of the
Vindhyas, depending on their definition of the range. M. C. Chaturvedi mentions the average elevation as 300 metres (980 ft). Pradeep Sharma states that the "general elevation" of the Vindhyas is 300–650 metres (980–2,130 ft), with the
867:
then asked
Vindhya to lower itself, in order to facilitate his passage across to the south. In reverence for Agastya, the Vindhya lowered its height and promised not to grow until Agastya returned to the north. Agastya settled in the south, and the Vindhya mountain, true to its word, never grew
819:
Vindhyas appear prominently in the Indian mythological tales. Although the
Vindhyas are not very high, historically, they were considered highly inaccessible and dangerous due to dense vegetation and the hostile tribes residing there. In the older Sanskrit texts, such as the
240:
Technically, the
Vindhyas do not form a single mountain range in the geological sense. The exact extent of the Vindhyas is loosely defined, and historically, the term covered a number of distinct hill systems in central India, including the one that is now known as the
555:
was located across this sea. Many scholars have attempted to explain this anomaly in different ways. According to one theory, the term "Vindhyas" covered a number of mountains to the south of the Indo-Aryan territories at the time
Ramayana was written. Others, such as
363:
states that the great mountain
Vindhya that was growing incessantly and obstructing the path of the Sun stopped growing any more in obedience to Agastya's words. According to another theory, the name "Vindhya" means "hunter" in Sanskrit, and may refer to the
984:) have been discovered from Vindhya basin dating back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago. Shelled creatures are documented to have first evolved at the start of the Cambrian 'explosion of life', about 550 million years ago.
946:
rivers drain the southern slopes of the
Vindhyas. Both these rivers rise in the Maikal hills, which are now defined as an extension of the Satpuras, although several older texts use the term Vindhyas to cover them (see
1433:
727:
The highest point of the
Vindhyas is the Sad-bhawna Shikhar ("Goodwill Peak"), which lies 752 metres (2,467 ft) above the sea level. Also known as the Kalumar peak or Kalumbe peak, it lies near
633:
The principal
Vindhya range forms the southern escarpment of the Central Indian upland. It runs roughly parallel to the Naramada river in the east-west direction, forming the southern wall of the
1148:
The Cyclopædia of India and of
Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures
640:
The eastern portion of the Vindhyas comprises multiple chains, as the range divides into branches east of Malwa. A southern chain of Vindhyas runs between the upper reaches of the
784:
The Vindhyas are regarded as the traditional geographical boundary between northern and southern India, and have a distinguished status in both mythology and
881:, the King Rajahamsa of Magadha and his ministers create a new colony in the Vindhya forest, after being forced out of their kingdom following a war defeat.
512:, that is, India. The exact identification of these three ranges is difficult due to contrasting descriptions in the various texts. For example, the
430:. The term "Vindhyas" is defined by convention, and therefore, the exact definition of the Vindhya range has varied at different times in history.
816:) spread to the south of Vindhyas later, the Vindhyas continued to be seen as the traditional boundary between the north and the south of India.
595:
Today, the definition of the Vindhyas is primarily restricted to the Central Indian escarpments, hills and highlands located to the north of the
62:
284:(to obstruct) and is in reference to a mythological story. The Vindhya range is also known as "Vindhyachala" or "Vindhyachal"; the suffix
438:
414:
The Vindhyas do not form a single range in the proper geological sense: the hills collectively known as the Vindhyas do not lie along an
756:
1113:
1950:
1221:
A few brief Memoranda of some of the public services rendered by Lieut.-Colonel Outram, C. B.: Printed for private circulation
1779:
1752:
1725:
1681:
1654:
1622:
1595:
1545:
1498:
1468:
1413:
1386:
1330:
1277:
1250:
1182:
2420:
749:
124:
2410:
2405:
1067:
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780:
in this map. Note that historically, the term "Vindhyas" covered the Satpura range that lies to the south of Narmada.
532:
Puranas mention the Rksa as its source. Some texts use the term Vindhyas to describe all the hills in Central India.
884:
1840:
2430:
933:
2206:
788:. In the ancient Indian texts, the Vindhyas are seen as the demarcating line between the territories of the
2425:
321:
are spoken south of the Vindhyas, the range continues to be considered as the traditional boundary between
55:
2415:
2260:
1347:
446:
Earlier, the term "Vindhyas" was used in a wider sense and included a number of hill ranges between the
1943:
1587:
Narmadāparikramā – Circumambulation of the Narmadā River: On the Tradition of a Unique Hindu Pilgrimage
2316:
1003:
724:
range rarely going over 700 metres (2,300 ft) during its 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) extent.
676:
is known as the Panna range. Another northern extension (known as the Vindhyachal hills) runs up to
2321:
1841:"The controversial "Cambrian" fossils of the Vindhyan are real but more than a billion years older"
998:
454:. According to the various definitions mentioned in the older texts, the Vindhyas extend up to the
17:
1769:
2380:
2375:
2345:
2311:
1910:
789:
572:
557:
218:
2306:
2270:
2068:
1146:
493:
1742:
1715:
1671:
1562:
1376:
1267:
1240:
2332:
2291:
2028:
1936:
1642:
1585:
1535:
1458:
1436:
1403:
1320:
1225:
1168:
792:
and that of the others. The most ancient Hindu texts consider it as the southern boundary of
739:(1,000 m+ or 3,300 ft+) in the Vindhyas, but today, it is considered a part of the
712:
1612:
359:) states that the Vindhyas once obstructed the path of the sun, resulting in this name. The
2104:
1855:
1099:
963:
403:
318:
273:
in the east. The average elevation of the Vindhyas is also dependent on different sources.
197:
904:
Several tributaries of the Ganga-Yamuna system originate from the Vindhyas. These include
8:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2301:
2237:
2232:
2151:
2078:
1293:
1174:
808:
tribes reside in the forests of the Vindhyas. Although the Indo-Aryan languages (such as
561:
501:
447:
1859:
2355:
2340:
2296:
2286:
2048:
1886:
1821:
877:
785:
314:
2370:
2166:
2003:
1891:
1873:
1825:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1677:
1650:
1638:
1618:
1591:
1541:
1494:
1464:
1409:
1382:
1326:
1301:
1273:
1246:
1219:
1178:
1063:
1033:
981:
825:
693:
551:. It further implies that the sea was located just to the south of the Vindhyas, and
2186:
2053:
1914:
1881:
1863:
1811:
1484:
993:
960:
929:
813:
809:
579:
ruler Anantavarman mentions the Nagarjuni hill of Bihar as a part of the Vindhyas.
521:
497:
304:
1515:
1093:
2038:
1698:
1488:
1202:
1057:
1027:
801:
669:
665:
653:
496:) mention three mountain ranges in Central India: Vindhya (or "Vindhya proper"),
368:
330:
300:
1614:
Classic Legendary Hero Stories: Extraordinary Tales of Honor, Courage, and Valor
832:. The later texts describe the Vindhya range as the residence of fierce form of
422:
ridge. The Vindhya range is actually a group of discontinuous chain of mountain
2114:
2099:
2043:
1998:
1848:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1796:
893:
732:
627:
619:
611:
455:
451:
374:
The Vindhya range is also known as "Vindhyachala" or "Vindhyachal"; the suffix
309:
254:
223:
167:
560:, believe that there was another mountain in South India, with the same name.
469:, the term Vindhya specifically covers the mountain range located between the
394:
called the range Vindius or Ouindion, describing it as the source of Namados (
2399:
2227:
2201:
2023:
2013:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1877:
970:
939:
905:
845:
677:
596:
565:
529:
525:
517:
509:
485:
uses the name "Vindhya-pada" ("foot of the Vindhyas") for the Satpura range.
482:
478:
470:
307:. Several ancient texts mention the Vindhyas as the southern boundary of the
262:
250:
242:
193:
179:
77:
64:
1868:
1305:
1055:
591:
Map of prominent mountain ranges in India, showing Vindhyas in central India
2176:
2171:
2083:
1895:
913:
740:
708:
657:
645:
513:
459:
270:
171:
1928:
1918:
707:
is a plateau that lies to the north of the central part of the range. The
2265:
2161:
2135:
2033:
925:
917:
909:
853:
849:
797:
685:
673:
547:(Ramayana IV-46. 17), which is identified with a part of the present-day
474:
383:
326:
322:
1839:
Bengtson, S.; Belivanova, V.; Rasmussen, B.; Whitehouse, M. (May 2009).
735:, in the area known as Bhanrer or Panna hills. Historical texts include
249:
and its hilly extensions that runs north of and roughly parallel to the
2196:
2073:
2063:
2018:
1960:
1816:
1429:
1405:
Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Waters: Advances in Development and Management
860:
736:
728:
649:
544:
427:
343:
246:
230:
144:
Topographic map of India showing the highest point of the Vindhya range
892:
The Vindhyas are one of the only two mountain ranges mentioned in the
402:) rivers. The "Daksinaparvata" ("Southern Mountain") mentioned in the
2058:
1974:
1838:
977:
943:
921:
888:
A map of the "Vindhyan Series" from Geological Survey of India (1871)
859:
According to one legend, the Vindhya mountain once competed with the
848:("Vindhya dweller"), and a temple dedicated to her is located in the
844:), who has lived there since slaying the demons. She is described as
793:
777:
772:
760:
661:
641:
623:
615:
607:
548:
415:
99:
1908:
936:. The northern slopes of the Vindhyas are drained by these rivers.
872:
821:
697:
618:
peninsula. A series of hills connects the Vindhya extension to the
576:
540:
419:
360:
348:
277:
105:
864:
805:
603:
536:
466:
395:
391:
365:
258:
175:
602:
The western end of the Vindhya range is located in the state of
2244:
2211:
2191:
2109:
1056:
Anura Goonasekera; Cees J. Hamelink; Venkat Iyer, eds. (2003).
973:
833:
689:
681:
25:
Series of mountain ranges and highlands in north-central India
2181:
2119:
1797:"Age of the Vindhyan Supergroup: A review of recent findings"
1563:"Influence of the Aryans upon the Aboriginal speech of India"
959:
The "Vindhyan Supergroup" is one of the largest and thickest
841:
829:
715:
plateaus are also collectively known as the Vindhya plateau.
634:
587:
552:
423:
399:
293:
266:
234:
226:
183:
157:
1717:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
824:, they are described as the unknown territory infested with
2156:
837:
504:(or Paripatra). The three ranges are included in the seven
1767:
672:
of Bihar. The branch of the Vindhya range spanning across
652:. A northern chain of the Vindhyas continues eastwards as
42:
1401:
1170:
Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records
871:
The Kishkindha Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana mentions that
488:
Several ancient Indian texts and inscriptions (e.g. the
1610:
863:, growing so high that it obstructed the sun. The sage
743:, which is considered as an extension of the Satpuras.
257:. Depending on the definition, the range extends up to
1909:
Rex Dalton & Killugudi Jayaraman (22 April 2009).
1265:
856:
mentions the Vindhyas as the "eternal abode" of Kali.
524:
Puranas mention Vindhya as the source of Tapti; while
1740:
1537:
Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage
1200:
1703:. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. Bhārata Press.
1520:. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli. Bhārata Press.
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
644:
and Narmada rivers to meet the Satpura Range in the
599:. Some of these are actually distinct hill systems.
543:
describes Vindhya as being situated to the south of
1322:
The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products
1292:
1091:
477:rivers; that is, the one which is now known as the
1645:. In John Stratton Hawley; Donna M. Wulff (eds.).
776:The Vindhyas are seen as the southern boundary of
1794:
1676:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 166.
1637:
1076:
664:. This extended range runs through what was once
2397:
1643:"Vindhyavasini: Local Goddess yet Great Goddess"
1483:
1456:
1353:. Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat
1911:"Indian fossil find resolves fraud accusations"
1166:
1025:
1529:
1527:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1196:
1194:
1144:
442:Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh
16:"Vindhya" redirects here. For other uses, see
1944:
1774:. Pearson Education India. pp. 323–326.
1238:
1114:"Sloka & Translation | Valmiki Ramayanam"
1713:
1663:
1402:Mahesh Chandra Chaturvedi (27 August 2012).
1312:
1217:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
954:
626:. The Vindhya range rises in height east of
245:. Today, the term principally refers to the
1958:
1734:
1631:
1604:
1583:
1554:
1524:
1381:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 209.
1365:
1318:
1269:Literary and Historical Studies in Indology
1259:
1242:Professor H.C. Raychaudhuri, as a Historian
1191:
1062:. Eastern Universities Press. p. 186.
948:
341:According to the author of a commentary on
1951:
1937:
1707:
1577:
1560:
1533:
1493:. Oxford University Press. p. xviii.
1450:
1395:
1245:. Northern Book Centre. pp. 128–130.
356:
299:The Vindhyas have a great significance in
1885:
1867:
1815:
1761:
1696:
1513:
1300:. Pune: Manohar Granthamala. p. 16.
1266:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi (1 January 1975).
1131:
582:
433:
355:(to obstruct). A mythological story (see
1669:
1611:Stephen Vincent Brennan (January 2006).
1232:
1211:
883:
771:
767:
586:
437:
1345:
1151:. Bernard Quaritch. pp. 1017–1018.
2398:
1720:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 124.
406:is also identified with the Vindhyas.
336:
217:
1932:
1771:Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2009
1768:Edgar Thorpe; Showick Thorpe (2008).
1162:
1160:
1158:
426:, hill ranges, highlands and plateau
382:(Hindi) refers to a mountain. In the
276:The word Vindhya is derived from the
229:, hill ranges, highlands and plateau
131:
1272:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 212.
1051:
1049:
1021:
1019:
875:built a mansion in the Vindhyas. In
347:, the word Vindhya derives from the
1795:Jyotiranjan S Ray (February 2006).
1744:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas
1649:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 49.
1224:. Smith Elder and Company. p.
1095:The Mégha dúta; or, Cloud messenger
386:, the range is also referred to as
333:was named after the Vindhya Range.
13:
1673:Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother
1155:
14:
2442:
1747:. Sarup & Sons. p. 871.
1617:. Globe Pequot Press. p. 5.
1059:Cultural Rights in a Global World
1046:
1016:
896:, the other being the Himalayas.
1540:. Indus Publishing. p. 32.
1490:A Concise History of South India
748:
680:, stopping before the shores of
564:placed the location of Lanka in
130:
123:
41:
1902:
1832:
1804:Journal of Earth System Science
1788:
1690:
1507:
1477:
1422:
1339:
1286:
1207:. Clarendon Press. p. 316.
606:, near the state's border with
313:, the territory of the ancient
1741:Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001).
1463:. APH Publishing. p. 15.
1201:William Wilson Hunter (1908).
1106:
684:at multiple places, including
222:) is a complex, discontinuous
1:
2207:Protected areas in Tamil Nadu
1348:"Physical Geology of Gujarat"
1029:Myths and Traditions in India
1009:
614:, at the eastern side of the
500:(also Rksavat or Riksha) and
1517:The Mahabharata (12.58.3211)
1092:Kalidasa, HH Wilson (1843).
718:
7:
2421:Landforms of Madhya Pradesh
2261:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1573:. Jameson & Morse: 122.
1204:Imperial Gazetteer of India
987:
852:town of Uttar Pradesh. The
637:plateau in Madhya Pradesh.
10:
2447:
660:, which runs north of the
104:"Obstructor" or "Hunter" (
15:
2330:
2279:
2253:
2220:
2144:
2128:
2092:
1967:
1700:The Mahabharata (4.6.232)
1670:Vanamali (21 July 2008).
1457:K. Sankaran Unni (1996).
1408:. CRC Press. p. 19.
1378:Human Geography: The Land
1325:. Routledge. p. 35.
1004:Central Highlands (India)
955:Geology and palaeontology
899:
409:
296:) refers to a mountain.
189:
163:
153:
117:
112:
98:
93:
54:
49:
40:
35:
30:
2411:Ancient Indian mountains
2406:Mountain ranges of India
1647:Devī: Goddesses of India
1567:The American Antiquarian
1460:Ecology of River Narmada
1167:PK Bhattacharya (1977).
1026:Prabhakar Patil (2004).
999:Geology of the Himalayas
894:national anthem of India
573:Barabar Cave inscription
18:Vindhya (disambiguation)
1869:10.1073/pnas.0812460106
1375:Pradeep Sharma (2007).
1145:Edward Balfour (1885).
558:Frederick Eden Pargiter
390:. The Greek geographer
371:inhabiting the region.
2271:Atolls of the Maldives
2069:Chittagong Hill Tracts
1239:Harihar Panda (2007).
1118:www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in
949:Historical definitions
889:
781:
759:Vindhyas as seen from
592:
583:Present-day definition
508:("clan mountains") of
494:Gautamiputra Satakarni
443:
434:Historical definitions
2431:Mountains in Buddhism
1919:10.1038/news.2009.383
1714:Roshen Dalal (2014).
1590:. BRILL. p. 20.
1218:James Outram (1853).
887:
775:
768:Cultural significance
668:, reaching up to the
590:
458:in the south and the
441:
78:23.46667°N 79.74028°E
36:Vindhyachal, Vindhyas
1584:Jürgen Neuß (2012).
1430:"Places of Interest"
1319:W.W. Hunter (2013).
404:Kaushitaki Upanishad
319:Indo-Aryan languages
198:Chota Nagpur Plateau
178:, Southern parts of
2426:Geography of Ujjain
2152:Indo-Gangetic plain
1860:2009PNAS..106.7729B
1561:John Avery (1880).
1534:M.S. Kohli (2002).
1294:Madhav Vinayak Kibe
1175:Motilal Banarsidass
1032:. BPI. p. 75.
969:The earliest known
562:Madhav Vinayak Kibe
448:Indo-Gangetic plain
337:Etymology and names
74: /
2416:Geography of Malwa
2079:Gandhamardan Hills
2049:Sulaiman Mountains
1817:10.1007/BF02703031
1697:Ved Vyasa (1886).
1514:Ved Vyasa (1886).
1177:. pp. 60–69.
890:
878:Dashakumaracharita
800:mentions that the
786:geography of India
782:
705:Vindhyan tableland
593:
444:
388:Vindhyapadaparvata
315:Indo-Aryan peoples
269:in the north, and
219:[ʋɪnd̪ʱjə]
83:23.46667; 79.74028
50:Highest point
2393:
2392:
2167:Indus River Delta
1854:(19): 7729–7734.
1781:978-81-317-2300-5
1754:978-81-7625-226-3
1727:978-81-8475-396-7
1683:978-1-59477-785-1
1656:978-81-208-1491-2
1639:Cynthia Ann Humes
1624:978-1-59228-872-4
1597:978-90-04-22857-3
1547:978-81-7387-135-1
1500:978-0-19-809977-2
1470:978-81-7024-765-4
1415:978-1-4398-7376-2
1388:978-81-8356-290-4
1332:978-1-136-38301-4
1298:Location of Lanka
1279:978-81-208-0417-3
1252:978-81-7211-210-3
1184:978-81-208-3394-4
982:filamentous algae
694:Mirzapur District
398:) and Nanagouna (
317:. Although today
224:chain of mountain
203:
202:
2438:
2187:Coromandel Coast
2054:Toba Kakar Range
1983:
1953:
1946:
1939:
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1929:
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1504:
1485:Noboru Karashima
1481:
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1208:
1198:
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1142:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1023:
994:Geology of India
752:
535:In one passage,
369:hunter-gatherers
301:Indian mythology
233:in west-central
221:
216:
134:
133:
127:
89:
88:
86:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
45:
28:
27:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2326:
2275:
2249:
2216:
2140:
2124:
2088:
2039:Anaimalai Hills
1979:
1963:
1957:
1927:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1165:
1156:
1143:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1090:
1077:
1070:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1017:
1012:
990:
957:
902:
770:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
721:
670:Kaimur district
666:Vindhya Pradesh
654:Bhander Plateau
585:
436:
412:
339:
331:Vindhya Pradesh
214:
209:(also known as
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:
82:
80:
76:
73:
68:
65:
63:
61:
60:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
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2373:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:Mysore Plateau
2112:
2110:Ladakh Plateau
2107:
2102:
2100:Deccan Plateau
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Cardamom Hills
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Himachal Range
2026:
2024:Shivalik Hills
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Aravalli Range
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1901:
1831:
1810:(1): 149–160.
1787:
1780:
1760:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1689:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1596:
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1506:
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1421:
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1394:
1387:
1364:
1338:
1331:
1311:
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1278:
1258:
1251:
1231:
1210:
1190:
1183:
1154:
1130:
1105:
1075:
1068:
1045:
1038:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
986:
966:in the world.
956:
953:
901:
898:
769:
766:
755:
754:
747:
746:
745:
733:Damoh district
720:
717:
628:Chhota Udaipur
620:Aravalli Range
612:Madhya Pradesh
584:
581:
490:Nasik Prasasti
462:in the north.
452:Deccan Plateau
435:
432:
411:
408:
378:(Sanskrit) or
338:
335:
288:(Sanskrit) or
255:Madhya Pradesh
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
168:Madhya Pradesh
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
102:
96:
95:
91:
90:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2443:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2379:
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2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
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2357:
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2349:
2347:
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2336:
2334:
2329:
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2320:
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2313:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:Coastal India
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Rann of Kutch
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Satpura Range
2012:
2010:
2009:Vindhya Range
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Eastern Ghats
1992:
1990:
1989:Western Ghats
1987:
1982:
1981:Mount Everest
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:Geography of
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1349:
1346:VN Kulkarni.
1342:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1069:9789812102355
1065:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1039:9788186982792
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:
971:multicellular
967:
965:
962:
952:
950:
945:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
886:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:Vindhyavasini
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
779:
774:
762:
757:
751:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Uttar Pradesh
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Narmada River
589:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:Central India
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:Bharatavarsha
507:
506:Kula Parvatas
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:Varaha Purana
480:
479:Satpura Range
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
334:
332:
329:. The former
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
263:Uttar Pradesh
261:in the west,
260:
256:
252:
251:Narmada River
248:
244:
243:Satpura Range
238:
236:
232:
228:
225:
220:
212:
208:
207:Vindhya Range
199:
195:
194:Satpura Range
192:
188:
185:
181:
180:Uttar Pradesh
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
138:Vindhya Range
126:
116:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
92:
87:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
31:Vindhya Range
29:
23:
19:
2381:Southeastern
2376:Southwestern
2356:Northeastern
2346:Northwestern
2177:Ganges Delta
2172:Ganges Basin
2162:Indus Valley
2105:Chota Nagpur
2084:Lushai Hills
2008:
1904:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1692:
1672:
1665:
1646:
1633:
1613:
1606:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1509:
1489:
1479:
1459:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1424:
1404:
1397:
1377:
1355:. Retrieved
1341:
1321:
1314:
1297:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1241:
1234:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1169:
1147:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1108:
1094:
1058:
1028:
968:
958:
938:
903:
891:
876:
870:
858:
818:
783:
741:Maikal Range
726:
722:
704:
702:
658:Kaimur Range
646:Maikal Hills
639:
632:
601:
594:
570:
534:
505:
489:
487:
464:
445:
413:
387:
379:
375:
373:
352:
342:
340:
308:
298:
289:
285:
281:
275:
271:Chhattisgarh
239:
210:
206:
204:
172:Chhattisgarh
22:
2322:Afghanistan
2266:Lakshadweep
2136:Thar Desert
2034:Khasi Hills
1098:. pp.
964:successions
961:sedimentary
854:Mahabharata
850:Vindhyachal
798:Mahabharata
790:Indo-Aryans
686:Vindhyachal
674:Bundelkhand
465:In certain
428:escarpments
384:Mahabharata
327:south India
231:escarpments
211:Vindhyachal
81: /
56:Coordinates
2400:Categories
2312:Bangladesh
2280:By country
2238:West Coast
2233:East Coast
2197:Sundarbans
2074:Naga Hills
2064:Hindu Kush
2019:Garo Hills
1961:South Asia
1913:. Nature.
1010:References
978:eukaryotes
930:Kali Sindh
861:Mount Meru
804:and other
737:Amarkantak
729:Singrampur
650:Amarkantak
545:Kishkindha
416:anticlinal
344:Amarakosha
247:escarpment
215:pronounced
190:Borders on
69:79°44′25″E
2307:Sri Lanka
2059:Karakoram
1975:Himalayas
1968:Mountains
1878:0027-8424
1826:129093679
868:further.
836:(goddess
826:cannibals
794:Aryavarta
778:Aryavarta
761:Bhimbetka
719:Elevation
662:Son River
624:Champaner
616:Kathiawar
608:Rajasthan
549:Karnataka
522:Brahmanda
502:Pariyatra
420:synclinal
310:Āryāvarta
113:Geography
100:Etymology
66:23°28′0″N
2366:Southern
2361:Littoral
2351:Northern
2317:Maldives
2292:Pakistan
2145:Lowlands
2093:Plateaus
2004:Nilgiris
1896:19416859
1641:(1998).
1487:(2014).
1306:33286332
1296:(1947).
988:See also
951:above).
822:Ramayana
802:Nishadas
698:Varanasi
696:), near
577:Maukhari
541:Ramayana
473:and the
456:Godavari
450:and the
361:Ramayana
349:Sanskrit
278:Sanskrit
106:Sanskrit
2341:Central
2254:Islands
2129:Deserts
1887:2683128
1856:Bibcode
1442:20 June
1357:20 June
1123:2 April
974:fossils
940:Narmada
934:Parbati
906:Chambal
865:Agastya
814:Konkani
810:Marathi
806:Mleccha
731:in the
604:Gujarat
575:of the
537:Valmiki
471:Narmada
467:Puranas
396:Narmada
392:Ptolemy
305:history
259:Gujarat
176:Gujarat
154:Country
2371:Island
2333:region
2302:Bhutan
2245:Makran
2221:Coasts
2212:Makran
2192:Konkan
1894:
1884:
1876:
1824:
1778:
1751:
1724:
1680:
1653:
1621:
1594:
1544:
1497:
1467:
1412:
1385:
1329:
1304:
1276:
1249:
1181:
1066:
1036:
914:Dhasan
900:Rivers
834:Shakti
830:demons
796:. The
690:Chunar
530:Brahma
526:Vishnu
518:Matsya
481:. The
460:Ganges
424:ridges
410:Extent
376:achala
366:tribal
353:vaindh
286:achala
282:vaindh
227:ridges
164:States
94:Naming
2297:Nepal
2287:India
2182:Terai
2120:Malwa
1844:(PDF)
1822:S2CID
1800:(PDF)
1437:Hatta
1351:(PDF)
926:Tamsa
918:Sunar
910:Betwa
842:Durga
713:Panna
682:Ganga
648:near
635:Malwa
622:near
553:Lanka
514:Kurma
475:Tapti
400:Tapti
380:achal
357:below
351:word
323:north
294:Hindi
290:achal
280:word
267:Bihar
235:India
184:Bihar
158:India
2157:Doab
1892:PMID
1874:ISSN
1776:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1444:2014
1434:DIET
1410:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1359:2014
1327:ISBN
1302:OCLC
1274:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1125:2018
1102:–20.
1064:ISBN
1034:ISBN
942:and
932:and
873:Maya
838:Kali
828:and
812:and
709:Rewa
703:The
688:and
656:and
610:and
571:The
528:and
520:and
498:Rksa
325:and
303:and
265:and
205:The
196:and
182:and
2331:By
1915:doi
1882:PMC
1864:doi
1852:106
1812:doi
1808:115
976:of
944:Son
922:Ken
840:or
642:Son
539:'s
492:of
418:or
253:in
213:) (
2402::
1890:.
1880:.
1872:.
1862:.
1850:.
1846:.
1820:.
1806:.
1802:.
1569:.
1565:.
1526:^
1432:.
1367:^
1226:31
1193:^
1173:.
1157:^
1133:^
1116:.
1100:19
1078:^
1048:^
1018:^
928:,
924:,
920:,
912:,
908:,
700:.
630:.
568:.
516:,
237:.
174:,
170:,
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1921:.
1917::
1898:.
1866::
1858::
1828:.
1814::
1784:.
1757:.
1730:.
1686:.
1659:.
1627:.
1600:.
1571:3
1550:.
1503:.
1473:.
1446:.
1418:.
1391:.
1361:.
1335:.
1308:.
1282:.
1255:.
1228:.
1187:.
1127:.
1072:.
1042:.
980:(
916:,
711:-
692:(
292:(
108:)
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
