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300:, or "water features", to entertain the Duke and his visitors. The grotto was designed so that, by turning a key, the gate would lock guests inside the grotto and they would be soaked with water from hidden pipes. The fountain of Hercules was to be surrounded by a circle of trees, and also by a hidden pipe. By turning another key, spectators looking at the fountain would be sprayed with water from hidden nozzles. There was also a small house located in the branches of an enormous oak tree, just east of the garden. The house was reached by a stairway, and contained a marble table and a fountain served by pipes from the reservoir.
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if they were sheltering from the rain. The basin, according to Vasari, "sends a very beautiful rain, like the dripping of a roof." There were more bronze figures around the lip of the tazza, holding festoons of products of the sea. The smaller tazza above was also supported by statues of children. Four heads of capricorns, a combination of a fish and a ram, one of the emblems of the
Medicin family, looked down from the upper basin. Above that basin, a pedestal was decorated with more figures of children. Atop the pedestal was the statue of Hercules and Antaeus,
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267:, or a simulated natural forest, separated from the garden by a high retaining wall. Below this, he divided the old walled garden into two by another wall, and carved out a small upper terrace and a large lower terrace, connected by two ornamental stairways. The smaller upper garden was planted with orange and lemon trees, trained to grow up the walls. It also contained, in the center of the back wall, the entrance to the grotto, a small cave whose walls resembled a natural cavern, richly decorated and filled with sculpture.
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an old man shivering, with water pouring over his head. Water flowed from the reservoir down bronze pipes and emerged in two fountains built in the retaining wall on either side of grotto, representing the two rivers of
Florence. Water also flowed into the grotto, running down the walls. The two "rivers" flowed in channels through the garden, while other pipes carried water to the two fountains.
486:. Vasari wrote: "From the mouth of this Antaeus he intended that, instead of his spirit, there should pour out through a pipe water in great abundance, as indeed it does." Because the reservoir providing the water for the fountain was located high above in the upper garden, the water spouted out of the mouth of Antaeus in a jet three meters high, visible all around the garden.
351:. Tribolo continued the message with statuary throughout the garden. The stairways were decorated with busts of the earlier Medici rulers, in Roman costumes. Tribolo planned to place other statues around the gardens representing the four seasons, and the virtues of the House of Medici: justice, compassion, valor, nobility, wisdom, and liberality.
159:, was assassinated, and Cosimo, though he was only seventeen and a relatively unknown member of the Medici family, was elected by the influential men of Florence to replace him. They were under the impression that they could control him, but they were mistaken. In 1537, the young Cosimo faced a rebellion by a faction which wanted to restore the
475:, who realized that the power of Antaeus came from his contact with the earth. Hercules lifted Antaeus from the ground and crushed him to death. The statue symbolized the victory of Cosimo de' Medici over the enemies of Florence, particularly the rebels who tried to depose him in the early months after he became Duke.
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dynasty. The new owners saw the villa and garden as a practical enterprise rather than a political symbol; they enlarged the collection of citrus trees and built two limonaie, or lemon houses, but at the same time they dismantled several fountains, cut off the water to the grotto, and destroyed the
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Tribolo decorated The fountain from top to bottom with marble and bronze sculptures. The marble pool into which the water poured had eight sides, as did the base of the fountain. Around the base were marble statues of children, life sized and in full relief, protected by the tazza, or basin above as
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The garden was designed to deliver a clear political message; that, after a long period of warfare and suffering, Cosimo was going to lead
Florence into a new Golden Age, with peace, prosperity, and harmony. Tribolo placed symbolic messages all throughout the garden. The fountain of Hercules and
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The hydraulic system of the garden was one of the wonders of the High
Renaissance, and also played an important part in the symbolism of the garden. In the center of the reservoir above the garden, in the "sacred wood," was a statue of Appenino, symbolizing the mountains of Tuscany, portrayed as
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The Villa was especially famous for its collection of dwarf citrus trees, especially lemon trees, which were grown in large wooden tubs, and put under shelter in the winter. The cultivation of citrus trees in Europe had begun in the mid-15th century, and was carried out on a large scale at Villa di
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of the animals (also known as the grotto of the flood), a cave entered by a doorway in the upper wall of the garden. The walls of the cave were covered with limestone molded to resemble a natural cavern, embedded with stones, mosaic and seashells. In three chambers around the grotto were groups of
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The garden was not only a form of political theater; it was also a pleasure garden. Cosimo's letters report that he spent many long summer afternoons with his family, enjoying the coolness of the shade and the fountains. Important visitors to
Florence visited the gardens, and their fame spread
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All fountains during the
Renaissance depended upon gravity, and the elevation of the water source above the fountain, to make the water shoot upwards. Because the water source for the fountain of Hercules and Antaeus was on the hillside high above the fountain, a jet of water spouted a full three
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Work on the villa and gardens continued for twenty years, and Cosimo had more ambitious plans, including a project for a second villa, as large as the first, connected to it by a loggia, but this was never begun. The Duke became occupied in other projects. He began making new apartments in the
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The ortaccio is a separate walled garden east of the main garden, where aromatic and medicinal herbs were grown, along with exotic species of flowers. A 16th-century statue, representing either a rustic divinity or autumn, stands in the garden. It may have been one of the original figures in the
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Tribolo's design for the garden was described in great detail in Vasari's Lives of the
Artists. The garden was laid out on the site of original walled garden, which ran from the villa up the gentle slope toward the mountain. On the hillside above the back wall of the garden, where the water
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The fountain of
Florence, or Fiorenza, was originally located in the upper part of the garden, closer to the grotto, and it was surrounded by a maze of greenery. It was made to complement the Fountain of Hercules and Antaeus, lower in the garden. The itself made by Tribolo and his assistant,
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Unfortunately, Tribolo did not have the time to complete all of his project, because, as Vasari wrote, "of his being too much occupied with the affairs of the Duke." He was able to personally finish the two major fountains, and the two rivers, but not the other works. He died in 1550, and the
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maze of trees. In 1788 they transferred the fountain of
Florence to the neighboring villa of Petraia, and moved the monumental fountain of Hercules and Antaeus to the middle of the garden. The Medici symbolism of the two rivers reuniting and the classical virtues of Medici rulers was erased.
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The house, in its present state, is remarkable mainly for its plainness. The facade has no decoration, and the interior has been remodeled extensively for use as a barracks and a hospital. It now is the headquarters of the
Accademia della Crusta and the Opera del Vocabalario Italiano, two
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Once it had passed through the fountains, the water flowed in two separate channels into two small private gardens on either side of the villa, and then entered two large fishponds in front of the villa. After that, the water was used to irrigate the fields and gardens below.
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of cypress trees interplanted with laurel, myrtle and roses. In the center of the labyrinth was fountain crowned by a statue of Venus. A second, larger fountain, crowned with a bronze statue of Hercules defeating Antaeus, was located between the labyrinth and the villa.
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with a lyre standing in the center; the animals were listening to his music. The grotto also contained a water feature; the gate could be closed, and, with the turn of a key, visitors to the grotto were soaked with fine jets of water from a hidden pipes and nozzles.
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387:, completed the villa in its present form, between 1588 and 1595, enlarging the east side, remaking the facade, and adding a new entrance on the south side. Don Lorenzo de' Medici commissioned the painter Il Volterrano to decorate the villa with a fresco,
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Antaeus showed how Cosimo, like Hercules, had defeated his enemies by wisdom, rather than just brute strength. The fountain of Venus was a tribute to Venus, one of the symbols of Florence; It was also a reminder that Venus had ruled over the isles of the
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birds and animals, made of multicolor bronze and marble. In each chamber there was also a large sculpted marble basin. When the grotta was operating, water streamed from the ceiling and walls into the marble basins. The grotto originally had a statue of
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427:, but after that the villa and garden went into a long period of neglect and decay. It was donated to the Italian state in 1919, and served variously as a dormitory for gardeners, school, and hospital. The house became the property of the
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The larger lower garden was divided into squares, like small rooms, divided by paths and bordered by hedges and rows of cedar and olive trees, and filled with flower beds. In the center of the terrace was a circular
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The villa is today approached by an alley five hundred meters long shaded by trees, as it was in the time of Cosimo. During the life of Cosimo, the house was famous for its works of art, particularly the Botticelli
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The fountain also has one other water feature: a hidden pipe with small nozzles was circled the fountain; by turning a key, the water could be turned on, drenching the spectators with fine jets of water.
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407:, visited the villa and wrote descriptions, which made it known throughout Europe. It inspired other European gardens which were designed to illustrate the grandeur, wisdom and power of the ruler.
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larger garden when it was first created by Tribolo. Next to the ortaccio is a small classical-style hothouse, built in the late 18th century to house exotic flowers, particularly the rare double
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in the Italian style. The new garden, finished in 1564, featured a grotto with animals and figures made of pottery, a labyrinth, and flowerbeds laid along a central axis in geometric patterns.
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The fountain was originally surrounded by a labyrinth of trees, and also featured a water pipe with hidden nozzles, which could be turned on with a key to drench unsuspecting spectators.
67:(1519-1574). The gardens, filled with fountains, statuary, and a grotto, became famous throughout Europe. The villa also housed some of the great art treasures of Florence, including
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The eight-sided marble base of the fountain was decorated marble statues of life-size children, protected by the basin above as if they were taking shelter from the rain.
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The figures of Hercules and Antaeus. Hercules has lifted Antaeus off his feet, depriving him of his power. Water spouted three meters upward from the mouth of Antaeus.
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in Florence. Tribolo also designed the botanical garden in Florence, the third in the world, on a similar geometric pattern, organized around a central fountain.
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wrote, "At this place the Duke began to build a little, one thing after another, to the end that he might reside there more commodiously, himself and his court."
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Castello. Collections of citrus trees, later housed inside heated greenhouses called orangeries or lemon houses, became a feature of palaces around Europe.
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The villa and gardens seen from the upper garden. The garden plan was based on harmony and order, the principles upon which Cosimo planned to rule Florence.
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to a small reservoir he built on the hill above the villa. Later, when more water was needed, a second aqueduct was built from another spring at Petraia.
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Cosimo commissioned the engineer Piero da San Casciano to construct a system of aqueducts to bring water to the villa and its gardens, the sculptor
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Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects, Translated by Gaston Du C. De Vere, Gutenberg online edition
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between 1569 and 1581. These gardens, like Villa di Castello, were built on a hillside, and featured a statue of Appennino, this one by
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The influence of the Villa di Castello could be seen in the Baroque gardens of the 17th and 18th centuries; the fountains of the
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The garden was filled with statuary associating the virtues of ancient Rome with the power and virtue of the ruler of Florence.
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They reconstructed the old building, adding a courtyard, a loggia, kitchens and stables. The house was inherited by a famed
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First, under the direction of Piero da San Casciano, an aqueduct was constructed from the Castella higher up the slope of
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The fountain of Hercules and Antaeus symbolized how Cosimo had defeated the enemies of Florence through his intelligence.
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in 1549, and began building the Boboli garden, with more fountains and an even larger grotto, decorated with statues by
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316:(1563), represented the mountain source of the rivers of Florence. The lake feeds the fountains in the garden below.
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The upper level of the fountain. Four capricorns, one of the emblems of the Medici, look down from the upper basin.
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Once his power was secure, Cosimo began to spend more time at his villa in Castello. As the architect and writer
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to create fountains, statues and a garden, and the architect Giorgio Vasari to restore and enlarge the villa.
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surrounding it in the Italian style. She imported a family of skilled fountain-makers from Florence, led by
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A fortified building had been standing on the site since at least 1427, and was purchased in 1477 by
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Cosimo I de Medici, 19 years of age, at the time he was building the gardens of Villa di Castello (
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Dwarf citrus trees in pots are a traditional feature of the gardens of the Villa di Castello.
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The Venus-Florence figure referred to the goddess who ruled over the mythical Gardens of The
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had commissioned Tribolo to make a statue for a garden fountain he built for his chateau at
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The central chamber of the grotto, with a unicorn. The original grotto featured a statue of
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At the very top was the statue of Hercules and Antaeus, designed by Tribolo but executed by
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is a separate enclosed garden where medicinal plants, herbs and exotic plants were grown.
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Villa Castello is located at the foot of the hills northwest of Florence, near the town of
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Climbing through the garden, visitors saw busts of the Medici dynasty in Roman costume.
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Pierino da Vinci, and it was crowned by a statue of a figure representing the goddess
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838:(1476-1524), in the interior of the villa, dates from before Cosimo's rise to power.
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The Italian garden style was promoted with great energy by two relations of Cosimo:
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A five hundred meter avenue lined with trees leads to the front door of the Villa.
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The citrus garden contains more than five hundred pots of lemon and orange trees.
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Villa di Castello also strongly influenced the later Medici villas, such as the
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Cosimo died in 1574, and a long succession of other Medicis occupied the Villa.
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When the Medici dynasty became extinct in 1737, the villa was inherited by the
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A number of neo-classical murals were painted in the villa during the time of
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The Italian style was already known in France before Villa di Castello; King
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87:. The gardens of the Villa had a profound influence upon the design of the
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450:) from 1660, which was found in the villa in 1900 and printed in 1916.
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statues for the fountains were finished by his pupil, Antonio di Gino.
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with his lyre in the center; the animals were listening to his music.
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Murals in the salone delle riunioni, or meeting hall (19th century).
431:, which owns it today. The garden became a national museum in 1984.
380:, and spent the last ten years of his life in the villa and gardens.
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1262:, Editions du Patrimoine, Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris (
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The gardens of Villa di Castello had a profound influence on the
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The entrance to the grotto, against the back wall of the garden.
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Lunette of Villa di Castello as it appeared in 1599, painted by
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Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
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1526:
167:, and established himself as the unrivaled ruler of the city.
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Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptosr, and Architects
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associations devoted to the Italian language and literature.
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152:, who was born in 1519, and lived in the house as a child.
962:, with their statues illustrating the power and majesty of
1188:(paperback). London: Frances Lincoln. pp. 240 pages.
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One of the most famous features of the garden was the
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The villa and garden of Villa di Castello in July 2013
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Allain, Yves-Marie & Christiany, Janine (2006).
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The Fountain of Florence, with a statue of Venus by
1205:
The Gardens of Florence and Tuscany- Complete Guide
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463:The fountain of Hercules and Antaeus, designed by
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296:The garden also contained a series of ingenious
1075:Isabella Ballerini, The Medici Villas, p. 34-35
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704:trees in the gardens of the Villa di Castello.
641:The right chamber of the grotto of the animals.
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148:and his wife, Maria Salviati, the parents of
63:, central Italy, was the country residence of
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885:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
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378:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
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155:In 1537, the 26-year-old Duke of Florence,
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2612:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
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263:reservoir was located, Tribolo created a
65:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
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1051:Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Artists.
974:, echoed the garden of Cosimo De'Medici.
810:The exterior of the villa, from the south
171:The design and construction of the garden
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1402:Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia
1222:Sophie Bajard; Rafaello Bencini (1992).
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1065:The Italian Garden - a Cultural History
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3800:
1260:Les Tuileries, Du Louvre Ă la Concorde
1151:Les Tuileries, Du Louvre Ă la Concorde
368:Palazzo Vecchio, and he purchased the
3670:(original project, with others, 1565)
3495:
3283:
2210:
1282:
1167:The Medici Villas: The Complete Guide
1019:The Medici Villas: The Complete Guide
3311:Medici villas and gardens in Tuscany
1186:Italian Gardens - A Cultural History
1011:
670:
459:The fountain of Hercules and Antaeus
120:Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici
3538:Portrait of Lorenzo the Magnificent
2236:
1412:Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze
544:The fountain of Florence (Fiorenza)
49:
24:
3521:
3159:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2991:Painters, sculptors and architects
1549:Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
856:The influence of Villa di Castello
410:
25:
3849:
3668:Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa
3749:Accademia delle Arti del Disegno
3480:
3064:Poets and other literary figures
2624:
1525:
1254:. Paris: Citadelles and Mazenod.
1243:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
843:
827:
815:
803:
760:
744:
728:
693:
681:
658:
653:The left chamber of the grotto.
646:
634:
618:
606:
566:
531:
519:
507:
495:
321:
305:
229:
217:
205:
193:
177:
3656:Palazzo del Circolo dell'Unione
1207:(paperback). Florence: Giunti.
1158:
1143:
1130:
1117:
434:The villa gave its name to the
1424:National Archaeological Museum
1104:
1091:
1078:
1069:
1045:
1032:
917:(1575-1642), the wife of King
909:(1519-1589), the wife of King
581:, where it can be seen today.
126:, of the senior branch of the
13:
1:
3588:
3573:
3542:
3242:Stories set to music: "opera"
1874:British Institute of Florence
1203:Pozzana, Mariachiara (2011).
1165:Ballerini, Isabella. (2003).
312:The Fountain of Appenino, by
3650:Madonna dell'UmiltĂ , Pistoia
1439:Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai
1407:Museo Nazionale di San Marco
1224:Villas et jardins de Toscane
1021:. (2003) Florence: Giunti.
970:in St. Petersburg, built by
776:
710:The ortaccio, or herb garden
553:or the City of Florence, by
71:'s Renaissance masterpieces
7:
3652:(project of the dome, 1563)
3611:(1547) (with collaborators)
3018:Michelangelo and the Medici
2862:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2812:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1742:S Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi
1687:Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas
1252:L'art des jardins en Europe
1042:, Gutenberg online edition.
977:
931:, who had been born in the
355:The garden under the Medici
334:The symbolism of the garden
163:. He defeated them at the
10:
3854:
3646:(co-authorship, 1551–1553)
3085:Humanists and philosophers
2837:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
2173:Maggio Musicale Fiorentino
1889:Kunsthistorisches Institut
1727:S Giovannino dei Cavalieri
1722:S Giovannino degli Scolopi
1682:Oratory of GesĂą Pellegrino
1662:Battistero di San Giovanni
1632:Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel
1523:
1392:Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
862:Italian Renaissance garden
665:The ceiling of the grotto.
454:The features of the garden
98:
89:Italian Renaissance garden
27:15th Century Italian villa
3828:Royal residences in Italy
3818:National museums of Italy
3784:43.8194472°N 11.2281833°E
3729:
3708:
3683:
3630:
3619:(1572–1579; completed by
3601:
3529:
3478:
3317:
3224:
3188:
3172:
3146:
3121:
3105:
3084:
3063:
2990:
2983:
2937:
2891:
2870:
2804:
2646:
2639:
2622:
2604:
2586:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
2578:
2547:
2431:
2405:
2384:
2336:
2313:
2269:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
2251:
2244:
2186:
2168:Calcio storico fiorentino
2160:
2092:
2051:
2030:
2009:
1966:
1938:
1907:
1856:
1805:
1785:
1647:
1534:
1320:
1241:Impelluso, Lucia (2007).
866:French Renaissance garden
767:The hot-house called the
587:The grotto of the animals
146:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
55:near the hills bordering
3833:Giorgio Vasari buildings
3658:(original project, 1559)
3631:Buildings and structures
2079:Orto Botanico di Firenze
1899:National Central Library
1434:Ospedale degli Innocenti
1377:Loggia del Mercato Nuovo
1245:. Paris: Editions Hazan.
792:Return of the Golden Age
289:meters above his mouth.
2817:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
2548:Bishops and archbishops
1981:Piazza della Repubblica
1868:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1677:Oratorio dei Vanchetoni
1498:Studiolo of Francesco I
1459:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1348:Galleria dell'Accademia
1184:Attlee, Helena (2006).
385:Ferdinando I de' Medici
280:The water in the garden
3838:Accademia della Crusca
3789:43.8194472; 11.2281833
3737:Guglielmo da Marsiglia
3662:Palazzo della Carovana
3164:Order of Saint Stephen
3045:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
2338:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1864:Biblioteca Riccardiana
1762:S Salvatore al Vescovo
1712:S Frediano in Cestello
1476:Museo delle Porcellane
794:, no longer existing.
429:Accademia della Crusca
144:or mercenary soldier,
46:
38:
3721:Casa Vasari, Florence
3695:(1550; enlarged 1568)
3609:Sala dei Cento Giorni
2964:Cappella dei Principi
2871:Fountains and gardens
2323:Alessandro "The Moor"
2305:Alessandro "The Moor"
2191:Districts of Florence
2161:Events and traditions
2001:Piazzale Michelangelo
1986:Piazza della Signoria
1752:S Martino del Vescovo
1017:Ballerini, Isabella.
960:Gardens of Versailles
836:Raffaellino del Garbo
393:Cosimo III de' Medici
157:Alessandro de' Medici
44:
33:
3569:Allegory of Patience
3442:Gardens of Pratolino
3129:Emilio de' Cavalieri
3092:Pico della Mirandola
3050:Jacopo della Quercia
3025:Bernardo Buontalenti
3008:Filippo Brunelleschi
2998:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2847:Palazzo delle Vedove
2279:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
2125:del Poggio Imperiale
2120:Medicea L'Ambrogiana
1953:Teatro della Pergola
1737:S Maria degli Angeli
1667:Certosa del Galluzzo
1483:Palazzo Spini Feroni
1362:Garden of Archimedes
1169:. Florence: Giunti.
1136:Isabella Ballerini,
1123:Isabella Ballerini,
1110:Isabella Ballerini,
1099:Lives of the Artists
1084:Isabella Ballerini,
1004:Isabella Ballerini,
990:Notes and references
870:French formal garden
834:The Annunciation by
484:Bartolomeo Ammannati
314:Bartolomeo Ammannati
165:Battle of Montemurlo
161:Republic of Florence
124:Lorenzo il Magnifico
93:French formal garden
3823:Gardens in Florence
3780: /
3716:Casa Vasari, Arezzo
3640:(new project, 1538)
3584:The Forge of Vulcan
3553:Allegory of Justice
3154:Medici coat of arms
3076:Niccolò Machiavelli
2539:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
2084:Parco delle Cascine
2074:Giardino delle Rose
1915:Fountain of Neptune
1879:Gabinetto Vieusseux
1605:S Maria del Carmine
1449:Palazzo Della Stufa
1258:Jacquin, Emmanuel,
1149:Jacquin, Emmanuel,
907:Catherine de'Medici
401:Michel de Montaigne
389:Vigilance and Sleep
134:ruler of Florence.
3813:Villas in Florence
3616:The Last Judgement
2883:Villa di Pratolino
2259:Cosimo "The Elder"
2069:Giardino dell'Iris
2022:Via de' Tornabuoni
1996:Piazza San Lorenzo
1991:Piazza Santa Croce
1920:Giotto's Campanile
1894:Laurentian Library
1848:Giotto's Campanile
1777:S Stefano al Ponte
1732:S Jacopo sopr'Arno
1617:S Miniato al Monte
1367:Loggia del Bigallo
1226:. Paris: Terrail.
919:Henry IV of France
911:Henry II of France
881:Villa di Pratolino
769:Stufa di mugherini
425:Napoleon Bonaparte
75:The Birth of Venus
53:Villa di Castello,
47:
39:
3763:
3762:
3699:Libro de' Disegni
3638:Villa di Castello
3489:
3488:
3277:
3276:
3216:Arazzeria Medicea
3142:
3141:
3030:Leonardo da Vinci
3003:Sandro Botticelli
2979:
2978:
2919:San Piero a Sieve
2620:
2619:
2519:Bernardo Salviati
2509:Giovanni Salviati
2315:Dukes of Florence
2274:Piero "The Brief"
2264:Piero "The Gouty"
2252:Lords of Florence
2204:
2203:
2196:Trams in Florence
2178:Scoppio del carro
2052:Gardens and parks
2043:Fortezza da Basso
1925:Monument to Dante
1833:dei Gianfigliazzi
1801:
1800:
1772:Ss Simone e Giuda
1588:Tornabuoni Chapel
1559:Baroncelli Chapel
1444:Palazzo Davanzati
1268:978-2-85822-296-4
1233:978-2-87939-057-4
1214:978-88-09-75952-7
1195:978-0-7112-3392-8
1176:978-88-09-02995-8
1138:The Medici Villas
1125:The Medici Villas
1112:The Medici Villas
1086:The Medici Villas
1006:The Medici Villas
945:Luxembourg Garden
941:Luxembourg Palace
883:, constructed by
864:and later on the
671:The citrus garden
417:Habsburg-Lorraine
403:and the botanist
111:) near the site.
69:Sandro Botticelli
16:(Redirected from
3845:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3621:Federico Zuccari
3593:
3590:
3578:
3575:
3561:Six Tuscan Poets
3547:
3544:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3432:Poggio Imperiale
3304:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3252:Pazzi conspiracy
3211:Venus de' Medici
3201:Medici porcelain
3071:Agnolo Poliziano
2988:
2987:
2746:Poggio Imperiale
2644:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2560:Bernardo Antonio
2534:Ferrante Gonzaga
2385:Queens of France
2249:
2248:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2207:
1976:Piazza del Duomo
1747:S Maria Maggiore
1657:Badia Fiorentina
1610:Brancacci Chapel
1539:
1538:
1529:
1382:Loggia del Pesce
1372:Loggia dei Lanzi
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1218:
1199:
1180:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1097:Giorgio Vasari,
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1009:
1002:
949:Tommaso Francini
923:Tuileries Garden
847:
831:
819:
807:
764:
748:
732:
697:
685:
662:
650:
638:
622:
610:
570:
535:
523:
511:
499:
325:
309:
233:
221:
209:
197:
181:
118:and his brother
105:Sesto Fiorentino
51:
21:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3798:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3754:Vasari Sacristy
3743:Luca Signorelli
3725:
3704:
3679:
3674:Vasari Corridor
3626:
3597:
3591:
3576:
3545:
3525:
3520:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3427:Poggio a Caiano
3313:
3308:
3278:
3273:
3220:
3184:
3168:
3138:
3117:
3113:Galileo Galilei
3101:
3097:Marsilio Ficino
3080:
3059:
2975:
2933:
2887:
2878:Medici fountain
2866:
2800:
2686:Poggio a Caiano
2635:
2630:
2629:
2616:
2600:
2574:
2543:
2529:Lorenzo Strozzi
2524:Niccolò Ridolfi
2504:Luigi de' Rossi
2498:
2491:Francesco Maria
2427:
2401:
2380:
2332:
2309:
2240:
2238:House of Medici
2235:
2205:
2200:
2182:
2156:
2088:
2059:Bardini Gardens
2047:
2026:
2005:
1962:
1948:Teatro Comunale
1934:
1903:
1883:Palazzo Strozzi
1852:
1828:dei Della Bella
1823:dei Belfredelli
1797:
1793:Great Synagogue
1781:
1643:
1637:Sassetti Chapel
1583:S Maria Novella
1535:Religious sites
1530:
1521:
1515:Vasari Corridor
1505:Stibbert Museum
1493:Palazzo Vecchio
1488:Palazzo Strozzi
1387:Loggia Rucellai
1338:Casa Buonarroti
1325:
1316:
1307:
1234:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1033:
1016:
1012:
1003:
996:
992:
980:
972:Peter the Great
968:Peterhof Palace
953:Medici Fountain
951:, to build the
929:Marie De'Medici
915:Marie De'Medici
858:
851:
848:
839:
832:
823:
820:
811:
808:
779:
772:
765:
756:
753:Jasminum sambac
749:
740:
733:
712:
705:
700:A row of dwarf
698:
689:
686:
673:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
630:
623:
614:
611:
589:
582:
571:
546:
539:
536:
527:
524:
515:
512:
503:
500:
465:Niccolò Tribolo
461:
456:
444:Lower Manhattan
413:
411:The later years
360:around Europe.
357:
336:
329:
326:
317:
310:
282:
250:Niccolò Tribolo
237:
234:
225:
222:
213:
210:
201:
198:
189:
186:Jacopo Pontormo
182:
173:
101:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3557:
3549:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:Giorgio Vasari
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Montevettolini
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Boboli Gardens
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Galilean moons
3234:
3232:Medici giraffe
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:Giorgio Vasari
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2950:Medici Chapels
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Palazzo Madama
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Montevettolini
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Innocenzo Cybo
2511:
2506:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Boboli Gardens
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1806:Towers (Torri)
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:Medici Chapels
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1068:
1053:
1044:
1031:
1010:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
979:
976:
937:Boboli Gardens
874:Boboli Gardens
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
842:
840:
833:
826:
824:
821:
814:
812:
809:
802:
784:Birth of Venus
778:
775:
774:
773:
766:
759:
757:
750:
743:
741:
734:
727:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
692:
690:
687:
680:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
631:
624:
617:
615:
612:
605:
588:
585:
584:
583:
572:
565:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
530:
528:
525:
518:
516:
513:
506:
504:
501:
494:
460:
457:
455:
452:
412:
409:
356:
353:
349:Birth of Venus
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
320:
318:
311:
304:
298:giochi d'acqua
281:
278:
243:Giorgio Vasari
239:
238:
235:
228:
226:
223:
216:
214:
211:
204:
202:
199:
192:
190:
183:
176:
172:
169:
100:
97:
91:and the later
26:
18:Villa Castello
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3850:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Medici villas
3806:
3805:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3775:11°13′41.46″E
3772:43°49′10.01″N
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:(unpublished)
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
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3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
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3613:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Collesalvetti
3375:
3373:
3372:Cerreto Guidi
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Palazzo Pitti
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Cerreto Guidi
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Collesalvetti
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:Festina Lente
2627:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:(Clement VII)
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Ferdinando II
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:(Clement VII)
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:Medici villas
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:Ponte Vecchio
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:degli Alberti
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:SS Annunziata
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:Palazzo Pitti
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Palazzo Gondi
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Museo Galileo
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1027:88-09-02995-X
1024:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
999:
994:
985:
984:Medici villas
982:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
846:
841:
837:
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
800:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
770:
763:
758:
754:
747:
742:
738:
731:
726:
725:
724:
722:
718:
703:
696:
691:
684:
679:
678:
677:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
628:
621:
616:
609:
604:
603:
602:
599:
594:
580:
579:Villa Petraia
576:
569:
564:
563:
562:
560:
556:
552:
534:
529:
522:
517:
510:
505:
498:
493:
492:
491:
487:
485:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
451:
449:
448:New York City
445:
441:
437:
436:Castello Plan
432:
430:
426:
421:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
365:
361:
352:
350:
346:
342:
324:
319:
315:
308:
303:
302:
301:
299:
294:
290:
286:
277:
274:
268:
266:
260:
258:
257:Monte Morello
253:
251:
246:
244:
232:
227:
220:
215:
208:
203:
196:
191:
187:
180:
175:
174:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
141:
135:
133:
129:
128:Medici family
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
96:
94:
90:
86:
85:
84:
78:
77:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
43:
37:
32:
19:
3765:
3690:
3644:Villa Giulia
3637:
3614:
3582:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3536:
3366:
3332:Arena Metato
3327:L'Ambrogiana
3196:Medici lions
3173:Institutions
3013:Michelangelo
2971:Old Sacristy
2959:New Sacristy
2832:Villa Medici
2756:L'Ambrogiana
2741:Arena Metato
2690:
2631:
2591:Don Giovanni
2499:
2481:Giovan Carlo
2471:Ferdinando I
2438:
2376:Gian Gastone
2356:Ferdinando I
2104:
1958:Teatro Verdi
1838:dei Mannelli
1813:degli Amidei
1692:Orsanmichele
1564:Pazzi Chapel
1429:Orsanmichele
1353:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1159:Bibliography
1150:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1018:
1013:
1005:
957:
935:next to the
933:Pitti Palace
927:
904:
900:Fontainbleau
893:
878:
859:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:
768:
736:
713:
674:
590:
547:
488:
481:
477:
462:
433:
422:
414:
405:Pierre Belon
388:
382:
374:Michelangelo
370:Pitti Palace
366:
362:
358:
348:
337:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
269:
264:
261:
254:
247:
240:
154:
138:
136:
131:
113:
108:
102:
82:
80:
74:
72:
52:
48:
36:Giusto Utens
3787: /
3664:(1562–1564)
3592: 1564
3577: 1552
3546: 1534
3206:Medici Vase
3180:Medici Bank
3134:Jacopo Peri
2954:San Lorenzo
2945:Magi Chapel
2579:Condottieri
2500:female line
2418:Clement VII
2351:Francesco I
2142:Il Gioiello
2105:di Castello
1757:S Pancrazio
1702:Ss Apostoli
1464:Magi Chapel
1326:and palaces
1324:, galleries
889:Giambologna
868:and on the
575:Giambologna
555:Giambologna
438:, an early
391:, in 1640.
140:condottiere
3802:Categories
3756:(frescoes)
3457:Spedaletto
3422:La Petraia
3412:Mezzomonte
3407:Marignolle
3357:Camugliano
3352:Cafaggiolo
3257:Savonarola
3106:Scientists
3040:Michelozzo
2892:Fortresses
2736:Marignolle
2716:Camugliano
2711:La Petraia
2706:Spedaletto
2696:Mezzomonte
2656:Cafaggiolo
2460:Alessandro
2371:Cosimo III
2289:Lorenzo II
2115:di Careggi
2110:La Petraia
2017:Via Cavour
1707:S Felicita
1697:S Ambrogio
1672:Ognissanti
1417:La Specola
1343:Casa Guidi
1029:, p. 30-31
943:, and the
559:Hesperides
345:Botticelli
341:Hesperides
188:, c. 1538)
3530:Paintings
3467:La Topaia
3452:Seravezza
3447:La Quiete
3437:Pratolino
3262:TV series
3122:Musicians
3035:Donatello
2984:Patronage
2791:Seravezza
2726:La Topaia
2676:La Quiete
2640:Buildings
2605:Genealogy
2496:Francesco
2439:male line
2432:Cardinals
2361:Cosimo II
2147:La Pietra
2132:Gamberaia
2038:Belvedere
1908:Landmarks
1843:dei Pulci
1717:S Gaetano
1627:S Trinita
1622:S Spirito
1571:S Lorenzo
1542:Basilicas
964:Louis XIV
896:Francis I
788:Primavera
777:The Villa
273:labyrinth
83:Primavera
3745:(cousin)
3739:(master)
3602:Frescoes
3402:La Magia
3397:Lilliano
3392:Lappeggi
3367:Castello
3337:Artimino
3267:episodes
3147:Heraldry
2929:Volterra
2909:Piombino
2904:Grosseto
2857:Materdei
2781:Artimino
2761:La MĂ gia
2691:Castello
2565:Giuliano
2486:Leopoldo
2466:Giovanni
2462:(Leo XI)
2455:Ippolito
2443:Giovanni
2392:Caterina
2346:Cosimo I
2328:Cosimo I
2300:Ippolito
2284:Giuliano
2152:Rusciano
1940:Theatres
1649:Churches
1333:Bargello
1314:Florence
1063:Attlee,
1038:Vasari,
978:See also
737:ortaccio
473:Hercules
440:city map
132:de facto
109:castella
57:Florence
3730:Related
3709:Museums
3472:Trebbio
3462:Stabbia
3387:Fiesole
3382:Coltano
3362:Careggi
3247:Albizzi
3225:Related
2938:Chapels
2914:Pistoia
2842:Livorno
2805:Palaces
2771:Coltano
2766:Liliano
2751:Lapeggi
2721:Stabbia
2671:Fiesole
2666:Careggi
2661:Trebbio
2596:Mattias
2555:Filippo
2445:(Leo X)
2137:I Tatti
2010:Streets
1968:Squares
1857:Library
1767:S Salvi
1600:S Marco
1554:S Croce
1322:Museums
1310:Tourism
1140:, p. 34
1127:, p. 40
1088:, p. 36
1008:, p. 32
913:, and
717:jasmine
627:Orpheus
598:Orpheus
469:Antaeus
397:jasmine
116:Lorenzo
99:History
61:Tuscany
3676:(1565)
3564:(1544)
3556:(1543)
3322:Agnano
2899:Arezzo
2796:Madama
2701:Agnano
2648:Villas
2570:Zanobi
2449:Giulio
2423:Leo XI
2294:Giulio
2245:People
2093:Villas
1510:Uffizi
1266:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1025:
593:grotta
347:, the
150:Cosimo
3684:Books
2924:Siena
2476:Carlo
2413:Leo X
2406:Popes
2397:Maria
2031:Forts
1786:Other
1354:David
1114:p. 33
719:from
702:lemon
551:Venus
265:bosco
3347:Buti
2852:Pisa
2786:Buti
1264:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1023:ISBN
786:and
751:The
735:The
130:and
79:and
3189:Art
1312:in
721:Goa
442:of
50:The
3804::
3589:c.
3574:c.
3543:c.
2952:,
2502::
2441::
1056:^
997:^
95:.
59:,
3623:)
3594:)
3587:(
3579:)
3572:(
3548:)
3541:(
3515:e
3508:t
3501:v
3303:e
3296:t
3289:v
2230:e
2223:t
2216:v
1885:)
1881:(
1870:)
1866:(
1302:e
1295:t
1288:v
1270:)
1236:.
1217:.
1198:.
1179:.
1101:.
446:(
142:,
20:)
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