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trouble nor danger for the good of the state and its freedom.... it has seemed good to the Senate and people of
Florence.... to establish a public testimonial of gratitude to the memory of such a man, in order that virtue might not be unhonoured among Florentines, and that, in days to come, other citizens may be incited to serve the commonwealth with might and wisdom.
461:. Even Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, "nature had been a stepmother to him in regards to his personal appearance, although she had acted as a loving mother in all things concocted with the mind. His complexion was dark, and although his face was not handsome it was so full of dignity as to compel respect."
1145:. According to Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate the essence of the famous men. In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and his brother Giuliano were interred in the New Sacristy in an unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's statue of the Madonna.
704:
backers. Thus began an insurrection and secession from
Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress the revolt by force, and the mercenaries ultimately sacked the city. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record.
546:
Lorenzo, like his grandfather, father, and son, ruled
Florence indirectly through surrogates in the city councils by means of payoffs and strategic marriages until 1490. Rival Florentine families inevitably harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of the Medici remained a factor
542:
Lorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Already drained by his grandfather's building projects and constantly stressed by mismanagement, wars, and political expenses, the assets of the Medici Bank were reduced seriously
1117:
Whereas the foremost man of all this city, the lately deceased
Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during his whole life, neglect no opportunity of protecting, increasing, adorning and raising this city, but was always ready with counsel, authority and painstaking, in thought and deed; shrank from neither
703:
of alum retrieved and ensuring a monopoly against the
Turkish-derived goods by prohibiting trade in alum with infidels. When they realized the value of the alum mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than having it enter the pockets of their Florentine
450:
Lorenzo was described as rather plain of appearance and of average height, having a broad frame and short legs, dark hair and eyes, a squashed nose, short-sighted eyes and a harsh voice. Giuliano, on the other hand, was regarded as handsome and a "golden boy", and was used as a model by
590:, the latter of whom was killed in the attack. News of the conspiracy spread throughout Florence, and it was brutally put down by the populace through such measures as the lynching of the archbishop of Pisa and members of the Pazzi family who were involved in the conspiracy.
779:. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by
687:, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. A key commodity in the glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from only a few sources under the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by
656:
and became a prisoner of the king for several months, ultimately resolved the crisis. That success enabled
Lorenzo to secure constitutional changes within the government of the Florentine Republic that further enhanced his own power.
336:. On the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italic League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the
380:
simultaneously. As one of the wealthiest men in Europe, Cosimo spent a very large portion of his fortune on government and philanthropy, for example as a patron of the arts and financier of public works. Lorenzo's father,
851:
I do not regret this for though many would consider it better to have a part of that sum in their purse, I consider it to have been a great honour to our state, and I think the money was well-expended and I am
3054:
1064:
During
Lorenzo's tenure, several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and state funds.
790:. In his poetry, he celebrates life while acknowledging with melancholy the fragility and instability of the human condition, particularly in his later works. Love, feasts and light dominate his verse.
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includes several generations of the Medici family and their retainers. Sixteen-year-old
Lorenzo is to the left, with his horse, prior to his departure on a diplomatic mission to
447:
Piero sent
Lorenzo on many important diplomatic missions when he was still a youth, including trips to Rome to meet the pope and other important religious and political figures.
1152:, a rare disorder that results from excessive secretion of growth hormone, based on interpretation of his reported symptoms, and later analysis of his skeleton and death mask.
860:
in
Florence. He created a court of artists in his sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to exert 'enormous influence on the selection of artists on public projects'.
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in 1462, and then Lorenzo and the Medici Bank less than a year later, got involved in backing the mining operation, with the pope taking a two-ducat commission for each cantar
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1159:, known as "Piero the Unfortunate". In 1494, he squandered his father's patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. His second son, Giovanni, who became
3794:
3260:
1163:, retook the city in 1512 with the aid of a Spanish army. In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano â whom Lorenzo had raised as his own son and who in 1523 became
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In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family had spent some 663,000 florins (about US$ 460 million today) on charity, buildings and taxes since 1434. He wrote,
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also wrote of the occasion, perhaps sarcastically, that he won "not by way of favour, but by his own valour and skill in arms". He carried a banner painted by
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2014:
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2554:(The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004) A summary of 40 years of research with a specific theme of Il Magnifico's relationship with the visual arts.
324:, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian Peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the
664:, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the
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436:. In 1469, aged 20, he won first prize in a jousting tournament sponsored by the Medici. The joust was the subject of a poem written by Luigi Pulci.
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2025:
2537:(Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful biography of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Florence during its golden age.
1921:
1839:
1714:
Walter, Ingeborg (2013). "Lorenzo der Prächtige: Mäzen, SchÜngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant].
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In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the
582:. Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escaped with only a minor wound to the neck, having been defended by the poet
3101:
2812:
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1102:
506:
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1285:
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1072:, who believed Christians had strayed too far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence.
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2547:(Morrow-Quill, 1980) is a highly readable, non-scholarly general history of the family, and covers Lorenzo's life in some detail.
1508:
1142:
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216:
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905:
797:), and Lorenzo expanded it. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large
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1948:
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2661:(NAL Trade, 2009), a novel that follows Leonardo da Vinci's mother, Caterina, as she travels to Florence to be with her son.
1083:. Savonarola visited Lorenzo on his deathbed. The rumour that Savonarola damned Lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted in
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17:
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2575:"The Mouse that Michelangelo Did Carve in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to the Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky"
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887:
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Lorenzo, considered the most promising of the five children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a diplomat and bishop,
234:
1736:
Reinhardt, Volker (2013). "Die langsame AushĂśhlung der Republik" [The Slow and Steady Erosion of the Republic].
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of the day. Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his death, including the dome of
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72:
1137:, designed by Michelangelo. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes:
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385:, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle,
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in an attempt to seize control of the Florentine government. Salviati acted with the blessing of his patron
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Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under
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1091:. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo's death report that he died peacefully after listening to the
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of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli,
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Cuvier's History of the Natural Sciences: Nineteen lessons from the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
941:(1472â1503), called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence after his father's death; grandfather of
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and the golden age of Florence. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as
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in Tuscany unfortunately marred Lorenzo's reputation. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of
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being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.
1043:, and Lorenzo's sons Giuliano, Piero and Giovanni, followed by two members of the Humanist Academy.
736:
2552:
Lorenzo de' Medici and the Art of Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History)
712:
676:, as the Florentine maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici.
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Lorenzo rallied the citizens. However, with little support from the traditional Medici allies in
535:
2644:, is a mixture of history and finance, documenting the logistics of Lorenzo and the Medici Banks
1052:
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in Florentine life long after Lorenzo's passing. The most notable of the rival families was the
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1940:
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to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. He supported the development of
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2044:(2013). "Mäzene auf den Spuren der Antike" [Patrons in the footsteps of Antiquity].
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From 1479 Lorenzo became a permanent member of the committee supervising the rebuild of the
3784:
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3539:
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2748:
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AndrĂŠ Chastel, Art et Humanisme Ă Florence au temps de Laurent le Magnifique (Paris, 1959).
1216:
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1016:. In 1523, after serving four years as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy as
793:
Cosimo had started the collection of books that became the Medici Library (also called the
768:
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8:
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1109:("Holy representation of the Saints John and Paul"), a work by Lorenzo in the later years
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Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence:
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2004:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 112.
1827:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 125.
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605:. When these moves had little effect, Sixtus formed a military alliance with King
3602:
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2727:
2704:
2569:, is a new interpretation of Lorenzo the Magnificent' image in the Medici Chapel.
2268:
The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300â1500: A Biographical Dictionary
2070:
1443:
1429:
1395:
1316:
1134:
1084:
1036:
962:
Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died shortly after her birth on 23 September 1474
909:
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833:
806:
780:
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633:
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56:
652:, the war dragged on, and only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to
3726:
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1704:
Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 August 2016. Page 250.
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frescos. Mounting the stairs in the forefront are the tutor of Lorenzo's sons,
921:
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841:
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190:
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designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, as might be expected, in the
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3137:
2207:
2100:
Lucrezia Tornabuoni de' Medici and the Medici family in the fifteenth century
1989:. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited. pp. 197â198.
992:, married Piero Ridolfi (1467â1525) in 1494 and had five children, including
345:
321:
2530:, edited and translated by Guido A. Guarino (New York: Italica Press, 2016).
2118:
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2041:
1425:
1317:"Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence"
1211:
1075:
Lorenzo died during the late night of 8 April 1492, at the longtime family
891:
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2634:
Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence
2098:
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Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist,
1130:
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776:
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401:. She became her son's advisor after the deaths of his father and uncle.
377:
317:
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1626:. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited. p. 169.
1253:
then in use in Florence, where the new year would commence on 25 March (
570:(the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo and his brother and co-ruler
3529:
2932:
2902:
2768:
1160:
1149:
1148:
Medical researchers have suggested that Lorenzo may have suffered from
1069:
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Toward the end of Lorenzo's life, Florence came under the influence of
965:
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452:
329:
273:
224:
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613:, led an invasion of the Florentine Republic, still ruled by Lorenzo.
3643:
3560:
3524:
2535:
Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de' Medici
2468:
1780:
Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation
1401:
1312:
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810:
669:
602:
583:
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through his circle of scholarly friends, including the philosophers
50:
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883:
802:
798:
684:
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594:
425:
421:
357:
308:
175:
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64:
2696:
2572:
2328:"Acromegaly in Lorenzo the Magnificent, father of the Renaissance"
1869:
Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Great Leader and Patron of the Arts
389:, took care of the family's business interests. Lorenzo's mother,
3736:
1080:
989:
828:
Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo also used the Florentine
723:
in Florence contains portraits of members of the Medici Academy:
700:
645:
167:
2605:
500 years of the New Sacristy: Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel
2394:"Alessandro de' Medici (1510â1537) • BlackPast"
306:; 1 January 1449 â 8 April 1492), was an Italian statesman, the
2559:
Michelangelo Drawings â Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation
2326:
Lippi, Donatella; Charlier, Philippe; Romagnani, Paola (2017).
2046:
1738:
1716:
1092:
912:
on 10 September 1486 and had 10 children of her own, including
829:
818:
653:
394:
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culture in Italy. Lorenzo held the balance of power within the
60:
493:
surrounded by her children, with Lorenzo holding a pot of ink.
1076:
822:
692:
688:
649:
597:, which seized all the Medici assets that Sixtus could find,
548:
511:
433:
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out of Italy. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan
467:
Paintings by Botticelli that use the Medici family as models
27:
Italian statesman and de facto ruler of Florence (1449â1492)
680:
2492:"Daniel Sharman and Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici'"
2145:
The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence
1400:. The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History. USA:
2411:
1591:: Verse and Prose Accounts of a Florentine Joust of 1469"
1574:. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 110.
1507:
Milligan, Gerry (26 August 2011). "Lucrezia Tornabuoni".
882:
on 7 February 1469. The marriage in person took place in
2067:
The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study
1113:
The Signoria and councils of Florence issued a decree:
1012:(1478â1534), the illegitimate son of his slain brother
2325:
2226:
Savonarola: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet
2170:"Piero de Medici (the Unfortunate) Timeline 1472-1503"
1812:. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company. p. 80.
1810:
Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation
1742:(in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. pp. 16â23.
775:, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century
554:
On Sunday, 26 April 1478, in an incident known as the
2573:
Barenboim P. D. / Peter Barenboim. (2017).
2244:. Publications scientifiques du MusĂŠum. p. 474.
1904:
April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici
786:
Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native
2435:"Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Creed 2"
1122:
Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the
968:(1475â1521), ascended to the papacy as Leo X in 1513
1167:â formalized Medici rule of Florence by installing
1001:(1479â1516) was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by
2228:(New Haven, 2011) Chap. 5: The Magnificent Lorenzo
1966:The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397â1494
1866:
1720:(in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. p. 32.
3795:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
1636:
1201:, after they help foil the Pazzi conspirators in
1107:Sacra rappresentazione dei santi Giovanni e Paolo
1047:
821:philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of
691:before the discovery of alum sources in Italy at
3771:
1180:Lorenzo de' Medici is depicted as a teenager in
551:, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end.
1937:The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300â1600
1397:Lorenzo De' Medici and the Art of Magnificence
679:Efforts to acquire revenue from the mining of
397:and a friend to poets and philosophers of the
352:collapsed with his death. He is buried in the
2712:
376:to lead the Republic of Florence and run the
1752:
959:) on 25 February 1487 and had seven children
935:Male twins who died after birth (March 1471)
444:, and his horse was named Morello di Vento.
348:of 1454 that he supported among the various
2464:"Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2"
1982:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1619:
3102:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
2719:
2705:
2147:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7, 21, 25.
2036:
2034:
1920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1707:
926:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
660:Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather
49:
2343:
2312:
2310:
2208:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII"
1963:
1735:
1431:Living on the Edge in Leonardo's Florence
1286:"Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico"
1257:"Medici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico"
898:by his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini.
747:Lorenzo's court included artists such as
543:during the course of Lorenzo's lifetime.
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
1901:
1776:
1765:
1755:History of Italy and History of Florence
1506:
1101:
1051:
1022:
867:
863:
711:
615:
525:
2603:Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur).
2167:
2085:Humanism and Renaissance Historiography
2064:
2040:
2031:
1934:
1864:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1424:
1283:
1254:
14:
3772:
2545:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
2489:
2461:
2307:
2237:
2103:. Laurie Adams. New York: Peter Lang.
2096:
1999:
1822:
1807:
1785:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
1713:
1565:
886:on 4 June 1469. She was a daughter of
428:, hunting, and horse breeding for the
2700:
2432:
2264:
2142:
2125:
1584:
1481:
1479:
1311:
1174:
928:), and Francesca Salviati (mother of
289:
2408:"Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo"
1837:
1724:
1393:
1056:A posthumous portrait of Lorenzo by
986:Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici
240:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
2726:
2238:Cuvier, Georges (24 October 2019).
1643:Pennsylvania State University Press
1284:Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934).
1255:Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934).
1223:Lorenzo de' Medici is portrayed by
1210:Lorenzo de' Medici is portrayed by
1155:Lorenzo's heir was his eldest son,
1033:Confirmation of the Franciscan Rule
636:, Sala di Lorenzo the Magnificent,
32:Lorenzo de' Medici (disambiguation)
24:
3649:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
3481:Painters, sculptors and architects
2677:"Info Please | Lorenzo De' Medici"
2636:(W. W. Norton & Company 2005)
2518:
2490:Clarke, Stewart (10 August 2017).
1476:
1171:the city's first hereditary duke.
576:Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
316:, and the most powerful patron of
25:
3841:
2665:
2622:. Michael Joseph, London. (1974)
949:Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici
840:from Rome to paint murals in the
412:, and he was trained in Greek by
3800:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
3554:Poets and other literary figures
3114:
2689:
1875:The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
1838:Busi, Giulio (31 October 2016).
1753:Guicciardini, Francesco (1964).
1337:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x
906:Lucrezia Maria Romola de' Medici
717:The Angel appearing to Zacharias
534:, 15th-century terracotta bust,
498:
473:
272:
2682:Works by Lorenzo de' Medici
2483:
2462:Truitt, Brian (19 March 2014).
2455:
2426:
2400:
2386:
2368:
2319:
2316:Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80
2298:
2289:
2258:
2231:
2218:
2200:
2187:
2161:
2090:
2077:
2058:
2008:
1993:
1976:
1957:
1928:
1895:
1858:
1831:
1816:
1801:
1746:
1698:
1689:
1676:
1667:
1630:
1613:
1578:
1559:
1394:Kent, F. W. (1 February 2007).
1361:"Fact about Lorenzo de' Medici"
980:Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano
408:, and the humanist philosopher
225:Giovanni de' Medici, Pope Leo X
2195:The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
2015:La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici
1673:Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9
1639:The Stanze of Angelo Poliziano
1550:
1527:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0174
1500:
1436:University of California Press
1418:
1387:
1353:
1305:
1277:
1243:
1048:Later years, death, and legacy
999:Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici
966:Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici
372:, was the first member of the
291:[loËrÉntsodeËmÉËditĘi]
221:Contessina Beatrice de' Medici
82:2 December 1469 â 8 April 1492
13:
1:
3820:Italian Renaissance humanists
3790:15th-century Italian nobility
3732:Stories set to music: "opera"
2345:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9
2295:Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 268.
2168:Wheeler, Greg (9 July 2020).
2097:Pernis, Maria Grazia (2006).
1983:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906).
1620:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906).
1237:
1010:Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici
815:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
387:Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici
340:(1478), in which his brother
2672:Lorenzo de' Medici as patron
2433:Kelly, Andy (9 March 2017).
1444:10.1177/02656914080380030604
1365:100 Leaders in world history
707:
7:
3508:Michelangelo and the Medici
3352:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
3302:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
2688:(public domain audiobooks)
2527:The Complete Literary Works
2502:Penske Business Media, LLC.
1964:de Roover, Raymond (1963).
1695:Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 70
1556:Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 67
1510:Renaissance and Reformation
1157:Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
1089:Vita di Girolamo Savonarola
1008:Lorenzo adopted his nephew
939:Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
521:
283:Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
118:Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
10:
3846:
3805:Heads of state of Florence
3575:Humanists and philosophers
3327:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
2561:(Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006)
2273:Greenwood Publishing Group
2265:Drees, Clayton J. (2001).
2143:Tomas, Natalie R. (2003).
1637:Poliziano, Angelo (1993).
1607:10.1179/007516389790509128
1489:, Michael Joseph, (1974),
918:Cardinal Bernardo Salviati
914:Cardinal Giovanni Salviati
620:Lorenzo goes to Naples to
383:Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
29:
3714:
3678:
3662:
3636:
3611:
3595:
3574:
3553:
3480:
3473:
3427:
3381:
3360:
3294:
3136:
3129:
3112:
3094:
3076:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
3068:
3037:
2921:
2895:
2874:
2826:
2803:
2759:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
2741:
2734:
2065:Brucker, G., ed. (1971).
1844:(in Italian). Mondadori.
1808:Jensen, De Lamar (1992).
1572:The Story of Civilization
1143:Giuliano, Duke of Nemours
974:(1477â1488), also called
908:(1470â1553), who married
611:Alfonso, Duke of Calabria
507:The Adoration of the Magi
482:Madonna of the Magnificat
268:
258:
248:
196:
186:
174:
161:
143:
123:
113:
106:
96:
86:
78:
71:
48:
41:
1970:Harvard University Press
1902:Martines, Lauro (2003).
1641:. University Park, Pa.:
1199:Ezio Auditore da Firenze
994:Cardinal Niccolò Ridolfi
737:Demetrios Chalkokondyles
363:
3825:Italian Roman Catholics
3307:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
3038:Bishops and archbishops
2620:Lorenzo the Magnificent
2618:Williamson, Hugh Ross,
2376:"History of the Medici"
2028:; Lecture (1985); Audio
1935:Inalcik, Halil (2000).
1908:Oxford University Press
1777:Thompson, Bard (1996).
1519:Oxford University Press
1487:Lorenzo the Magnificent
1230:Medici: The Magnificent
1139:Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino
1124:Basilica di San Lorenzo
773:Michelangelo Buonarroti
536:National Gallery of Art
368:Lorenzo's grandfather,
296:Lorenzo the Magnificent
3654:Order of Saint Stephen
3535:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
2828:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
2608:, LOOM, Moscow, 2019.
2590:Cite journal requires
2197:(Oxford 1986), p. 256.
1986:The Florentine History
1941:Orion Publishing Group
1623:The Florentine History
1485:Hugh Ross Williamson,
1371:. 2008. Archived from
1249:1448 according to the
1214:in the 2013 TV series
1120:
1110:
1061:
1044:
875:
854:
753:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
744:
641:
539:
344:was assassinated. The
303:
170:, Republic of Florence
165:8 April 1492 (aged 43)
3830:Patrons of literature
3454:Cappella dei Principi
3361:Fountains and gardens
2813:Alessandro "The Moor"
2795:Alessandro "The Moor"
2543:Christopher Hibbert,
2304:Williamson, pp. 268â9
2000:Durant, Will (1953).
1865:Hancock, Lee (2005).
1823:Durant, Will (1953).
1686:, Book VIII, Chap. 7.
1682:Niccolò Machiavelli,
1589:Stanze per la Giostra
1566:Durant, Will (1953).
1515:Oxford Bibliographies
1291:Enciclopedia Italiana
1262:Enciclopedia Italiana
1169:Alessandro de' Medici
1115:
1105:
1055:
1026:
988:(1478â1515), born in
955:(illegitimate son of
871:
864:Marriage and children
849:
757:Andrea del Verrocchio
715:
619:
607:Ferdinand I of Naples
529:
420:, he participated in
235:Contessina de' Medici
136:patronage of the arts
101:Piero the Unfortunate
3619:Emilio de' Cavalieri
3582:Pico della Mirandola
3540:Jacopo della Quercia
3515:Bernardo Buontalenti
3498:Filippo Brunelleschi
3488:Bartolomeo Ammannati
3337:Palazzo delle Vedove
2769:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
2524:Lorenzo de' Medici,
1585:Davie, Mark (1989).
1404:. pp. 110â112.
1375:on 27 September 2014
1329:W.W. Norton & Co
1029:Domenico Ghirlandaio
951:(1473â1528) married
943:Catherine de' Medici
769:Domenico Ghirlandaio
558:, a group headed by
304:Lorenzo il Magnifico
217:Maddalena de' Medici
155:Republic of Florence
130:Political leadership
30:For other uses, see
18:Lorenzo il Magnifico
3815:Italian art patrons
3644:Medici coat of arms
3566:Niccolò Machiavelli
3029:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
2087:(London, 1983), 137
1972:. pp. 152â154.
1787:. pp. 189 ff.
1684:History of Florence
1462:10.1525/j.ctt1ppkqw
1204:Assassin's Creed II
1003:Francis I of France
978:, was betrothed to
825:with Christianity.
622:Ferdinand of Aragon
564:Francesco de' Pazzi
487:Lucrezia Tornabuoni
455:in his painting of
438:Niccolò Machiavelli
416:. With his brother
391:Lucrezia Tornabuoni
326:Italian Renaissance
314:Florentine Republic
263:Lucrezia Tornabuoni
204:Lucrezia de' Medici
3373:Villa di Pratolino
2749:Cosimo "The Elder"
2396:. 9 December 2007.
2224:Donald Weinstein,
1841:Lorenzo de' Medici
1438:. pp. 14â15.
1369:Kenneth E. Behring
1190:, played by actor
1175:In popular culture
1111:
1097:Florence Cathedral
1062:
1045:
957:Pope Innocent VIII
953:Franceschetto Cybo
876:
795:Laurentian Library
745:
741:Gentile de' Becchi
729:Cristoforo Landino
642:
568:Francesco Salviati
540:
432:, a horse race in
406:Gentile de' Becchi
393:, was a writer of
43:Lorenzo de' Medici
3767:
3766:
3706:Arazzeria Medicea
3632:
3631:
3520:Leonardo da Vinci
3493:Sandro Botticelli
3469:
3468:
3409:San Piero a Sieve
3110:
3109:
3009:Bernardo Salviati
2999:Giovanni Salviati
2805:Dukes of Florence
2764:Piero "The Brief"
2754:Piero "The Gouty"
2742:Lords of Florence
2649:Historical novels
2614:978-5-906072-42-9
2557:Peter Barenboim,
2212:www.newadvent.org
2021:Lorenzo di Medici
1950:978-1-84212-442-0
1851:978-88-520-7722-7
1759:Twayne Publishers
1428:(21 March 2005).
1227:in the TV series
1217:Da Vinci's Demons
945:, queen of France
765:Sandro Botticelli
761:Leonardo da Vinci
721:Tornabuoni Chapel
666:Holy Roman Empire
662:Cosimo de' Medici
414:John Argyropoulos
370:Cosimo de' Medici
280:
279:
16:(Redirected from
3837:
3742:Pazzi conspiracy
3701:Venus de' Medici
3691:Medici porcelain
3561:Agnolo Poliziano
3478:
3477:
3236:Poggio Imperiale
3134:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3050:Bernardo Antonio
3024:Ferrante Gonzaga
2875:Queens of France
2739:
2738:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2659:Signora da Vinci
2599:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2533:Miles J. Unger,
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:. Future US, Inc
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:Harper & Row
2062:
2056:
2055:
2042:Schmidt, Eike D.
2038:
2029:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1504:
1498:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1247:
1165:Pope Clement VII
1041:Angelo Poliziano
1018:Pope Clement VII
982:, but died young
972:Luisa de' Medici
878:Lorenzo married
733:Agnolo Poliziano
556:Pazzi conspiracy
502:
477:
338:Pazzi conspiracy
293:
288:
276:
230:Luisa de' Medici
212:Piero de' Medici
157:
109:
73:Lord of Florence
53:
39:
38:
21:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3810:House of Medici
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3710:
3674:
3658:
3628:
3607:
3603:Galileo Galilei
3591:
3587:Marsilio Ficino
3570:
3549:
3465:
3423:
3377:
3368:Medici fountain
3356:
3290:
3176:Poggio a Caiano
3125:
3120:
3119:
3106:
3090:
3064:
3033:
3019:Lorenzo Strozzi
3014:Niccolò Ridolfi
2994:Luigi de' Rossi
2988:
2981:Francesco Maria
2917:
2891:
2870:
2822:
2799:
2730:
2728:House of Medici
2725:
2690:
2668:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2521:
2519:Further reading
2516:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2414:. 28 March 2011
2406:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2338:(10084): 2104.
2324:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:. p. 347.
2263:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2174:TheTimelineGeek
2166:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2126:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2013:
2009:
2002:The Renaissance
1998:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:. p. 135.
1933:
1929:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1825:The Renaissance
1821:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1775:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1653:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1595:Italian Studies
1587:"Luigi Pulci's
1583:
1579:
1568:The Renaissance
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1505:
1501:
1484:
1477:
1454:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1327:(4). New York:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1177:
1085:Roberto Ridolfi
1050:
1037:Sassetti Chapel
910:Jacopo Salviati
866:
838:Cosimo Rosselli
834:Pietro Perugino
817:. They studied
807:Marsilio Ficino
781:Marsilio Ficino
725:Marsilio Ficino
710:
634:Palazzo Vecchio
630:Marco da Faenza
586:and the banker
560:Girolamo Riario
524:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
503:
495:
494:
478:
469:
468:
410:Marsilio Ficino
366:
286:
253:Piero the Gouty
244:
166:
149:
148:
139:
119:
107:
91:Piero the Gouty
67:
57:Agnolo Bronzino
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3727:Galilean moons
3724:
3722:Medici giraffe
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3545:Giorgio Vasari
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3440:Medici Chapels
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Palazzo Madama
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Montevettolini
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Innocenzo Cybo
3001:
2996:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2925:
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2905:
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2820:
2815:
2809:
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2800:
2798:
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2787:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
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2756:
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2736:
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2731:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2666:External links
2664:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2616:
2600:
2592:|journal=
2570:
2555:
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2288:
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2257:
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2230:
2217:
2199:
2193:J.N.D. Kelly,
2186:
2160:
2153:
2124:
2109:
2089:
2076:
2057:
2030:
2019:The Poetry of
2007:
1992:
1975:
1956:
1949:
1927:
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1887:
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1800:
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1645:. pp. x.
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1411:978-0801886270
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1225:Daniel Sharman
1221:
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1060:(16th century)
1058:Giorgio Vasari
1049:
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922:Maria Salviati
888:Giacomo Orsini
880:Clarice Orsini
873:Clarice Orsini
865:
862:
842:Sistine Chapel
709:
706:
674:Ottoman Empire
626:Giorgio Vasari
624:, painting by
599:excommunicated
588:Francesco Nori
580:Pope Sixtus IV
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3317:Palazzo Pitti
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3221:Cerreto Guidi
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3171:Collesalvetti
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3122:Festina Lente
3117:
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2941:(Clement VII)
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2856:Ferdinando II
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2656:
2655:Robin Maxwell
2653:
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2648:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:0-7181-1204-0
2625:
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2567:5-98856-016-4
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2389:
2381:
2380:History World
2377:
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2282:9780313305887
2278:
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2251:9782856538739
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2110:0-8204-7645-5
2106:
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2101:
2093:
2086:
2083:E. B. Fryde,
2080:
2073:. p. 27.
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2050:(in German).
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:Lydia Ugolini
2023:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1942:
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1923:
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1888:1-4042-0315-X
1884:
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1794:0-8028-6348-5
1790:
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1453:9780520930995
1449:
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1427:
1426:Brucker, Gene
1421:
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984:
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944:
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934:
931:
927:
923:
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904:
903:
902:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
870:
861:
859:
853:
852:well-pleased.
848:
845:
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839:
835:
831:
826:
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631:
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623:
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612:
609:, whose son,
608:
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427:
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407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
374:Medici family
371:
361:
359:
355:
354:Medici Chapel
351:
347:
346:Peace of Lodi
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Italic League
319:
315:
312:ruler of the
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
292:
284:
275:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
254:
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173:
169:
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156:
152:
146:
142:
135:
132:
129:
128:
126:
122:
116:
112:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3686:Medici lions
3663:Institutions
3503:Michelangelo
3461:Old Sacristy
3449:New Sacristy
3322:Villa Medici
3246:L'Ambrogiana
3231:Arena Metato
3121:
3081:Don Giovanni
2989:
2971:Giovan Carlo
2961:Ferdinando I
2928:
2866:Gian Gastone
2846:Ferdinando I
2758:
2658:
2633:
2632:Parks, Tim,
2619:
2604:
2583:cite journal
2558:
2551:
2550:F. W. Kent,
2544:
2534:
2525:
2495:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2467:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2402:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2300:
2291:
2267:
2260:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2144:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2069:. New York:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1936:
1930:
1903:
1897:
1868:
1860:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1779:
1761:. p. 8.
1757:. New York:
1754:
1748:
1737:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1638:
1632:
1622:
1615:
1601:(1): 41â58.
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1509:
1502:
1486:
1434:. Berkeley:
1430:
1420:
1396:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1364:
1355:
1324:
1321:The Art Book
1320:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1266:. Retrieved
1260:
1245:
1228:
1215:
1212:Elliot Cowan
1202:
1185:
1154:
1147:
1135:New Sacristy
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1032:
1007:
975:
900:
892:Monterotondo
877:
857:
855:
850:
846:
827:
792:
785:
746:
716:
695:. First the
678:
659:
643:
592:
553:
545:
541:
538:, Washington
505:
480:
456:
449:
446:
403:
367:
334:Michelangelo
307:
295:
294:), known as
282:
281:
176:Noble family
55:Portrait by
36:
3785:1492 deaths
3780:1449 births
3696:Medici Vase
3670:Medici Bank
3624:Jacopo Peri
3444:San Lorenzo
3435:Magi Chapel
3069:Condottieri
2990:female line
2908:Clement VII
2841:Francesco I
2054:(3): 36â43.
1542:25 February
1495:07181 12040
1379:15 November
1131:sarcophagus
1126:in the red
930:Pope Leo XI
924:(mother of
777:Renaissance
735:and either
697:Roman Curia
378:Medici Bank
318:Renaissance
87:Predecessor
3774:Categories
3747:Savonarola
3596:Scientists
3530:Michelozzo
3382:Fortresses
3226:Marignolle
3206:Camugliano
3201:La Petraia
3196:Spedaletto
3186:Mezzomonte
3146:Cafaggiolo
2950:Alessandro
2861:Cosimo III
2779:Lorenzo II
2642:0393328457
2505:Retrieved
2332:The Lancet
2154:0754607771
1939:. London:
1652:0271009373
1313:Parks, Tim
1238:References
1192:Colin Ryan
1161:Pope Leo X
1150:acromegaly
1070:Savonarola
1027:Detail of
890:, Lord of
532:Verrocchio
453:Botticelli
442:Verrocchio
330:Botticelli
208:Male twins
3752:TV series
3612:Musicians
3525:Donatello
3474:Patronage
3281:Seravezza
3216:La Topaia
3166:La Quiete
3130:Buildings
3095:Genealogy
2986:Francesco
2929:male line
2922:Cardinals
2851:Cosimo II
2507:11 August
2469:USA Today
1916:cite book
1470:144626626
1402:JHU Press
1035:from the
896:Bracciano
811:Poliziano
708:Patronage
670:Mehmed II
603:interdict
584:Poliziano
269:Signature
187:Spouse(s)
114:Full name
97:Successor
3757:episodes
3637:Heraldry
3419:Volterra
3399:Piombino
3394:Grosseto
3347:Materdei
3271:Artimino
3251:La MĂ gia
3181:Castello
3055:Giuliano
2976:Leopoldo
2956:Giovanni
2952:(Leo XI)
2945:Ippolito
2933:Giovanni
2882:Caterina
2836:Cosimo I
2818:Cosimo I
2790:Ippolito
2774:Giuliano
2686:LibriVox
2440:PC Gamer
2362:38097951
2354:28561004
2119:61130758
1877:p.
1661:26718982
1315:(2008).
1251:calendar
1187:Leonardo
1128:porphyry
1087:'s book
1014:Giuliano
884:Florence
858:signoria
803:humanism
799:workshop
685:Volterra
638:Florence
595:Holy See
572:Giuliano
530:Bust by
522:Politics
422:jousting
418:Giuliano
358:Florence
342:Giuliano
309:de facto
287:Italian:
151:Florence
65:Florence
3737:Albizzi
3715:Related
3428:Chapels
3404:Pistoia
3332:Livorno
3295:Palaces
3261:Coltano
3256:Liliano
3241:Lapeggi
3211:Stabbia
3161:Fiesole
3156:Careggi
3151:Trebbio
3086:Mattias
3045:Filippo
2935:(Leo X)
2497:Variety
1331:: 288.
1081:Careggi
990:Pistoia
719:in the
701:quintal
672:of the
646:Bologna
574:in the
491:Madonna
489:as the
426:hawking
395:sonnets
300:Italian
168:Careggi
133:banking
59:at the
3389:Arezzo
3286:Madama
3191:Agnano
3138:Villas
3060:Zanobi
2939:Giulio
2913:Leo XI
2784:Giulio
2735:People
2640:
2626:
2612:
2565:
2475:10 May
2447:10 May
2418:17 May
2360:
2352:
2279:
2248:
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