442:. Since Brack was transferred to an SS division, his deputy Blankenburg took over responsibility for the task and would "immediately take the necessary measures and get in touch with the chiefs of the main offices of the concentration camps". When sterilization proved impracticable, this was rejected in favor of exterminating the Jews using poison gas, since the technical apparatus was already in place via T4 to kill unwanted "mentally ill" persons. With the completion of the T4 euthanasia programme run by Brack, the Nazis dismantled the gas chambers previously used for that endeavor, shipped them east, and reinstalled them at Majdanek, Auschwitz, and Treblinka. Brack subsequently took part in the administrative process of establishing extermination camps in occupied Poland. It was personnel and equipment provided by Brack that were utilized to murder the Jews.
351:. To efficiently accomplish this task, Brack, who headed Office II of the Führer's Chancellery created four offices; these were Office IIa or the Deputy Chief of Central Office II, headed by Blankenburg ; Office IIb, led by Hans Hefelmann, which dealt with the Reich government and clemency petitions; Office IIc, overseen by Reinhold Vorberg, responsible for matters related to the armed forces, the police, the SS, and churches; and Office IId for matters concerning the Nazi Party, which was headed by
31:
378:
readily observed from without." Given the scale of the operation, Brack recruited personnel using his network of contacts and party connections to fully staff T4, none of whom were forced to participate but volunteered their services. The T4 killings took place from
September 1939 until the end of the war in 1945; from 275,000 to 300,000 people were killed in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and Austria, occupied Poland and the
451:
467:
21 March 1947—he was again implicated along with Dr. Karl Brandt for his involvement in the T4 programme. Brack was known to radically enforce euthanasia, even terrorizing doctors and nurses to ensure they maintained the killing procedures, despite later claiming during the trials that he had never even heard of the T4 programme.
466:
Sometime in April 1945, Viktor Brack and his superior
Phillip Bouhler were arrested. During the Eichberg trial, which concluded at Frankfurt on 21 December 1946, Brack was implicated for his role in recruiting physicians for the euthanasia killings. At the Hadamar Trial—between 24 February 1947 until
377:
There were six principal killing centers; these resided at
Hartheim, Sonnenstein, Grafeneck, Bernburg, Brandenburg, and Hadamar; most of which, historian Robert Lifton points out, "were in isolated areas and had high walls—some had originally been old castles—so that what happened within could not be
470:
During the trials, Brack insisted that euthanasia was a "humane measure" for incurably sick people and denied all knowledge of the
Holocaust. He contested his complicity in mass X-ray sterilizations until confronted by his signature on corresponding documents; meanwhile other administrators—Rudolf
373:
On 3 April 1940, Brack explained to leading members of the German
Council of Municipalities his justification for murdering persons deemed permanently mentally ill. Among material considerations, Brack outlined how they "deprived" others of food (useless eaters), and unnecessarily took up space at
432:
Dear
Reichsführer, among tens of millions of Jews in Europe, there are, I figure, at least two to three millions of men and women who are fit enough to work. Considering the extraordinary difficulties the labour problem presents us with, I hold the view that those two to three millions should be
366:". The Aktion T4 program was related to popular early 20th-century ideas of eugenics and improving the race, not allowing disabled or mentally ill people to reproduce. Initially, the doctors in the program sterilized people, but then they murdered nearly 15,000 German citizens at
536:
While historians Robert Jay Lifton and Henry
Friedlander assert that the T4 programme provided the "medical bridge to genocide" and were part of Nazi Germany's first "mass murder," Cesarini was not so convinced, arguing instead that it was
374:
hospitals for otherwise curable people. Beyond those reasons, Brack added the ideological components of racial hygiene as grounds for their extermination, atop stressing the importance of the war effort above humanitarian factors.
471:
Brandt and
Wolfram Sievers—testified against Brack, proving links between him, the Führer's Chancellery, and Hitler. Nonetheless, Brack denied any anti-Semitism or involvement with killing Jews and avowed that he had joined the
263:. In 1928, he completed a degree in agriculture at the Technical University of Munich and shortly thereafter began managing the estate attached to his father's sanatorium; he also was a test driver for BMW.
343:
to manage the euthanasia program, where they would oversee the murder of physically and/or mentally disabled persons. The implementation of the killing operations was left to subordinates such as Brack and
437:
Brack only intended to spare these 2–3 million Jews capable of work provided they were accordingly sterilized. Following these recommendations, Himmler ordered the procedure to be tested on prisoners in
3577:
428:; all of whom were led into the vans, murdered, and then driven to nearby woods so their bodies could be placed in mass graves. On 23 June 1942 Brack wrote the following letter to Himmler:
1613:
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Himmlers
Teufels: General SS- und Polizeiführer Globoćnik in Lublin und Ein Bericht über die Judenvernichtung im General-Gouvernement in Polen 1941–1944, Dokumenten-Sammlung
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As the liaison between the Führer's
Chancellery and the Health Ministry, historian David Cesarini claims that it was Brack, who "developed the organization."
3110:
3085:
2843:
1917:
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3343:
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1394:
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1910:
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219:; this Nazi initiative resulted in the systematic murder of 275,000 to 300,000 disabled people. He held various positions of responsibility in
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1133:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949
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specially selected and preserved. This can, however, only be done if at the same time they are rendered incapable to propagate.
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operations in Poland—particularly Operation Tannenberg—that formed the "bridge to genocide" and not compulsory euthanasia.
3329:
1312:
379:
284:
as a consequence of his father having delivered one of the SS leader's children. Sometime in 1932, he became adjutant to
223:
in Berlin. Following his role in the T4 programme, Brack was one of the men identified as responsible for the gassing of
1889:
1638:
3512:
2869:
1568:
1243:
512:
Also see: Vernehmungsprotokoll der Sonderkommission des Hessischen Landeskriminalamtes Wiesbaden, V/1, April 4, 1960,
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the task of arranging gas-killing operations of mentally ill patients and other people whom the Nazis deemed "
106:
Chief of Office II: Affairs of the Party, State, and the Armed Forces in the Chancellery of the Führer of the
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2017:
1633:
514:"Tötung in einer Minute". „Mitschrift der Vernehmung und Fahndungsschreiben von Dr. phil. August Becker“
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1414:
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1389:
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1095:(in German). Haifa: Institute of Documentation in Israel for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes.
1033:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
2612:
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159:
85:
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212:
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363:
308:, NSDAP, clemency petitions and complaints received by the Führer from all parts of Germany.
1753:
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on 2 June 1948, stating at the gallows that he "wished for God to give peace to the world."
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8:
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In his role as an administrator of the T4 programme, Brack was codenamed "Jennerwein".
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81:
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1987:
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2198:
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1997:
1838:
1710:
1673:
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1293:
Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent
479:
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77:
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2002:
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1982:
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336:
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51:
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1957:
1932:
1813:
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2178:
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2007:
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1962:
1823:
1715:
478:
On 20 August 1947, Brack was sentenced to death. He was executed by hanging at
408:
391:
320:
260:
236:
55:
30:
2400:
2208:
2168:
1773:
1643:
866:
319:
officials under Viktor Brack played a vital role in organising the killing of
288:
and by 1934, Brack was his chief of staff. In 1936, he was appointed chief of
3546:
3381:
3199:
2971:
2712:
2647:
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2500:
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2027:
2012:
1967:
1858:
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1803:
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1763:
1758:
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1376:
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359:
272:
200:
163:
59:
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1140:
3289:
3001:
2808:
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2657:
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2617:
2485:
2470:
2311:
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2213:
2183:
2133:
2103:
2098:
1853:
1818:
1705:
2143:
3021:
2557:
2547:
2480:
2460:
2390:
2349:
2286:
2271:
2193:
2153:
2042:
2032:
1213:
Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues
1148:
340:
2607:
2572:
2128:
1977:
324:
267:
155:
149:
117:
2864:
2301:
1874:
472:
459:
328:
305:
216:
208:
2889:
2851:
335:
from 1939. By a (backdated) decree of 1 September, Hitler appointed
297:
3304:
1074:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
425:
395:
127:
1135:. Vol. 2. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1175:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
716:
3376:
1492:
1130:
902:
872:
450:
417:
301:
256:
141:
402:
incapable of working, the first three of which were set up at
304:. The office handled matters concerning the Reich Ministries,
980:
956:
107:
3578:
Executions by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
1933:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
968:
692:
412:
mobile units assigned there kill Jews, but they also gassed
1009:
1007:
946:
944:
608:
574:
572:
570:
399:
224:
205:
919:
917:
704:
779:
668:
632:
620:
584:
3490:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1255:
From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich
1004:
992:
941:
890:
791:
656:
596:
567:
3351:
1361:
929:
914:
832:
830:
803:
767:
280:'s personal drivers, having become acquainted with the
266:
In 1929 at the age of 25, Brack became a member of the
246:
1194:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
878:
854:
842:
815:
680:
644:
235:
about its use in the practical implementation of the
1257:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
827:
755:
743:
733:
731:
198:(9 November 1904 – 2 June 1948) was a member of the
1076:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
3583:German people convicted of crimes against humanity
1310:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991).
1231:
1109:
728:
276:(SS). Throughout 1930 and 1931, Brack was one of
3544:
2852:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1309:
908:
1158:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1052:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews, 1933–1945
550:This proceeding was one among a series in the
239:. Brack was sentenced to death in 1947 in the
3337:
2837:
1918:
1478:
1347:
475:in 1942 to distance himself from the regime.
454:Viktor Brack testifies in his defense at the
3523:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
3573:Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia
1493:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1271:
1238:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1068:
785:
698:
662:
614:
602:
590:
578:
211:and one of the prominent organisers of the
3344:
3330:
2844:
2830:
1925:
1911:
1485:
1471:
1354:
1340:
1210:
896:
35:Brack's photograph for the Nuremberg trial
1290:
1191:
1090:
1013:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
935:
848:
797:
251:Brack was born the son of a physician in
1234:Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
1131:International Military Tribunal (1949).
1049:
1030:
923:
809:
773:
449:
385:
3448:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1274:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany
1252:
1229:
1107:
884:
860:
821:
710:
674:
650:
638:
626:
331:"euthanasia" programme, especially the
3545:
3431:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2791:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1172:
836:
761:
722:
686:
445:
3618:Technical University of Munich alumni
3325:
2825:
1906:
1466:
1335:
1215:. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward.
370:under an extension of this program.
164:Membership in a criminal organization
1112:The Destruction of the European Jews
873:International Military Tribunal 1949
247:Early life and Nazi Party membership
3352:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
1363:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1313:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1196:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1147:
749:
737:
380:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
13:
3513:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1316:. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
394:and Brack decided to begin using "
355:Buchholz and then by Dr. Brümmel.
14:
3634:
3195:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
243:and executed by hanging in 1948.
3598:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
3372:Population transfers (1944–1946)
2421:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1295:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1156:: A History of Nazi Mass Killing
1116:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
1054:. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
29:
3475:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
3387:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1091:Friedmann, Towish, ed. (1977).
1023:
544:
530:
521:
506:
497:
3608:People from the Rhine Province
3568:Executed German mass murderers
2803:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2779:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1272:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007).
1031:Browning, Christopher (2005).
1:
3470:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
3300:Human medical experimentation
1253:Schafft, Gretchen E. (2004).
485:
1211:Michalczyk, John J. (1994).
909:Zentner & Bedürftig 1991
560:
358:In January 1940, Brack gave
311:
7:
3505:Righteous Among the Nations
3392:Ministry of Public Security
2771:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
1381:Related articles by country
1291:Weindling, Paul J. (2004).
1173:Lifton, Robert Jay (1986).
339:and his personal physician
10:
3639:
3417:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2799:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
725:, pp. 71, 73–75, 100.
404:Chełmno extermination camp
382:(now the Czech Republic).
3503:
3460:
3430:
3409:
3400:
3357:
3321:
3272:
3252:
3213:
3190:Sobibor perpetrator album
3147:
3138:
3073:
3042:
3035:
2949:
2908:
2857:
2821:
2775:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2757:
2701:
2676:
2540:
2533:
2434:
2378:
2320:
2262:
2091:
1945:
1938:
1902:
1885:Human medical experiments
1867:
1729:
1687:
1626:
1559:
1507:
1498:
1462:
1458:
1369:
1192:Longerich, Peter (2010).
1177:. New York: Basic Books.
368:Hadamar Euthanasia Centre
189:
179:
169:
147:
137:
133:
123:
113:
102:
92:
66:
40:
28:
21:
3438:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2783:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2516:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2018:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1230:Proctor, Robert (1988).
1050:Cesarani, David (2016).
490:
416:, people suffering from
292:(main office II) in the
231:, having conferred with
3528:Garden of the Righteous
3280:Identification in camps
3273:Technical and logistics
2719:Order Police battalions
1276:. New York: Routledge.
160:Crimes against humanity
86:Allied-occupied Germany
3593:Holocaust perpetrators
2941:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2406:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1108:Hilberg, Raul (1985).
463:
435:
325:physically handicapped
213:involuntary euthanasia
3480:Majdanek State Museum
2613:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
1517:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1154:Empire of Destruction
453:
430:
390:During October 1941,
386:Role in the Holocaust
364:life unworthy of life
204:(SS) and a convicted
2957:Mordechai Anielewicz
2668:Elisabeth Volkenrath
2553:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2189:Arthur Liebehenschel
2114:Hermine Braunsteiner
2058:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
989:, pp. 159, 173.
965:, pp. 222, 256.
221:Hitler's Chancellery
196:Viktor Hermann Brack
97:Execution by hanging
45:Viktor Hermann Brack
3623:Waffen-SS personnel
3563:Aktion T4 personnel
3495:March of the Living
3367:Holocaust survivors
3231:Vrba–Wetzler report
3007:Alexander Pechersky
2967:Mordechai Tenenbaum
2416:Alexander Palfinger
2239:Johann Schwarzhuber
1799:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1778:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1679:Sonderaktion Krakau
977:, pp. 158–159.
713:, pp. 189–190.
677:, pp. 206–208.
641:, pp. 225–226.
629:, pp. 159–163.
446:Trial and execution
406:. Not only did the
229:extermination camps
93:Cause of death
3603:People from Aachen
3410:West German trials
3205:Wannsee Conference
2992:Itzhak Katzenelson
2744:General Government
2229:Franz Reichleitner
2159:Fritz Hartjenstein
2149:Maximilian Grabner
2068:Bruno Streckenbach
1880:Grossaktion Warsaw
1533:Operation Reinhard
1070:Friedlander, Henry
464:
349:Werner Blankenburg
333:child "euthanasia"
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3456:
3455:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3268:
3267:
3260:Sonderaktion 1005
3134:
3133:
2817:
2816:
2795:Ypatingasis būrys
2697:
2696:
2638:Johanna Langefeld
2633:Hildegard Lächert
2529:
2528:
2365:Alfred Trzebinski
2330:Franz von Bodmann
2282:Lorenz Hackenholt
2124:Theodor van Eupen
2063:Jakob Sporrenberg
1898:
1897:
1622:
1621:
1302:978-0-23050-700-5
1283:978-0-41530-861-8
1264:978-0-25207-453-0
1222:978-1-55612-752-6
1203:978-0-19-280436-5
1184:978-0-46504-905-9
1165:978-0-300-26253-7
1083:978-0-80782-208-1
1061:978-1-25000-083-5
1042:978-0-8032-5979-9
752:, pp. 34–35.
701:, pp. 41–42.
617:, pp. 40–42.
193:
192:
82:Landsberg am Lech
16:Nazi war criminal
3630:
3588:Heinrich Himmler
3422:Treblinka trials
3407:
3406:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3221:Graebe affidavit
3214:Witness accounts
3160:Frank memorandum
3145:
3144:
3040:
3039:
3027:Szmul Zygielbojm
3017:Frumka Płotnicka
2977:Leon Feldhendler
2962:Icchak Cukierman
2916:Ghetto uprisings
2846:
2839:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2767:Schutzmannschaft
2588:Feodor Fedorenko
2538:
2537:
2446:Wolfgang Birkner
2234:Heinrich Schwarz
2224:Josef Oberhauser
2199:Heinrich Matthes
2083:Dieter Wisliceny
2073:Richard Thomalla
2048:Heinz Reinefarth
1998:Heinrich Himmler
1943:
1942:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1868:Other atrocities
1505:
1504:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
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1327:
1306:
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1237:
1226:
1207:
1188:
1169:
1144:
1127:
1115:
1104:
1087:
1065:
1046:
1017:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
939:
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
786:Friedlander 1995
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
699:Friedlander 1995
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
663:Friedlander 1995
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
615:Friedlander 1995
612:
606:
603:Friedlander 1995
600:
594:
591:Stackelberg 2007
588:
582:
579:Friedlander 1995
576:
554:
548:
542:
534:
528:
525:
519:
518:
510:
504:
501:
480:Landsberg Prison
278:Heinrich Himmler
270:(NSDAP) and the
180:Criminal penalty
152:
78:Landsberg Prison
73:
33:
19:
18:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3499:
3452:
3443:Stutthof trials
3426:
3396:
3353:
3350:
3309:
3295:Holocaust train
3264:
3248:
3236:Witold's Report
3226:Gerstein Report
3209:
3175:Katzmann Report
3155:Auschwitz Album
3130:
3069:
3031:
2997:Michał Klepfisz
2945:
2904:
2853:
2850:
2813:
2753:
2723:Ordnungspolizei
2693:
2672:
2653:Erich Muhsfeldt
2583:Margot Dreschel
2568:Alexander Bülow
2525:
2521:Udo von Woyrsch
2511:Hermann Schaper
2506:Emanuel Schäfer
2491:Josef Meisinger
2451:Helmut Bischoff
2430:
2386:Heinz Auerswald
2374:
2316:
2264:
2258:
2254:Christian Wirth
2164:Gottlieb Hering
2087:
2053:Julian Scherner
2038:Georg Michalsen
2023:Franz Kutschera
1983:Odilo Globocnik
1934:
1931:
1894:
1863:
1725:
1683:
1664:Kielce cemetery
1618:
1555:
1494:
1491:
1454:
1365:
1360:
1330:
1324:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1124:
1084:
1062:
1043:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
942:
934:
930:
922:
915:
907:
903:
897:Michalczyk 1994
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
645:
637:
633:
625:
621:
613:
609:
601:
597:
589:
585:
577:
568:
563:
558:
557:
549:
545:
535:
531:
526:
522:
516:
511:
507:
502:
498:
493:
488:
448:
388:
337:Philipp Bouhler
314:
286:Philipp Bouhler
282:Reichsführer-SS
249:
233:Odilo Globočnik
162:
158:
148:
124:Criminal status
114:Political party
88:
75:
71:
62:
49:
48:9 November 1904
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Sobibór Museum
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:Sonderkommando
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Posen speeches
3182:
3180:Korherr Report
3177:
3172:
3170:Höfle telegram
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Witold Pilecki
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Henryk Iwański
2984:
2982:Paweł Frenkiel
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2787:Arajs Kommando
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2709:Einsatzgruppen
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:Alice Orlowski
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:John Demjanjuk
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Gerhard Flesch
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2437:Einsatzgruppen
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2379:Ghetto command
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Horst Schumann
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Johann Niemann
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Hermann Michel
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Karl-Otto Koch
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Irmfried Eberl
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Fritz Katzmann
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Arthur Greiser
1990:
1988:Richard Glücks
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Ludwig Fischer
1970:
1965:
1963:Adolf Eichmann
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1627:Mass shootings
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1614:Danzig-Matzkau
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Kraków-Płaszów
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1288:
1282:
1269:
1263:
1250:
1245:978-0674745780
1244:
1227:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1088:
1082:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:, p. 302.
1014:Weindling 2004
1003:
1001:, p. 253.
999:Weindling 2004
991:
987:Weindling 2004
979:
975:Weindling 2004
967:
963:Weindling 2004
955:
953:, p. 101.
951:Weindling 2004
940:
936:Weindling 2004
928:
926:, p. 286.
913:
911:, p. 106.
901:
889:
887:, p. 207.
877:
875:, p. 279.
865:
863:, p. 206.
853:
849:Friedmann 1977
841:
826:
824:, p. 191.
814:
812:, p. 193.
802:
800:, p. 477.
798:Longerich 2010
790:
778:
776:, p. 282.
766:
754:
742:
727:
715:
703:
691:
689:, p. 141.
679:
667:
655:
653:, p. 160.
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
593:, p. 186.
583:
565:
564:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:Doctors' trial
543:
539:Einsatzgruppen
529:
520:
505:
495:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
456:Doctors' Trial
447:
444:
409:Einsatzgruppen
392:Adolf Eichmann
387:
384:
327:people in the
313:
310:
261:Rhine Province
248:
245:
241:Doctors' Trial
237:Final Solution
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
174:Doctors' trial
171:
167:
166:
153:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
74:(aged 43)
68:
64:
63:
56:Rhine Province
50:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:SS-Oberführer
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Kielce pogrom
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Stroop Report
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Documentation
3137:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Marek Edelman
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:Organizations
2856:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2759:Collaboration
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:Organizations
2700:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Eduard Lorenz
2646:
2644:
2643:Anton Lechner
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Josef Kollmer
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Kurt Gerstein
2596:
2594:
2593:Hans Hoffmann
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Juana Bormann
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Erich Naumann
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Lothar Beutel
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2426:Jürgen Stroop
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Josef Blösche
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2370:Eduard Wirths
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Josef Mengele
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Horst Fischer
2343:
2341:
2340:Karl Gebhardt
2338:
2336:
2335:Carl Clauberg
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Ludwig Plagge
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Herbert Lange
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Kurt Bolender
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Gustav Wagner
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
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2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Franz Hössler
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Karl Fritzsch
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Wilhelm Boger
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2079:
2076:
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2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Erwin Lambert
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Wilhelm Koppe
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Hermann Höfle
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Theodor Eicke
1966:
1964:
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1959:
1956:
1954:
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1948:
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1941:
1937:
1928:
1923:
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1699:
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1672:
1670:
1669:Aktion Krakau
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Bloody Sunday
1637:
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1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1561:Concentration
1558:
1550:
1547:
1545:
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1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
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1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:Extermination
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1483:
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1476:
1474:
1469:
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1465:
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1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:The Holocaust
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1323:0-02-897500-6
1319:
1315:
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1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1289:
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1279:
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1256:
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1205:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:0-8419-0910-5
1119:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
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1057:
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1038:
1034:
1029:
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1010:
1008:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
945:
938:, p. 34.
937:
932:
925:
924:Cesarani 2016
920:
918:
910:
905:
899:, p. 39.
898:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
839:, p. 79.
838:
833:
831:
823:
818:
811:
810:Browning 2005
806:
799:
794:
788:, p. 69.
787:
782:
775:
774:Cesarani 2016
770:
764:, p. 71.
763:
758:
751:
746:
740:, p. 34.
739:
734:
732:
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
688:
683:
676:
671:
665:, p. 40.
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
628:
623:
616:
611:
605:, p. 41.
604:
599:
592:
587:
581:, p. 68.
580:
575:
573:
571:
566:
553:
547:
540:
533:
524:
515:
509:
500:
496:
483:
481:
476:
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468:
461:
457:
452:
443:
441:
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429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:August Becker
356:
354:
350:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
273:Schutzstaffel
269:
264:
262:
258:
255:(now part of
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
202:
201:Schutzstaffel
197:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
150:Conviction(s)
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
103:Occupation(s)
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
69:
65:
61:
60:German Empire
57:
53:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3241:
3165:Höcker Album
3148:Nazi sources
3036:Victim lists
3002:Miles Lerman
2809:Trawniki men
2749:Hotel Polski
2658:Detlef Nebbe
2623:Oswald Kaduk
2618:Karl Jeschke
2496:Bruno Müller
2486:Felix Landau
2471:Ernst Damzog
2466:Karl Brunner
2435:
2411:Franz Konrad
2312:Adolf Theuer
2265:executioners
2244:Franz Stangl
2214:Robert Mulka
2184:Josef Kramer
2134:Karl Frenzel
2104:Richard Baer
2099:Hans Aumeier
2092:Camp command
2078:Otto Wächter
1958:Josef Bühler
1953:Viktor Brack
1952:
1939:Perpetrators
1531:
1373:Main article
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1233:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1152:
1149:Kay, Alex J.
1132:
1111:
1092:
1073:
1051:
1032:
1024:Bibliography
994:
982:
970:
958:
931:
904:
892:
885:Proctor 1988
880:
868:
861:Proctor 1988
856:
851:, p. 6.
844:
822:Proctor 1988
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
718:
711:Proctor 1988
706:
694:
682:
675:Proctor 1988
670:
658:
651:Schafft 2004
646:
639:Hilberg 1985
634:
627:Schafft 2004
622:
610:
598:
586:
546:
538:
532:
523:
508:
499:
477:
469:
465:
436:
431:
407:
398:" to murder
389:
376:
372:
357:
352:
345:
321:mentally ill
316:
315:
289:
281:
271:
265:
250:
209:war criminal
199:
195:
194:
72:(1948-06-02)
23:Viktor Brack
3558:1948 deaths
3553:1904 births
3285:Gas chamber
3253:Concealment
3244:photographs
3091:Gross-Rosen
3060:Lviv (Lwów)
3022:Roza Robota
2926:Częstochowa
2558:Herta Bothe
2548:Hans Anhalt
2541:Camp guards
2481:Ludwig Hahn
2461:Paul Blobel
2401:Franz Bürkl
2391:Hans Biebow
2350:Fritz Klein
2287:Josef Klehr
2272:Erich Bauer
2263:Gas chamber
2209:Karl Möckel
2194:Maria Mandl
2169:Rudolf Höss
2154:Otto Hantke
2043:Oswald Pohl
2033:Ernst Lerch
1844:Stanisławów
1754:Częstochowa
1644:Bronna Góra
1574:Gross-Rosen
1569:Auschwitz I
837:Lifton 1986
762:Lifton 1986
723:Lifton 1986
687:Lifton 1986
517:(in German)
341:Karl Brandt
317:Hauptamt II
294:Chancellery
290:Hauptamt II
70:2 June 1948
3547:Categories
2608:Irma Grese
2603:Paul Götze
2573:Luise Danz
2322:Physicians
2129:Kurt Franz
1978:Hans Frank
1946:Organizers
1890:Heidelager
486:References
424:, and the
353:Amtsleiter
346:Oberführer
268:Nazi Party
215:programme
156:War crimes
118:Nazi Party
3462:Memorials
3359:Aftermath
3126:Treblinka
3081:Auschwitz
2936:Treblinka
2921:Białystok
2909:Uprisings
2689:Treblinka
2534:Personnel
2302:Otto Moll
2292:Hans Koch
2144:Amon Göth
1875:Action T4
1839:Sosnowiec
1809:Nowy Sącz
1744:Białystok
1711:Szczuczyn
1659:Erntefest
1649:Bydgoszcz
1634:Białystok
1549:Treblinka
1425:Lithuania
1101:654617673
1035:. Arrow.
561:Citations
473:Waffen-SS
460:Nuremberg
440:Auschwitz
420:, Soviet
329:Aktion T4
312:Aktion T4
306:Wehrmacht
259:) in the
217:Aktion T4
3305:Zyklon B
3121:Trawniki
3116:Stutthof
3101:Majdanek
1849:Tarnopol
1789:Lubartów
1701:Jedwabne
1604:Trawniki
1594:Stutthof
1584:Potulice
1527:Majdanek
1445:Slovakia
1151:(2021).
1141:62569816
1072:(1995).
750:Kay 2021
738:Kay 2021
462:in 1947.
396:gas vans
128:Executed
3290:Gas van
3106:Sobibór
3043:Ghettos
2950:Leaders
2931:Sobibor
2684:Sobibor
2677:By camp
1824:Siedlce
1731:Ghettos
1716:Tykocin
1688:Pogroms
1674:Palmiry
1599:Szebnie
1544:Sobibor
1522:Chełmno
1450:Ukraine
1435:Romania
1415:Germany
1405:Estonia
1400:Denmark
1395:Croatia
1390:Belgium
1385:Belarus
414:Gypsies
296:of the
3402:Trials
3377:Bricha
3111:Soldau
3096:Izbica
3086:Bełżec
3065:Warsaw
3050:Kraków
2890:Żegota
1859:Warsaw
1834:Słonim
1829:Sambor
1804:Mizocz
1794:Lublin
1769:Kraków
1764:Kielce
1759:Grodno
1739:Będzin
1721:Wąsosz
1697:(1946)
1695:Kielce
1609:Warsaw
1589:Soldau
1539:Belzec
1440:Russia
1430:Norway
1420:Latvia
1410:France
1320:
1299:
1280:
1261:
1242:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1139:
1120:
1099:
1080:
1058:
1039:
426:insane
418:typhus
302:Berlin
298:Führer
257:Aachen
253:Haaren
142:Nazism
138:Motive
52:Haaren
3074:Camps
2734:RKFDV
1854:Wilno
1819:Radom
1814:Pińsk
1749:Brest
1654:Dynów
1500:Camps
491:Notes
184:Death
170:Trial
108:NSDAP
3517:List
3055:Łódź
2875:Bund
2739:VoMi
2729:WVHA
1784:Łódź
1774:Lwów
1706:Lviv
1318:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1137:OCLC
1118:ISBN
1097:OCLC
1078:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1037:ISBN
422:POWs
400:Jews
323:and
225:Jews
206:Nazi
67:Died
41:Born
2900:ŻZW
2895:ŻOB
2885:PKB
2870:AOB
458:in
344:SA-
300:in
227:in
3549::
2880:GL
2865:AK
2801:/
2797:,
2793:,
2789:,
2785:,
2781:,
2777:/
2773:,
2713:SS
1006:^
943:^
916:^
829:^
730:^
569:^
84:,
80:,
58:,
54:,
3519:)
3515:(
3345:e
3338:t
3331:v
2845:e
2838:t
2831:v
2805:)
2769:(
2725:)
2721:(
2715:)
2711:(
1926:e
1919:t
1912:v
1780:)
1776:(
1486:e
1479:t
1472:v
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1326:.
1305:.
1286:.
1267:.
1248:.
1225:.
1206:.
1187:.
1168:.
1143:.
1126:.
1103:.
1086:.
1064:.
1045:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
