Vietnamese Americans

1329:. Although their rates of cultural and economic assimilation were comparable to other groups (perhaps due to language differences between English and Vietnamese), their rates of civic assimilation were the highest of the large immigrant groups. As many were refugees from South Vietnam, Vietnamese Americans viewed their stay in the United States as permanent and became involved in the political process at a higher rate than other groups. Vietnamese Americans have the highest rate of naturalization among all immigrant groups: in 2015, 86% of Vietnamese immigrants in the United States who were eligible for citizenship already became citizens. However, there are "substantive within-group differences among Vietnamese Americans and that the classical linear assimilation hypothesis does not adequately explain political incorporation. Although naturalization does appear to increase steadily over time, with earlier waves more likely to have acquired citizenship, the same pattern of associations does not appear for our analysis of registration and voting. Notably, it was the third wave of Vietnamese immigrants who were most likely to cast ballots in the last presidential election". According to a 1995 study, the relationship between Vietnam and the United States has been the most important issue for most Vietnamese Americans. As many are refugees from South Vietnam, many are strongly opposed to communism; this attitude could also take root during and after the 926: 2007:. Many could not be reunited with their fathers, and commonly arrived with their mothers. In some cases, they were part of false families that were created to escape from Vietnam. Many of the first-generation Amerasians and their mothers experienced significant social and institutional discrimination in Vietnam, where they were denied the right to education; discrimination worsening after the 1973 American withdrawal, and by the U.S. government, which discouraged American military personnel from marrying Vietnamese nationals and frequently refused claims of U.S. citizenship that were lodged by Amerasians born in Vietnam if their mothers were not married to their American fathers. 1670:), relatives gather for a festive meal and to share stories about the person's children, works or community. In a typical Vietnamese family, parents see themselves with a vital role in their children's lives; according to a survey, 71 percent of Vietnamese American parents said that being a good parent is one of the most important things in their lives. Generations of Vietnamese were taught to help their families without question, and many Vietnamese Americans send American goods and money and sponsor relatives' trips or immigration to the U.S. In 2013, remittances sent to Vietnam via formal channels totaled $ 11 billion, a tenfold increase from the late 1990s. 5022: 1307: 47: 1674: 1001: 1628: 343: 1617: 862: 2091: 1222: 2105: 1495:(rather than the flag of Vietnam) the symbol of the Vietnamese in the United States, and objections were raised by the Vietnamese government. The California and Ohio state governments enacted laws adopting the South Vietnamese flag in August 2006. Since June 2002, 13 states, seven counties and 85 cities had adopted resolutions recognizing the South Vietnamese flag as the Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag. 2683: 1596:

racism, with supremacy"; that "The ideas of authoritarianism, of overturning the people's will, are not the principles that this flag stands for", and that the incident made them "look like clowns". It was reported that due to the incident, "many younger people started questioning their elders' unyielding loyalty to and interpretation of the banner's values".

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granted LPR on the basis of family sponsored preferences or by way of immediate relatives to U.S. citizens, at 53% and 44% respectively. This marks a complete about face, as in 1982, 99% of Vietnamese who received green cards obtained them on humanitarian grounds, while in 2019 only 1% of Vietnamese who received LPR status did so through this channel.

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granted lawful permanent residence (LPR) on the basis of family sponsored preferences or by way of immediate relatives to U.S. citizens, at 53% and 44% respectively. This marks a complete about face, in 1982, 99% of Vietnamese that were granted LPR were refugees, while today that group is a mere 1% of the Vietnamese population.

2659: 2163: 1364:, Republican support has eroded in the second generation and among newer, poorer refugees. However, the Republican Party still has strong support; in 2007, in Orange County, Vietnamese Americans registered as Republicans outnumbered registered Democrats (55 and 22 percent, respectively). According to the 2008 1016:

Though Vietnamese immigration has continued at a fairly steady pace since the 1980s, the pathway to immigration for Vietnamese today has shifted entirely. As opposed to the earlier history of Vietnamese migration that stemmed predominantly from refugees, an overwhelming majority of Vietnamese are now

1008:

By the early 1980s, a secondary resettlement was underway. Vietnamese refugees were initially scattered throughout the country in wherever they could find sponsorship. The majority (27,199) settled in California, followed by 9,130 in Texas and 3,500 to 7,000 each in Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington,

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children and former political prisoners and their families to enter the United States. Vietnamese immigration peaked in 1992, when many re-education-camp inmates were released and sponsored by their families in the U.S. Between 1981 and 2000, the country accepted 531,310 Vietnamese political refugees

804:

Coming from different waves of immigration, Vietnamese Americans have a lower educational attainment than overall Asian American population but it is higher than other Southeast Asian groups and is also trending upward. As of 2019, 32% of Vietnamese American (of which 27% foreign born and 63% of U.S.

795:

402:

In 2018, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the total population of Vietnamese Americans was 2,162,610 (92.1% reporting one race, 7.2% reporting two races, 0.7% reporting three races, and 0.1% reporting four or more races). California and Texas had the highest concentrations of Vietnamese Americans: 40

2018:

helped over 25,000 Amerasians and their 67,000 relatives in Vietnam, to emigrate to the United States. Although they received permanent-resident status, many have been unable to obtain citizenship and express a lack of belonging or acceptance in the US because of differences in culture, language and

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Young Vietnamese Americans adults are well educated, and often provide professional services. Since older Vietnamese Americans have difficulty interacting with the non-Vietnamese professional class, many Vietnamese Americans provide specialized professional services to fellow immigrants. Of these, a

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Most first-wave Vietnamese immigrants initially worked at low-paying jobs in small services or industries. Finding work was more difficult for second-wave and subsequent immigrants, due to their limited educational background and job skills. They were employed in blue-collar jobs, such as electrical

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South Vietnamese refugees were initially resented by Americans, since the memory of defeat was fresh; according to a 1975 poll, only 36 percent of Americans favored Vietnamese immigration. However, the U.S. government informed public opinion as it felt that it had a moral obligation to the refugees,

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The evacuation of the immigrants was organized in three major ways. The week before Saigon fell, 15,000 people left on scheduled flights followed by an additional 80,000 also evacuated by air. The last group was carried on U.S. Navy ships. During the spring of 1975 125,000 people left South Vietnam,

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owners. According to a 2002 Census Bureau survey of Vietnamese-owned firms, more than 50 percent of the businesses are personal services or repair and maintenance. The period from 1997 to 2002 saw substantial growth in the number of Vietnamese-owned business. Throughout the country, many Vietnamese

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by waving the South Vietnamese flags and marching alongside neo-Nazi and white nationalist supporters. Some Vietnamese Americans, especially younger ones have expressed that they feel "disappointed" about the display of the flag at the Capitol riot, mainly "to see it be associated with hate, with

1994:

are descendants of an ethnic Vietnamese (or Hoa) parent and an American parent, most commonly white or black. The first substantial generation of Amerasian Vietnamese Americans were born to American personnel, primarily military men, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1975. Many Amerasians were

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of imported shrimp from Vietnam has impacted their livelihood. Many remain employed in Silicon Valley's computer and networking industry, despite layoffs following the closure of various high-tech companies. Recent immigrants not yet proficient in English work in assembly, restaurants, shops and

791:

The U.S. Census Bureau reports in 2016 among working Vietnamese Americans (civilian employed population 16 years and over): 32.9% had management, business, science, and arts occupations; 30.9% had service occupations; 17.0% had sales and office occupations, 4.3% had reported natural resources,

568:) make up about six percent of Vietnam's population and about 23 percent of the Vietnamese American population. Due to hostility between Communists and Catholics in Vietnam, many Catholics fled the country after the Communist takeover, and many Catholic Churches had sponsored them to America. 2010:

Discrimination was even greater for children of black servicemen than for children of white fathers. Subsequent generations of Amerasians (children born in the United States) and Vietnamese-born Amerasians whose American paternity was documented by their parents' marriage or their subsequent

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for special occasions and showcasing their cuisine in restaurants throughout the country. Family loyalty is the most important Vietnamese cultural characteristic, and more than two generations traditionally lived under one roof. The Vietnamese view a family as including maternal and paternal

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faced discrimination as they arrived throughout the 1970s and 1980s. White fishermen complained about unfair competition from their Vietnamese American counterparts. "Non-Vietnamese docks refused to allow Vietnamese American boats to dock, wholesalers refused to buy shrimp from Vietnamese

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and other Tai ethnicities who migrated to the United States were majority from Northern Vietnam. The community, overall, do not develop a separate ethnic identity sentiment due to long friendly relations with the Vietnamese rulers, thus the community don't regard itself

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Language was the first barrier Vietnamese refugees with limited English proficiency had to overcome. English uses tonal inflection sparingly (primarily for questions); Vietnamese, a tonal language, uses variations in tone to differentiate between meanings of a sound.

4402:

Ho, Canary H. "Perspectives of First-Generation Vietnamese Americans and Filipino/a Americans : Lack of Representation and the Model Minority Myth" (EdD dissertation, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,

1468:. In 2006, 15 Vietnamese Americans were running for elective office in California. In August 2014, Fort Hood Col. Viet Xuan Luong became the first Vietnamese American general in U.S. history. Four Vietnamese Americans have run for a seat in the 1279:

and 43 percent nationwide are Vietnamese Americans. Nail-salon work is skilled manual labor which requires limited English-speaking ability. Some Vietnamese Americans see the work as a way to accumulate wealth quickly, and many send

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poll, 71 percent of respondents ranked fighting communism as a "top priority" or "very important." Vietnamese Americans stage protests against the Vietnamese government's policies. In 1999, opposition to a video-store owner in

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can have one of seven meanings, depending on tone: "mother", "ghost", "but", "code", "rice plant", "cheek" or "tomb". Another difference between Vietnamese and English is the former's widespread use of status-related pronouns.

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Segui, Alan Serrano. "The immigration generation: Nativity and the political socialization of Filipino and Vietnamese Americans" (Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,

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According to the Migration Policy Institute using data from the American Community Survey for 2017 to 2021, there were 1,347,300 immigrants from Vietnam nationally. The top counties in which they resided were as follows:

833:

The history of Vietnamese Americans is fairly recent. Before 1975, most Vietnamese residing in the U.S. were the wives and children of American servicemen or academics. Records indicate that a few Vietnamese (including

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Le, L. K., & Su, P. H. (2016). Vietnamese Americans and Electoral Participation. In K. L. Kreider & T. J. Baldino (Eds.), Minority Voting in the United States, (pp. 363, 365, 349-368), Santa Barbara: Praeger

2497: 953:" were generally lower socioeconomically, as most were peasant farmers or fishermen, small-town merchants or former military officials. Survivors were picked up by foreign ships and brought to asylum camps in 1947:

who migrated to Vietnam. In 2013, they made up 11.5 percent of the Vietnamese American population, and in majority, identified itself as Vietnamese. Some Hoa Vietnamese Americans also speak a dialect of

431:, where Vietnamese Americans make up 40.2 and 27.7 percent of the population respectively. About 41 percent of the Vietnamese immigrant population lives in five major metropolitan areas: in descending order, 4063:

Trieu, M.M. (2013). Chinese-Vietnamese Americans. X. Zhao, & E.J. Park (Eds.), Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History (pp. 305-310). Santa Barbara, USA:

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survey, 47% of registered Vietnamese American voters leaned Republican and 32% Democratic; among Vietnamese Americans overall (including non-registered voters), 36% leaned Democratic and 35% Republican.

5021: 1907:(Thiền) doctrines and practices. Most temples are small, consisting of a converted house with one or two resident monks or nuns. Two of the most prominent figures in Vietnamese American Buddhism are 937:

A second wave of Vietnamese refugees from the former South Vietnam arrived from 1978 to the mid-1980s. South Vietnamese, particularly former military officers and government employees, were sent to "

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Bankston, Carl L. "Vietnamese American." In Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America vol 2, edited by Judy Galens, Anna Sheets, and Robyn V. Young, 1393-1407. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995

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and 46 percent of the total U.S. foreign-born population). Of those born outside the United States, 73.1 percent entered before 2000, 21.2 percent from 2000 and 2009 and 5.7 percent after 2010.

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In 2019, the median household income for all Vietnamese Americans was $ 69,800. Broken down by birth, the income was $ 82,400 for U.S.-born and $ 66,000 for foreign-born Vietnamese Americans.

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society values education and learning, and many Vietnamese Americans have worked their way up from menial labor to have their second-generation children attend college and become successful.

2374: 2479: 925: 1141:, refugees arriving in the United States often had a lower socioeconomic standing in their home country and more difficulty integrating due to greater linguistic and cultural barriers. 910:

in 1975, which allowed Vietnamese refugees to enter the United States under a special status and allocated $ 405 million in resettlement aid. To prevent the refugees from forming

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Illinois, New York, and Louisiana. Economic and social factors, many then moved to warmer states, such as California and Texas, with larger Vietnamese communities, better jobs, and

1034:

attempted to intimidate Vietnamese American shrimp fishermen, at one time having plans to burn Vietnamese shrimp boats. The Vietnamese Fishermen's Association, with the aid of the

2974: 4611: 2133: 199: 1396:. Although most Vietnamese overall are registered Republicans, most young Vietnamese lean toward the Democratic Party because some Vietnamese are members of labor unions. An 5396: 4253: 4100: 3741: 3373: 2804: 1144:

Vietnamese Americans have arrived in the U.S. primarily as refugees, with little or no money. While not as academically or financially accomplished collectively as their

4152:""Lofgren Introduces Citizenship Bill for Children Born in Vietnam to American Servicemen and Vietnamese Women During the Vietnam War". Whitehouse.gov; October 22, 2003" 4851: 2504: 1506:(among the first to return to the city) rallied against a landfill used to dump debris near their community. After months of legal wrangling, the landfill was closed. 5534: 858:

or technical managers, 16.9 percent worked in transportation, and 11.7 percent had clerical or sales jobs in Vietnam. Less than 5 percent were fishermen or farmers.

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counties; the three counties accounted for 26 percent of the Vietnamese immigrant population in the United States. Many Vietnamese American businesses exist in the

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government feared communist reprisals. Most of the first-wave immigrants were well-educated, financially comfortable, and proficient in English. According to 1975

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marks the lunar new year. Although the full holiday lasts for seven days, the first three days are celebrated with visits to relatives, teachers and friends. For

379:

In 2019, the median household income for U.S.-born Vietnamese Americans was $ 82,400 As a relatively-recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either

5613: 3849: 1605: 1968:

which had virtually no speakers in the US before the 1980s, is spoken by another group of Hoa immigrants. A small number of Vietnamese Americans may also speak

1148:

counterparts, census data indicates that Vietnamese Americans are an upwardly-mobile group; their economic status improved substantially between 1989 and 1999.

7816: 3663: 6756: 3256: 3108: 6882: 6872: 6832: 949:. To escape, many South Vietnamese fled on small, unsafe, crowded fishing boats. Over 70 percent of the first immigrants were from urban areas, but the " 3613: 2382: 2483: 2400: 2271: 842:, 650 Vietnamese arrived as immigrants between 1950 and 1974, but the figure excludes students, diplomats, and military trainees. The April 30, 1975, 7796: 5434: 2293: 3556: 7821: 4599: 2188: 1452:

is a member of the Texas state legislature. In 2008, Westminster became the first city with a majority Vietnamese American city council. In 2004,

2249: 1580: 1397: 4797: 3033: 2320: 7801: 7756: 4844: 907: 2063:. Today, the Chams are polarized between, though few embraced Vietnamese identity but rather attach their identity with the fallen kingdom of 6516: 5527: 4555: 4176:"Yoon, Diana H. "The American Response to Amerasian Identity and Rights". Berkeley McNair Research Journal; Winter, 1999 (vol. 7); pp. 71—84" 3230: 1765:(Children's Day or the Mid-Autumn Festival, on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month) are also celebrated by many Vietnamese Americans. For 989: 3943: 3914: 3823: 3783: 1448:

and Westminster, California. Several serve (or have served) on the city councils of Westminster, Garden Grove and San Jose, California, and

7811: 5001: 1715:, the Vietnamese commemorate their ancestors with memorial feasts (including traditional foods such as square and round sticky-rice cakes: 1063:

is the widely used second-person singular pronoun in American English, but the Vietnamese second-person singular pronoun varies by gender (

4505: 4175: 5680: 5648: 5578: 2580: 2348: 4391:

Yến Lê Espiritu, “The ‘We-Win-Even-When-We-Lose’ Syndrome: US press Coverage of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the ‘Fall of Saigon,’”

914:

and minimize their impact on local communities, they were distributed throughout the country, but within a few years, many resettled in

5378: 4910: 2825: 3965:

Hoang, Tuan (2019). "Ultramontanism, Nationalism, and the Fall of Saigon: Historicizing the Vietnamese American Catholic Experience".

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While adapting to a new country, Vietnamese Americans have tried to preserve their traditional culture by teaching their children the

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sections of the city are middle- to upper-middle-class neighborhoods with large Vietnamese American populations, many of whom work in

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is a favorite children's holiday; children holding colorful lanterns form a procession and follow a parade of lion dances and drums.

1477: 5698: 3139: 2551: 5938: 5598: 5552: 5520: 2527:

Bankston, Carl L. III. 2000. "Vietnamese American Catholicism: Transplanted and Flourishing." U.S. Catholic Historian 18 (1): 36-53

2143: 1560: 1552: 1461: 1381: 1369: 214: 4125: 3716: 3464: 3448: 984:

eased restrictions on the entry of Vietnamese refugees. From 1978 to 1982, 280,500 Vietnamese refugees were admitted In 1979, the

7806: 5980: 5822: 5797: 5665: 5368: 4776: 4722: 4261: 4104: 3769: 2946: 2852: 1588: 1130: 1126: 945:, for intensive political indoctrination. Chinese-Vietnamese relations soured when China became Vietnam's adversary in the brief 6007: 5638: 5618: 5608: 5573: 4207: 3381: 2941: 2802: 1592: 1481: 1469: 839: 4282: 3203: 2829: 6999: 5943: 5593: 5491: 5337: 4074: 4048: 4020: 3690: 2894: 2059:

are an ethnic minority of Vietnam and Cambodia, and a small number of them came to the United States as refugees fleeing the

1980:

Some Vietnamese Americans are Eurasians: people of European and Asian descent. They are descendants of ethnic Vietnamese and

1880:. According to Pew Research Center, thirty percent of Vietnamese Americans identify as Catholic, and six percent identify as 1647:

grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins. In adapting to American culture, most Vietnamese American families have adopted the

3490: 1292:

have adopted the U.S. model and opened nail salons in their country of residence, where few nail salons previously existed.

5914: 5713: 5643: 5628: 4756: 1885: 1541: 2067:, while still working with most Vietnamese American groups. The main Cham populations in the United States are located in 1741:

is simpler. In California, Texas and other states with substantial Vietnamese communities, Vietnamese Americans celebrate

846:, which ended the Vietnam War, prompted the first large-scale wave of immigration; many with close ties to America or the 6983: 6213: 6206: 6139: 5926: 5812: 5653: 5496: 5342: 5295: 4968: 4649: 4237: 2138: 1218:

in the U.S. In 2002 34.2 percent of Vietnamese-owned businesses were in California, followed by Texas with 16.5 percent.

17: 3282: 6034: 5931: 5909: 5728: 5588: 3876: 3540: 2128: 1881: 1441: 4437: 3853: 1747:

by visiting their relatives and friends, watching community-sponsored dragon dances and visiting temples or churches.

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indicated that 72 percent of Vietnamese American voters in eight eastern states polled voted for Republican incumbent

6912: 5765: 5708: 5660: 5583: 5543: 5476: 4548: 3803: 1771:, food, money and clothes made of special paper are prepared to worship the wandering souls of ancestors. Along with 1572: 792:

construction, and maintenance occupations; and 15% had natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.

723: 403:

and 12 percent of Vietnamese immigrants, respectively. Other states with concentrations of Vietnamese Americans were

1571:

and communism in particular and the left wing of politics as a whole; supporting conservative-oriented freedom; and

5844: 5802: 5787: 5603: 5466: 5441: 5347: 4499: 1361: 1357: 879: 805:

born) had attained a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 54% of all Asian Americans and 33% of all Americans.

407:, Florida (four percent each) and Virginia (three percent). The largest number of Vietnamese outside Vietnam is in 3518: 3005:

Hoang, Tuan (2016). "From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism".

2627: 1368:, 22 percent identified with the Democratic Party and 29 percent with the Republican Party. Exit polls during the 395:(ACS), 76 percent of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized U.S. citizens (compared to 67 percent of people from 5854: 5792: 5481: 5373: 2408: 1169: 1165: 1026: 758: 3260: 813:

In 2019, 90% of U.S.-born Vietnamese Americans but only 35% of foreign-born Vietnamese were English proficient.

5899: 5874: 5755: 5675: 5568: 5429: 4891: 4749: 4639: 1518: 1510: 1365: 1352:

and a photo of Ho Chi Minh peaked when 15,000 people held a nighttime vigil in front of the store; this raised

1157: 590: 583: 416: 412: 388: 3538:

Resolution Recognizing: The Yellow Flag With Three Red Stripes as The Official Flag of the Vietnamese American

2602: 7435: 5735: 5703: 5690: 5424: 4944: 4737: 4712: 4676: 4656: 2461: 1567:. The reasons credited for the strong support of Trump by Vietnamese Americans is his strong stances against 765: 737: 625: 161: 110: 3617: 3347: 3118: 2228: 7505: 5807: 5740: 5633: 5456: 5092: 4877: 4744: 4727: 4707: 4578: 4541: 3742:"Video: Vietnamese-American musician's song in support of anti-extradition protesters inspires Hongkongers" 2911: 2299: 2123: 1187:, and have initiated the development and revitalization of older Chinatowns. Many Vietnamese Americans are 1118: 992:(UNHCR) to allow emigration from Vietnam to the U.S. and other countries. Additional legislation permitted 894:(Pennsylvania). After preparations for resettlement, they were assigned to one of nine voluntary agencies ( 709: 695: 611: 115: 4430:. ( Thesis, California State University, Long Beach; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2019. 22589873). 3089: 1444:; Bao Nguyen was mayor of Garden Grove, California, and Vietnamese Americans have also been the mayors of 7771: 7746: 7542: 5879: 5501: 5461: 5446: 5401: 4903: 4771: 4766: 4732: 4717: 4691: 4644: 3643: 3564: 2378: 1556: 1393: 1334: 1114: 1035: 938: 716: 3639: 2793:, vol 2, edited by David Levinson and Melvin Ember, pp. 923-930. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1998 1899:

There are 150 to 165 Vietnamese Buddhist temples in the United States, with most observing a mixture of

1384:, two-thirds of Vietnamese Americans who had decided said that they would vote for Republican candidate 779:

In 2019, Pew Research Center published a study stating that 12% of Vietnamese Americans lived under the

7527: 5750: 5451: 5329: 4666: 4661: 2199: 1655: 618: 4382:

Yến Lê Espiritu, “Toward a Critical Refugee Study: The Vietnamese Refugee Subject in US Scholarship,”

4337: 1692: 1604:

A number of colleges have a Vietnamese Student Association, and an annual conference is hosted by the

7751: 7718: 7362: 6842: 6440: 5471: 5388: 5300: 5216: 4897: 4884: 4802: 4681: 4671: 3892: 3257:"Chapter 6: Political and Civic Life - Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project" 2324: 2068: 2004: 2003:("dust of life"). Since 1982, Amerasians and their families have come to the United States under the 1433: 1413: 985: 576: 546: 533: 520: 507: 408: 392: 155: 80: 2537: 1113:

Vietnamese Americans' income and social classes are diverse. In contrast to Vietnamese refugees who

838:) arrived and performed menial work during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the 339:. There are approximately 2.3 million people of Vietnamese descent residing in the U.S. as of 2023. 7766: 7741: 6525: 6372: 6094: 6044: 5990: 5782: 5159: 4937: 1263: 1202:, barber shops and auto-repair businesses. Restaurants owned by Vietnamese Americans tend to serve 1038:, won a 1981 antitrust suit against the Klan, disbanding the "private army of white supremacists." 681: 660: 653: 639: 428: 248: 4151: 4126:""U.S. Legislation Regarding Amerasians". Amerasian Foundation; website retrieved January 3, 2007" 1559:

began in 2022. According to a AAPI.org survey, 46% of Vietnamese Americans supported Trump in the

7703: 7310: 6852: 6022: 5958: 4873: 4686: 4300: 3234: 3048: 3034:"The Determinants of Vietnamese American Political Participation: Findings from the January 2000 2015: 1995:

ignored by their American parent; in Vietnam, the fatherless children of foreign men were called

1544:

to praise the Hong Kong protesters. The song went viral among Vietnamese and Hong Kong citizens.

1345: 674: 604: 424: 3640:"New Orleans: A Village Called Versailles: After tragedy, a community finds its political voice" 1752: 383:

or second generation Americans. As many as one million people five years of age and older speak

7490: 6049: 5904: 5775: 4818: 4792: 4182: 3804:"There's a reason the South Vietnamese flag flew during the Capitol riot - The Washington Post" 2975:"Naturalization rate among U.S. immigrants up since 2005, with India among the biggest gainers" 2028: 1984:

settlers and soldiers (and sometimes Hoa) during the French colonial period (1883–1945) or the

1678: 1485: 1339: 702: 280: 95: 85: 4377:

The Vietnamese American 1.5 Generation: Stories of War, Revolution, Flight, and New Beginnings

4318: 4012: 2436: 46: 7670: 7587: 7552: 7547: 7448: 6907: 6877: 6607: 6570: 6492: 6340: 6335: 5948: 5849: 5623: 5307: 5269: 5139: 5131: 4917: 4629: 4489: 3143: 2733:, vol I, edited by Susan Gall and Irene Natividad, 165-173. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1996 1877: 1659: 1576: 1492: 1311: 1138: 851: 688: 632: 380: 4004: 3321: 1591:

throughout the country. Many Vietnamese Americans gained headlines for participating in the

7660: 7650: 7640: 7630: 7582: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7453: 6892: 6857: 6847: 6684: 6472: 6426: 6292: 6267: 6089: 6027: 5919: 5244: 5206: 5060: 5030: 4761: 4594: 4527: 3746: 3178: 2879: 2096: 1445: 1153: 1134: 930: 887: 855: 751: 744: 730: 646: 597: 436: 276: 1192:(especially first or second-generation immigrants) have opened supermarkets, restaurants, 358:

in 1975. More than half of Vietnamese Americans reside in the two most populous states of

8: 7655: 7625: 7615: 7605: 7485: 7379: 6978: 6971: 6949: 6927: 6922: 6810: 6731: 6550: 6487: 6457: 6409: 6399: 6352: 6328: 6282: 6277: 6125: 5995: 5953: 5884: 5869: 5864: 5760: 5406: 5259: 5229: 5181: 5171: 5149: 5116: 5109: 5099: 5043: 5038: 4564: 4470: 3808: 1985: 1831: 1686: 1643: 1639: 1405: 1322: 1122: 1000: 981: 946: 942: 891: 384: 320: 304: 272: 76: 3586: 1420:, and other areas, and have attained public office at the local and statewide levels in 1392:

is attractive to older and first-generation Vietnamese Americans who arrived during the

7678: 7645: 7635: 7610: 7519: 7458: 7443: 7428: 6897: 6867: 6795: 6773: 6741: 6719: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6651: 6612: 6602: 6597: 6560: 6535: 6462: 6404: 6367: 6316: 6311: 6183: 6176: 6161: 6144: 6120: 6099: 6084: 6074: 6059: 6039: 6017: 5963: 5894: 5859: 5486: 5312: 5234: 5176: 5166: 5104: 5080: 5075: 5048: 4428:

Not an American Dream: first-generation Vietnamese females’ success in higher education

4410:

From Vietnam to America: A chronicle of the Vietnamese immigration to the United States

4129: 3982: 3591: 3468: 3446: 2821: 2167: 2060: 1900: 1203: 404: 336: 4078: 3166: 1735:) and visits to their ancestors' graves. For Vietnamese Americans, the celebration of 7736: 7620: 7562: 7495: 6954: 6939: 6932: 6902: 6862: 6837: 6820: 6778: 6746: 6736: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6617: 6555: 6540: 6482: 6477: 6445: 6414: 6377: 6362: 6345: 6304: 6272: 6250: 6223: 6171: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6012: 6000: 5889: 5839: 5264: 5254: 5224: 5186: 5144: 5121: 5055: 4044: 4016: 4005: 3986: 3872: 3694: 3523: 3495: 3352: 3113: 2916: 2857: 2424: 2243: 2045: 1957: 1928: 1760: 1632: 1530: 1499: 1226: 1161: 1010: 780: 565: 448: 328: 316: 288: 268: 171: 119: 105: 7352: 7166: 5512: 4215: 3850:"Vietnamese community reacts after South Vietnam flag flies at violent Capitol riot" 3422: 2951: 1627: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7537: 7216: 7094: 7014: 6944: 6917: 6887: 6800: 6783: 6761: 6679: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6511: 6419: 6392: 6382: 6357: 6323: 6255: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6218: 6166: 6156: 6149: 6130: 6106: 6079: 5985: 5718: 5201: 5191: 5154: 5087: 5006: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4829: 4465: 3974: 3208: 3014: 2639: 2072: 1969: 1873: 1533: 1522: 1404:

by 60 percentage points during the 2008 presidential election. According to a 2012

1325:

study, Vietnamese Americans are among the most-assimilated immigrant groups in the

480: 332: 218: 191: 181: 133: 4439:

Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory

3664:"Pro-Hong Kong demonstrations in U.S. met with China-supporting counterprotesters" 2892: 2375:"2012 American Community Survey: Selected Population Profile in the United States" 2164:"ACS Selected Population Profile in the United States (2018 ACS 1-Year Estimates)" 1956:

between Cantonese and Vietnamese to speak to both Hoa immigrants from Vietnam and

1729: 1555:, and have as well at the same time been the most supportive of Ukraine since the 1156:, the economic difference can be seen in the Vietnamese American neighborhoods of 7532: 7480: 7121: 7084: 7039: 6966: 6815: 6805: 6768: 6751: 6724: 6659: 6580: 6565: 6545: 6467: 6450: 6431: 6387: 6297: 6287: 6260: 6245: 6201: 5770: 5249: 5239: 5196: 5070: 5065: 5011: 4996: 4960: 4241: 3544: 3452: 2898: 2808: 2118: 1961: 1912: 1811: 1719: 1673: 1514: 1349: 1301: 1276: 1207: 870:

followed by more than 5,000 in 1976–1977. They arrived at reception camps in the

324: 292: 284: 234: 196: 100: 3557:"List of states and cities that recognize the Vietnam Freedom and Heritage Flag" 3348:"Orange County's final vote tally puts 2 Vietnamese Americans in winners' seats" 878:

before being transferred to temporary housing at U.S. military bases, including

7713: 7374: 7327: 7191: 7186: 7151: 7136: 6714: 6530: 6497: 5975: 5970: 5274: 3308: 2110: 2041: 1953: 1908: 1841: 1648: 1417: 1389: 1373: 1330: 1306: 1188: 1173: 911: 843: 396: 166: 143: 4235: 4208:""Vietnamese-Amerasians: Where Do They Belong?" Thanh Tran; December 16, 1999" 3067:"Protest and Political Incorporation: Vietnamese American Protests, 1975–2001" 1889: 1537: 1491:

Some Vietnamese Americans have lobbied city and state governments to make the

1215: 350:

The Vietnamese community in the United States was minimal until the exodus of

256: 7790: 7419: 7290: 7238: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7116: 7089: 7079: 7074: 7069: 6622: 5745: 3286: 3018: 1981: 1616: 1547:

Among Asian Americans, Vietnamese Americans have been the most supportive of

1326: 1229:), the first Vietnamese American business center in Little Saigon, California 1199: 1184: 898:) to help them find financial and personal support from sponsors in the U.S. 847: 667: 468: 444: 420: 351: 243: 176: 138: 4356: 3537: 2942:"Civic Report No. 53: Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States" 1179:

Many Vietnamese Americans have established businesses in Little Saigons and

451:. The Vietnamese immigration pattern has shifted to other cities, including 7399: 7275: 7059: 4445: 3770:"Opinion: The Asian American voters who could help Trump win a second term" 3066: 2644: 2626:

Tran, Vinh; Paik, Susan; Kula, Stacy; Garcia, Iraise; Saito, Erika (2021).

1965: 1916: 1865: 1548: 1429: 1401: 1194: 1031: 883: 822: 561: 128: 89: 3978: 1931:, how Vietnamese ethnic groups view themselves may affect that reporting. 1651:

pattern while trying to maintain close ties with their extended families.

1400:(AALDEF) poll found that Vietnamese Americans aged 18–29 favored Democrat 7394: 7315: 7295: 7181: 7054: 6959: 4511: 2036: 1949: 1944: 1856:

Forty-three percent of Vietnamese Americans are Buddhists. Many practice

1503: 1465: 1385: 1353: 1247: 974: 950: 903: 871: 835: 432: 355: 342: 186: 7357: 7300: 7131: 4634: 4396: 3172:"National Asian American Survey: Asian Americans and the 2008 Election" 1940: 1821: 1757:(Wandering Souls' Day, on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month) and 1526: 1473: 1421: 1377: 1281: 1272: 1268: 1239: 1235: 1180: 1145: 915: 359: 239: 147: 7404: 7156: 4533: 1164:, many Vietnamese work as restaurant cooks, repairmen and movers. The 854:

data, more than 30 percent of the heads of first-wave households were

7731: 7708: 7683: 7409: 7305: 7161: 7111: 7029: 5317: 4456:

Behind the Smoke and Mirrors: The Vietnamese in California, 1975–1994

3167: 1991: 1568: 1564: 1457: 1449: 1437: 1243: 993: 970: 966: 962: 312: 7141: 4523: 4485: 1020: 865:

Vietnamese refugees at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, during the late 1970s

7688: 7342: 7332: 7260: 7233: 7146: 7126: 7064: 7044: 7024: 7019: 4461: 3788: 3668: 3491:"Indicted Louisiana Rep. William J. Jefferson loses reelection bid" 3374:"Top 10 web hosting companies 2017 - sites & providers reviews" 2032: 1972:

as a third (or fourth) language in business and other interaction.

1893: 1857: 1801: 1584: 1453: 958: 954: 464: 252: 230: 123: 4929: 3824:"Why the defunct South Vietnam flag was flown at the Capitol riot" 3784:"Why the defunct South Vietnam flag was flown at the Capitol riot" 3170:; Taeku Lee; S. Karthick Ramakrishnan; Janelle Wong (2008-10-06). 411:(184,153, or 6.1 percent of the county's population), followed by 7767:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

7500: 7414: 7389: 7337: 7322: 7206: 7034: 7004: 5723: 3614:"After Katrina, Vietnamese become political force in New Orleans" 3106: 2076: 1869: 1703:) the most important. Falling in late January or early February, 1620: 1337:

as well as other issues with the communist government. In a 2000

1315: 1251: 1211: 980:

The plight of the boat people compelled the U.S. to act, and the

460: 440: 151: 4517: 3717:"Vietnamese stand in solidarity with ongoing Hong Kong protests" 2853:"On anniversary, Vietnamese Americans reflect on their journeys" 2628:"Vietnamese Americans: History, Education, and Societal Context" 1221: 861: 7693: 7285: 7270: 7265: 7253: 7248: 7176: 7106: 7009: 6788: 4495: 3405:"Fort Hood's Luong to become first Vietnamese-American general" 2064: 1861: 1472:

as their party's endorsed candidate. In 2008, Katrina activist

1289: 1285: 1259: 476: 456: 452: 4419:

In Camps: Vietnamese Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, and Repatriates

3090:"Little Saigon Vigil Protests Vietnam Human Rights Violations" 2321:"Southeast Asian Americans State Populations 2010 U.S. Census" 2134:

List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese-American populations

1376:, compared to the 28 percent voting for Democratic challenger 1360:

because it was seen as more sympathetic to communism than the

977:

from which they entered countries that agreed to accept them.

7384: 7367: 7347: 7280: 7243: 7171: 7101: 4458:(PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2007). 4436:

Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2023).

3423:"About this Collection - United States Elections Web Archive" 2632:

Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement

2298:. Microsoft Encarta Online. Encyclopedia 2008. Archived from 2056: 1513:

in June 2019, Vietnamese Americans have been the most active

1425: 1004:

Congregation Of The Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

919: 895: 783:, which was higher than the average for all Asian Americans. 472: 363: 4473:: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States 3087: 2789:

Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem, Lucy and Joel M.Halpen. "Vietnamese". In

2011:

legitimization have had an arguably more favorable outlook.

7698: 7049: 2973:

Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana; Krogstad, Jens Manuel (2018-01-18).

2189:"Vietnamese American Populations by Metro Area 2010 Census" 1255: 875: 3605: 2876:"Survey of Business Owners - Vietnamese-Owned Firms: 2002" 1884:. Vietnamese are a major ethnic group notable among Asian 1529:, where their largest community exists. They clashed with 1356:

issues. Although few Vietnamese Americans enrolled in the

1284:

to family members in Vietnam. Vietnamese entrepreneurs in

1258:

industry and account for 45 to 85 percent of the region's

3691:"Hong Kong protests: Vietnamese immigrants rally in L.A." 1915:. There are also Theravada-based Vietnamese temples like 1904: 1060: 4358:

Negotiating (In)Visibility in the Cham American Diaspora

3045:

2000 Annual Meeting of the Association of Asian American

2972: 1896:

are two of the other religions of Vietnamese Americans.

7763:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

3107:

My-Thuan Tran & Christian Berthelsen (2008-02-29).

2394: 2392: 2048:, and see itself part of Vietnamese American diaspora. 1606:

Union of North American Vietnamese Student Associations

1412:

Vietnamese Americans have exercised political power in

4506:

Other oral history projects about Vietnamese Americans

4496:

Viet Stories: Vietnamese American Oral History Project

3867:

Bronner, Simon J.; Clark, Cindy Dell (21 March 2016).

2498:"The Vietnamese Population in the United States: 2010" 1540:, a famed Vietnamese American singer, wrote a song in 346:

Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States

5542: 4319:"Chương 02:Người Thái (Việt Nam) - thuvien20letuuyen" 4101:"Amerasian Citizenship Initiative - Issue Background" 2343: 2341: 1685:

Vietnamese Americans observe holidays based on their

4859: 4488:, Vietnam Center & Sam Johnson Vietnam Archive, 4002: 3519:"Vietnamese immigrants mark Black April anniversary" 3088:

Nancy Wride; Harrison Sheppard (February 27, 1999).

2389: 2086: 933:

take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft in 1975.

3065:Ong, Nhu-Ngoc T.; Meyer, David S. (April 1, 2004). 2530: 1484:; Cao was the first Vietnamese American elected to 1121:, and similar to their counterparts who arrived in 564:than the Vietnamese in Vietnam. Christians (mainly 2625: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2468:. Migration Information Source. 13 September 2018. 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2338: 2226: 1927:Although census data counts those who identify as 1234:small number are owned by Vietnamese Americans of 1176:'s computer, networking and aerospace industries. 319:ancestry. They comprise approximately half of all 3611: 3587:"A New Landfill in New Orleans Sets Off a Battle" 2912:"Vietnamese nail down the U.S. manicure business" 1464:from 2001 to 2003 and the chief architect of the 1456:was elected to the California state legislature. 1021:Vietnamese Fishermen's Association Antitrust Suit 7788: 3201: 2725: 2723: 1794:Religious Makeup of Vietnamese-Americans (2012) 1778: 1772: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1736: 1727: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1690: 1664: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1053: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2568: 2552:"U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County" 2443: 1462:Assistant Attorney General of the United States 1398:Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund 1254:), Vietnamese Americans are involved with the 908:Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 7817:Southeast Asian diaspora in the United States 5528: 4945: 4845: 4549: 3895:. PewResearch Social & Demographic Trends 3637: 3345: 2988: 2909: 2878:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2482:. United States Census Bureau. Archived from 2264:"Pew Forum - Vietnamese Americans' Religions" 990:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 354:refugees to the country following the end of 4435: 4338:"Vietnamese Americans Who Aren't Vietnamese" 3866: 3584: 2935: 2933: 2700: 2603:"Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States" 2600: 2462:"Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States" 2291: 3998: 3996: 3319: 2870: 2868: 2729:Wieder, Rosalie. "Vietnamese American". In 2581:"Vietnamese | Data on Asian Americans" 2248:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1975: 1623:in Little Saigon, Orange County, California 560:Vietnamese Americans are more likely to be 5535: 5521: 4952: 4938: 4852: 4838: 4556: 4542: 4512:Vietnamese in the Diaspora Digital Archive 2998: 2826:University of North Carolina School of Law 2768: 1654:Vietnamese family culture is reflected in 45: 4128:. Amerasianfoundation.org. Archived from 3283:"Mayor Bao Nguyen - City of Garden Grove" 2930: 2643: 2367: 1573:disliking mainland China's trade policies 387:at home, making it the fifth-most-spoken 7797:Vietnamese diaspora in the United States 3993: 3064: 3058: 2865: 2761: 2759: 2222: 2220: 2144:Vietnamese language in the United States 1672: 1626: 1615: 1305: 1220: 999: 924: 860: 341: 63:0.7% of the total U.S. population (2018) 27:Americans of Vietnamese birth or descent 7822:Political refugees in the United States 7732:People of the United States / Americans 5981:Southeast Africans in the United States 5939:African immigrants to the United States 4563: 4446:online book review and further readings 4039:Prebish, Charles S. (1 December 2003). 4038: 4034: 4032: 3231:"GOP Losing Vietnamese American Voters" 3204:"Asian-Americans step up to ballot box" 3162: 3160: 2947:Manhattan Institute for Policy Research 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2480:"ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES" 1599: 1502:, the Vietnamese American community in 1310:Vietnamese Americans marching with the 1152:engineering and machine assembling. In 14: 7789: 6008:Southern Africans in the United States 5850:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 4421:(University of California Press, 2020) 4361:(Thesis) – via escholarship.org. 3938: 3936: 3031: 3025: 2939: 2156: 1593:January 6 United States Capitol attack 1587:to support his re-election during the 1478:Louisiana's 2nd congressional district 1470:United States House of Representatives 840:Immigration and Naturalization Service 808: 500: 7802:American people of Vietnamese descent 5944:Central Africans in the United States 5516: 4933: 4833: 4537: 4003:Laderman, Gary; Luis D. León (2003). 3964: 3915:"Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths" 3402: 3228: 3047:. Scottsdale, Arizona. Archived from 3004: 2229:"Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths" 2217: 1631:Vietnamese Americans celebrating the 1295: 906:and Congress both agreed to pass the 366:, primarily their large urban areas. 5915:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 4486:Vietnamese American Heritage Project 4354: 4043:. JBE Online Books. pp. 68–69. 4029: 3549: 3157: 2736: 1312:Vietnamese Heritage and Freedom Flag 816: 68:Regions with significant populations 7812:Asian diaspora in the United States 6984:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 6207:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 6140:North Africans in the United States 5927:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 4959: 4475:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation 3945:ASIAN AMERICANS: A MOSAIC OF FAITHS 3933: 3885: 3516: 3202:Stephanie Ebbert (April 26, 2005). 2850: 2601:Harjanto, Laura; Batalova, Jeanne. 2349:"Vietnamese in the U.S. Fact Sheet" 1922: 1046: 1041: 24: 6035:West Africans in the United States 5910:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 4369: 4335: 4075:"Vietnamerica: The War Comes Home" 3767: 3616:. Associated Press. Archived from 3285:. 15 December 2014. Archived from 3032:Collet, Christian (May 26, 2000). 2832:from the original on March 7, 2016 2822:"The KKK and Vietnamese Fishermen" 2731:Reference Library of Asian America 2398: 2129:List of Vietnamese American groups 1677:Vietnamese community float at the 1660:anniversary of an ancestor's death 1442:Orange County Board of Supervisors 495: 25: 7833: 7579:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 6913:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 5544:Demographics of the United States 4479: 4301:"Vài nét về người Thái ở nước ta" 3320:Representatives, Texas House of. 3140:"OC Blog: Post-Election Spinning" 3071:Center for the Study of Democracy 2227:POLL July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19). 2022: 1999:("mixed race") or the pejorative 1380:. In a poll conducted before the 1275:. Eighty percent of California's 754:.......................... 8,900 724:San Bernardino County, California 7757:Race and ethnicity in the census 5845:African diaspora in the Americas 5348:Internment of Japanese Americans 5020: 4500:University of California, Irvine 4355:Cham, Asiroh (October 2, 2012). 4041:Buddhism—the American Experience 3847: 3612:Michael Kunzelman (2007-10-31). 3467:. 4 October 2006. Archived from 3322:"Texas House of Representatives" 2819: 2103: 2089: 988:(ODP) was established under the 5855:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 4348: 4329: 4311: 4293: 4275: 4246: 4229: 4200: 4168: 4144: 4118: 4093: 4067: 4057: 3958: 3907: 3871:. ABC-CLIO, 2016. p. 647. 3860: 3841: 3816: 3796: 3776: 3761: 3734: 3709: 3683: 3656: 3631: 3578: 3531: 3510: 3483: 3457: 3440: 3415: 3396: 3366: 3339: 3313: 3301: 3275: 3259:. 30 April 2014. Archived from 3249: 3222: 3195: 3132: 3109:"Leaning left in Little Saigon" 3100: 3081: 2966: 2903: 2886: 2844: 2813: 2796: 2676: 2652: 2619: 2594: 2544: 2521: 2490: 2472: 2401:"American FactFinder - Results" 2139:Vietnam–United States relations 1608:for current or future members. 1108: 759:Contra Costa County, California 747:........................ 9,000 369: 7807:Vietnamese diaspora by country 5900:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 5875:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 4254:"Asian Art ← Finest Asian Art" 4103:. AmerasianUSA. Archived from 4007:Religion and American cultures 3499:. Associated Press. 2008-12-07 2313: 2285: 2256: 2181: 1850: Religion not stated (1%) 1525:, organizing vocal marches in 1366:National Asian American Survey 1210:or both, and have popularized 738:Suffolk County, Massachusetts 691:...................... 13,100 668:San Francisco City, California 626:Sacramento County, California 600:...................... 74,800 591:Los Angeles County, California 584:Santa Clara County, California 13: 1: 7436:Hispanic and Latino Americans 4384:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4336:Do, Minh (January 23, 2017). 3007:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 2149: 786: 766:Norfolk County, Massachusetts 733:...................... 9,900 635:..................... 23,600 111:Twin Cities metropolitan area 7506:Indigenous Mexican Americans 3638:S. Leo Chiang (2008-08-28). 3346:My-Thuan Tran (2008-12-02). 2910:My-Thuan Tran (2008-05-05). 2270:. 2012-07-18. Archived from 2124:List of Vietnamese Americans 1644:Vietnamese traditional dress 1498:During the months following 799: 771: 710:Snohomish County, Washington 696:Riverside County, California 649:.................... 22,100 612:San Diego County, California 116:Washington metropolitan area 7: 7747:Maps of American ancestries 7543:French Polynesian Americans 5880:Dutch West Indian Americans 4375:Chan, Sucheng, ed. (2006). 3768:Vu, Baoky (6 August 2020). 3644:Public Broadcasting Service 3585:Leslie Eaton (2006-05-06). 2791:American Immigrant Cultures 2379:United States Census Bureau 2082: 1786: 1557:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1440:is part of the five-member 1036:Southern Poverty Law Center 1025:Vietnamese refugees in the 717:Montgomery County, Maryland 323:and are the fourth-largest 10: 7838: 7528:Pacific Islander Americans 4524:US–Vietnam Research Center 4518:Vietnamese Heritage Museum 4442:. Temple University Press. 3517:Anh, Do (April 25, 2015). 2940:Vigdor, Jacob (May 2008). 2607:Migration Policy Institute 2556:Migration Policy Institute 1611: 1561:2020 presidential election 1553:2016 presidential election 1382:2008 presidential election 1370:2004 presidential election 1299: 828: 705:.................. 20,700 619:Alameda County, California 7727: 7719:Punjabi Mexican Americans 7669: 7598: 7518: 6992: 6843:Liechtensteiner Americans 6650: 6194: 5832: 5821: 5689: 5559: 5550: 5417: 5397:East and Southeast Asians 5356: 5328: 5296:Asian Hispanic and Latino 5288: 5215: 5130: 5029: 5018: 4967: 4868: 4811: 4785: 4700: 4622: 4587: 4571: 3967:American Catholic Studies 3869:Youth Cultures in America 3543:October 14, 2007, at the 3465:"Tan Nguyen for Congress" 2069:Orange County, California 2005:Orderly Departure Program 1517:rallying in favor of the 1434:California State Assembly 986:Orderly Departure Program 661:Maricopa County, Arizona 640:Fairfax County, Virginia 577:Orange County, California 515:— 409:Orange County, California 393:American Community Survey 374: 267: 262: 242:(20%) • 233:(43%) • 229: 224: 213: 208: 72: 67: 58: 53: 44: 7742:Native American ancestry 6517:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 6373:Indo-Caribbean Americans 6095:Sierra Leonean Americans 6045:Bissau-Guinean Americans 5991:South Sudanese Americans 3019:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43 2807:January 4, 2006, at the 1976:Eurasians and Amerasians 1482:House of Representatives 682:Multnomah County, Oregon 654:Gwinnett County, Georgia 642:................ 22,600 249:Vietnamese folk religion 7704:Louisiana Creole people 6853:Luxembourgish Americans 6023:South African Americans 5959:Equatoguinean Americans 4395:58 (2): 2006: 329–352; 4386:1 (1–2): 2006: 410–433; 4240:March 23, 2007, at the 3427:The Library of Congress 2851:Anh, Do (May 1, 2015). 2684:"Nguyen - Ancestry.com" 2660:"Truong - Ancestry.com" 2051: 2016:American Homecoming Act 1919:in Port Arthur, Texas. 1346:Westminster, California 1262:business. However, the 677:............... 13,900 675:Fort Bend County, Texas 607:............... 34,800 605:King County, Washington 327:ethnic group following 7491:Puerto Rican Americans 6050:Cape Verdean Americans 5905:Saint Lucian Americans 5681:Ethnocultural politics 5649:Racial achievement gap 5579:Educational attainment 5384:Science and technology 5364:Arts and Entertainment 4819:Vietnamese boat people 3307:San Jose Councilwoman 3054:on September 10, 2008. 3036:Orange County Register 2645:10.7771/2153-8999.1201 1934: 1842:Evangelical Protestant 1779: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1718: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1691: 1682: 1679:Portland Rose Festival 1665: 1656:veneration of the dead 1635: 1624: 1563:, compared to 36% for 1340:Orange County Register 1318: 1230: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1054: 1005: 934: 866: 821:Vietnam's traditional 703:Orange County, Florida 633:Tarrant County, Texas 347: 308: 281:Vietnamese Australians 96:Sacramento, California 86:San Francisco Bay Area 7588:New Zealand Americans 7553:Micronesian Americans 7548:Marshallese Americans 7449:Costa Rican Americans 6908:Sammarinese Americans 6878:Montenegrin Americans 6608:Azerbaijani Americans 6571:Palestinian Americans 6493:Singaporean Americans 6341:Bangladeshi Americans 5949:Cameroonian Americans 5671:Unemployment by state 5308:Multiracial Americans 4490:Texas Tech University 3979:10.1353/acs.2019.0014 3893:"Vietnamese American" 2977:. Pew Research Center 2538:"Vietnamese-American" 2405:Factfinder.census.gov 2399:Bureau, U.S. Census. 2268:Projects.pewforum.org 1929:ethnically Vietnamese 1878:Chinese folk religion 1676: 1630: 1619: 1577:currency manipulation 1493:flag of South Vietnam 1394:Reagan administration 1309: 1300:Further information: 1224: 1003: 941:," which were really 928: 864: 856:medical professionals 852:U.S. State Department 745:Travis County, Texas 689:Cook County, Illinois 656:............. 17,400 647:Dallas County, Texas 579:............ 148,900 487:Historical population 345: 263:Related ethnic groups 7661:Venezuelan Americans 7651:Surinamese Americans 7641:Paraguayan Americans 7631:Ecuadorian Americans 7583:Australian Americans 7474:Salvadoran Americans 7469:Panamanian Americans 7464:Nicaraguan Americans 7454:Guatemalan Americans 6893:Portuguese Americans 6858:Macedonian Americans 6848:Lithuanian Americans 6685:Belarusian Americans 6503:Vietnamese Americans 6473:Indonesian Americans 6427:Sri Lankan Americans 6293:Fuzhounese Americans 6090:Senegalese Americans 6028:Zimbabwean Americans 5920:Vincentian Americans 5369:Broadcast journalism 4861:Vietnamese Americans 4528:University of Oregon 4412:(Routledge, 2019). . 4188:on December 12, 2006 4011:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3747:Hong Kong Free Press 3620:on December 10, 2008 2295:Vietnamese Americans 2097:United States portal 2019:citizenship status. 1600:Student associations 1388:. The party's vocal 1321:According to a 2008 1154:San Jose, California 1087:) and relationship ( 997:and asylum-seekers. 931:USS Durham (LKA-114) 888:Eglin Air Force Base 752:Collin County, Texas 731:Clark County, Nevada 598:Harris County, Texas 389:language in the U.S. 301:Vietnamese Americans 277:Vietnamese Canadians 34:Vietnamese Americans 7656:Uruguayan Americans 7626:Colombian Americans 7616:Brazilian Americans 7606:Argentine Americans 7486:Dominican Americans 7380:Alaskan Athabaskans 6979:Non-Hispanic whites 6972:Ukrainian Americans 6950:Slovenian Americans 6928:Norwegian Americans 6923:Icelandic Americans 6811:Hungarian Americans 6757:Dagestani Americans 6732:Bulgarian Americans 6551:Jordanian Americans 6488:Malaysian Americans 6458:Cambodian Americans 6410:Pakistani Americans 6400:Maldivian Americans 6353:Bhutanese Americans 6329:Mongolian Americans 6283:Taiwanese Americans 6278:Hong Kong Americans 6126:Ethiopian Americans 5996:Tanzanian Americans 5954:Congolese Americans 5885:Grenadian Americans 5870:Bermudian Americans 5865:Barbadian Americans 5599:Housing segregation 5553:Demographic history 5407:Model minority myth 4565:Overseas Vietnamese 4471:Growing Up American 3919:Pew Research Center 3856:on 15 January 2021. 3809:The Washington Post 3403:Jankowski, Philip. 3289:on 15 December 2014 3146:on October 14, 2007 2688:Search.ancestry.com 2664:Search.ancestry.com 2466:Migrationpolicy.org 2411:on 13 February 2020 2353:Pewsocialtrends.org 1986:First Indochina War 1903:(Tịnh Độ Tông) and 1874:ancestor veneration 1832:Mainline Protestant 1697:(commonly known as 1687:Vietnamese calendar 1640:Vietnamese language 1509:Since the onset of 1432:is a member of the 1406:Pew Research Center 1323:Manhattan Institute 982:Refugee Act of 1980 947:Sino-Vietnamese War 943:concentration camps 892:Fort Indiantown Gap 809:English proficiency 663:........... 15,600 621:........... 28,300 488: 475:in particular) and 321:overseas Vietnamese 273:Overseas Vietnamese 255: • 251: • 162:Greater New Orleans 41: 18:Vietnamese-American 7646:Peruvian Americans 7636:Guyanese Americans 7611:Bolivian Americans 7533:Chamorro Americans 7459:Honduran Americans 7444:Belizean Americans 7429:Canadian Americans 6898:Romanian Americans 6868:Moldovan Americans 6796:Galician Americans 6774:Estonian Americans 6742:Croatian Americans 6720:Scottish Americans 6675:Austrian Americans 6670:Asturian Americans 6665:Albanian Americans 6613:Georgian Americans 6603:Assyrian Americans 6598:Armenian Americans 6561:Lebanese Americans 6536:Bahraini Americans 6463:Filipino Americans 6405:Nepalese Americans 6368:Gujarati Americans 6317:Ryukyuan Americans 6312:Japanese Americans 6184:Sudanese Americans 6177:Tunisian Americans 6162:Algerian Americans 6145:Egyptian Americans 6121:Eritrean Americans 6100:Togolese Americans 6085:Nigerian Americans 6075:Liberian Americans 6060:Ghanaian Americans 6040:Beninese Americans 6018:Malawian Americans 5964:Gabonese Americans 5895:Jamaican Americans 5860:Bahamian Americans 5766:Moorish Scientists 5666:Standard of living 4454:Tran, Tuyen Ngoc. 4393:American Quarterly 3792:. 15 January 2021. 3592:The New York Times 3451:2006-10-04 at the 2897:2006-05-25 at the 2435:has generic name ( 2292:James M. Freeman. 2168:U.S. Census Bureau 2061:Cambodian Genocide 1886:American Catholics 1683: 1636: 1625: 1583:were organized by 1521:(pro-Labor Union) 1511:Hong Kong protests 1348:who displayed the 1319: 1296:Political leanings 1238:ethnicity. In the 1231: 1204:Vietnamese cuisine 1158:Santa Clara County 1075:), social status ( 1011:social safety nets 1006: 939:re-education camps 935: 867: 698:.......... 12,000 486: 348: 337:Filipino Americans 33: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7737:American ancestry 7621:Chilean Americans 7563:Palauan Americans 7496:Mexican Americans 6955:Spanish Americans 6940:Serbian Americans 6933:Swedish Americans 6903:Russian Americans 6883:Occitan Americans 6873:Monacan Americans 6863:Maltese Americans 6838:Latvian Americans 6833:Kosovan Americans 6821:Italian Americans 6779:Finnish Americans 6747:Cypriot Americans 6737:Catalan Americans 6710:English Americans 6705:Cornish Americans 6700:British Americans 6695:Bosnian Americans 6690:Belgian Americans 6640:Turkish Americans 6635:Kurdish Americans 6628:Israeli Americans 6618:Iranian Americans 6556:Kuwaiti Americans 6541:Emirati Americans 6483:Laotian Americans 6478:Iu Mien Americans 6446:Burmese Americans 6415:Punjabi Americans 6378:Punjabi Americans 6363:Bengali Americans 6346:Bengali Americans 6305:Tibetan Americans 6273:Chinese Americans 6251:Turkmen Americans 6224:Pashtun Americans 6172:Moroccan American 6070:Ivorian Americans 6065:Guinean Americans 6055:Gambian Americans 6013:Angolan Americans 6001:Ugandan Americans 5890:Haitian Americans 5840:African Americans 5639:Racial inequality 5609:Income inequality 5574:Gender inequality 5510: 5509: 4927: 4926: 4827: 4826: 4753: 4741: 4653: 4615: 4603: 4403:2023. 30494382). 4132:on March 27, 2012 4081:on March 24, 2006 4050:978-0-9747055-0-7 4022:978-1-57607-238-7 3830:. 15 January 2021 3695:Los Angeles Times 3524:Los Angeles Times 3496:Los Angeles Times 3471:on 4 October 2006 3353:Los Angeles Times 3229:Yzaguirre, Mark. 3121:on March 14, 2008 3114:Los Angeles Times 3094:Los Angeles Times 2917:Los Angeles Times 2858:Los Angeles Times 2046:Laotian Americans 1958:ethnic Vietnamese 1870:animist practices 1858:Mahayana Buddhism 1581:pro-Trump rallies 1500:Hurricane Katrina 1335:reeducation camps 1227:Asian Garden Mall 1162:downtown San Jose 1115:settled in France 817:View of education 684:......... 13,300 614:......... 34,600 558: 557: 449:Dallas-Fort Worth 329:Chinese Americans 309:Người Mỹ gốc Việt 298: 297: 289:Chinese Americans 269:Vietnamese people 172:Philadelphia area 120:Northern Virginia 106:Dallas-Fort Worth 38:Người Mỹ gốc Việt 16:(Redirected from 7829: 7573:Tongan Americans 7568:Samoan Americans 7558:Native Hawaiians 7538:Fijian Americans 7440:Central America 7000:Native Americans 6945:Slovak Americans 6918:Danish Americans 6888:Polish Americans 6801:German Americans 6784:French Americans 6762:Lezgin Americans 6680:Basque Americans 6623:Jewish Americans 6591:Yemeni Americans 6586:Syrian Americans 6576:Qatari Americans 6512:Romani Americans 6420:Sindhi Americans 6393:Telugu Americans 6383:Sindhi Americans 6358:Indian Americans 6324:Korean Americans 6256:Uyghur Americans 6241:Kyrgyz Americans 6236:Kazakh Americans 6231:Baloch Americans 6219:Afghan Americans 6167:Libyan Americans 6157:Berber Americans 6150:Coptic Americans 6131:Somali Americans 6107:Yoruba Americans 6080:Malian Americans 5986:Kenyan Americans 5830: 5829: 5823:By continent and 5594:Household income 5537: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5497:Washington, D.C. 5024: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4747: 4735: 4647: 4609: 4597: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4466:Carl L. Bankston 4443: 4417:Lipman, Jana K. 4363: 4362: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4323:sites.google.com 4315: 4309: 4308: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4283:"BBC Vietnamese" 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4260:. Archived from 4258:Amerasianusa.org 4250: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4214:. Archived from 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4181:. Archived from 4180: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4077:. Archived from 4071: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4010: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3852:. 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Archived from 2196:Hmongstudies.org 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2160: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2031:, including the 1923:Ethnic subgroups 1876:) influenced by 1849: 1839: 1829: 1819: 1809: 1799: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1768:Tết Trung Nguyên 1764: 1756: 1753:Tết Trung Nguyên 1746: 1740: 1733: 1723: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1668: 1534:Mainland Chinese 1474:Anh "Joseph" Cao 1362:Republican Party 1358:Democratic Party 1277:nail technicians 1104: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1057: 1047:Language barrier 1042:Community issues 1030:Americans." The 502: 497: 489: 485: 483:in particular). 352:South Vietnamese 333:Indian Americans 192:Honolulu, Hawaii 182:Denver, Colorado 134:San Diego County 54:Total population 49: 42: 40: 32: 21: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7776: 7723: 7665: 7594: 7514: 7481:Cuban Americans 7122:Mission Indians 6988: 6967:Swiss Americans 6816:Irish Americans 6806:Greek Americans 6769:Dutch Americans 6752:Czech Americans 6725:Welsh Americans 6660:White Americans 6646: 6581:Saudi Americans 6566:Omani Americans 6546:Iraqi Americans 6468:Hmong Americans 6451:Karen Americans 6432:Tamil Americans 6388:Tamil Americans 6298:Hoklo Americans 6288:Hakka Americans 6261:Uzbek Americans 6246:Tajik Americans 6202:Asian Americans 6190: 6117:Horn of Africa 5825:ethnic ancestry 5824: 5817: 5783:Native American 5771:Nation of Islam 5761:Five Percenters 5685: 5654:Racial wage gap 5644:Race and health 5629:Personal income 5561: 5555: 5546: 5541: 5511: 5506: 5413: 5352: 5324: 5301:Punjabi Mexican 5284: 5217:Southeast Asian 5211: 5126: 5025: 5016: 4963: 4961:Asian Americans 4958: 4928: 4923: 4890:Massachusetts ( 4864: 4858: 4828: 4823: 4807: 4781: 4696: 4618: 4583: 4567: 4562: 4482: 4451:2009. 3379510) 4426:Nguyen, Nhi T. 4372: 4370:Further reading 4367: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4305:thegioidisan.vn 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4242:Wayback Machine 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4218:on July 4, 2013 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4001: 3994: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3865: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3545:Wayback Machine 3536: 3532: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3453:Wayback Machine 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3384:on 31 July 2012 3372: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3326:house.texas.gov 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3237:on 12 July 2012 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3105: 3101: 3086: 3082: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3040: 3030: 3026: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2938: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2899:Wayback Machine 2891: 2887: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2818: 2814: 2809:Wayback Machine 2801: 2797: 2788: 2769: 2764: 2737: 2728: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2583:. 29 April 2021 2579: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2540:. EveryCulture. 2536: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2397: 2390: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2355:. 29 April 2021 2347: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2119:Asian Americans 2109: 2104: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2054: 2025: 1978: 1964:, a variety of 1937: 1925: 1913:Thich Nhat Hanh 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1614: 1602: 1515:Asian Americans 1350:flag of Vietnam 1333:, injustice in 1304: 1302:Hi-Tek incident 1298: 1225:Phước Lộc Thọ ( 1208:Chinese cuisine 1111: 1049: 1044: 1023: 929:Crewmen of the 912:ethnic enclaves 831: 819: 811: 802: 789: 774: 566:Roman Catholics 377: 372: 293:Hmong Americans 285:Asian Americans 247: 238: 204: 197:Greater Orlando 101:Greater Houston 62: 36: 35: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7835: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7432: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7375:Alaska Natives 7372: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7353:Tohono Oʼodham 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6715:Manx Americans 6712: 6707: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6531:Arab Americans 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6498:Thai Americans 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6441:Southeast Asia 6438: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5978: 5976:Igbo Americans 5973: 5971:Fula Americans 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5836: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Scientologists 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5776:Value Creators 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624:Middle classes 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Home-ownership 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:North Carolina 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5160:Indo-Caribbean 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Fuzhou/Hokchiu 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4902:Pennsylvania ( 4900: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4777:United Kingdom 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4725: 4723:Czech Republic 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650:migrant brides 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4493: 4481: 4480:External links 4478: 4477: 4476: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4347: 4328: 4310: 4292: 4274: 4245: 4228: 4199: 4167: 4143: 4117: 4092: 4066: 4056: 4049: 4028: 4021: 3992: 3957: 3932: 3921:. 19 July 2012 3906: 3884: 3878:978-1440833922 3877: 3859: 3840: 3815: 3795: 3775: 3760: 3733: 3708: 3682: 3655: 3630: 3604: 3577: 3548: 3530: 3509: 3482: 3456: 3439: 3414: 3395: 3365: 3338: 3312: 3309:Madison Nguyen 3300: 3274: 3248: 3221: 3194: 3156: 3131: 3099: 3080: 3057: 3024: 2997: 2987: 2965: 2929: 2902: 2885: 2882:on 2013-05-15. 2864: 2843: 2820:Chin, Andrew. 2812: 2795: 2767: 2735: 2699: 2675: 2651: 2618: 2593: 2567: 2543: 2529: 2520: 2489: 2486:on 2020-02-12. 2471: 2442: 2388: 2385:on 2020-02-12. 2366: 2337: 2312: 2284: 2255: 2216: 2205:on 25 May 2017 2180: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111:Vietnam portal 2100: 2084: 2081: 2053: 2050: 2042:Thai Americans 2024: 2023:Ethnic Tai-Lao 2021: 1977: 1974: 1954:code-switching 1936: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1909:Thich Thien-An 1846: 1836: 1826: 1816: 1806: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1774:Tết Nguyên Đán 1693:Tết Nguyên Đán 1613: 1610: 1601: 1598: 1418:Silicon Valley 1390:anti-communism 1374:George W. Bush 1331:Indochina Wars 1297: 1294: 1206:, Vietnamized 1189:small business 1174:Silicon Valley 1131:United Kingdom 1127:Czech Republic 1110: 1107: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1022: 1019: 902:and President 890:(Florida) and 882:(California), 880:Camp Pendleton 844:fall of Saigon 830: 827: 818: 815: 810: 807: 801: 798: 788: 785: 773: 770: 768:....... 8,700 761:....... 8,800 670:...... 14,900 593:..... 95,100 586:..... 101,700 556: 555: 552: 549: 543: 542: 539: 536: 530: 529: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 510: 504: 503: 498: 493: 397:Southeast Asia 376: 373: 371: 368: 325:Asian American 296: 295: 265: 264: 260: 259: 227: 226: 222: 221: 211: 210: 206: 205: 203: 202: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167:Greater Boston 164: 159: 144:North Carolina 141: 136: 131: 126: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 83: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 56: 55: 51: 50: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7834: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 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6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5932:Black Indians 5930: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Non-religious 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 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4801: 4799: 4798:New Caledonia 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4608: 4607:United States 4605: 4601: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4408:Kelly, G. P. 4407: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4264:on 2012-03-27 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4212:Mtholyoke.edu 4209: 4203: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4107:on 2012-03-27 4106: 4102: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3894: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3567:on 2015-10-18 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3428: 3424: 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