455:
450:, etc. On rounds, the resident or student would present a patient with some particular condition, and I would always ask, so who is so and so for whom the disease was named. This prompts thought and research into the disease or condition itself to find out who first described it and, therefore, for whom it was named.
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of 1942, as one of the first, of very few, who ever entered the school without a bachelor's degree. Victor never earned a baccalaureate degree, although he has been awarded over 20 honorary degrees. He earned his Doctor of
Medicine through an accelerated program in only three years. He was offered the prestigious
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to speak about the heritable disorders of connective tissue at the first international congress of human genetics. The meeting looms as the birthplace of the medical genetics field. In the following decades, McKusick went on to head the
Chronic Disease Clinic and created and chaired a new Division of
270:
The Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine could not fill its classes. Therefore, for the first time since the school's founding in 1893, the school temporarily discontinued requiring a baccalaureate degree for admission. Victor applied during his sixth semester at Tufts, and began in the fall
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McKusick listed fifteen advantages to studying genetics among the Amish. Today, these fifteen reasons are argued to be true as well. McKusick's findings led many other researchers to study hereditary related diseases in the 1960s and 1970s. Other researchers and McKusick cite the Amish as working
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and School of
Medicine. McKusick resigned the appointments in 1985, but continued to teach, conduct research, and practice medicine in the Departments of Medicine and Medical Genetics. He held concurrent appointments as University Professor of Medical Genetics at the McKusick–Nathans Institute of
44:
1384:
A Synopsis of
Clinical Auscultation, Being a Treatise on Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sound, Introduced by an Historical Survey, Illustrated by Sound Spectrograms (Spectral Phonocardiograms), and Supplemented by a Comprehensive Bibliography. Privately printed and bound, in limited
321:
cell line that has been instrumental in biomedical research, although he did not reveal to the Lacks family all the details about subsequent blood draws which were for genotyping HeLa. He held numerous faculty appointments while remaining at Johns
Hopkins until his death in 2008.
233:
during his ten weeks at
Massachusetts General. Since none of his close family were doctors, the events of 1937 represented McKusick's first substantial experience with the medical community. He stated, "Perhaps I would have ended up a lawyer if it weren't for the
259:, and studied there for six semesters from the fall of 1940 to the summer of 1942. Although Tufts had an associated medical school, Victor was fascinated by Johns Hopkins and by its dedication to medical research, and chose to attend
479:
is frequent among the Amish. Initial study led to the identification of two recessive conditions named Ellis–van
Creveld syndrome and cartilage-hair hypoplasia (later named metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, McKusick type).
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Victor married Anne Bishop McKusick in 1949. Anne served Johns
Hopkins Hospital as associate professor of medicine in the Division of Rheumatology. The couple had two sons, Victor and Kenneth, and a daughter, Carol.
1402:
McKusick, V. A. "The Human Genome
Project: Status, Prospects, and Implications for Ethics, Society, and the Law," (Presented at: 7th International Association of Catholic Medical Schools, Santiago, Chile. January
433:
I have always told my students, residents, and fellows, if you want to really get on top of some topic, you need to know how it got from where it was to how it is now. I was always strong on eponyms, too—like
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McKusick's study of genetics among the Amish is perhaps his most famous research. On his first trip to Amish homes, he was accompanied by David Krusen who had an extensive medical practice among the
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McKusick, V. A. "Medical Genetics: A 40-Year Perspective on the Evolution of a Medical Specialty from a Basic Science," (Journal of the American Medical Association, 270:2351–2356, 1993).
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McKusick, V. A. "The Anatomy of the Human Genome: a Neo-Vesalian Basis for Medicine in the 21st Century," (Journal of the American Medical Association. 286(18):2289–2295, 2001).
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Medical Genetics at Hopkins beginning in 1957. In 1973, he served as Physician-in-Chief, William Osler Professor of Medicine, and Chairman of the Department of Medicine at
475:. McKusick spoke about his introduction to Krusen's work, stating, "He indicated to the author of the article—in a slick-paper, pharmaceutical company 'throw-away'—that
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cooperatively with researchers to determine the reason for inherited diseases. McKusick published his official findings from working with the Amish in 1978, titled
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McKusick, V. A. "Mapping the Human Genome: Retrospective, Perspective and Prospective," (Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 141(4):417–424, 1997).
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McKusick, V. A. "Biographical Memoirs: A. McGehee Harvey (30 July 1911 – 8 May 1998)," (Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 144:85–94, 2000).
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1363:"Victor A. McKusick." World of Genetics. 2 vols. Gale Group, 2001. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
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Internship in Internal Medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and chose to remain at Hopkins for his residency. He completed his residency training as a
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McKusick, V. A. "Marcella O'Grady Boveri (1865–1950) and the Chromosome Theory of Cancer," (Journal of Medical Genetics. 22: 431–440, 1985).
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184:. He was the original author and, until his death, remained chief editor of Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) and its online counterpart
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in 1987 with Frank Ruddle, and served as an editor. He led a Congressionally-chartered committee examining the ethics of testing
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McKusick, Victor (November 14, 2001). "The Anatomy of the Human Genome: a Neo-Vesalian Basis for Medicine in the 21st Century".
208:. Victor's mother had been an elementary school teacher before marrying. Victor and his siblings were raised on a dairy farm in
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Crow, E. W., and J. F. Crow. "100 Years Ago: Walter Sutton and the Chromosome Theory of Heredity," (Genetics 160:1–4, 2002).
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McKusick received more than 20 honorary degrees throughout and after his career. He was also a member of the United States
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McKusick wrote extensively on the history of medicine, genetics, medical genetics, and about Parkman, Maine. He co-founded
358:. The 12th and final print edition was published in 1998. The online database is continually updated, and linked with the
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In 1960, McKusick founded and co-directed the Annual Short Course in Medical and Experimental Mammalian Genetics at the
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279:, since the department of genetics did not exist at the time. McKusick specialized in heart murmurs, and utilized
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347:, which was the first published catalog of all known genes and genetic disorders, in 1966. The complete text of
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McKusick died of cancer at the age of 86, on July 22, 2008. He died at his home right outside of Baltimore, in
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for Medical Genetics, for pioneering the field of medical genetics, in 2008 from The Japan Prize Foundation.
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Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences | American Philosophical Society
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2442:
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Francomano, Clair (August 15, 2003). "Medical Genetic Studies in the Amish: Historical Perspective".
590:. On the 21st, the day before he died, he watched a live-stream of a course on medical genetics from
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Residential Center in Bertinoro di Romagna, Italy in 1987. McKusick was founding president of the
204:. Before deciding to work as a dairy farmer, Victor's father served as a high school principal in
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McKusick, Victor (Winter 1969). "On lumpers and splitters, or the nosology of genetic disease".
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1978:
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McKusick, V. A. "Structural and Functional Studies of Genomes," (Genomics. 45: 444–449, 1997).
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were born on October 21, 1921. Victor was one of five children. His father was a graduate of
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Victor McKusick taking a picture of an Amish child's hands during his study of the Amish.
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due to its use for studying congenital diseases. He is well known for his studies of the
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The Anatomy of the Human Genome: a Neo-Vesalian Basis for Medicine in the 21st Century
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contained 18,847 entries. He also led the Annual Course in Medical Genetics at the
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Medical Genetic Studies of the Amish: Selected Papers, Assembled with Commentary
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The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine
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for Special Achievement in Medical Science from The Lasker Foundation in 1997.
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970:"Probable Assignment of the Duffy Blood Group Locus to Chromosome 1 in Man"
928:
903:"Victor McKusick, 1921–2008: the founder of medical genetics as we know it"
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Probable Assignment of the Duffy Blood Group Locus to Chromosome 1 in Man
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2010:
1986:
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was made available online free of charge beginning in 1987, and titled
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229:. He finally saw a successful diagnosis and course of treatment, using
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Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences
374:
database network system since 1995. At the time of McKusick's death,
173:
161:
4429:
768:
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
225:. As a result, Victor spent time in two hospitals, one of which was
215:
During the summer of 1937, Victor suffered a severe microaerophilic
2133:
1479:
43:
685:"Victor A McKusick: From "musical murmurs" to "medical genetics""
1277:
188:(OMIM). He is widely known as the "father of medical genetics".
425:"On lumpers and splitters, or the nosology of genetic disease."
371:
222:
1302:
Albert Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science
468:
181:
318:
118:
5897:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
573:
named after McKusick and fellow distinguished geneticist
429:
In a 2005 paper presented by M.I. Poling, McKusick said:
638:
The Victor A. McKusick Papers: Biographical Information
868:
725:"Victor McKusick, 86, Dies; Medical Genetics Pioneer"
1379:, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
1243:. American Society of Human Genetics. Archived from
524:
from The American Society of Human Genetics in 1977.
317:. McKusick played a role in the development of the
1482:– Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine
1406:
160:(October 21, 1921 – July 22, 2008) was an American
569:McKusick–Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at
2145:
876:"Use of a Woman's Cells Raises Ethical Questions"
640:. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
462:
5858:
4430:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
1330:. Hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
1278:AAP » George M. Kober Medal and Lectureship
1021:The Journal of the American Medical Association
301:Genetic Medicine, Professor of Medicine at the
1328:McKusick–Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
5967:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2115:
1507:
757:
360:National Center for Biotechnology Information
692:Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine
594:, which he helped found and direct in 1960.
511:Some of the awards he won are listed below:
389:
255:After high school, Victor chose to study at
5962:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1347:Marquis Who Was Who In America 1985–present
1280:. Aap-online.org. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
944:"Panel Backs DNA Tests on Lincoln's Tissue"
409:His well-known published articles include:
176:. He was a proponent of the mapping of the
2122:
2108:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1292:. Amphilsoc.org. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
1109:
42:
995:
985:
918:
832:
800:. Tufts Alumni. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
779:
3839:
1061:
1018:
967:
814:
453:
5872:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
2409:
2131:United States National Medal of Science
1208:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
793:
791:
14:
5859:
968:McKusick, Victor (September 5, 1988).
847:
758:Weisfeldt, M. L.; Ross, R. S. (2009).
722:
682:
4959:
4958:
4428:
3838:
3352:
2408:
2144:
2103:
1495:
1230:. Gairdner. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
1105:
1103:
1101:
941:
900:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
723:Altman, Lawrence K. (July 24, 2008).
678:
676:
674:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
518:from The Gairdner Foundation in 1977.
506:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1112:American Journal of Medical Genetics
851:The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks
810:
808:
806:
788:
718:
716:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
491:
486:Medical Genetic Studies of the Amish
5922:National Medal of Science laureates
1486:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1407:McKusick, Victor A. (August 1965).
901:Romeo, Giovanni (October 1, 2008).
662:
354:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
186:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
168:, and Professor of Medicine at the
24:
1337:
1266:NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing
1098:
907:European Journal of Human Genetics
742:
671:
616:
542:Association of American Physicians
528:NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing
286:
25:
5978:
5882:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
1460:
1433:10.1038/scientificamerican0865-88
803:
713:
643:
311:Bloomberg School of Public Health
245:
5877:Johns Hopkins University faculty
942:Leery, Warren L. (May 3, 1991).
325:
303:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
191:
5912:Human Genome Project scientists
1941:/ John Frederick Grassle (2013)
1454:Haemophilia in European royalty
1387:, (Baltimore: January 1, 1956).
1321:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1233:
1221:
1196:
1171:
1146:
1055:
1012:
961:
935:
894:
815:Kazazian, Haig (October 2008).
27:American geneticist (1921–2008)
5937:Deaths from cancer in Maryland
1467:The Victor McKusick collection
1315:"Laureates of the Japan Prize"
841:
683:Mahesh, M (December 1, 2014).
552:American Philosophical Society
502:American Philosophical Society
463:Study of genes among the Amish
313:, and Professor of Biology at
227:Massachusetts General Hospital
196:Victor and his identical twin
13:
1:
3353:
2146:Behavioral and social science
1651:Ernest John Christopher Polge
1480:The Victor A. McKusick Papers
817:"Remembering Victor McKusick"
609:
370:, and has been a part of the
291:In 1956 McKusick traveled to
236:microaerophilic streptococcus
5932:People from Towson, Maryland
974:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
532:National Academy of Sciences
516:Gairdner International Award
498:National Academy of Sciences
368:National Library of Medicine
341:Mendelian Inheritance in Man
250:
114:Mendelian Inheritance in Man
7:
1345:"McKusick, Victor Almon in
834:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.08.009
597:
402:tissue for the presence of
366:is distributed through the
10:
5983:
5927:People from Parkman, Maine
5034:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
5796:
5645:
5494:
5315:
5121:
4969:
4965:
4954:
4888:
4790:
4679:
4590:
4511:
4439:
4435:
4424:
4381:
4290:
4182:
4073:
4009:William Hayward Pickering
3954:
3849:
3845:
3834:
3760:
3652:
3506:
3382:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3259:
3068:
2882:
2700:
2556:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2361:
2302:
2214:
2174:
2155:
2151:
2140:
2020:
1881:
1746:
1667:William Hayward Pickering
1611:
1542:Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
1530:
604:McKusick–Kaufman syndrome
390:Publications and research
384:Human Genome Organization
283:to analyze heart sounds.
128:
123:McKusick–Kaufman syndrome
108:
94:
75:
53:
41:
34:
5458:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
4904:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2535:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1033:10.1001/jama.286.18.2289
667:. Yale University Press.
581:
440:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
315:Johns Hopkins University
103:Johns Hopkins University
5867:Tufts University alumni
4769:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2687:George Ledyard Stebbins
2608:James Augustine Shannon
1808:/ Keith J. Sainsbury /
1204:"Victor Almon McKusick"
473:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
5226:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5213:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4169:Harry George Drickamer
4115:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3789:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3663:John D. Baldeschwieler
2903:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2585:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1979:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1598:Frank Sherwood Rowland
1472:March 3, 2016, at the
1409:"The Royal Hemophilia"
1304:. laskerfoundation.org
571:Johns Hopkins Hospital
459:
452:
298:Johns Hopkins Hospital
261:Hopkins Medical School
170:Johns Hopkins Hospital
5957:Scientists from Maine
5952:Writers from Maryland
5817:Sylvester James Gates
5203:William Alfred Fowler
5185:Robert Rathbun Wilson
4998:Robert Burns Woodward
3810:Geraldine L. Richmond
3558:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
2841:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2770:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2626:Sterling B. Hendricks
2443:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2438:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2286:William Julius Wilson
1076:10.1353/pbm.1969.0039
987:10.1073/pnas.61.3.949
920:10.1038/ejhg.2008.166
538:George M. Kober Medal
457:
431:
380:University of Bologna
309:at the Johns Hopkins
158:Victor Almon McKusick
36:Victor Almon McKusick
5902:American geneticists
5788:Warren M. Washington
5752:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5661:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5606:Martin Schwarzschild
5387:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5379:J. Robert Schrieffer
5349:E. Margaret Burbidge
5193:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5170:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5049:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4801:John Griggs Thompson
4724:Martin David Kruskal
4564:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4037:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
3991:Ralph Brazelton Peck
3946:Jack St. Clair Kilby
3873:John Robinson Pierce
3840:Engineering sciences
3771:Jacqueline K. Barton
3626:George M. Whitesides
3545:Dudley R. Herschbach
3483:Richard B. Bernstein
3452:Walter H. Stockmayer
3000:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
2931:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
2821:Stanley Norman Cohen
2808:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2644:Keith Roberts Porter
2507:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2502:Michael Heidelberger
2474:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2084:John Michael Wallace
1183:search.amphilsoc.org
1179:"APS Member History"
1154:"Victor A. McKusick"
1124:10.1002/ajmg.c.20001
663:Comfort, Nathaniel.
5907:Medical geneticists
5838:Shirley Ann Jackson
5757:Charles P. Slichter
5601:Marshall Rosenbluth
5593:Wallace S. Broecker
5546:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5307:Victor F. Weisskopf
5254:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5236:Edgar Bright Wilson
5077:George Kistiakowsky
4695:Stephen Cole Kleene
4206:George H. Heilmeier
4193:Mildred Dresselhaus
4084:Edward H. Heinemann
4014:Frederick E. Terman
3978:Richard T. Whitcomb
3899:Clarence L. Johnson
3860:Theodore von Kármán
3747:Stephen J. Benkovic
3726:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3713:Marvin H. Caruthers
3668:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3608:Darleane C. Hoffman
3498:Harden M. McConnell
3439:Frank H. Westheimer
3251:Stanley B. Prusiner
3215:Robert J. Lefkowitz
2974:Howard Martin Temin
2831:Maurice R. Hilleman
2826:Joseph L. Goldstein
2765:Donald A. Henderson
2682:Earl Reece Stadtman
2667:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2631:Orville Alvin Vogel
2461:Donald D. Van Slyke
2410:Biological sciences
2068:/ Kazuo Hagimoto /
1907:Tadamitsu Kishimoto
1637:Jacques-Louis Lions
1425:1965SciAm.213b..88M
1413:Scientific American
848:Skloot, R. (2010).
558:Albert Lasker Award
522:William Allan Award
198:Vincent L. McKusick
133:William Allan Award
5947:Writers from Maine
5710:G. Brent Dalrymple
5528:Arthur L. Schawlow
5435:James A. Van Allen
5326:Philip W. Anderson
5282:Richard P. Feynman
5208:Linus Carl Pauling
4843:Dennis P. Sullivan
4400:John B. Goodenough
4333:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4301:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4282:Kenneth N. Stevens
4050:Raymond D. Mindlin
3973:Harold E. Edgerton
3818:A. Paul Alivisatos
3697:Stephen J. Lippard
3676:Ernest R. Davidson
3613:Harold S. Johnston
3447:William S. Johnson
3411:George C. Pimentel
3246:Susan L. Lindquist
3228:Francis S. Collins
3122:Victor A. McKusick
3097:Francisco J. Ayala
3079:Nancy C. Andreasen
3029:Robert A. Weinberg
2803:Har Gobind Khorana
2788:Michael E. DeBakey
2775:George Emil Palade
2747:Wendell L. Roelofs
2737:Howard L. Bachrach
2567:Barbara McClintock
2469:Edward F. Knipling
2046:Robert A. Weinberg
2028:Robert G. Gallager
1973:Steven D. Tanksley
1959:Theodore Friedmann
1862:Victor A. McKusick
1820:Masatoshi Takeichi
1768:Timothy R. Parsons
1764:John B. Goodenough
1758:Kimishige Ishizaka
1733:Jack L. Strominger
1729:W. Wesley Peterson
1709:Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
1705:Joseph Engelberger
1681:Edward F. Knipling
1247:on October 3, 2014
948:The New York Times
882:. February 1, 2010
880:The New York Times
764:, M.D.: 1921–2008"
729:The New York Times
460:
332:Jackson Laboratory
166:medical geneticist
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5783:Esther M. Conwell
5723:Robert N. Clayton
5715:Riccardo Giacconi
5679:Raymond Davis Jr.
5567:Albert Overhauser
5510:Edwin M. McMillan
5471:Arnold O. Beckman
5448:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5425:Paul C. Lauterbur
5402:Robert Hofstadter
5354:Maurice Goldhaber
5341:Charles H. Townes
5292:Edward M. Purcell
5259:Frederick Rossini
5113:Wolfgang Panofsky
5044:John H. Van Vleck
4960:Physical sciences
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4912:Solomon W. Golomb
4872:Andrew J. Viterbi
4867:Leonard Kleinrock
4814:Calyampudi R. Rao
4782:Ronald R. Coifman
4690:George F. Carrier
4671:Donald C. Spencer
4666:Saunders Mac Lane
4601:Marshall H. Stone
4551:Shiing-Shen Chern
4458:Solomon Lefschetz
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4357:David J. Wineland
4325:John M. Prausnitz
4266:C. Kumar N. Patel
4261:James L. Flanagan
4229:John Roy Whinnery
4216:H. Guyford Stever
4198:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4161:George W. Housner
4156:Willis M. Hawkins
4151:Daniel C. Drucker
4133:Robert Byron Bird
4125:Bernard M. Oliver
4032:Peter C. Goldmark
4019:Wernher von Braun
3965:George E. Mueller
3938:Nathan M. Newmark
3933:J. Presper Eckert
3912:Claude E. Shannon
3881:Charles S. Draper
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3797:Judith P. Klinman
3681:Gábor A. Somorjai
3592:Isabella L. Karle
3579:George S. Hammond
3540:Gertrude B. Elion
3493:Rudolph A. Marcus
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3270:Ralph L. Brinster
3189:Torsten N. Wiesel
3166:Norman E. Borlaug
3153:Solomon H. Snyder
3148:J. Michael Bishop
3107:Mario R. Capecchi
2987:Salome G. Waelsch
2918:E. Donnall Thomas
2793:Theodor O. Diener
2692:Paul Alfred Weiss
2520:Bernard B. Brodie
2456:George G. Simpson
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2345:Michael I. Posner
2246:Eleanor J. Gibson
2198:George J. Stigler
2166:Neal Elgar Miller
2097:
2096:
2066:Masataka Nakazawa
2060:Christopher Field
1945:Yasuharu Suematsu
1889:Shun-ichi Iwasaki
1848:Peter Shaw Ashton
1788:Benoit Mandelbrot
1782:Andrzej Tarkowski
1602:Elias James Corey
1476:(personal papers)
1241:"Past Recipients"
1064:Perspect Biol Med
913:(10): 1161–1163.
861:978-0-307-58938-5
798:Luminaries, M – Z
701:on August 4, 2016
592:Bar Harbor, Maine
492:Awards and honors
448:Tay–Sachs disease
400:Abraham Lincoln's
336:Bar Harbor, Maine
221:infection in his
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
5974:
5666:Gilbert F. White
5611:George Wetherill
5505:Allan M. Cormack
5463:Jack Steinberger
5443:D. Allan Bromley
5392:H. Richard Crane
5369:Frederick Reines
5359:Helmut Landsberg
5274:George Uhlenbeck
5175:Vladimir Haensel
5137:Allan R. Sandage
5108:Herbert C. Brown
5090:Herbert Friedman
5016:Leon M. Lederman
4988:Julian Schwinger
4967:
4966:
4956:
4955:
4925:Alexandre Chorin
4899:Richard A. Tapia
4880:David B. Mumford
4708:Alberto CalderĂłn
4653:Joseph B. Keller
4640:Michael Freedman
4609:Herman Goldstine
4463:H. Marston Morse
4437:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4365:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4349:Robert S. Langer
4341:Jan D. Achenbach
4174:Herbert E. Grier
3925:Igor I. Sikorsky
3886:Othmar H. Ammann
3847:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3802:Jerrold Meinwald
3571:Norman Hackerman
3550:Glenn T. Seaborg
3465:William O. Baker
3393:F. Albert Cotton
3361:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3327:Mary-Claire King
3220:Bert W. O'Malley
3176:Thomas E. Starzl
3171:Phillip A. Sharp
3158:Charles Yanofsky
3140:Evelyn M. Witkin
3135:James E. Darnell
2961:Paul C. Zamecnik
2926:Mary Ellen Avery
2898:Herbert W. Boyer
2893:Baruj Benacerraf
2864:Joshua Lederberg
2854:Viktor Hamburger
2816:Michael S. Brown
2662:Robert H. Burris
2417:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2353:Mortimer Mishkin
2278:William K. Estes
2262:Roger N. Shepard
2254:Robert K. Merton
2238:George A. Miller
2185:Herbert A. Simon
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2101:
2100:
1935:C. Grant Willson
1723:Marc Van Montagu
1697:Takashi Sugimura
1631:Xavier Le Pichon
1576:Donald Henderson
1572:Georges Vendryes
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:(to search OMIM)
1451:
1449:
1447:
1382:McKusick, V. A.
1375:McKusick, V. A.
1360:
1358:
1356:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:. japanprize.jp.
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
989:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
932:
922:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
845:
839:
838:
836:
812:
801:
795:
786:
785:
783:
755:
740:
739:
737:
735:
720:
711:
710:
708:
706:
700:
694:. Archived from
689:
680:
669:
668:
660:
641:
635:
588:Towson, Maryland
257:Tufts University
206:Chester, Vermont
151:
144:
137:
99:Tufts University
87:Towson, Maryland
82:
64:October 21, 1921
63:
61:
46:
32:
31:
21:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5917:Identical twins
5857:
5856:
5855:
5842:
5830:Sean C. Solomon
5792:
5744:Daniel Kleppner
5736:Lonnie Thompson
5731:Ralph A. Alpher
5697:W. Jason Morgan
5684:Charles Keeling
5674:Marvin L. Cohen
5641:
5624:John N. Bahcall
5619:Don L. Anderson
5585:Peter Goldreich
5538:Steven Weinberg
5490:
5420:Walter Elsasser
5397:Herman Feshbach
5311:
5249:Samuel Goudsmit
5241:Chien-Shiung Wu
5180:Frederick Seitz
5147:John A. Wheeler
5132:Robert H. Dicke
5117:
4980:Luis W. Alvarez
4961:
4942:
4930:David Blackwell
4884:
4835:Carl R. de Boor
4806:Karen Uhlenbeck
4786:
4740:Louis Nirenberg
4675:
4648:Ralph E. Gomory
4586:
4582:Donald E. Knuth
4569:Hassler Whitney
4507:
4431:
4412:
4377:
4309:Andreas Acrivos
4286:
4274:Eli Ruckenstein
4253:Hermann A. Haus
4224:Calvin F. Quate
4211:Luna B. Leopold
4178:
4069:
4055:Robert N. Noyce
4045:Emmett N. Leith
4004:Manson Benedict
3986:Rudolf Kompfner
3950:
3904:Warren K. Lewis
3841:
3822:
3756:
3718:Peter B. Dervan
3689:John I. Brauman
3648:
3600:Norman Davidson
3527:John D. Roberts
3502:
3470:Konrad E. Bloch
3416:Richard N. Zare
3378:
3355:
3336:
3293:Sallie Chisholm
3275:Rudolf Jaenisch
3255:
3238:J. Craig Venter
3197:Rita R. Colwell
3064:
3050:David Baltimore
2941:Robert W. Kates
2913:David G. Nathan
2908:Edward B. Lewis
2878:
2874:Harland G. Wood
2869:Roger W. Sperry
2724:Glenn W. Burton
2696:
2672:Arthur Kornberg
2639:Roger Guillemin
2616:Hallowell Davis
2580:Daniel I. Arnon
2572:Albert B. Sabin
2552:
2525:Detlev W. Bronk
2497:Harry F. Harlow
2492:Kenneth S. Cole
2479:William C. Rose
2451:Francis P. Rous
2411:
2392:
2357:
2337:Gordon H. Bower
2298:
2294:Robert M. Solow
2210:
2206:Milton Friedman
2170:
2147:
2136:
2128:
2098:
2093:
2088:Ronald M. Evans
2074:Karl Deisseroth
2070:Gero Miesenböck
2042:Bert Vogelstein
2038:Martin A. Green
2016:
1997:Max Dale Cooper
1983:Jennifer Doudna
1955:Yutaka Takahasi
1877:
1824:Erkki Ruoslahti
1806:Akira Fujishima
1774:Tim Berners-Lee
1742:
1737:Don Craig Wiley
1623:W. Jason Morgan
1607:
1566:Theodore Maiman
1552:Willem J. Kolff
1526:
1520:
1474:Wayback Machine
1463:
1445:
1443:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1338:Further reading
1335:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:. nasonline.org
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1228:Past Recipients
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1108:
1099:
1060:
1056:
1027:(18): 2289–95.
1017:
1013:
966:
962:
952:
950:
940:
936:
899:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
862:
846:
842:
813:
804:
796:
789:
756:
743:
733:
731:
721:
714:
704:
702:
698:
687:
681:
672:
661:
644:
636:
617:
612:
600:
584:
494:
465:
436:Marfan syndrome
404:Marfan syndrome
392:
338:. He published
328:
305:, Professor of
289:
287:Work at Hopkins
253:
248:
194:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
101:
95:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
49:
48:Victor McKusick
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Victor McKusick
15:
12:
11:
5:
5980:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:American twins
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5832:
5827:
5825:Burton Richter
5822:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5778:Yakir Aharonov
5775:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5692:Richard Garwin
5689:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5656:Willis E. Lamb
5653:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5548:
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5540:
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5525:
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5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Philip Abelson
5412:
5409:
5407:Chen-Ning Yang
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5381:
5376:
5374:Bruno B. Rossi
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Yoichiro Nambu
5328:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:John C. Slater
5139:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Jacob Bjerknes
5026:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
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2007:Yoshio Okamoto
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2001:Jacques Miller
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4480:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:Oscar Zariski
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
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4427:
4423:
4409:
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4387:
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4380:
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4360:
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4320:
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4275:
4272:
4269:
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4264:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4245:Ray W. Clough
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Alfred Y. Cho
4235:
4232:
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4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
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4212:
4209:
4207:
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4201:
4199:
4196:
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4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
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4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:John G. Trump
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
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4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
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3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
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3979:
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3966:
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3947:
3944:
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3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Edwin H. Land
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
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3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Vannevar Bush
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3819:
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3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Allen J. Bard
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3750:
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3740:
3739:JoAnne Stubbe
3737:
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3734:Joanna Fowler
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
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3645:
3644:Susan Solomon
3642:
3640:
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3627:
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3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
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3598:
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3577:
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3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
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3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Melvin Calvin
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Yuan Tseh Lee
3427:
3425:
3424:Harry B. Gray
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Gilbert Stork
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Bruce Alberts
3304:
3302:
3301:May Berenbaum
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Lubert Stryer
3205:
3203:
3202:Nina Fedoroff
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Anthony Fauci
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Harold Varmus
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:Lynn Margulis
3058:
3056:
3055:Jared Diamond
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Thomas Eisner
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Maxine Singer
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Paul A. Marks
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
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2911:
2909:
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2875:
2872:
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2867:
2865:
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2847:
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2837:
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2827:
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2819:
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2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
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2801:
2799:
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2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Stanley Cohen
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
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2683:
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2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Efraim Racker
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:James V. Neel
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Horace Barker
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Sewall Wright
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Anne Treisman
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Kenneth Arrow
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
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2287:
2284:
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2279:
2276:
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2271:
2268:
2265:
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2257:
2255:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Anne Anastasi
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:Brian Hoskins
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:Drew Weissman
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Akira Yoshino
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:Alain Fischer
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:Masato Sagawa
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:Toshio Hirano
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1872:David E. Kuhl
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:John Houghton
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Kenichi Honda
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:Nick Holonyak
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Marvin Minsky
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1355:September 23,
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1158:nasonline.org
1155:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
980:(3): 949–55.
979:
975:
971:
964:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
881:
877:
871:
863:
857:
853:
852:
844:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
809:
807:
799:
794:
792:
782:
777:
774:: civ–cviii.
773:
769:
765:
763:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
730:
726:
719:
717:
697:
693:
686:
679:
677:
675:
666:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
639:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
615:
605:
602:
601:
595:
593:
589:
576:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
481:
478:
474:
470:
456:
451:
449:
445:
444:Down syndrome
441:
437:
430:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
350:
346:
343:
342:
337:
333:
326:Organizations
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:William Osler
269:
264:
262:
258:
243:
239:
237:
232:
231:sulfanilamide
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:Streptococcus
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:Bates College
199:
192:Personal life
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
148:
141:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
88:
79:July 22, 2008
78:
74:
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
5812:Sandra Faber
5807:Sidney Drell
5637:Leo Kadanoff
5632:James Cronin
5580:Hans Dehmelt
5515:Robert Pound
5481:Robert Sharp
5297:John Sinfelt
5264:Verner Suomi
5231:Lewis Sarett
5095:Lars Onsager
5039:Henry Eyring
5006:John Bardeen
4748:Richard Karp
4716:Allen Newell
4495:Jerzy Neyman
4120:Tung-Yen Lin
4097:Bill Hewlett
4027:Morris Cohen
3621:John W. Cahn
3522:Karl Folkers
3283:Lucy Shapiro
3233:Elaine Fuchs
3121:
3112:Ann Graybiel
3042:Janet Rowley
3024:James Watson
3016:Ruth Patrick
2859:Philip Leder
2729:Mildred Cohn
2677:Severo Ochoa
2654:E. O. Wilson
2032:Svante Pääbo
1969:Hideo Hosono
1939:Jean Fréchet
1921:Brian Druker
1917:Janet Rowley
1899:Ken Thompson
1861:
1816:Makoto Nagao
1778:Anne McLaren
1719:Jozef Schell
1647:Gerhard Ertl
1641:John J. Wild
1627:Dan McKenzie
1592:Robert Gallo
1584:Frank Fenner
1562:Gurdev Khush
1444:. Retrieved
1419:(2): 88–95.
1416:
1412:
1383:
1376:
1353:. Retrieved
1346:
1323:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1251:February 24,
1249:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1235:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1115:
1111:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1024:
1020:
1014:
977:
973:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
937:
910:
906:
896:
884:. Retrieved
879:
870:
850:
843:
824:
820:
771:
767:
761:
732:. Retrieved
728:
703:. Retrieved
696:the original
691:
664:
585:
510:
495:
485:
482:
466:
432:
428:
419:
413:
408:
395:
393:
375:
363:
352:
348:
344:
339:
329:
307:Epidemiology
290:
281:spectroscopy
277:cardiologist
268:World War II
265:
254:
240:
235:
216:
214:
195:
178:human genome
157:
156:
140:Lasker Award
112:
81:(2008-07-22)
29:
5892:2008 deaths
5887:1921 births
5765:Berni Alder
5572:Frank Press
5453:Walter Kohn
5430:George Pake
5364:Walter Munk
5287:Herman Mark
5269:Henry Taube
5057:Jesse Beams
5011:Peter Debye
4993:Harold Urey
4917:Barry Mazur
4479:John Milnor
4373:Amnon Yariv
4317:Leo Beranek
4143:Ernst Weber
3996:Abel Wolman
3587:Thomas Cech
3517:Elkan Blout
3457:Max Tishler
3374:Roger Adams
3332:Simon Levin
2798:Harry Eagle
2621:Paul Gyorgy
2313:Gary Becker
1840:Albert Fert
1796:Seiji Ogawa
1657:Frank Press
1523:Japan Prize
564:Japan Prize
147:Japan Prize
5861:Categories
5559:Vera Rubin
5198:Paul Flory
4859:Hyman Bass
4732:John Cocke
4635:Raoul Bott
4538:Kurt Gödel
4530:John Tukey
4487:Paul Cohen
4102:George Low
4065:Simon Ramo
3288:Leroy Hood
3089:Carl Woese
3037:Bruce Ames
2548:Ernst Mayr
2011:Rattan Lal
1987:Adi Shamir
1834:Akira Endo
1754:Ian McHarg
1701:Bruce Ames
1580:Isao Arita
1525:recipients
1446:August 25,
1118:(1): 1–4.
610:References
504:, and the
293:Copenhagen
60:1921-10-21
5554:Val Fitch
4622:Peter Lax
4392:Shu Chien
3639:John Ross
3354:Chemistry
2742:Paul Berg
2134:laureates
1854:Vint Cerf
1715:Leo Esaki
1691:Masao Ito
1351:. Harvard
953:April 23,
854:. Crown.
734:April 23,
705:April 21,
550:from the
540:from the
530:from the
386:in 1989.
263:instead.
251:Education
174:Baltimore
162:internist
5533:Ed Stone
2530:Jay Lush
1470:Archived
1441:14319025
1213:July 28,
1188:July 28,
1163:July 28,
1132:12888981
1092:35339751
1049:20460172
1041:11710895
929:18818718
886:June 18,
821:Genomics
598:See also
554:in 1996.
544:in 1990.
534:in 1982.
396:Genomics
1421:Bibcode
1385:numbers
1140:7688595
1084:4304823
1006:5246559
781:2744554
406:genes.
266:During
2090:(2024)
2076:(2023)
2062:(2022)
2048:(2021)
2034:(2020)
2013:(2019)
2003:(2018)
1989:(2017)
1975:(2016)
1965:(2015)
1951:(2014)
1931:(2012)
1913:(2011)
1895:(2010)
1874:(2009)
1864:(2008)
1850:(2007)
1836:(2006)
1826:(2005)
1812:(2004)
1798:(2003)
1784:(2002)
1770:(2001)
1760:(2000)
1739:(1999)
1725:(1998)
1711:(1997)
1693:(1996)
1683:(1995)
1679:Jr. /
1673:(1994)
1663:(1993)
1653:(1992)
1643:(1991)
1633:(1990)
1604:(1989)
1594:(1988)
1568:(1987)
1554:(1986)
1544:(1985)
1439:
1403:1994).
1138:
1130:
1090:
1082:
1047:
1039:
1004:
997:305420
994:
927:
858:
778:
762:Kusick
500:, the
422:(2001)
416:(1968)
372:Entrez
356:(OMIM)
223:axilla
150:(2008)
143:(1997)
136:(1977)
129:Awards
89:, U.S.
70:, U.S.
5797:2010s
5646:2000s
5495:1990s
5316:1980s
5122:1970s
4970:1960s
4889:2010s
4791:2000s
4680:1990s
4591:1980s
4512:1970s
4440:1960s
4382:2010s
4291:2000s
4183:1990s
4074:1980s
3955:1970s
3850:1960s
3761:2010s
3653:2000s
3507:1990s
3383:1980s
3364:1960s
3260:2010s
3069:2000s
2883:1990s
2701:1980s
2557:1970s
2420:1960s
2362:2010s
2303:2000s
2215:1990s
2175:1980s
2156:1960s
2021:2020s
1882:2010s
1747:2000s
1612:1990s
1531:1980s
1136:S2CID
1088:S2CID
1045:S2CID
699:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
582:Death
469:Amish
345:(MIM)
182:Amish
5834:2014
5821:2012
5803:2011
5774:2009
5761:2008
5748:2007
5740:2006
5727:2005
5719:2004
5706:2003
5688:2002
5670:2001
5652:2000
5628:1999
5615:1998
5597:1997
5589:1996
5576:1995
5563:1994
5550:1993
5542:1992
5524:1991
5501:1990
5467:1989
5439:1988
5411:1987
5383:1986
5345:1983
5322:1982
5278:1979
5245:1976
5217:1975
5189:1974
5156:1973
5128:1970
5104:1969
5081:1968
5053:1967
5025:1966
5002:1965
4984:1964
4976:1963
4934:2013
4921:2012
4908:2011
4895:2010
4876:2009
4863:2007
4855:2006
4847:2005
4839:2004
4831:2003
4823:2002
4810:2001
4797:2000
4773:1999
4765:1998
4757:1997
4744:1996
4736:1995
4728:1994
4720:1993
4712:1992
4704:1991
4686:1990
4657:1989
4644:1988
4631:1987
4618:1986
4605:1983
4597:1982
4573:1979
4560:1976
4542:1975
4534:1974
4526:1973
4518:1970
4499:1969
4491:1968
4483:1967
4475:1966
4467:1965
4454:1964
4446:1963
4404:2012
4396:2011
4388:2010
4369:2009
4361:2008
4353:2007
4345:2006
4337:2005
4329:2004
4321:2003
4313:2002
4305:2001
4297:2000
4278:1999
4270:1998
4257:1996
4249:1995
4241:1994
4233:1993
4220:1992
4202:1991
4189:1990
4165:1989
4147:1988
4129:1987
4111:1986
4093:1983
4080:1982
4041:1979
4023:1976
4000:1975
3982:1974
3969:1973
3961:1970
3942:1969
3929:1968
3916:1967
3908:1966
3890:1965
3877:1964
3864:1963
3856:1962
3814:2014
3806:2013
3793:2012
3780:2011
3767:2010
3743:2009
3730:2008
3722:2007
3709:2006
3701:2005
3693:2004
3685:2002
3672:2001
3659:2000
3630:1999
3617:1998
3604:1997
3596:1996
3583:1995
3575:1994
3562:1993
3554:1992
3531:1991
3513:1990
3479:1989
3461:1988
3443:1987
3420:1986
3402:1983
3389:1982
3370:1964
3318:2014
3310:2013
3297:2012
3279:2011
3266:2010
3242:2009
3224:2008
3211:2007
3193:2006
3180:2005
3162:2004
3144:2003
3131:2002
3093:2001
3075:2000
3046:1999
3033:1998
3020:1997
3012:1996
3004:1995
2991:1994
2978:1993
2965:1992
2922:1991
2889:1990
2845:1989
2812:1988
2784:1987
2756:1986
2733:1983
2715:1982
2707:1981
2658:1979
2635:1976
2612:1975
2589:1974
2576:1973
2563:1970
2539:1969
2511:1968
2488:1967
2465:1966
2447:1965
2434:1964
2426:1963
2384:2015
2376:2014
2368:2011
2349:2009
2341:2008
2333:2005
2325:2004
2317:2003
2309:2000
2290:1999
2282:1998
2274:1997
2266:1996
2258:1995
2250:1994
2242:1992
2234:1991
2221:1990
2202:1988
2189:1987
2181:1986
2162:1964
1452:(Re
1448:2022
1437:PMID
1357:2013
1253:2015
1215:2022
1190:2022
1165:2022
1128:PMID
1116:121C
1080:PMID
1037:PMID
1002:PMID
955:2015
925:PMID
888:2020
856:ISBN
736:2015
707:2015
376:OMIM
364:OMIM
349:MIM
319:HeLa
164:and
121:and
119:OMIM
76:Died
54:Born
1429:doi
1417:213
1120:doi
1072:doi
1029:doi
1025:286
992:PMC
982:doi
915:doi
829:doi
776:PMC
772:120
471:in
334:in
238:."
5863::
2086:/
2082:/
2072:/
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2054:/
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990:.
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