985:
1092:
Ki, J. S.; Hwang, D. S.; Park, T. J.; Han, S. H.; Lee, J. S. (2009). "A comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the
Eurasian otter Lutra lutra (Carnivora; Mustelidae)".
986:
W. R. Hou, Y. Chen, X. Wu, J. C. Hu, Z. S. Peng, J. Yang, Z. X. Tang, C. Q. Zhou, Y. M. Li, S. K. Yang, Y. J. Du, L. L. Kong, Z. L. Ren, H. Y. Zhang and S. S. Shuai (December 2006).
821:
S. Osawa, T. Ohama, T. H. Jukes and K. Watanabe (September 1989). "Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. I. Origin of AGR serine and stop codons in metazoan mitochondria".
1049:
Oh, D. J.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, J. A.; Yoon, W. J.; Park, S. Y.; Jung, Y. H. (2007). "Complete mitochondrial genome of the rabbitfish
Siganus fuscescens (Perciformes, Siganidae)".
886:
R J Temperley; R Richter; S Dennerlein; R N Lightowlers; Z M Chrzanowska-Lightowlers (January 2010). "Hungry codons promote frameshifting in human mitochondrial ribosomes".
1170:
P. Desjardins & R. Morais (February 1991). "Nucleotide sequence and evolution of coding and noncoding regions of a quail mitochondrial genome".
1035:
872:
805:
51:
early in vertebrate evolution. However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as
1220:
1135:
Nakamoto T (March 2009). "Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis".
988:"A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Asian black bear Sichuan subspecies (Ursus thibetanus mupinensis)"
1250:
1240:
1245:
56:
583:
The codon AUG both codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site: the first AUG in an
1029:
866:
792:
1179:
895:
830:
8:
1183:
899:
834:
1203:
1117:
1074:
1012:
987:
963:
938:
937:
Temperley, R. J.; Wydro, M; Lightowlers, R. N.; Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. (2010).
919:
854:
60:
1195:
1152:
1109:
1066:
1017:
968:
923:
911:
846:
52:
1121:
1078:
858:
1207:
1187:
1144:
1101:
1058:
1007:
999:
958:
950:
903:
838:
59:
frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6
75:
ending in U or UA, which become complete termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent
954:
885:
612:
76:
939:"Human mitochondrial mRNAs--like members of all families, similar but different"
936:
1148:
820:
778:
1105:
1062:
1234:
545:
499:
160:
907:
16:
An alternative genetic code found in the mitochondrial genome of vertebrates
1156:
1113:
1070:
1021:
972:
915:
71:
Mitochondrial genes in some vertebrates (including humans) have incomplete
32:
28:
1199:
850:
764:
91:
63:(ORFs), and consequently both ORFs terminate in the standard UAG codon.
1191:
842:
447:
427:
387:
368:
238:
229:
72:
48:
36:
1003:
377:
331:
285:
772:
294:
187:
178:
508:
490:
276:
218:
481:
439:
396:
169:
756:
584:
587:'s coding region is where translation into protein begins.
748:
1169:
47:
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial
591:
943:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
808:
page compiled by
Andrzej Elzanowski and Jim Ostell.
804:This article contains public domain text from the
380:
1232:
741:
1091:
1048:
1034:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1128:
1134:
1214:
1011:
962:
66:
930:
814:
577:
879:
1233:
1163:
578:
82:
13:
979:
592:Differences from the standard code
14:
1262:
1085:
1042:
1:
798:
742:Alternative initiation codons
21:vertebrate mitochondrial code
955:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.036
42:
7:
786:
119:Mitochondrial genetic code
10:
1267:
1149:10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001
1106:10.1007/s11033-009-9641-0
1094:Molecular Biology Reports
1063:10.1080/10425170701248525
543:
506:
497:
488:
479:
473:
446:
437:
425:
394:
385:
375:
366:
360:
329:
292:
283:
274:
265:
241:
236:
228:
216:
185:
176:
167:
158:
152:
147:
144:
141:
138:
131:
128:
123:
112:Termination: stop codon
908:10.1126/science.1180674
95:biochemical properties
67:Incomplete stop codons
793:List of genetic codes
1251:Protein biosynthesis
1184:1991JMolE..32..153D
900:2010Sci...327..301T
835:1989JMolE..29..202O
597:
120:
61:open reading frames
23:(translation table
1241:Molecular genetics
1192:10.1007/bf02515387
843:10.1007/bf02100203
596:
118:
53:termination codons
1221:The Genetic Codes
1004:10.7150/ijbs.3.85
739:
738:
574:
573:
116:
115:
83:Translation table
1258:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1015:
983:
977:
976:
966:
934:
928:
927:
883:
877:
876:
870:
862:
818:
735:
732:
725:
722:
717:
712:
705:
702:
695:
692:
687:
682:
675:
672:
665:
662:
657:
652:
645:
642:
635:
632:
627:
622:
598:
595:
582:
121:
117:
87:
86:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1246:Gene expression
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1168:
1164:
1133:
1129:
1090:
1086:
1047:
1043:
1027:
1026:
984:
980:
949:(6–7): 1081–5.
935:
931:
884:
880:
864:
863:
819:
815:
801:
789:
768:: AUA, AUU, AUC
744:
733:
730:
723:
720:
715:
710:
703:
700:
693:
690:
685:
680:
673:
670:
663:
660:
655:
650:
643:
640:
633:
630:
625:
620:
594:
133:
125:
85:
77:polyadenylation
69:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1178:(2): 153–161.
1162:
1127:
1100:(4): 1943–55.
1084:
1057:(4): 295–301.
1041:
992:Int J Biol Sci
978:
929:
878:
812:
811:
810:
809:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
785:
784:
783:
769:
761:
753:
743:
740:
737:
736:
728:
726:
718:
713:
707:
706:
698:
696:
688:
683:
677:
676:
668:
666:
658:
653:
647:
646:
638:
636:
628:
623:
617:
616:
610:
608:
605:
602:
593:
590:
589:
588:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
548:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
505:
502:
496:
493:
487:
484:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
445:
442:
436:
433:
430:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
393:
390:
384:
381:
374:
371:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
334:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
291:
288:
282:
279:
273:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
235:
232:
227:
224:
221:
215:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
184:
181:
175:
172:
166:
163:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
127:
114:
113:
110:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
84:
81:
68:
65:
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:(5963): 301.
893:
889:
882:
874:
868:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
813:
807:
803:
802:
794:
791:
790:
781:
780:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
729:
727:
719:
714:
709:
708:
699:
697:
689:
684:
679:
678:
669:
667:
659:
654:
649:
648:
639:
637:
629:
624:
619:
618:
614:
613:Standard code
611:
609:
607:This code (2)
606:
603:
600:
599:
586:
581:
580:
576:
575:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
546:Glutamic acid
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
510:
503:
501:
500:Aspartic acid
494:
492:
485:
483:
476:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
443:
441:
434:
431:
429:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
398:
391:
389:
382:
379:
372:
370:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
333:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
289:
287:
280:
278:
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
233:
231:
225:
222:
220:
213:
212:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
191:
189:
182:
180:
173:
171:
164:
162:
161:Phenylalanine
155:
151:
137:
122:
111:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
80:
78:
74:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
31:found in the
30:
26:
22:
1228:
1216:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1143:(1–2): 1–6.
1140:
1136:
1130:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1054:
1051:DNA Sequence
1050:
1044:
1030:cite journal
998:(2): 85–90.
995:
991:
981:
946:
942:
932:
891:
887:
881:
867:cite journal
829:(3): 202–7.
826:
822:
816:
777:
771:
763:
755:
747:
579:
90:
70:
57:mitoribosome
46:
33:mitochondria
29:genetic code
24:
20:
18:
92:Amino acids
73:stop codons
49:stop codons
1235:Categories
1172:J Mol Evol
823:J Mol Evol
799:References
782:: also GUG
760:: AUA, AUU
731:STOP = Ter
661:STOP = Ter
631:STOP = Ter
604:RNA codons
601:DNA codons
428:Methionine
388:Asparagine
369:Isoleucine
239:Tryptophan
37:vertebrata
924:206522983
378:Threonine
332:Glutamine
286:Histidine
129:2nd base
98:nonpolar
43:Evolution
27:) is the
1157:19056476
1122:24233602
1114:19757186
1079:38458668
1071:17541835
1022:17205108
973:20211597
916:20075246
859:21051869
787:See also
773:Coturnix
544:(Glu/E)
507:(Gly/G)
498:(Asp/D)
489:(Ala/A)
480:(Val/V)
438:(Lys/K)
426:(Met/M)
395:(Ser/S)
386:(Asn/N)
376:(Thr/T)
367:(Ile/I)
330:(Gln/Q)
295:Arginine
293:(Arg/R)
284:(His/H)
275:(Pro/P)
237:(Trp/W)
217:(Leu/L)
188:Cysteine
186:(Cys/C)
179:Tyrosine
177:(Tyr/Y)
168:(Ser/S)
159:(Phe/F)
1208:1974138
1200:1706782
1180:Bibcode
1013:1752227
964:3003153
896:Bibcode
888:Science
851:2506356
831:Bibcode
509:Glycine
491:Alanine
277:Proline
219:Leucine
107:acidic
55:. A -1
35:of all
1206:
1198:
1155:
1120:
1112:
1077:
1069:
1020:
1010:
971:
961:
922:
914:
857:
849:
779:Gallus
482:Valine
440:Lysine
397:Serine
170:Serine
104:basic
101:polar
1204:S2CID
1118:S2CID
1075:S2CID
920:S2CID
855:S2CID
752:: AUA
134:base
126:base
1196:PMID
1153:PMID
1137:Gene
1110:PMID
1067:PMID
1036:link
1018:PMID
969:PMID
947:1797
912:PMID
873:link
847:PMID
806:NCBI
757:Homo
615:(1)
585:mRNA
567:GGG
564:GAG
561:GCG
558:GUG
550:GGA
541:GAA
538:GCA
535:GUA
527:GGC
524:GAC
521:GCC
518:GUC
504:GGU
495:GAU
486:GCU
477:GUU
466:AGG
463:AAG
460:ACG
457:AUG
448:Stop
444:AGA
435:AAA
432:ACA
423:AUA
415:AGC
412:AAC
409:ACC
406:AUC
392:AGU
383:AAU
373:ACU
364:AUU
353:CGG
350:CAG
347:CCG
344:CUG
336:CGA
327:CAA
324:CCA
321:CUA
313:CGC
310:CAC
307:CCC
304:CUC
290:CGU
281:CAU
272:CCU
269:CUU
258:UGG
255:UAG
252:UCG
249:UUG
234:UGA
230:Stop
226:UAA
223:UCA
214:UUA
206:UGC
203:UAC
200:UCC
197:UUC
183:UGU
174:UAU
165:UCU
156:UUU
19:The
1188:doi
1145:doi
1141:432
1102:doi
1059:doi
1008:PMC
1000:doi
959:PMC
951:doi
904:doi
892:327
839:doi
765:Mus
749:Bos
734:(*)
724:(W)
721:Trp
716:UGA
711:TGA
704:(I)
701:Ile
694:(M)
691:Met
686:AUA
681:ATA
674:(R)
671:Arg
664:(*)
656:AGG
651:AGG
644:(R)
641:Arg
634:(*)
626:AGA
621:AGA
132:3rd
124:1st
1237::
1202:.
1194:.
1186:.
1176:32
1174:.
1151:.
1139:.
1116:.
1108:.
1098:37
1096:.
1073:.
1065:.
1055:18
1053:.
1032:}}
1028:{{
1016:.
1006:.
994:.
990:.
967:.
957:.
945:.
941:.
918:.
910:.
902:.
890:.
869:}}
865:{{
853:.
845:.
837:.
827:29
825:.
776:,
570:G
553:A
530:C
513:U
474:G
469:G
452:A
418:C
401:U
361:A
356:G
339:A
316:C
299:U
266:C
261:G
244:A
209:C
192:U
153:U
148:G
145:A
142:C
139:U
79:.
39:.
1210:.
1190::
1182::
1159:.
1147::
1124:.
1104::
1081:.
1061::
1038:)
1024:.
1002::
996:3
975:.
953::
926:.
906::
898::
875:)
861:.
841::
833::
25:2
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