1215:
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250:
48:
992:
36:
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314:
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1229:. Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation, though basic features are shared. The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upward in animals without an erect stance. These processes can be very large in the larger animals since they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body. In the
1020:
1008:
1540:
499:. Excluding rare deviations, the total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. In about 10% of people, both the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae and the number of vertebrae in individual parts of the spine can vary. The most frequent deviations are eleven (rarely thirteen) thoracic vertebrae, four or six lumbar vertebrae and three or five coccygeal vertebrae (rarely up to seven).
905:
829:
769:
517:
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on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae and of the first thoracic vertebra. Together with the vertebral disc, this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backward off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending).
305:
which are in direct contact with the intervertebral discs and form the joint. The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body, the top layer being more dense. The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs, to evenly spread the applied loads, and to
1490:
1494:
1493:
1489:
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The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae. The pedicles are strong, as are the laminae, and the spinous process is thick and broad. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. The transverse processes are long and narrow and three
225:
Vertebrae articulate with each other to give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an
1495:
1275:
vertebra acts as the ball to the socket of a caudal vertebra. This type of connection permits a wide range of motion in most directions, while still protecting the underlying nerve cord. The central point of rotation is located at the midline of each centrum, and therefore flexion of the
1492:
815:
attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column, giving support. The inferior, or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The term
578:
The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It has instead a ring-like form, having an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses. At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle, an
329:, projects backward and medially to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen. The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the
297:(or compact bone), the hard and dense type of osseous tissue. The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone. The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the
1263:"Procoelous" vertebrae feature a spherical protrusion extending from the caudal end of the centrum of one vertebra that fits into a concave socket on the cranial end of the centrum of an adjacent vertebra. These vertebrae are most often found in
1251:
Vertebrae with saddle-shaped articular surfaces on their bodies, called "heterocoelous", allow vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally while preventing twisting motions. Such vertebrae are found in the necks of birds and some turtles.
3854:
630:. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the
532:), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the
2592:
1491:
357:. The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.
931:. The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing
1057:, mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae, and many of which are unproblematic. Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord. Wedge-shaped vertebrae, called
182:
The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the bone is the body, and the central part of the body is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the
970:. They also afford sturdy protection for the spinal cord. The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs.
1091:
of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.
721:
The vertebral bodies are roughly heart-shaped and are about as wide anterio-posteriorly as they are in the transverse dimension. Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape.
1334:
and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body, which articulates with the
1416:
are the bones that make up the tails of vertebrates. They range in number from a few to fifty, depending on the length of the animal's tail. In humans and other tailless
1319:
have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck. This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example.
325:
that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface. From each pedicle a broad plate, a
321:
The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick
471:
Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy. There are usually thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column — seven
2081:
1033:
451:
on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the
123:
1225:
In other animals, the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails, the separate vertebrae are usually called the
795:(a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly). This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral discs.
780:
are the largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant
1206:
is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate. This can often be a painfree condition but can also be very painful.
977:. Similarly to the surfaces of the centrum, the upper and lower surfaces of the fronts of the laminae are flattened and rough to give attachment to the
984:
Feeding of the intervertebral discs through the reflex (hyaline ligament) plate that separates the cancellous bone of the vertebral body from each disk
1233:, the vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the
1638:
Gdyczynski, C.M.; Manbachi, A.; et al. (2014). "On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images".
390:
A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. This process points
2493:
1959:"Variation in Global Spinal Sagittal Parameters in Asymptomatic Adults with 11 Thoracic Vertebrae, four Lumbar Vertebrae, and six Lumbar Vertebrae"
1599:
242:, the size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column, spinal loading, posture and pathology. Along the length of the
409:
The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body, project laterally from either side at the point where the lamina joins the
2604:
2586:
2580:
571:. These are the smallest, lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape. The spinous processes are short and often
99:
293:, whose microanatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones. This cancellous bone is in turn, covered by a thin coating of
2638:
2610:
1403:
but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing, and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high-canopied regions. The
413:, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the
2359:
1132:
is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal. The removal of just part of a lamina is called a
587:, for the attachment of muscles. The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the
3567:
3023:
1463:
1307:. In the whale, the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. All
3156:
214:. The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen, the larger, central opening that accommodates the
3146:
1102:
575:(the spinous process of C7 is not bifurcated, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes).
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2300:
2186:
2128:
2071:
2023:
1889:
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1622:
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and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the
560:
allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column.
246:, the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility. Each vertebra is an irregular bone.
1271:
such as frogs. The vertebrae fit together in a ball-and-socket articulation, in which the convex articular feature of an
230:
and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column.
2598:
2562:
563:
Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the
2369:
973:
Movement. The vertebrae also provide the openings, the intervertebral foramina which allow the entry and exit of the
724:
The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like the cervical vertebrae.
820:
is often used to refer to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae together, and sometimes includes their surrounding areas.
811:. The superior, or upper tubercle is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process. The
676:
is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
2631:
1907:"A neglected point in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Variations in the number of vertebrae"
955:
Support of the vertebrae function in the skeletomuscular system by forming the vertebral column to support the body
1214:
1581:
746:. As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section.
2545:
2399:
1439:
333:. These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the
118:
1475:
1451:
1323:
usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae.
1299:
dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The
202:(ligaments of the spine). There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles, which form the
3560:
3235:
3136:
3074:
3016:
2744:
1118:
1054:
3869:
2624:
417:. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the
179:. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species.
3824:
3515:
1549:
627:
2539:
2393:
981:. Working together in the vertebral column their sections provide controlled movement and flexibility.
3801:
3329:
3300:
3069:
2749:
1739:
1374:. In certain sloths, there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the
1203:
410:
20:
2568:
502:
The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downward but become smaller in the coccyx.
3864:
3859:
3625:
3324:
3317:
3312:
2574:
1527:
1411:
734:
The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them; these are the
414:
130:
923:. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially toward the
731:
refers to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
599:. The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the
3788:
3553:
3228:
3176:
3009:
1147:
to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure. It can also be caused by a foramina
739:
549:
354:
203:
788:
and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural
310:
of the disc. They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes.
3806:
3664:
3171:
3091:
1517:
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350:
207:
106:
94:
53:
2514:
2508:
2178:
2172:
3811:
3223:
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2672:
2487:
2446:"Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality:why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait"
2042:
1845:
1088:
1061:
can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of
743:
735:
728:
452:
1860:
3346:
3101:
2898:
2361:
CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal
Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation, Second Edition
1905:
Hu, Zongshan; Zhang, Zhen; Zhao, Zhihui; Zhu, Zezhang; Liu, Zhen; Qiu, Yong (August 2016).
1647:
1300:
1189:
1025:
666:
298:
2565:
at the
University of Michigan Health System – Axis & Atlas Articulated, Posterior View
904:
8:
3341:
3336:
3106:
2920:
1421:
1106:
893:
851:
651:
588:
557:
492:
383:
183:
3833:
1651:
710:. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the
3796:
3530:
3492:
3472:
3283:
3263:
3205:
3195:
3141:
3128:
2930:
2470:
2445:
2258:
2245:
2225:
2015:
1983:
1958:
1931:
1906:
1881:
1778:
1715:
1690:
1671:
1659:
1338:. There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the
1019:
940:
699:
685:
658:
592:
525:
511:
476:
472:
718:
or other movement. They may also be known as "dorsal vertebrae" in the human context.
353:
the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the
3712:
3686:
3520:
3305:
3288:
3258:
3086:
2705:
2700:
2518:
2475:
2365:
2296:
2182:
2153:
2124:
2019:
1988:
1936:
1885:
1782:
1720:
1675:
1663:
1618:
1593:
1554:
1159:
959:
928:
812:
618:). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the
322:
195:
168:
3855:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
604:
3681:
3591:
3245:
3151:
3059:
2945:
2935:
2848:
2465:
2457:
2253:
2237:
2204:
2011:
1978:
1970:
1926:
1918:
1877:
1872:
Watson, Charles; Kayalioglu, Gulgun (2009). "The
Organization of the Spinal Cord".
1774:
1710:
1702:
1655:
1281:
1197:
1196:
found on the first cervical vertebra, the atlas where it covers the groove for the
1110:
859:
777:
755:
639:
619:
568:
480:
243:
239:
172:
1043:
between the superior and inferior articular processes (labeled at top and bottom).
1007:
572:
3756:
3724:
3497:
3487:
3161:
3111:
3079:
2893:
2852:
2413:
2337:
1512:
1185:
1074:
978:
533:
426:
330:
307:
286:
249:
199:
2450:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2144:
Cakmak, O; et al. (Sep 2005). "Arcuate foramen its clinical significance".
1922:
1342:. The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species. Most
1169:
The vertebral pedicle is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in
3838:
3729:
3717:
3576:
3437:
3188:
3183:
3064:
2981:
2710:
1339:
1170:
1163:
1162:
when one vertebra slips forward onto another. The reverse of this condition is
1143:
caused by pressure from a disc, vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a
936:
920:
635:
623:
564:
537:
418:
334:
290:
227:
160:
1706:
3848:
3778:
3761:
3707:
3644:
3525:
3507:
3482:
3464:
3442:
3420:
3356:
3295:
2986:
2667:
1545:
1178:
1140:
1122:
1084:
974:
294:
111:
70:
47:
35:
3671:
3351:
3213:
3118:
2817:
2791:
2739:
2731:
2685:
2479:
2461:
2241:
2157:
2072:"Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place"
1992:
1940:
1724:
1667:
1522:
1320:
1144:
1078:
855:
662:
529:
421:. A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the
215:
211:
1579:
441:) which, as opposed to the thorax, is not developed in the lumbar region.
3702:
3659:
3630:
3452:
3447:
3432:
2950:
2822:
2690:
2226:"Abstract Of Lectures On The Structure Of The Skeleton In The Sauropsida"
1691:"The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates"
1335:
1244:
1174:
1129:
1040:
998:
963:
932:
600:
553:
448:
422:
219:
2316:
2249:
463:
3766:
3415:
2971:
2913:
2872:
2857:
2775:
2765:
2677:
2277:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. pp. 0–89464–985–X.
1386:
1367:
1296:
1268:
1238:
1133:
703:
545:
445:
398:
from the junction of the laminae. The spinous process serves to attach
176:
2210:(3 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa; London, W.C.I.: W.B. Saunders Company.
1858:
Pocket Atlas of Human
Anatomy: Based on the International Nomenclature
1399:. This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to
136:
3751:
3743:
3609:
3477:
3410:
3001:
2976:
2966:
2940:
2908:
2862:
2843:
2838:
2770:
2659:
2651:
2616:
2571:
at Human
Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University
1974:
1343:
1152:
1066:
924:
3771:
3676:
3604:
3599:
3397:
2925:
1829:
refers to either a "rib" or "side" of the body. (Diab (1999), p 76)
1769:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1304:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1230:
1148:
1070:
1062:
967:
927:. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of the
792:
711:
657:
The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name
403:
395:
391:
313:
3545:
2867:
2801:
1417:
1390:
1312:
1234:
1259:
An example of procoelous vertebrae dissected from a rattlesnake.
1081:
can result from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arch.
265:), which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the
3388:
3368:
3275:
2888:
2796:
2443:
2057:, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier (2010), 2nd edition, chapter 2
1425:
1404:
1351:
1308:
1292:
1277:
1114:
916:
912:
889:
879:
863:
847:
837:
789:
496:
488:
484:
399:
846:(S1–S5) which are fused in maturity, into one large bone, the
337:. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called
3036:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1316:
82:
1469:
Lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side
603:. On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the
56:, showing multiple vertebrae in a left posterolateral view.
3032:
2722:
2647:
1395:
1350:
only have eleven. The usual number is twelve to fifteen in
1219:
1077:
where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems.
867:
541:
164:
2595:- BlueLink Anatomy - University of Michigan Medical School
760:
3405:
2358:
Dierauf, Leslie; Gulland, Frances M. D. (June 27, 2001).
2076:
1331:
828:
768:
707:
690:
540:. The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the
516:
210:. These foramina are the entry and exit conduits for the
1393:, which have three in contrast to the five in the genus
1303:
of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other
365:
There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra:
939:. Other cells move distally to the costal processes of
2607:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2589:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2583:
at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
3822:
2510:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2293:
Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
2174:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1109:, which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the
962:
for the passage of the spinal canal and its enclosed
888:(but usually four) (Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or
2295:(7 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
2008:
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and Ans
1771:
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and Ans
1424:, number from three to five and are fused into the
1358:), though there are from eighteen to twenty in the
1151:, a narrowing of the nerve opening, as a result of
799:tubercles can be seen on them. These are a lateral
2203:
2123:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1003.
2006:Cramer, Gregory D. (2014). "The Cervical Region".
1637:
1073:. Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression.
702:and their transverse processes have surfaces that
2544:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
2398:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
1617:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 329.
3846:
2611:The shapes of the articulating ends of vertebrae
2032:
1871:
1166:where one vertebra slips backward onto another.
2065:
2063:
1802:Standring, Susan (2008). "Thoracic vertebrae".
1688:
1284:does not lead to an opening between vertebrae.
190:, in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles (
2500:
2357:
2164:
1904:
1192:more frequently seen in females. It is a bony
3561:
3017:
2632:
2118:
1957:Ying-zhao, Yan; et al. (February 2022).
1837:
1835:
1612:
1101:, is the result of a tear in the outer ring (
437:because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib (
2492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2060:
1598:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1580:O'Rahilly, Müller, Carpenter & Swenson.
1445:Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae
1287:In many species, though not in mammals, the
903:
764:Lumbar vertebra showing mammillary processes
595:spinous process and gives attachment to the
2601:at the University of Michigan Health System
2109:San Francisco: Saunders College Publishing.
186:. The posterior part of a vertebra forms a
3568:
3554:
3024:
3010:
2639:
2625:
2069:
1832:
654:involve the vertebral uncinate processes.
2469:
2257:
2143:
2101:
2099:
1982:
1956:
1930:
1810:
1801:
1714:
1689:Muller-Gerbl, M; et al. (Mar 2008).
1457:Costovertebral joints seen from the front
1407:differs by having four lumbar vertebrae.
1248:, where they form a sailback or finback.
610:Specific to the cervical vertebra is the
2444:Lovejoy, C.O and McCullum, M.A. (2010).
2121:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1615:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1573:
1254:
1213:
1048:
827:
767:
759:
689:
515:
462:
312:
248:
2506:
2414:"Physical Characteristics of the Koala"
2351:
2290:
2170:
1819:
1119:minimally-invasive endoscopic procedure
3847:
3031:
2646:
2286:
2284:
2223:
2096:
2005:
1952:
1950:
1768:
1544:This article incorporates text in the
3549:
3005:
2620:
2537:
2391:
2272:
2219:
2217:
2201:
1969:(2). John Wiley & Sons: 341–348.
1856:Heinz Feneis, Wolfgang Dauber (2000)
1731:
1481:Cervical vertebrae seen from the back
597:rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
458:
198:. The laminae give attachment to the
163:with a complex structure composed of
2577:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2107:Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrate
2070:Weisberger, Mindy (March 23, 2024).
1865:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1431:
2281:
2195:
2084:from the original on March 24, 2024
1947:
1291:bear ribs. In many groups, such as
548:have a large range of motion. The
301:. These surfaces are the vertebral
152:
13:
3575:
2266:
2214:
2016:10.1016/b978-0-323-07954-9.00005-0
1898:
1882:10.1016/B978-0-12-374247-6.50005-5
1779:10.1016/b978-0-323-07954-9.00002-5
1737:
1582:"Chapter 39: The vertebral column"
1570:McGraw-Hill Science and Technology
218:, which encloses and protects the
14:
3881:
2556:
1757:
40:A typical vertebra, superior view
3832:
2340:. Whalesalive.org.au. 2009-06-26
1538:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1209:
1032:
1018:
1006:
990:
958:Protection. Vertebrae contain a
951:Functions of vertebrae include:
444:There are superior and inferior
46:
34:
2613:– University of the Cumberlands
2531:
2437:
2428:
2406:
2385:
2330:
2309:
2137:
2112:
2047:
1999:
1850:
1001:nested in the vertebral column.
556:to move up and down, while the
2541:Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2395:Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2319:. Yellowmagpie.com. 2012-06-27
2105:Walker, Warren F., Jr. (1987)
1795:
1682:
1631:
1606:
1564:
1055:congenital vertebral anomalies
899:
591:. The posterior tubercle is a
425:. The transverse process of a
289:, which is the spongy type of
1:
2416:. Australian Koala Foundation
1533:
866:, which articulates with the
429:is also sometimes called the
3789:Intervertebral disc disorder
3236:Uncinate process of vertebra
3137:Uncinate process of vertebra
2507:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002).
2291:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015).
2171:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002).
1660:10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415
1218:Regions of vertebrae in the
873:
536:, and C2 is also called the
360:
233:
16:Bone in the vertebral column
7:
2230:The British Medical Journal
2055:Gray's Anatomy for Students
2038:Postacchini, Franco (1999)
1923:10.1097/MD.0000000000004682
1552:of the 20th edition of
1506:
1117:. This may be treated by a
946:
694:A typical thoracic vertebra
679:
520:A typical cervical vertebra
505:
10:
3886:
3516:Superior thoracic aperture
2569:Anatomy image: skel/atlas2
877:
835:
753:
683:
665:can develop from C7 as an
509:
306:provide anchorage for the
285:. The body is composed of
194:), two laminae, and seven
18:
3802:Degenerative disc disease
3787:
3742:
3695:
3652:
3643:
3618:
3590:
3583:
3506:
3463:
3396:
3387:
3367:
3330:posterior sacral foramina
3274:
3244:
3204:
3127:
3052:
3043:
2959:
2881:
2831:
2810:
2784:
2758:
2730:
2721:
2658:
2275:Osteology of the Reptiles
1707:10.1007/s00586-008-0601-5
1640:Physiological Measurement
1204:Degenerative disc disease
1097:, more commonly called a
823:
772:A typical lumbar vertebra
749:
661:to this vertebra. Also a
634:because it separates the
467:Segments of the vertebrae
415:intertransverse ligaments
257:A typical vertebra has a
192:pedicle of vertebral arch
129:
117:
105:
93:
81:
76:
66:
61:
45:
33:
28:
21:Vertebra (disambiguation)
3318:anterior sacral foramina
2605:Anatomy figure: 02:02-08
2599:Atlas image: back_bone28
2587:Anatomy figure: 18:02-01
2581:Anatomy figure: 02:01-10
2575:Anatomy photo:26:os-0110
2563:Atlas image: back_bone13
2513:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
2177:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
1816:Platzer (2004), pp 42–43
1267:, but are found in some
908:Development of vertebrae
628:sympathetic nerve plexus
335:second cervical vertebra
131:Anatomical terms of bone
1843:The library of medicine
884:The last three to five
645:There is a hook-shaped
550:atlanto-occipital joint
355:intervertebral foramina
204:intervertebral foramina
3807:Spinal disc herniation
3665:Ankylosing spondylitis
3092:Intervertebral foramen
2538:Hyman, Libbie (1922).
2462:10.1098/rstb.2010.0112
2392:Hyman, Libbie (1922).
2273:Romer, Alfred (1956).
2242:10.1136/bmj.1.1053.329
2224:Parker, W. K. (1881).
2202:Romer, Alfred (1962).
2040:Lumbar Disc Herniation
1518:Functional spinal unit
1420:, they are called the
1260:
1222:
1095:Spinal disc herniation
1053:There are a number of
909:
854:. The sacrum with the
833:
773:
765:
744:inferior costal facets
729:thoracolumbar division
695:
616:foramen transversarium
521:
468:
349:). When the vertebrae
318:
254:
253:Side view of vertebrae
54:human vertebral column
3812:Facet joint arthrosis
3626:Scheuermann's disease
2673:fibrocartilage callus
1528:Scheuermann's disease
1258:
1217:
1158:Another condition is
1089:pars interarticularis
1049:Clinical significance
907:
831:
771:
763:
693:
519:
466:
453:pars interarticularis
317:Anatomy of a vertebra
316:
252:
3347:Lateral sacral crest
2434:Hyman (1922), p. 124
2010:. pp. 135–209.
1588:. www.dartmouth.edu.
1326:In all mammals, the
1301:transverse processes
1190:anatomical variation
1026:Costovertebral joint
894:intervertebral discs
862:on each side of the
852:intervertebral discs
667:anatomical variation
528:(but eight cervical
377:transverse processes
299:intervertebral discs
184:intervertebral discs
19:For other uses, see
3342:Medial sacral crest
3337:Median sacral crest
2206:The Vertebrate Body
1963:Orthopaedic Surgery
1652:2014PhyM...35.2415G
1586:Basic Human Anatomy
1422:coccygeal vertebrae
1346:have thirteen, but
1107:intervertebral disc
1087:is a defect in the
886:coccygeal vertebrae
589:longus colli muscle
558:atlanto-axial joint
493:coccygeal vertebrae
419:tubercle of the rib
384:articular processes
206:when the vertebrae
171:, that make up the
3870:Vertebrate anatomy
3531:Infrasternal angle
3493:Xiphisternal joint
3473:Suprasternal notch
3206:Thoracic vertebrae
3196:Vertebra prominens
3157:Posterior tubercle
3142:Transverse foramen
3129:Cervical vertebrae
2119:Dorland's (2012).
1773:. pp. 15–64.
1740:"Lumbar Vertebrae"
1613:Dorland's (2012).
1328:thoracic vertebrae
1289:cervical vertebrae
1261:
1223:
943:to form the ribs.
941:thoracic vertebrae
915:form in the early
910:
834:
805:mammillary process
774:
766:
700:thoracic vertebrae
696:
686:Thoracic vertebrae
659:vertebra prominens
612:transverse foramen
585:posterior tubercle
526:cervical vertebrae
522:
512:Cervical vertebrae
477:thoracic vertebrae
473:cervical vertebrae
469:
459:Regional variation
319:
277:) and a posterior
255:
3820:
3819:
3738:
3737:
3713:Spondylolisthesis
3639:
3638:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3521:Intercostal space
3383:
3382:
3306:sacral tuberosity
3289:sacral promontory
3147:Anterior tubercle
3087:Vertebral foramen
3053:General structure
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2904:connective tissue
2899:Volkmann's canals
2524:978-0-07-290956-2
2456:(1556): 3289–99.
2302:978-0-07-802302-6
2236:(1053): 329–330.
2188:978-0-07-290956-2
2130:978-1-4160-6257-8
2025:978-0-323-07954-9
1891:978-0-12-374247-6
1788:978-0-323-07954-9
1646:(12): 2415–2428.
1624:978-1-4160-6257-8
1501:Vertebrae anatomy
1496:
1432:Additional images
1354:, (twelve in the
1340:tubercle of a rib
1330:are connected to
1160:spondylolisthesis
1113:, bulge out in a
960:vertebral foramen
929:paraxial mesoderm
813:multifidus muscle
809:accessory process
801:costiform process
581:anterior tubercle
435:costiform process
339:vertebral notches
271:vertebral centrum
169:hyaline cartilage
145:
144:
140:
52:A section of the
3877:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3696:non inflammatory
3682:Spondylodiscitis
3650:
3649:
3592:Spinal curvature
3588:
3587:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3394:
3393:
3246:Lumbar vertebrae
3152:Carotid tubercle
3050:
3049:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2946:medullary cavity
2921:Sharpey's fibres
2894:Haversian canals
2849:epiphyseal plate
2839:subchondral bone
2728:
2727:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2473:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1975:10.1111/os.13185
1954:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1876:. pp. 1–7.
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1542:
1541:
1498:
1497:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1383:lumbar vertebrae
1381:There are fewer
1282:vertebral column
1280:surrounding the
1227:caudal vertebrae
1198:vertebral artery
1111:nucleus pulposus
1036:
1022:
1010:
994:
860:sacroiliac joint
844:sacral vertebrae
842:There are five
778:lumbar vertebrae
756:Lumbar vertebrae
652:Luschka's joints
647:uncinate process
640:vertebral artery
632:carotid tubercle
620:vertebral artery
569:circle of Willis
524:There are seven
485:sacral vertebrae
481:lumbar vertebrae
281:, also called a
240:vertebral column
173:vertebral column
154:
137:edit on Wikidata
134:
50:
38:
26:
25:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3865:Skeletal system
3860:Irregular bones
3845:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3797:Schmorl's nodes
3783:
3757:Upper back pain
3734:
3725:Spinal stenosis
3691:
3635:
3614:
3579:
3574:
3544:
3535:
3502:
3498:Xiphoid process
3488:Body of sternum
3459:
3379:
3363:
3301:Lateral surface
3270:
3240:
3200:
3123:
3039:
3030:
3000:
2991:
2955:
2877:
2853:epiphyseal line
2827:
2806:
2780:
2754:
2745:intramembranous
2717:
2654:
2645:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2505:
2501:
2485:
2484:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2289:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2222:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2165:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2004:
2000:
1955:
1948:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1874:The Spinal Cord
1870:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1767:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1687:
1683:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1539:
1536:
1513:Limbus vertebra
1509:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1434:
1212:
1186:arcuate foramen
1103:anulus fibrosus
1075:Block vertebrae
1051:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1013:Vertebral joint
1011:
1002:
995:
979:ligamenta flava
949:
902:
892:. There are no
882:
876:
840:
826:
758:
752:
688:
682:
674:cervicothoracic
614:(also known as
514:
508:
461:
427:lumbar vertebra
423:head of the rib
371:spinous process
363:
331:ligamenta flava
308:collagen fibers
287:cancellous bone
236:
200:ligamenta flava
141:
57:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3842:
3841:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3730:Facet syndrome
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3718:Retrolisthesis
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3687:Pott's disease
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:Spinal disease
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3325:Dorsal surface
3322:
3321:
3320:
3313:Pelvic surface
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:posterior arch
3174:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2557:External links
2555:
2552:
2551:
2530:
2523:
2499:
2436:
2427:
2405:
2384:
2370:
2350:
2338:"About Whales"
2329:
2317:"Beluga Whale"
2308:
2301:
2280:
2265:
2213:
2194:
2187:
2163:
2152:(9): 1409–13.
2136:
2129:
2111:
2095:
2059:
2046:
2031:
2024:
1998:
1946:
1897:
1890:
1864:
1849:
1831:
1818:
1809:
1806:. p. 746.
1804:Gray's Anatomy
1794:
1787:
1756:
1730:
1701:(3): 432–438.
1681:
1630:
1623:
1605:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1555:Gray's Anatomy
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1211:
1208:
1171:vertebroplasty
1164:retrolisthesis
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1003:
996:
989:
986:
985:
982:
971:
956:
948:
945:
937:vertebral arch
935:, forming the
921:occipital bone
901:
898:
878:Main article:
875:
872:
836:Main article:
825:
822:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
714:prevents much
684:Main article:
681:
678:
636:carotid artery
567:to end in the
565:foramen magnum
510:Main article:
507:
504:
495:, forming the
460:
457:
388:
387:
379:
373:
362:
359:
291:osseous tissue
279:vertebral arch
263:vertebral body
235:
232:
228:aquatic animal
188:vertebral arch
161:irregular bone
143:
142:
133:
127:
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121:
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109:
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90:
85:
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31:
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3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3779:Radiculopathy
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:Low back pain
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Spondylolysis
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Spondylopathy
3642:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
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3551:
3548:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Costal margin
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:Thoracic cage
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Sternal angle
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:costal groove
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3421:floating ribs
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3357:sacral hiatus
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Ala of sacrum
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:Costal facets
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:anterior arch
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
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3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
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2937:
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2929:
2927:
2924:
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2915:
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2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
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2869:
2866:
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2824:
2821:
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2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
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2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:perichondrium
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
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2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2373:
2371:9781420041637
2367:
2364:. CRC Press.
2363:
2362:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2287:
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2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2053:Drake et al,
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:(34): e4682.
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1738:Taylor, Tim.
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
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1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:public domain
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:head of a rib
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
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1257:
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1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1210:Other animals
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1179:spinal fusion
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:pinched nerve
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1123:Tessys method
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:Spondylolysis
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:hemivertebrae
1056:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
987:
983:
980:
976:
975:spinal nerves
972:
969:
966:and covering
965:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
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895:
891:
887:
881:
871:
869:
865:
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839:
830:
821:
819:
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802:
796:
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787:
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779:
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757:
747:
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741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
722:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
692:
687:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
607:of the axis.
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:spinal nerves
527:
518:
513:
503:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:, five fused
482:
478:
474:
465:
456:
454:
450:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
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405:
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397:
393:
386:
385:
380:
378:
374:
372:
368:
367:
366:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
311:
309:
304:
300:
296:
295:cortical bone
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
247:
245:
241:
238:In the human
231:
229:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:spinal nerves
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
175:or spine, of
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
138:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
75:
72:
71:Spinal column
69:
65:
60:
55:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3672:Sacroiliitis
3653:inflammatory
3427:
3352:Sacral canal
3253:
3167:lateral mass
3119:Spinal canal
3096:
3044:
2903:
2792:bone mineral
2750:endochondral
2740:primary bone
2732:Ossification
2686:chondroblast
2540:
2533:
2509:
2502:
2488:cite journal
2453:
2449:
2439:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2408:
2394:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2360:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2311:
2292:
2274:
2268:
2233:
2229:
2205:
2197:
2173:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2086:. Retrieved
2075:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2007:
2001:
1966:
1962:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1873:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1841:Tweedie, A.
1826:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1770:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1585:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1523:Pott disease
1410:
1409:
1394:
1382:
1380:
1327:
1325:
1288:
1286:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1202:
1193:
1188:is a common
1183:
1181:procedures.
1168:
1157:
1145:foraminotomy
1138:
1127:
1099:slipped disc
1098:
1093:
1083:
1079:Spina bifida
1058:
1052:
950:
911:
885:
883:
843:
841:
817:
808:
804:
800:
797:
785:
781:
775:
733:
726:
723:
720:
715:
698:The twelve
697:
673:
671:
663:cervical rib
656:
646:
644:
631:
615:
611:
609:
584:
580:
577:
562:
523:
501:
487:forming the
470:
449:facet joints
443:
438:
434:
430:
408:
389:
382:
376:
370:
364:
346:
342:
338:
326:
320:
302:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
237:
224:
216:spinal canal
191:
187:
181:
156:
148:
146:
100:A02.2.01.001
87:
3703:Spondylosis
3660:Spondylitis
3631:Torticollis
2951:bone marrow
2691:chondrocyte
2146:Saudi Med J
1695:Eur Spine J
1387:chimpanzees
1297:saurischian
1245:Spinosaurus
1175:kyphoplasty
1130:laminectomy
1041:facet joint
999:spinal cord
964:spinal cord
933:spinal cord
900:Development
818:lumbosacral
593:rudimentary
552:allows the
283:neural arch
220:spinal cord
177:vertebrates
77:Identifiers
3849:Categories
3767:Coccydynia
3416:false ribs
3264:mammillary
3229:transverse
3102:transverse
2941:trabeculae
2936:canaliculi
2914:periosteum
2873:epicondyle
2858:metaphysis
2818:cancellous
2776:osteoclast
2766:osteoblast
2678:metaphysis
2420:1 February
2344:2013-08-12
2323:2012-08-12
1534:References
1368:rhinoceros
1344:marsupials
1269:amphibians
1239:Dimetrodon
1134:laminotomy
850:, with no
740:transverse
704:articulate
573:bifurcated
351:articulate
208:articulate
3752:Neck pain
3744:Back pain
3610:Scoliosis
3584:Deforming
3478:Manubrium
3411:true ribs
3259:accessory
3254:Processes
3107:articular
3097:Processes
3045:Vertebrae
2982:irregular
2909:endosteum
2882:Structure
2863:diaphysis
2844:epiphysis
2771:osteocyte
2660:Cartilage
2652:cartilage
2088:March 24,
1744:InnerBody
1676:206078730
1414:vertebrae
1153:arthritis
1105:) of the
1067:scoliosis
925:notochord
874:Coccygeal
786:extension
776:The five
706:with the
672:The term
638:from the
491:and four
475:, twelve
446:articular
404:ligaments
361:Processes
323:processes
303:endplates
273:, plural
234:Structure
196:processes
167:and some
157:vertebrae
3772:Sciatica
3677:Discitis
3605:Lordosis
3600:Kyphosis
3438:tubercle
3398:Rib cage
3224:inferior
3219:superior
2987:sesamoid
2926:enthesis
2823:cortical
2593:Vertebra
2480:20855303
2250:25256369
2158:16155658
2082:Archived
1993:34935276
1941:27559975
1911:Medicine
1725:18193299
1668:25391037
1594:cite web
1507:See also
1418:primates
1391:gorillas
1376:cetacean
1372:elephant
1313:manatees
1305:amniotes
1273:anterior
1265:reptiles
1231:elephant
1149:stenosis
1071:lordosis
1063:kyphosis
968:meninges
947:Function
858:forms a
793:lordosis
736:superior
712:rib cage
680:Thoracic
506:Cervical
396:caudally
392:dorsally
347:inferior
343:superior
159:) is an
149:vertebra
88:vertebra
29:Vertebra
3839:Anatomy
3465:Sternum
3112:spinous
3070:pedicle
3035:of the
2931:lacunae
2868:condyle
2832:Regions
2802:osteoid
2711:fibrous
2706:elastic
2701:hyaline
2515:287–288
2471:2981964
2259:2263429
2179:288–289
1984:8867438
1932:5400342
1716:2270387
1648:Bibcode
1550:page 96
1401:lordose
1352:mammals
1311:except
1309:mammals
1293:lizards
1235:extinct
1121:called
913:Somites
807:and an
782:flexion
716:flexion
479:, five
411:pedicle
400:muscles
267:centrum
67:Part of
62:Details
3825:Portal
3389:Thorax
3369:Coccyx
3276:Sacrum
3075:lamina
2960:Shapes
2889:osteon
2797:ossein
2785:Matrix
2697:Types
2682:Cells
2521:
2478:
2468:
2377:May 7,
2368:
2299:
2256:
2248:
2185:
2156:
2127:
2022:
1991:
1981:
1939:
1929:
1888:
1825:Latin
1785:
1749:May 7,
1723:
1713:
1674:
1666:
1621:
1558:(1918)
1426:coccyx
1412:Caudal
1405:bonobo
1348:koalas
1317:sloths
1278:muscle
1194:bridge
1177:, and
1115:hernia
917:embryo
890:coccyx
880:Coccyx
864:pelvis
848:sacrum
838:Sacrum
832:Sacrum
824:Sacral
790:lumbar
750:Lumbar
626:and a
583:and a
497:coccyx
489:sacrum
431:costal
327:lamina
275:centra
3619:Other
3433:angle
3428:Parts
3162:Atlas
3080:notch
3037:torso
3033:Bones
2972:short
2811:Types
2759:Cells
2246:JSTOR
2043:p. 19
1846:p. 31
1827:costa
1672:S2CID
1548:from
1364:tapir
1360:horse
1356:human
1321:Birds
856:ilium
601:skull
554:skull
534:atlas
439:costa
381:four
244:spine
147:Each
135:[
83:Latin
3453:head
3448:neck
3406:Ribs
3376:none
3284:Base
3189:dens
3184:Axis
3065:Arch
3060:Body
2977:flat
2967:long
2723:Bone
2650:and
2648:Bone
2519:ISBN
2494:link
2476:PMID
2422:2012
2379:2017
2366:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2154:PMID
2125:ISBN
2090:2024
2020:ISBN
1989:PMID
1937:PMID
1886:ISBN
1861:p. 2
1783:ISBN
1751:2017
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