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608:, Exarch Leonid Feodorov recalled, "From the very beginning, no sooner was I named Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church than I sought every means of entering into relations with the Orthodox clergy. The Metropolitan of Petrograd, Mgr. Benjamin, and several others who enjoyed great influence over the clergy and the people gradually became my good friends. In 1918 (within a year of my appointment) I entered into relations with Patriarch Tikhon himself who cordially received me. At the same period we formed a united front with the Orthodox to defend ourselves against the Bolshevik aggressions. In 1919 we made a joint protest. For the first time in
521:, praised the Orthodox religious revival being masterminded by the new Metropolitan, "These priests, who formerly seemed to have been struck by dumbness, are today preaching quite well and teaching the Christian doctrine. Under the auspices of some churches, women have also organized study centers were religious subjects are being taught in a very simple manner: Holy Scripture, history of the Church, patrology, dogmatic and moral theology, apologetics, and liturgy. Needless to say, similar activity does not exist in the villages or in the smaller towns, and yet once ignited, the flame of religious fervor spreads rapidly everywhere."
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594:. About the Liturgy, Babel recalled, "In his sermon the priest speaks of the Holy Countenance that is once more averted in unbearable pain. He speaks of everything holy being spat upon, slapped, and of sacrileges committed by ignorant men, 'who know not what they do'. The words of the sermon are mournful, vague, and portentious. 'Flock to the Church, our last stronghold! The Church will not betray you!'"
1141:"It is difficult, hard to suffer, but according to the measure of my sufferings, consolation abounds from God... man abounds in consolation and does not even feel the greatest sufferings; filled as he is in the midst of sufferings by an inner peace, he draws others to sufferings so that they should imitate that condition in which the happy sufferer finds himself."
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In his closing arguments, Gurovich warned the Soviet State, "If the
Metropolitan perishes for his faith, for his limitless devotion to the believing masses, he will become more dangerous for Soviet power than now... the unfailing historical law warns us that faith grows, strengthens, and increases on
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the angry crowds that were surrounding and protecting the churches. But when three witnesses came forward to testify for
Benjamin they were promptly arrested, thus effectively ending the defense's case. When Benjamin spoke in his own defense, he only offered he had always acted alone and was never an
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Meanwhile, the friendship and alliance between Exarch Leonid
Feodorov and Metropolitan Benjamin collapsed after the latter lost his temper and said, "You promise us Union! You want us to meet like brothers in Christ and all this time your Latin priests are causing havoc to our flock behind our back!"
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Babel also interviewed an old woman who was attending the same
Liturgy, who told him, "How nicely the chorus is chanting. What nice services these are! Last week the Metropolitan himself conducted the services -- never before has there been such holy goodness! The workers from our factory, they, too,
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that the Soviet State was just and correct in all its actions up to and including the show trials and mass executions of
Orthodox clergy and laity. Nevertheless, covert veneration of Metropolitan Benjamin and other Russian Orthodox Martyrs at the hands of the Soviet State continued within the Moscow
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Metropolitan
Benjamin was willing to donate the Church's valuables voluntarily, but would not accept the plundering, desecration, and confiscation by the State of an increasingly number of church buildings by the Bolsheviks. On 6 March Benjamin met with a commission formed to help the starving that
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Dmitri
Likhachev later recalled, "As persecution of the Church became more widespread, and executions more numerous so all of us felt an even keener grief for the Russia that was dying. Our love for our Motherland resembled least of all prise in her, her victories and conquests. Nowadays many find
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would not know that they were shooting members of the
Orthodox clergy, Benjamin and those with him, Archimandrite Sergius, Yury Novitsky, and John Kovsharov, were executed in the eastern outskirts of Petrograd, at the Porokhov Station of the Irinovskaya Railroad (a narrow-gauge railroad built to
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According to Paul Gabel, "A rumor circulated that
Benjamin had already been executed. When a crowd gathered around the prison where he was being held, demanding he be shown to them if he were still alive. GPU agents fired into the assemblage and it disbanded. When it formed again, the warden was
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in the Moscow Trial, saw conspiracy rather than genuine religious passion as the cause of the violence surrounding churches. He had orders from Moscow to discredit the Church, and the verdicts were foregone conclusions. At one point in the trial he shouted that the entire Church was a subversive
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of his own, Metropolitan
Benjamin now demanded proof that that the Soviet State had already exhausted all other sources of revenue, solid proof that the seized Church valuables were going only towards feeding the starving, and signed consent from Patriarch Tikhon before agreeing to further
885:, Metropolitan Benjamin stood accused of, "entering with evil intent into an agreement with... the Soviet Government... and thereby obtaining a relaxation of the decree on the requisitioning of valuables", and obstructing the efforts of the Renovationists to gain control of his Diocese.
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Before the verdict was announced, Metropolitan Benjamin addressed the court, "Regardless of what my sentence will be, no matter what you decide, life or death, I will lift up my eyes reverently to God, Cross myself and affirm, 'Glory to Thee my Lord; glory to Thee for everything!'"
670:, signed an agreement with Petrograd party officials. He agreed to hand over icon coverings and even chalices that had held the Eucharist, but with the sole condition that the Church itself would be allowed to deconsecrate and melt down these vessels into
582:, however, Babel witnessed as the Atheist speaker lectured about, "The All-forgiving Persona of Christ and Vomiting up the Anathema of Christianity" while being loudly heckled by Orthodox members of the audience. Babel then attended a Russian Orthodox
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The assembled Orthodox clergy and laity were horrified by these statements by the Living Church clergymen and, after Metropolitan Benjamin with difficulty quieted the outraged audience, he first accused the Living Church of reviving the 4th century
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818:. Krasnitsky also praised the Living Church's rejection of the veneration of Saints and their relics, as well as their further break with Orthodox canon law by allowing Bishops to marry and both the divorce and remarriage of priests.
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Unfortunately, the Russian Orthodox Church and Soviet State had diametrically opposite world views. What is worse, all religions were viewed as dangerous counter-revolutionary ideologies that must be eliminated completely through
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Meanwhile, the Living Church-controlled Church Administration passed its own sentence, stripping Metropolitan Benjamin, Novitsky, and Kovsharov of their priestly and monastic ranks and reducing them to members of the laity.
79:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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For this reason, an outraged Vvedensky made a point of accompanying the GPU agents who arrested the Metropolitan at his residence. Vvedensky's presence at the Metropolitan's arrest was widely compared with the behavior of
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Dmitri Likhachev later recalled, "Services in the remaining Orthodox churches were conducted with especial devoutness. Church choirs sang particularly well as they were swollen by many professional singers (often from the
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24 January] 1910 Benjamin was consecrated Bishop of Gdov, a vicar bishop of the diocese of St. Petersburg. Metropolitan Antonii (Vadkovskii) of St. Petersburg and Ladoga officiated at the installment in the
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stance. For example, during the anti-religious campaign at the height of the Russian Civil War, the Metropolitan made the offer that if the Soviet State withheld from seizing or otherwise desecrating the relics of
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24 May] of that year, he was democratically elected by the clergy and the people to the archbishopric of Petrograd and Ladoga, the first bishop popularly elected in the Russian church. On 30 June [
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later recalled, "In most cases, raids were accompanied by wild outbursts of most abject and vulgar profanation, hardly ever checked by the higher officials who were invariably present at such proceedings."
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and all the prophets have written... But Jesus Christ is not God. He was simply a very clever man. And it is impossible to call Mary - who was born of a Jewish tribe and herself gave birth to Jesus - the
927:. The defendants were given a chance to speak, and Benjamin addressed the court saying it grieved him to be called an enemy of the people whom he had always loved and to whom he had dedicated his life.
1049:, the Captain later recalled, "Bishop Benjamin was a martyr quite as much as Mgr. Budkiewicz was. And as I have shown, he was not the only martyr of the Orthodox Church who suffered on this occasion."
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before both religious and Government eyewitnesses. The Government also agreed to allow parishioners to substitute their own valuables for other church valuables of historic or religious significance.
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Instead of backing down, Metropolitan Benjamin issued a 29 May pastoral letter to every parish and strictly forbade Vvedensky or any other Living Church priests from administering the
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agents waiting outside, who burst into the meeting and, despite the audience's efforts to protect him, arrested Metropolitan Benjamin, who was placed under house arrest pending trial.
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in 1897, defending a thesis on Archbishop Arcadius of Olonets' anti-heretical activities. In 1895 he was tonsured a monk and given the name Benjamin; later that year he was ordained a
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and Virgin. And so now we have all recognized the existence of God, that is the God of Sabbaoth, and we must all be united; both Jews and Catholics must be a living people's church."
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and to thus take over control of the See Petrograd. While secretly confident of the result, Metropolitan Benjamin offered to put the issue before his clergy and laity at the
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come to the services. The people are tired, they're all crumpled up with worry, and in the church there's quiet and there's singing, you can get away from everything."
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together with several other martyrs, including Archimandrite Sergius (Shein), Professor Yury Novitsky, and John Kovsharov (a lawyer), who were executed alongside him.
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with ten other defendants from 10 June to 5 July. Whenever Benjamin entered the courtroom for his trial, people stood up for him and he blessed them. In addition to
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was changed. The newspapers began to howl about the 'evil pastors' and 'princes of the Church', and the representatives of the Church were told: 'We don't need your
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The sentences of six of the defendants were later commuted by the Politburo, though not of Metropolitan Benjamin and the others seen as the main leaders of alleged
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786:. But now we are free, and we ourselves must rule the people and the Church. More than 1,900 years have already passed since it was written for us that the Lord
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their clergy and laity alike as both schismatics and heretics. In response, an outraged Vvedensky quietly slipped out a side door and informed a small army of
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forced to make a deal: He allowed three members of the gathering to come inside, where they ascertained that Benjamin indeed was still among the living."
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639:, allegedly to pay for famine relief. The Russian Orthodox Church agreed to this, but declined to hand over valuables which had actually touched the
502:. This was so intolerable for any Russian that many unbelievers began to go to church, distancing themselves psychologically from the persecutors."
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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904:, the Metropolitan's Jewish defence attorney, S. Gurovich, recalled, "I felt that I had a genuine Saint sitting behind me on the accused's bench."
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agreed to his voluntary dispersal of funds controlled by the parishes. Newspapers praised Benjamin and his clergy for their charitable spirit.
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According to Paul Gabel, "The defendants, as before, cited the power of Church canons. They also argued that priests had actually attempted to
1093:. In what other Orthodox jurisdictions have repeatedly condemned as the "heresy of Sergianism", the Moscow Patriarchate hierarchy embraced
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attempted to make the whole world aware of the trial and execution of Metropolitan Benjamin, but his every attempt, "was suppressed by the
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The defendants were found guilty of being, "dangerous and uncompromising foes of the Republic" and condemned to the supreme penalty of
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In response, protesters gathered in Petrograd, shouting and throwing stones at Party officials who were raiding Orthodox churches.
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Despite the continuing theological differences and the recent rift between them, both Exarch Leonid Feodorov and his superiors in
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On 5 March 1922, Metropolitan Benjamin, hoping he was not contradicting Patriarch Tikhon or betraying Orthodox teaching about the
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in St. Petersburg. Benjamin often served in the churches of the poorest and most remote suburbs of the capital and led the annual
1196:Β«Π¦Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΡ£Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΡ£ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π‘Ρ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΄Ρ£Β». 3 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 1917, No. 22β23, ΡΡΡ. 148 (Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ)
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On Sunday 28 May 1922, after everyone gathered, Vvedensky spoke first, "Brothers and sisters, up to now we have been subject to
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Gurovich added, "There are no proofs of guilty. There are no facts. There is not even an indictment... What will history say?"
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17 June] his title was changed to Archbishop of Petrograd and Gdov by decree of the Holy Synod, and on 26 August [
498:, who was then a devoutly Orthodox layman in Petrograd, "Persecution of the Church began almost contemporaneously with the
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Memorial portrait of St. Benjamin on the road to the place of mass executions in the "artillery range on Irinovka railway"
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1248:"Lives of the Saints β July 31 β Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk", Retrieved 2012-10-25
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and is the Son of God. But that is not true. We recognize the existence of the God of Sabbaoth, about whom our whole
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612:, the names of Orthodox and Catholic priests were signed to a Christian document drawn up against infernal forces."
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2 March] 1917, Benjamin administered the Petrograd diocese as vicarial Bishop of Gdov. On 6 June [
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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1187:"Proclamation of the Holy Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church of Canonization", Retrieved 2012-10-25
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bring peat into the city for heating that starts in the Bolshaya Okhta district of St. Petersburg, across the
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Sunday on or following 25 January (the celebration of the Synaxis of the new Russian martyrs and confessors)
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Blessed Leonid Feodorov: First Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church; Bridgebuilder between Rome and Moscow
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Blessed Leonid Feodorov: First Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church; Bridgebuilder between Rome and Moscow
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Blessed Leonid Feodorov: First Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church; Bridgebuilder between Rome and Moscow
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Blessed Leonid Feodorov: First Exarch of the Russian Catholic Church; Bridgebuilder between Rome and Moscow
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enemy of the people. He had dedicated his whole life to them, and they had repaid him with love."
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of the Mother of God for the Care of Abandoned Women. He was known as "the indefatigable bishop".
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and Vladimir Krasnitsky travelled to Petrograd seeking to convert Metropolitan Benjamin to the
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divine services at Putilovsky and Obukhovsky factories of St. Petersburg, and organized the
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Even though many Russian Orthodox bishops and lower clergy enthusiastically supported the
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what the starving people of the Volga needed! The spineless membership of the Petrograd
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After the arrest and deposition of Metropolitan Pitirim (Onkova) on 15 March [
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30β31 July] 1922 after having been shaved and dressed in rags so that the
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The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
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that hard to understand. We did not sing patriotic songs -- we wept and prayed."
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Manuil (LemeΡevskij). "Die russischen orthodoxen BischΓΆfe von 1893 bis 1965":
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expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in
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Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, & Revolution, 1905β1946
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within his Diocese until they had first repented before Patriarch Tikhon.
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According to historian Paul Gabel, "The prosecutor was arch-atheist
423:. In 1905 he became rector of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy.
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1725:ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΠ±., 1994. Π‘. 237-238
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formally Canonized Metropolitan Benjamin as a Saint and a Martyr.
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passed a decree formally repudiating seven decades of traditional
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were devastated by the news of Metropolitan Benjamin's execution.
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organization and everybody in it should be thrown in prison."
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The real conflict, however, came out into the open during the
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in 1893 and earned his candidate of theology degree from the
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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And Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929
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The final conflict for Metropolitan Benjamin began when the
659:). Priests and other clergy officiated with great feeling."
1722:"ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ" ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄, 1922 Π³.). Π., 1991
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Metropolitan Benjamin addressing the Court during his 1922
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Following his graduation he taught sacred scripture at the
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Benjamin (Kazansky), Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdov
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Eastern Orthodox people executed by the Soviet Union
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411:(1897β1898) following which he was inspector of the
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678:was reportedly enraged when the news reached him.
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711:! And there won't be any negotiations with you!
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1006:24 kilometres (15 mi) east of the city.)
361:Benjamin was born to a priestly family in the
321:from 1917 to 1922. Due to his role in leading
281:17 April] 1873 β 13 August [
97:accompanying your translation by providing an
63:Click for important translation instructions.
1766:Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
574:lecture by a senior official of the Party's
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277:, Veniamin Petrogradsky, 29 April [
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985:During the night of 12β13 August [
1796:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
635:when the Soviet authorities announced the
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1811:People executed by Russia by firing squad
1791:20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
1644:The Bolshevik Persecution of Christianity
1465:Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
1374:Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
1207:Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir
400:and the following year he was ordained a
1290:, W.W. Norton and Company. Page 503-505.
1275:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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109:{{Translated|pl|Beniamin (Kazanski)}}
27:Bishop in the Russian Orthodox Church
1316:, W.W. Norton and Company. Page 505.
1303:, W.W. Norton and Company. Page 505.
713:Everything belongs to the Government
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1109:anti-religious policy and granting
954:Archimandrite Sergius (As a layman)
619:Confiscation of church property in
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1507:, Prometheus Books. Pages 247-248.
1454:, Prometheus Books. Pages 226-227.
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1103:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
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484:13 August] he was elevated to
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1732:Erlangen, 1981. T. 2. S. 142β145.
1314:The Complete Works of Isaac Babel
1301:The Complete Works of Isaac Babel
1288:The Complete Works of Isaac Babel
1077:was taken over in 1926 by former
1073:, the surviving hierarchy of the
753:tried to wrest control away from
327:Soviet anti-religious legislation
1625:Fr. Paul Mailleux, S.J. (2017),
1355:Fr. Paul Mailleux, S.J. (2017),
1325:Fr. Paul Mailleux, S.J. (2017),
1218:Fr. Paul Mailleux, S.J. (2017),
1057:Although the anti-communist and
853:at the arrest of Jesus Christ.
637:confiscation of Church valuables
417:St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy
394:St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy
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1756:People from Nyandomsky District
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1659:, St Martin's Press. pp. 36-94.
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588:Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan
561:Soviet anti-religious campaign
505:In a letter from Petrograd to
285:31 July] 1922), born
107:You may also add the template
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1:
1786:20th-century Christian saints
1761:People from Kargopolsky Uyezd
1696:, Prometheus Books. Page 460.
1616:, Prometheus Books. Page 225.
1603:, Prometheus Books. Page 228.
1583:, Prometheus Books. Page 227.
1565:, Prometheus Books. Page 227.
1525:, Prometheus Books. Page 248.
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1441:, Prometheus Books. Page 388.
1428:, Prometheus Books. Page 226.
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341:. In April 1992 Benjamin was
1709:, Prometheus Books. Page 51.
1657:Religion in the Soviet Union
1463:Dmitri S. Likhachev (2000),
1372:Dmitri S. Likhachev (2000),
1205:Dmitri S. Likhachev (2000),
1071:collapse of the Soviet Union
937:
601:In a 18 July 1921 letter to
390:Olonets Theological Seminary
7:
1145:
877:He was tried by a drumhead
576:League of Militant Atheists
137:Saint Benjamin of Petrograd
10:
1827:
1642:Francis McCullagh (1924),
1312:Edited by Nathalie Babel,
1299:Edited by Nathalie Babel,
1286:Edited by Nathalie Babel,
1271:Roslof, Edward E. (2002).
413:Kholm Theological Seminary
295:ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°Π²Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
245:Nikolskoe Cemetery of the
71:Machine translation, like
1376:, CEU Press. Pages 64-65.
1135:
1052:
741:
456:Metropolitan of Petrograd
409:Riga Theological Seminary
398:hierodeacon (deacon-monk)
294:
287:Vasily Pavlovich Kazansky
274:
252:
236:
211:
201:
181:
161:
154:
142:
135:
1552:Roslof, Red Priests, 65.
554:Marxist-Leninist atheism
431:On 6 February [
1101:On 1 October 1990, the
916:the blood of Martyrs."
402:hieromonk (priest-monk)
351:Russian Orthodox Church
307:Russian Orthodox Church
231:Russian Orthodox Church
169:17 April] 1873
118:For more guidance, see
1655:Walter Kolarz (1966),
1130:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
1025:correspondent Captain
971:
963:
955:
947:
902:Constantin de Grunwald
879:revolutionary tribunal
874:
773:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
683:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
633:Russian famine of 1921
628:
465:
438:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
388:He graduated from the
275:ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
247:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
189:31 July] 1922
1467:, CEU Press. Page 65.
1209:, CEU Press. Page 64.
1098:Patriarchate anyway.
1091:Sergei (Stragorodsky)
976:anti-Soviet agitation
969:
961:
953:
945:
883:anti-Soviet agitation
871:anti-Soviet agitation
864:
688:The Gulag Archipelago
618:
550:religious persecution
463:
450:charitable foundation
323:nonviolent resistance
303:religious persecution
267:Benjamin of Petrograd
120:Knowledge:Translation
91:copyright attribution
1083:Soviet secret police
1043:Konstanty Budkiewicz
491:According to future
415:(1898β1899) and the
339:Soviet secret police
185:13 August [
1705:Paul Gabel (2005),
1692:Paul Gabel (2005),
1631:Loreto Publications
1612:Paul Gabel (2005),
1599:Paul Gabel (2005),
1579:Paul Gabel (2005),
1561:Paul Gabel (2005),
1521:Paul Gabel (2005),
1503:Paul Gabel (2005),
1490:Paul Gabel (2005),
1450:Paul Gabel (2005),
1437:Paul Gabel (2005),
1424:Paul Gabel (2005),
1411:Paul Gabel (2005),
1385:Paul Gabel (2005),
1361:Loreto Publications
1331:Loreto Publications
1257:Paul Gabel (2005),
1224:Loreto Publications
1115:Moscow Patriarchate
1075:Moscow Patriarchate
1069:decades before the
808:Vladimir Krasnitsky
762:Alexander Vvedensky
721:Catholic memoirist
603:Metropolitan bishop
542:St Alexander Nevsky
383:Olonets Governorate
369:in the Andreevskii
172:Olonets Governorate
165:29 April [
18:Veniamin (Kazansky)
1669:Christopher Andrew
1646:, London. Page 52.
1126:Nikolskoe Cemetery
1124:is located in the
1095:an official policy
1087:agent of influence
972:
964:
956:
948:
875:
790:was born from the
629:
466:
333:and executed by a
305:, a bishop in the
301:under Soviet anti-
227:Russian Federation
99:interlanguage link
1111:religious freedom
1027:Francis McCullagh
925:death by shooting
723:Martha Almedingen
657:Mariinsky Theatre
606:Andrey Sheptytsky
533:Russian Civil War
500:October cataclysm
375:Kargopolsky Uyezd
264:
263:
219:Danilov Monastery
206:Eastern Orthodoxy
202:Venerated in
192:Kovalevsky Forest
131:
130:
64:
60:
16:(Redirected from
1818:
1771:Executed priests
1717:Other Literature
1710:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1673:Vasili Mitrokhin
1666:
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1226:. Pages 158-159.
1216:
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1197:
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1107:Marxist-Leninist
1000:Smolny Institute
766:State-controlled
755:Patriarch Tikhon
748:State-controlled
496:Dmitri Likhachev
493:Soviet dissident
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1148:
1138:
1085:informant, and
1055:
1047:Leonid Feodorov
1022:New York Herald
940:
859:
744:
734:confiscations.
655:company of the
625:Ivan Vladimirov
610:Russian history
592:Nevsky Prospect
511:Leonid Feodorov
458:
429:
359:
309:and eventually
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1054:
1051:
1037:of Archbishop
1018:Irish Catholic
1002:and ending at
970:John Kovsharov
939:
936:
890:Peter Krasikov
858:
855:
851:Judas Iscariot
812:infant baptism
743:
740:
676:Vladimir Lenin
584:Divine Liturgy
569:anti-Christian
529:White Movement
526:anti-communist
457:
454:
428:
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243:
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217:4 April 1992,
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176:Russian Empire
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1730:Bio-Bibliogr.
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1547:
1540:, p. 62.
1539:
1538:Roslof (2002)
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1079:Renovationist
1076:
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1061:hierarchy of
1060:
1050:
1048:
1045:, and Exarch
1044:
1040:
1036:
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1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:Furthermore,
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962:Yury Novitsky
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832:anathematized
829:
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819:
817:
816:adult baptism
813:
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804:
802:
801:Mother of God
797:
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789:
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784:Metropolitans
781:
776:
774:
770:
769:Living Church
767:
763:
760:In May 1922,
758:
756:
752:
751:Living Church
749:
739:
735:
732:
727:
724:
719:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:of unity and
694:
690:
689:
684:
681:According to
679:
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669:
668:Real Presence
664:
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580:Winter Palace
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45:You can help
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1100:
1059:White Γ©migrΓ©
1056:
1041:, Monsignor
1020:
1015:
1008:
991:firing squad
984:
980:
973:
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908:
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899:
892:, who, like
887:
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847:
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788:Jesus Christ
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546:
523:
513:, the first
507:Pope Pius XI
504:
490:
486:metropolitan
467:
430:
427:Vicar Bishop
406:
387:
360:
335:firing squad
311:Metropolitan
286:
266:
265:
196:Soviet Union
95:edit summary
86:
57:
46:
1751:1922 deaths
1746:1873 births
1681:Basic Books
1633:. Page 183.
1400:Red Priests
1363:. Page 177.
1344:Red Priests
1333:. Page 175.
1157:Hieromartyr
1120:Benjamin's
1039:Jan Cieplak
1011:the Vatican
1004:Vsevolozhsk
814:instead of
792:Virgin Mary
565:Isaak Babel
531:during the
379:Arkhangelsk
299:hieromartyr
156:Hieromartyr
1740:Categories
1168:References
1152:New Martyr
1067:Red Terror
1035:show trial
996:Neva River
867:show trial
857:Show trial
843:sacraments
537:apolitical
357:Early life
331:show trial
998:from the
938:Martyrdom
830:and then
731:ultimatum
709:donations
693:That kind
641:Eucharist
621:Petrograd
572:polemical
446:Christmas
367:Nimenskii
349:) by the
347:canonized
343:glorified
315:Petrograd
297:), was a
213:Canonized
113:talk page
1675:(1999),
1398:Roslof,
1342:Roslof,
1146:See also
1122:cenotaph
894:Krylenko
828:Arianism
782:and the
780:the Tsar
701:were not
697:that way
89:provide
1277:p. 122.
1128:of the
517:of the
381:in the
373:of the
337:of the
291:Russian
271:Russian
258:31 July
111:to the
93:in the
56:.
53:Russian
1136:Quotes
1053:Legacy
1031:censor
824:heresy
742:Arrest
729:In an
705:Pomgol
672:ingots
515:Exarch
509:, Fr.
442:Easter
371:volost
363:pogost
240:shrine
238:Major
223:Moscow
49:Polish
1402:, 49.
1346:, 42;
796:Bible
653:opera
623:, by
377:near
254:Feast
73:DeepL
1671:and
987:O.S.
909:calm
869:for
482:O.S.
478:O.S.
474:O.S.
470:O.S.
444:and
433:O.S.
319:Gdov
317:and
283:O.S.
279:O.S.
187:O.S.
182:Died
167:O.S.
162:Born
87:must
85:You
51:and
836:GPU
826:of
685:'s
590:on
325:to
313:of
229:by
75:or
1742::
1679:,
1629:,
1588:^
1570:^
1545:^
1530:^
1512:^
1481:^
1359:,
1329:,
1231:^
1222:,
1176:^
1081:,
978:.
643:.
563:,
556:.
488:.
404:.
293::
273::
225:,
221:,
194:,
174:,
873:.
627:.
345:(
289:(
269:(
122:.
115:.
20:)
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