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chief designer. Apart from this, the color and trim designer works closely with other designers. The clay model team and digital model team work closely with the styling team all located within the studio. Apart from this, there would be studio heads, studio managers, and prototype engineers who would work across all teams in the studio. The total team size for developing a full car usually ranges from 25 to 40 members and the development time lasts for more than 24 months until signed-off for tooling and production. After that, a smaller team would be working until the vehicle launch.
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as all engineering and manufacturing requirements. The fully developed CAS digital model will be re-developed for manufacturing meeting the Class-A surface standards that involve both technical as well as aesthetics. A Product
Engineering team will further develop this data. These modelers usually have a background in industrial design or sometimes tooling engineering in the case of some Class-A modelers.
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917:. Innovations in vehicle packaging and chassis engineering combined with global familiarity with British designs meant vehicles were acceptable to public tastes at that time. British skilled resources such as panel beaters, die machinists, and clay modelers were also available partly due to their involvement with the motorsport industry.
1094:, Giorgetto Giugiaro, and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW entered the automobile design with sporty-looking everyday sedans using Giovanni Michelotti. These models were later enhanced by Ercole Spada into the 1980s, and Klaus Luthe until the mid-1990s. The American-born designer
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design in the mid-1950s. Exner is also credited with using wind tunnel testing to justify incorporating tailfins, thus moving the company away from boxy-looking cars into more aerodynamic and futuristic designs that were influenced by rockets after WWII. Other influential automotive designers include
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The design process occurs concurrently with other product engineers who will be engineering the styling data for meeting performance, manufacturing, and safety regulations. From mid-phase, back-and-forth interactions between the designers and product engineers culminate into a finished product being
393:
The sketches and rendering are transformed into 3D digital surface modeling and rendering for real-time evaluation with Math data in the initial stages. During the development process succeeding phases will require the 3D model fully developed to meet the aesthetic requirements of a designer as well
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The design team(s) responsible for the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of manual sketches and digital drawings. Progressively, more detailed drawings are executed and approved by appropriate layers
276:
The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well. In particular, vehicular electronic components and parts will give more challenges to automotive designers who are required to update on the latest information and knowledge associated with emerging
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Great
Britain was Europe's leading manufacturer of automobiles until the late-1960s. During that era, there were more British-based automakers than in the rest of Europe combined. The British automobile industry catered to all segments ranging from compact, budget, sports, utility, and luxury-type
316:
The designer responsible for the vehicles' interior develops the proportions, shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with
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is first designed in a computer program and then "carved" using the machine and large amounts of clay. Even in times of photorealistic (three-dimensional) software and virtual models on power walls, the clay model is still the most important tool for a final evaluation of the exterior design of a
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The design team for a specific model consists of a chief designer and an exterior as well as an interior designer. In some cases, all three roles are done by one designer. Several junior designers are involved in the development process as well and make specific contributions all overseen by the
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During the complex changes in the
British car industry in the 1990's and beyond a mix of designers worked on all of the remaining mainstream brands under one design director and in one studio. The director most involved was Geoff Upex, with his team of Richard Woolley, Dave Saddington, George
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in 1934, which was revolutionary and radical compared to contemporary vehicles. However, inadequate consumer acceptance of the advanced appearance of the cars forced a re-design of succeeding models of the
Airflow. This marketing experience made the entire industry take note of the high risks
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did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, the economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a
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of management, followed by digital rendering to images. Consumer feedback is generally sought at this point to help iteratively refine vehicle concepts according to the targeted market and will continue throughout the rest of the design refinement process. After more progressive refinement,
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is also an aspect of automotive design; this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. The design focuses not only on the isolated outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function, starting from the vehicle package.
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Thomson, Alan
Mobberley, and Martin Peach (colour and trim). Together they created the Rover 75, 45, and 25 (previously 400 and 200) the L322 Range Rover, the T5 platform-based Discovery and Range Rover sport, the Freelander 2, and the Mini as requested by BMW before the company was sold
402:
are the two most widely used software tools for Class-A development. Uniform surface continuity is critical to ensure Class-A surface standards. The continuity of the areas is between the quality grades G0 through G3, with G3 guaranteeing the cleanest patch-to-patch transitions.
376:
in the future. Trend boards are created from this research to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models.
289:, mobile TV, MP3 players, video playback, and smartphone interfaces. Though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models.
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and or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings and images. The data from these models are then used to create quarter-scale and finally full-sized mock-ups of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the
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cars. Car design in
Britain was markedly different from other European designs largely because British designers were not influenced by other European art or design movements, as well as the British clay modelers, used a different sweep set.
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suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry (though Sloan usually gets the credit or blame). Critics called his strategy
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passenger cars were also in the luxury segment and played an important role in German car design. After the 1980s, German design evolved into a distinctive
Teutonic style often to complement their highly engineered cars suited to
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turned out designers on a large scale. By the late-1960s, almost all
Italian coachbuilders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s when the
1155:, etc. During the late-1950s, Italian automobile designs gained global popularity coinciding with the modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in
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since the early post-war period, later established its own brand identity from the 1980s onwards. Its other company, Citroën, still retains its distinctive French innovations for its designs.
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512-S concept car by Paul Martin in 1967. There are already many features of the final product, including the reduced height, wheels coved for low drag, and the characteristic entry system.
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was hired by BMW in the late-1990s to redefine the brand. Bangle incorporated new single-press technology for compound curves to add controversial styling elements to his designs.
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Apart from this the engineering team parallelly works in the following areas. Product
Engineering (Body In White Sheetmetal Design and Plastic engineering), NVH Development team,
204:
qualifications. Automotive design in this context focuses primarily on developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of vehicles, while also becoming involved in the creation of
577:. Sloan preferred the term "dynamic obsolescence". This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy.
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became a demand, and also an effective marketing tool. Designs from each nation with their own strong cultural identity are reflected in their exterior and interior designs.
329:(or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include
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In the United States, automotive design reached a turning point in the 1920s when the
American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales,
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1231:, founded in the 1990s, became Sweden's first domestic producer of high end sports cars, with many of their models featuring in house designs by Swedish designers.
357:, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with exterior and interior designers.
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industry, French automakers (except Citroën) followed British and other popular trends until they gained financial stability. During the 1980s, manufacturers like
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In the late 1980s, Royden Axe (previously Chrysler UK Design Director) and Gordon Sked along with Gerry McGovern produced most notably the MGF and Rover 800
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Sweden had Volvo and Saab as domestic automakers, and the nation's northern location required that cars needed to withstand Nordic climate conditions. The
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were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like
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slowed the progress, but after the early 1950s, Italian designers set the trend and remained the driving force until the early part of the 1980s.
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and other aeronautical design references to auto design starting with the rear fenders of the 1948 Cadillac. Another notable designer was
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672:(AMC), originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same
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Several manufacturers have slightly varied development cycles for designing an automobile, but in practice, these are the following:
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regime, the design started falling back and ultimately the domestic automakers ended up as subsidiaries of EU-based companies.
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The design team also develops graphics for items, such as badges, decals, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, or liveries.
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208:. Automotive design as a professional vocation is practiced by designers who may have an art background and a degree in
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The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and color and
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1286:. Czech automobiles were generally known for their originality in mechanical simplicity and designs were remarkably
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Still, during the 1960s, British manufacturers sought professional help from Italian designers and studios such as
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elements are known for their minimalism and simplicity. One of the early original Scandinavian designs was the
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family contribution was instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer
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Personal injury litigation has affected the design and appearance of the car in the 20th century.
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723:. The Ford Mustang achieved record sales in its first year of production and established the
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1059:. The early German design clues of the present-day owe some part to Italian designers like
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German designs started gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of
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launched their vehicles with innovative designs and engineering, aided by the styling of
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1680:"French car – with Italian ties – is tops with 6 famous designers and 1 humble reporter"
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The smaller automakers could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling.
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Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as industrial design,
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involved in incorporating major design advancements into their production cars.
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Designers at work in 1961. Standing by the scale model's left front fender is
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with "jelly-mold" or "aero look" (low CD) styling was advanced for its time.
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or in transportation design. For the terminology used in the field, see the
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Some Italian designers whose design services were sought globally include
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had a strong presence in the automotive industry with manufacturers like
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manufacturers sourced designs from these styling studios. One example is
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Germany is often considered the birthplace of industrial design with the
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The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada
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engineering, Physical Vehicle validation, Tool and Die development, and
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1624:"'Dangerous Instrumentality': The Bystander as Subject in Automobility"
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and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large
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In Italy, Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many
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is the process of developing the appearance (and to some extent the
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Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems
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helped create various Mercedes Models from the 1960s to the 1990s.
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cultivated their own strong design identities with designers like
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1479:. Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology. p. 97.
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A century of automotive style - 100 years of American car design
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932:. Notable British contributions to automobile designs were the
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A major influence on American auto styling and marketing was
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as evident from Tatra cars and Jawa motorcycles. During the
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Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles
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and his family played a significant role in German design.
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British cars until World War II were sold in most of the
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exterior design (sketch, digital model, and clay model).
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vehicle and, therefore, is used throughout the industry.
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An early example of Harley Earl's work seen in the 1938
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from many different disciplines also included within
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clay model on display in Ford Detroit Styling Studio
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Automotive Ergonomics: Driver – Vehicle Interaction
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concept illustrating an advanced headlamp treatment
1042:School of Design, before it was closed down by the
964:Europe, based in Great Britain, is notable for the
600:'s innovations with aerodynamics helped launch the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:Process of developing the design of motor vehicles
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1258:Before World War II and until the early-1990s,
612:, who is credited with inventing the idea of a
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236:. In the background are some concept sketches.
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389:Computer-Aided Design and Class-A development
1462:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
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980:. Other notable British designers include
4960:History of the internal combustion engine
1622:Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann (February 2004).
792:Learn how and when to remove this message
593:design used by most European automakers.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
4016:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
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1464:. London: Harper-Collins. p. 689.
637:, who was responsible for a number of
406:
5018:Minor automotive manufacturing groups
4924:Countries by motor vehicle production
4376:
4061:
4021:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
3764:
3209:
2536:
2480:
1856:
1830:
1529:Concept Car Design: Driving the Dream
256:A futuristic original sketch for the
5125:
2451:
1777:Lamm, Michael; Hollis, Dave (1996).
1621:
1525:
1503:. idavette.net. 2005. Archived from
770:adding citations to reliable sources
737:
715:marked another era leading into new
668:, who spent most of his career with
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
2424:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1723:Swales, Neville (21 October 2011).
1712:from the original on 15 April 2015.
1603:from the original on 9 January 2014
502:
349:, headliner, wood trim, and so on.
202:professional- or chartered-engineer
24:
4062:
3965:American Institute of Graphic Arts
1751:
1690:from the original on 3 April 2015.
542:design, along with the tailfin by
311:
292:
219:
25:
5182:
3975:Design and Industries Association
1796:
1702:"France vs. Italy: Coachbuilders"
1591:Cumberford, Robert (April 2009).
1234:
952:DB Series, and several cars from
380:
277:vehicular gadgetry, particularly
5144:
5134:
5124:
5115:
5114:
4970:Timeline of motor vehicle brands
4929:Countries by vehicles per capita
2460:
2450:
2441:
2440:
1867:Part of a series of articles on
1814:
1802:
1660:from the original on 2 July 2013
1360:Computer-aided industrial design
892:
742:
516:
36:
2537:
1716:
703:Additionally during the 1960s,
47:needs additional citations for
3970:Chartered Society of Designers
3210:
1807:Learning materials related to
1762:. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press.
1694:
1672:
1615:
1584:
1553:
1519:
1493:
1468:
1453:
1202:
649:, who was responsible for the
281:devices, like GPS navigation,
232:concept car on display at the
13:
1:
4041:Prince Philip Designers Prize
2684:Architectural lighting design
2258:Approach and departure angles
1781:. Stockton, CA: Lamm-Morada.
1758:Nikolaos Gkikas, ed. (2013).
1446:
1325:Automotive design terminology
214:glossary of automotive design
3847:Electronic design automation
3830:Virtual home design software
2802:Automotive suspension design
1395:List of automotive designers
857:. Of the mass-selling cars,
456:CAS (Computer Aided Styling)
142:, an automobile designer at
7:
2706:Environmental impact design
2321:Automotive light bulb types
1560:Winter, Drew (1 May 1996).
1297:
684:muscle car, the subcompact
670:American Motors Corporation
472:Class-A Surface Development
144:American Motors Corporation
10:
5187:
3985:International Forum Design
3355:Engineering design process
2506:
1562:"The men behind the magic"
1532:. Rotovision. p. 67.
1425:Solid freeform fabrication
1018:
849:notable designs came from
511:
430:in its early design stages
5110:
5052:
5026:
4978:
4965:History of the motorcycle
4955:History of the automobile
4942:
4914:Automobile sales by model
4906:
4874:
4839:
4799:
4625:
4478:
4437:
4428:
4410:
4320:
4068:
4057:
3998:
3957:
3900:
3790:
3786:
3760:
3216:
3205:
3107:Integrated circuit design
3042:
3029:Stage/set lighting design
2961:
2918:Hardware interface design
2877:
2834:Hardware interface design
2785:
2667:
2547:
2543:
2532:
2514:
2436:
2399:
2361:
2311:
2300:
2250:
2177:
2117:
2069:
2048:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1090:, which was dependent on
885:, which was dependent on
830:
733:
5008:Motorcycle manufacturers
4986:Automobile manufacturers
4919:Best-selling automobiles
3942:Industrial design rights
3930:Fashion design copyright
3842:Design quality indicator
3291:Creative problem-solving
3082:Electrical system design
2938:Sonic interaction design
2849:Photographic lens design
2723:Healthy community design
2341:high-intensity discharge
1643:10.1525/can.2004.19.1.61
1475:Babaian, Sharon (1998).
1112:
808:An early radical French
536:An early example of the
435:Design development cycle
4138:New product development
4103:Enterprise architecture
4031:IF Product Design Award
3990:Design Research Society
3542:Reliability engineering
1526:Bell, Jonathan (2003).
1501:"Harley Earl 1893~1969"
1320:Automotive aerodynamics
664:Starting in the 1960s,
5070:Automotive engineering
4500:manufacturers detailed
3594:Top-down and bottom-up
2943:User experience design
2844:Packaging and labeling
2817:Electric guitar design
2755:Landscape architecture
2025:Stressed member engine
1460:Bullock, Alan (1999).
1315:Automotive Engineering
1305:Alternative propulsion
1255:
1216:
1132:
1035:
906:
842:
812:
616:, and who brought the
561:
550:
529:
431:
420:
261:
249:
237:
198:automotive engineering
147:
4791:List of manufacturers
4617:List of manufacturers
4470:List of manufacturers
4123:Innovation management
4006:European Design Award
3772:Intellectual property
3589:Theory of constraints
3552:Responsibility-driven
3392:For manufacturability
3296:Creativity techniques
3134:Nuclear weapon design
2948:User interface design
2812:Corrugated box design
2733:Interior architecture
2157:Windshield/windscreen
1631:Cultural Anthropology
1375:Facelift (automobile)
1243:1934 Czechoslovakian
1242:
1210:
1120:
1026:
900:
838:
807:
641:vehicles such as the
556:
535:
524:
497:Manufacturing process
484:manufacturing-ready.
426:
414:
321:Color and trim design
300:industrial plasticine
255:
243:
227:
137:
5060:Auto and motor shows
4168:Unintelligent design
4148:Philosophy of design
3862:Design specification
3815:Comprehensive layout
3387:For behaviour change
3360:Probabilistic design
3122:Power network design
2659:Visual merchandising
2616:Instructional design
2594:Postage stamp design
2326:Daytime running lamp
1823:at Wikimedia Commons
1725:"Designing the XJ13"
865:as evident from the
766:improve this section
707:'s first-generation
676:, starting with the
653:851, as well as the
628:, who developed the
575:planned obsolescence
449:Concept development
56:improve this article
5013:Truck manufacturers
4404:Automotive industry
4088:Creative industries
4011:German Design Award
3920:Design infringement
3805:Architectural model
3144:Organization design
3139:Nucleic acid design
3087:Experimental design
2640:Traffic sign design
2288:Weight distribution
2220:Omniview technology
1221:Scandinavian design
1177:Giovanni Michelotti
1061:Giovanni Michelotti
1033:Giovanni Michelotti
948:and Malcolm Sayer,
922:Giovanni Michelotti
570:Alfred P. Sloan Jr.
465:Interior buck model
407:Development process
364:, home furnishing,
71:"Automotive design"
4496:manufacturers list
4153:Process simulation
4128:Intelligent design
3452:Intelligence-based
3447:Integrated topside
3377:Framework-oriented
3062:Behavioural design
2933:Information design
2611:Information design
2407:Registration plate
1735:on 24 October 2016
1593:"20 greatest cars"
1415:Pre-production car
1390:List of auto parts
1340:Car classification
1256:
1217:
1193:Giorgetto Giugiaro
1133:
1073:Giorgetto Giugiaro
1036:
978:Patrick le Quément
907:
879:Patrick Le Quément
843:
813:
562:
558:Jeep Cherokee (XJ)
551:
530:
468:Vehicle ergonomics
432:
428:Opel Monza Concept
421:
262:
250:
238:
148:
5171:Automotive design
5158:
5157:
5065:Automotive design
5003:Bus manufacturers
4996:by parent company
4934:Top manufacturers
4902:
4901:
4370:
4369:
4316:
4315:
4083:Conceptual design
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4036:James Dyson Award
3892:Website wireframe
3882:Technical drawing
3756:
3755:
3604:Transgenerational
3345:Ecological design
3221:Activity-centered
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3179:Spacecraft design
2973:Public art design
2911:Video game design
2889:Experience design
2859:Production design
2839:Motorcycle design
2797:Automotive design
2701:Ecological design
2579:Film title design
2474:
2473:
2432:
2431:
2296:
2295:
2127:Glass run channel
2061:Trunk/boot/dickie
1858:Automotive design
1821:Automotive design
1819:Media related to
1686:. 24 March 2015.
1539:978-2-88046-564-3
1507:on 15 August 2007
1385:Industrial Design
1310:Automobile layout
1211:Ursaab, an early
1122:Lamborghini Miura
1048:Ferdinand Porsche
946:Sir William Lyons
802:
801:
794:
624:group's designer
445:consumer research
234:Geneva Motor Show
210:industrial design
151:Automotive design
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5178:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5090:list of vehicles
4435:
4434:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4059:
4058:
3936:Geschmacksmuster
3910:Community design
3788:
3787:
3762:
3761:
3522:Process-centered
3318:Design–bid–build
3286:Cradle-to-cradle
3266:Concept-oriented
3207:
3206:
3184:Strategic design
3154:Processor design
3129:Mechanism design
3097:Geometric design
3057:Algorithm design
2997:Jewellery design
2928:Immersive design
2822:Furniture design
2767:Landscape design
2545:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2391:Window deflector
2374:Side-view mirror
2309:
2308:
1932:Continental tire
1895:Backbone chassis
1883:
1882:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1806:
1792:
1773:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:. Archived from
1720:
1714:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1566:Ward's AutoWorld
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1430:Three-box design
1189:Marcello Gandini
1130:Marcello Gandini
1092:Marcello Gandini
968:line, a work of
915:British colonies
863:Flaminio Bertoni
797:
790:
786:
783:
777:
746:
738:
602:Chrysler Airflow
503:Development team
479:Vehicle graphics
368:, and sometimes
206:product concepts
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5106:
5048:
5022:
4974:
4938:
4898:
4870:
4835:
4795:
4621:
4474:
4424:
4406:
4401:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4312:
4113:Futures studies
4064:
4045:
3994:
3953:
3902:
3896:
3782:
3781:
3752:
3658:Value sensitive
3648:User innovation
3527:Public interest
3492:Object-oriented
3212:
3193:
3174:Software design
3164:Research design
3117:Physical design
3072:Database design
3046:
3044:
3038:
3014:Property design
3009:Game art design
2963:
2957:
2880:
2873:
2788:
2781:
2738:Interior design
2689:Building design
2670:
2663:
2550:
2539:
2528:
2510:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2428:
2395:
2357:
2305:
2303:
2292:
2263:Breakover angle
2246:
2173:
2113:
2065:
2044:
1872:
1860:
1855:
1799:
1789:
1770:
1754:
1752:Further reading
1749:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1706:velocetoday.com
1700:
1699:
1695:
1684:Automotive News
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1572:on 28 July 2011
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1400:Mass production
1365:Concept vehicle
1300:
1237:
1205:
1197:Walter de Silva
1126:Bertone Studios
1115:
1021:
895:
833:
798:
787:
781:
778:
763:
747:
736:
717:market segments
519:
514:
505:
437:
409:
391:
383:
323:
314:
312:Interior design
295:
293:Exterior design
283:satellite radio
248:design proposal
222:
220:Design elements
188:The functional
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5053:Related topics
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4779:United Kingdom
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4648:Czech Republic
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4178:Wicked problem
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:Related topics
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Design Council
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:European Union
3939:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3626:Usage-centered
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:Design for All
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:Transformation
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Research-based
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Platform-based
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:KISS principle
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Fault-tolerant
3369:
3367:Error-tolerant
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3350:Energy neutral
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:Design fiction
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3189:Systems design
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Protein design
3156:
3151:
3149:Process design
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Circuit design
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3034:Textile design
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:Costume design
2987:Fashion design
2984:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2869:Service design
2866:
2864:Sensory design
2861:
2856:
2854:Product design
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Spatial design
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
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1769:9781439894255
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1254:
1250:
1249:Hans Ledwinka
1246:
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1200:
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1154:
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1138:
1137:coachbuilders
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:Mercedes-Benz
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:William Towns
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:Great Britain
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:coachbuilding
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Avions Voisin
852:
848:
841:
837:
828:
826:
822:
818:
811:
806:
796:
793:
785:
782:December 2012
775:
771:
767:
761:
760:
756:
751:This section
749:
745:
740:
739:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
698:Jeep Cherokee
695:
694:Matador coupe
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Raymond Loewy
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
587:body-on-frame
583:
578:
576:
571:
567:
559:
555:
549:
548:Plymouth Fury
545:
541:
540:
534:
528:
523:
517:United States
509:
500:
498:
494:
491:development,
490:
485:
478:
475:
473:
470:
467:
464:
462:
461:Clay modeling
459:
457:
454:
452:
448:
446:
442:
441:
440:
429:
425:
418:
413:
404:
401:
397:
386:
378:
375:
371:
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344:
340:
336:
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328:
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309:
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284:
280:
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267:
259:
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247:
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235:
231:
226:
217:
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211:
207:
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199:
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191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:
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136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5064:
4465:South Africa
4163:STEAM fields
4133:Lean startup
4118:Indie design
3934:
3901:Intellectual
3653:Value-driven
3631:Use-centered
3537:Regenerative
3517:Policy-based
3477:Mind mapping
3382:For assembly
3323:Design–build
3241:By committee
3226:Adaptive web
3024:Sound design
2982:glass design
2980: /
2965:applied arts
2906:Level design
2796:
2777:Urban design
2728:Hotel design
2679:Architecture
2654:Video design
2647: /
2638: /
2606:Illustration
2599:Print design
2569:Brand design
2412:vanity plate
2351:trafficators
2162:washer fluid
2142:Power window
2137:Opera window
2049:Compartments
1937:Crumple zone
1922:Cabrio coach
1866:
1857:
1778:
1759:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1728:
1718:
1705:
1696:
1683:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1637:(1): 61–94.
1634:
1630:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1528:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1495:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1355:Coachbuilder
1257:
1218:
1181:Ercole Spada
1174:
1134:
1100:
1096:Chris Bangle
1081:
1065:Ercole Spada
1037:
1013:
1010:
986:Aston Martin
950:Aston Martin
926:Ercole Spada
919:
912:
908:
844:
825:World War II
814:
788:
779:
764:Please help
752:
729:
709:Ford Mustang
702:
678:AMC Cavalier
663:
630:Forward look
626:Virgil Exner
607:
595:
579:
563:
546:on the 1956
544:Virgil Exner
539:Forward Look
537:
506:
486:
482:
438:
392:
384:
366:architecture
359:
353:, contrast,
324:
315:
296:
275:
263:
187:
161:, including
150:
149:
118:
112:January 2024
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4894:New Zealand
4706:Netherlands
4573:South Korea
4563:Philippines
4553:North Korea
4201:competition
4158:Slow design
4108:Form factor
4078:Concept art
3887:HTML editor
3567:Sustainable
3402:For testing
3246:By contract
3102:Work design
3077:Drug design
3049:engineering
2923:Icon design
2901:Game design
2879:Interaction
2827:Sustainable
2760:Sustainable
2649:Type design
2626:Photography
2621:News design
2564:Book design
2559:Advertising
2538:Disciplines
2346:sealed beam
2278:Roll center
2273:Ride height
2210:Japan black
2205:Instruments
2190:Curb feeler
2056:Hood/bonnet
1440:Wind tunnel
1330:Cab forward
1203:Scandinavia
1185:Bruno Sacco
1170:Pininfarina
1149:Lamborghini
1107:Bruno Sacco
1069:Bruno Sacco
998:Range Rover
990:David Bache
974:Robert Lutz
970:Uwe Bahnsen
966:Ford Sierra
942:Jaguar Cars
934:Morris Mini
930:Pininfarina
903:Ford Sierra
887:Pininfarina
817:World War I
713:Thunderbird
666:Dick Teague
614:concept car
610:Harley Earl
527:Buick Y-Job
443:Design and
417:Ford Taurus
374:model years
167:motorcycles
163:automobiles
140:Dick Teague
5075:Drive time
4607:Uzbekistan
4486:Bangladesh
4430:By country
4361:Wiktionary
4354:Wikisource
4308:technology
4278:principles
3877:Storyboard
3703:management
3698:leadership
3663:Privacy by
3502:Parametric
3472:Metadesign
3442:Integrated
3432:High-level
3417:Generative
3412:Functional
3281:Continuous
3276:Contextual
3251:C-K theory
3211:Approaches
2953:Web design
2807:CMF design
2787:Industrial
2645:Typography
2132:Greenhouse
1597:Automobile
1486:0660916703
1447:References
1350:Car safety
1253:Paul Jaray
1229:Koenigsegg
1225:Saab 92001
1088:Volkswagen
1002:Ian Callum
994:Land Rover
940:, several
867:Citroën DS
840:Citroën DS
821:aesthetics
810:Voisin C26
639:Studebaker
582:Henry Ford
493:Powertrain
345:, grains,
305:clay model
155:ergonomics
82:newspapers
5097:Debadging
5085:Rebadging
4882:Australia
4847:Argentina
4519:Indonesia
4347:Wikiquote
4333:Wikibooks
4283:rationale
4248:knowledge
4223:education
4143:OODA loop
3867:Prototype
3852:Flowchart
3810:Blueprint
3678:computing
3614:Universal
3562:Safe-life
3467:Low-level
3457:Iterative
3437:Inclusive
3422:Geodesign
3313:Defensive
3261:Co-design
3231:Affective
2386:Tow hitch
2304:equipment
2230:Tire/tyre
2089:Gull-wing
2079:Butterfly
2040:Trunk lid
1983:Monocoque
1887:Framework
1739:9 January
1664:9 January
1607:9 January
1576:9 January
1545:9 January
1511:9 January
1420:Prototype
1370:Ecodesign
1345:Car model
1292:Communist
1057:Autobahns
753:does not
727:segment.
674:stampings
591:monocoque
489:Prototype
451:sketching
400:ICEM Surf
341:designs,
244:Draft of
228:The 2003
5165:Category
5120:Category
5102:Glossary
5080:Facelift
4745:Slovakia
4638:Bulgaria
4597:Thailand
4558:Pakistan
4541:Malaysia
4340:Wikinews
4273:paradigm
4253:language
4233:engineer
4228:elements
4218:director
3903:property
3748:thinking
3738:strategy
3723:research
3683:controls
3641:Empathic
3572:Systemic
3532:Rational
3487:New Wave
3301:Critical
2524:Designer
2446:Category
2331:Headlamp
2313:Lighting
2302:Exterior
2268:Overhang
2251:Geometry
2235:run-flat
2215:Nerf bar
2030:Subframe
1998:Platform
1988:Overhang
1900:Beltline
1710:Archived
1688:Archived
1655:Archived
1651:17924196
1601:Archived
1405:Platform
1298:See also
1288:Bohemian
1245:Tatra 77
1162:Japanese
1153:Maserati
1046:regime.
1029:BMW 2002
725:pony car
655:Cord 810
622:Chrysler
598:Chrysler
499:design.
335:plastics
287:HD radio
268:design.
5130:Commons
4991:marques
4943:History
4875:Oceania
4774:Ukraine
4723:Romania
4689:Ireland
4684:Hungary
4672:Germany
4643:Croatia
4633:Belarus
4612:Vietnam
4460:Nigeria
4455:Morocco
4326:Commons
4298:studies
4243:history
4211:student
4196:classic
4184:Design
4098:.design
4026:Graphex
3728:science
3718:pattern
3713:methods
3688:culture
3671:Design
3482:Modular
3335:Diffuse
3256:Closure
2978:Ceramic
2636:Signage
2519:Outline
2456:Commons
2152:Sunroof
2104:Suicide
2099:Sliding
2094:Scissor
2035:Tonneau
2020:Spoiler
1927:Chassis
1729:xj13.eu
1380:H-point
1141:Ferrari
1103:Porsche
1077:Karmann
1040:Bauhaus
1019:Germany
954:Triumph
883:Peugeot
875:Renault
859:Citroën
851:Bugatti
774:removed
759:sources
721:Detroit
686:Gremlin
682:AMC AMX
618:tailfin
512:History
415:A 1986
362:fashion
355:texture
343:leather
179:coaches
96:scholar
5150:Portal
4859:Brazil
4819:Mexico
4807:Canada
4762:Sweden
4740:Serbia
4728:Russia
4711:Poland
4660:France
4626:Europe
4602:Turkey
4585:Taiwan
4568:Russia
4438:Africa
4303:studio
4288:review
4268:museum
4191:change
3999:Awards
3872:Sketch
3857:Mockup
3837:CAutoD
3778:Awards
3743:theory
3733:sprint
3708:marker
3673:choice
3047:&
3045:design
2881:design
2789:design
2671:design
2589:Motion
2551:design
2508:Design
2466:Portal
2336:hidden
2084:Canopy
1993:Pillar
1974:shaker
1959:Grille
1952:skirts
1947:ponton
1942:Fender
1915:Dagmar
1910:Bumper
1785:
1766:
1649:
1536:
1483:
1282:, and
1195:, and
1166:Korean
1145:Lancia
1071:, and
1006:Jaguar
1000:, and
988:, and
976:, and
928:, and
847:France
831:France
815:Until
734:Europe
692:, and
688:, the
651:Auburn
645:, and
643:Avanti
347:carpet
339:fabric
331:paints
190:design
181:, and
171:trucks
146:(AMC).
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4750:Spain
4694:Italy
4529:Japan
4507:India
4491:China
4450:Kenya
4445:Egypt
4186:brief
4073:Agile
3792:Tools
3769:Tools
3407:For X
3043:Other
2962:Other
2419:Theft
2400:Legal
2379:power
2240:spare
2225:Parts
2167:wiper
2119:Glass
2071:Doors
1969:scoop
1658:(PDF)
1647:S2CID
1627:(PDF)
1284:Zetor
1280:Praga
1272:Tatra
1264:Skoda
1157:Turin
1124:from
1113:Italy
1027:1972
901:1981
719:from
690:Pacer
568:head
351:Color
246:OScar
175:buses
157:) of
103:JSTOR
89:books
5140:List
4907:Data
4524:Iran
4479:Asia
4263:load
4258:life
4238:firm
3825:CAID
3693:flow
3609:TRIZ
3497:Open
2369:Horn
2109:Swan
2013:rack
2008:Roof
1964:Hood
1878:Body
1869:cars
1783:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1741:2014
1666:2014
1609:2014
1578:2014
1547:2014
1534:ISBN
1513:2014
1481:ISBN
1268:Jawa
1251:and
1213:Saab
1164:and
1101:The
1084:Audi
1044:Nazi
1004:for
996:and
992:for
984:for
962:Ford
956:and
853:and
757:any
755:cite
711:and
705:Ford
657:and
398:and
327:trim
266:trim
194:team
183:vans
75:news
4415:Car
3820:CAD
3800:AAD
3577:SOD
3557:RWD
3427:HCD
2894:EED
2743:EID
1639:doi
944:by
936:by
845:In
768:by
659:812
58:by
5167::
4498:,
1727:.
1708:.
1704:.
1682:.
1653:.
1645:.
1635:19
1633:.
1629:.
1599:.
1595:.
1564:.
1278:,
1276:CZ
1274:,
1270:,
1266:,
1199:.
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1172:.
1151:,
1147:,
1143:,
1086:.
1079:.
1067:,
1063:,
1008:.
972:,
960:.
958:MG
924:,
881:.
700:.
661:.
337:,
333:,
285:,
216:.
185:.
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
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4382:v
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
1850:e
1843:t
1836:v
1791:.
1772:.
1743:.
1668:.
1641::
1611:.
1580:.
1549:.
1515:.
1489:.
795:)
789:(
784:)
780:(
776:.
762:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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