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78:
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20:
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eliminated by reducing overlap between side and rear-view mirrors by adjusting side mirrors so the side of the car is barely visible when your head is between the front seats (for the passenger-side mirror) and almost touching the driver's window (for the driver-side mirror), then checking to be sure
598:
Blind spots also exist around trams (streetcars/trolleys) and trains (locomotives with railway carriages and multiple units). Heavier rolling stocks can have up to several meters of blind spot. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a train. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed
426:
and making the car body stronger in a frontal collision, at the expense of reducing driver visibility in a 180° field of view from left to right. A flatter A-pillar (and therefore windscreen) is also a factor when calculating the effects of a collision with a pedestrian. In general, a flatter angle
145:
classes and takes some getting used to. Calculated elimination of blind spots by properly trained drivers is inexpensive and obviates the need for costly technological solutions to that problem, provided drivers take the time to set up and use their mirrors effectively. The arrangement—pointing the
667:
Blind spots also exist around aircraft (helicopters, airships, airplanes, gliders). When the aircraft (airplane) accelerates for take off, the size of the blind spot below fuselage increases. Heavier aircraft can have up to several meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual
578:
Other design factors may prevent a manufacturer from maximizing visibility. These include safety, as narrower pillars cannot be made strong as easily as thicker pillars, and size restraints about aerodynamics, as taller, more vertical windshields create additional drag and reduce fuel efficiency.
358:
are curved, which makes it possible to design vertical A-pillars that give the driver maximum forward visibility. However, it is impossible to design an aerodynamic small car with a vertical A-pillar because the more vertical the A-pillar is, the less space the door opening has, and the greater
639:
Blind spots also exist in front of boats and ships. When the boat accelerates, the bow rises, increasing the size of the blind spot. Large vessels can have up to several hundreds of meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a ship. To address this, cameras are
161:, particularly involving pedestrians, children, and objects directly aft of a vehicle. That area has been called a "killing zone". These problems are the object of several technological solutions, including (in rough order of technological complexity, simplest first):
477:
visibility problems. In some cars, the windshield is fillet with the roof-line with a big radius. A fillet round A-pillar can give a tall driver visibility problems. Also sometimes the A-pillar can block the driver from seeing motorcyclists.
185:. A similar problem attaches to positions left and right of a vehicle's rear bumper as the driver attempts to back out of a parking space. Specially designed cross-traffic alert warning systems have been developed to address these.
496:
A driver may reduce the size of a blind spot or eliminate it by turning their head in the direction of the obstruction. This allows the driver to see better around the obstruction and allows the driver better depth perception.
225:
areas towards the rear of the vehicle on both sides. Vehicles in the adjacent lanes of the road that fall into these blind spots may not be visible using only the car's mirrors. Rear quarter blind spots can be:
90:
Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses, trucks, agricultural equipment, heavy equipment, boats, ships, trams and trains. Blind spots may occur in the front of the driver when the
149:
However, one source considers that method a driving mistake and claims it is even more dangerous than not using it, because it creates other blind spots directly behind the vehicle—nine reasons are listed,
146:
side-view mirrors substantially outboard in a fixed mechanical formula—is relatively simple to achieve. Still, it takes some knowledgeable effort and getting used to it. It is reputed to be a lifesaver.
599:
around the train driver's cab to cover the missing field of view during coupling/decoupling between locomotives and railcars, multiple units, special railway equipments or another locomotives.
1267:
1359:
245:
Other areas that are sometimes called blind spots are those that are too low to see behind, in front, or to the sides of a vehicle, especially those with a high seating point.
1488:
121:
is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks (locomotives and multiple units), where the train driver cannot see. Accidents frequently occur in blind zones.
1295:
1268:"See It, Hear It, Feel It: Ford Seeks Most Effective Driver Warnings for Active Safety Technology. Increased warnings indicate potentially hazardous lane changes"
427:
will result in a more gentle impact, directing the pedestrian "up and over" rather than directly into the windscreen. This is particularly true for cars like the
335:
is approximately 40 degrees with a straight pillar that is not too thick. This gives the car a strong, aerodynamic body with an adequately sized front door.
1271:
1562:
269:
This diagram shows the blocked view in a horizontal plane in front of the driver. The front-end blind spots caused by this can create problems in
1161:
828:
759:
1355:
107:
may reduce visibility. Proper adjusting of mirrors and using other technical solutions can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots.
668:
range of an aircraft. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the aircraft to cover the missing field of view.
1375:
1041:"The Geometry of Automotive Rearview Mirrors - Why Blind Zones Exist and Strategies to Overcome Them – SAE Technical Paper 950601"
1466:
1310:
221:
or side mirrors (expecting that the side mirrors are properly adjusted on a passenger auto – see above). The most common are the
38:
is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly seen by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances. In
1323:
141:
The side view mirrors of a car should be adjusted to reduce blind spots on the sides. The method is frequently overlooked in
1400:
114:
is one of several areas around a large truck, where the truck driver cannot see. Collisions frequently occur in no zones.
1292:
876:
1009:
678:
1333:
1096:
739:
197:
The blue car's driver sees the green car through the mirrors but cannot see the red car without turning to check the
1240:
1132:
582:
Side radar systems offer better performance and also warn of fast-approaching vehicles entering the blind spot.
1510:
749:
124:
1566:
579:
They also include fashion and cost, whereby design and appearance considerations can be deemed preeminent.
419:
from 1993 to 2002 had a windshield angle of 68° with the vertical, which equals just 22° with the horizon.
1190:
976:
157:
Rearward invisibility is an entirely different matter. The area directly behind vehicles is the source of
1647:
1536:
728:
1587:
1676:
1427:"A Novel Method of Near-Miss Event Detection with Software Defined RADAR in Improving Railyard Safety"
615:
Blind spots also exist around heavy equipment (excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, cranes, etc.).
1425:
Subharthi
Banerjee; Jose Santos; Michael Hempel; Pejman Ghasemzadeh; Hamid Sharif (14 August 2019).
1356:
http://esvc000873.wic017u.server-web.com/iPublish/archives/1/080.010.020/83/fs_nx_general_pack_8.pdf
1226:
1076:
917:
607:
Blind spots also exist around agricultural equipment (utility tractors, combine harvesters, etc.).
129:
1681:
813:
411:
Some modern car designs have an extremely flat A-pillar angle with the horizon. For example, the
46:
can see and identify prominent objects around the vehicle. Visibility is primarily determined by
1628:
512:
However, with the top down there are no B or C pillars, improving visibility behind the driver.
788:
338:
331:
Most passenger cars have a diagonal pillar in the side view. The angle between the horizon and
1424:
1213:
1063:
428:
142:
893:"Wide-angle driver visibility and safety innovations distinguish Volvo BeeVan Truck Concept"
567:
403:
1358:
NX General
Packaging Intelligent Tools for Automotive Mechanical and Occupancy Packaging]
8:
764:
364:
332:
278:
71:
1379:
16:
Area around vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver while at the controls
698:
488:
448:
Other traffic can not see the driver through the reflection if the driver can see them.
103:
block a driver's view of the road. Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional
1613:
944:
434:
314:
1448:
1329:
918:"California Driver Handbook - Sharing the Road—Trucker's Blind Spots - The "No Zone""
754:
683:
505:
Because there is no roof connection between the A- and B-pillars, the A-pillars of a
282:
55:
547:
It is best if the inside of the A-pillar has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface.
1438:
1194:
1044:
803:
798:
688:
423:
416:
412:
218:
166:
162:
158:
100:
96:
1489:"Long Range Visual and Digital Rail Visibility with Optical-IR-Radar Technologies"
1293:
Automobile Blind-Spot
Monitoring System, Tri-City Insurance News, January 27, 2006
956:, which includes good illustrations of vision zones involved in proper adjustment.
520:
1363:
1299:
880:
793:
774:
744:
178:
640:
sometimes placed in the front of the vessel to cover the missing field of view.
1241:"The danger of blind zones: The area behind your vehicle can be a killing zone"
708:
850:
643:
Blind spots exist where areas behind the sail are obscured from the view of a
1670:
1452:
1191:"State Drivers' Manuals Can Kill Your Kids, SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0445"
1128:
1124:
873:
713:
693:
536:
A small dashboard gives some reflection on the lower part of the windshield.
470:
234:
193:
182:
631:
623:
241:
you can see cars approaching from behind on either side when on the highway.
77:
783:
734:
723:
594:
Generic warning sign used to warn about blind spots around trams and trains
360:
170:
154:, when backing up—which are impossible to eliminate by a "shoulder check".
104:
67:
1443:
1426:
1198:
823:
779:
656:
506:
285:. Front-end blind spots are influenced by the following design criteria:
274:
703:
659:; consequently, transparent windows are sometimes sewn into the sails.
652:
550:
If the side of the window is curved there is less A-pillar reflection.
533:
It is best if the dashboard has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface.
385:
354:
253:
210:
59:
51:
19:
261:
818:
63:
42:, driver visibility is the maximum distance at which the driver of a
39:
1467:"Avante Grade Crossing Visibility and Blind Spot Visibility Systems"
469:
An A-pillar that is split up and has a small triangle window (Front
230:
checked by turning one's head briefly (risking rear-end collisions),
1048:
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563:
482:
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380:
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92:
23:
892:
769:
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The driver cannot reach the whole flat window to clean it easily.
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The flat windshield angle does not let the snow slide off easily.
442:
270:
206:
47:
43:
1040:
438:
Car with a "quarter glass", Visibility of short and tall drivers
217:
that cannot be seen while looking forward or through either the
136:
58:. The parts of a vehicle that influence visibility include the
81:
Traffic sign is used in some countries to warn of a blind spot
808:
451:
The heater needs more time to heat the bigger window surface.
422:
A flatter A-pillar's advantages include reducing the overall
374:
174:
1537:"Highway Work Zone Safety Construction Equipment Visibility"
485:
can block the vision of a tall driver in small 4-door cars.
214:
1378:. Smart Learner Driving School. 2013-01-20. Archived from
920:. State of California—Department of Motor Vehicles. 2017
1654:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1043:. Detroit, Michigan: Society of Automotive Engineers.
298:
The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane front view
1270:. Gale, Cengage Learning/Free Library. Archived from
1097:"Adjust Your Car Mirrors Properly To Avoid Accidents"
566:
through the roof lights up the dashboard and gives a
539:
A big dashboard can give a reflection on eye height.
295:
The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane side view
265:
An accident caused in part by an A-pillar blind spot.
1153:
370:Examples of cars with an almost vertical A-pillar:
1265:
573:
1010:"How to Adjust Your Mirrors to Avoid Blind Spots"
509:automobile have to be stronger and even thicker.
1668:
553:
1133:"A Great New Way to Set Your Side View Mirrors"
346:
1348:
1162:"Setting Outside Mirrors to the Correct Angle"
1123:
1007:
500:
443:Other disadvantages of a flat windshield angle
301:the form of the pillar is straight or arc-form
829:Work-related road safety in the United States
760:Objects in mirror are closer than they appear
85:
1565:. State of Maine. 2002-02-28. Archived from
1008:Quiroga, Tony; Philpot, Chris (March 2010).
137:Adjusting mirrors to reduce side blind spots
1614:"How To Eliminate The Dreaded "Blind Spot""
1588:"The Dangers of the Blind Spot in Aviation"
1119:
1117:
945:"How To Eliminate The Dreaded "Blind Spot""
939:
937:
935:
431:which also have a low angled engine cover.
407:Flat A-pillar bars reduce driver visibility
326:
466:Driver height can also affect visibility.
342:Vertical A-pillar having small blind spots
289:Distance between the driver and the pillar
233:reduced by installing mirrors with larger
1442:
1233:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
602:
515:
70:. Good driver visibility is essential to
1511:"Learn about the dangers of blind spots"
1114:
1090:
1088:
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970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
932:
655:. This is especially true when they are
630:
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487:
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402:
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307:Height of the driver about the dashboard
260:
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192:
123:
76:
18:
1321:
1184:
1182:
1038:
975:Jensen, Christopher (August 18, 2009).
528:
461:
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201:(the mirrors are not properly adjusted)
1669:
1094:
1027:
994:
974:
542:
1325:Camaro - Steve Statham - Google Books
1083:
959:
248:
95:(also called the windshield pillar),
1648:"Construction Equipment Blind Areas"
1259:
1188:
1179:
1159:
1095:Pinola, Melanie (December 6, 2011).
1039:Platzer, George (February 1, 1995).
558:Some new model cars have a very big
492:Turning your head reduces blind spot
128:A split rear window blind spot on a
1193:. Society of Automotive Engineers.
635:A blind spot in a (large) motorboat
585:
213:, blind spots are the areas of the
13:
1311:smart micro – Blind Spot Detection
679:Advanced driver-assistance systems
618:
610:
14:
1693:
1606:
1491:. Avante International Technology
1469:. Avante International Technology
740:Intelligent Parking Assist System
188:
1166:Driving Myths and Misconceptions
627:A blind spot in a (large) vessel
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1529:
1503:
1481:
1459:
1418:
1393:
1368:
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1304:
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574:Other automobile design factors
1189:Wren, Eddie (April 16, 2007).
910:
885:
867:
843:
1:
836:
750:Lane departure warning system
554:Light through roof reflection
524:Sunlight dashboard reflection
1401:"Blind spot offenders named"
1328:. MotorBooks International.
347:Panoramic vertical A-pillars
7:
1629:"Public Awareness: Posters"
1266:Ford Motor Company (2008).
729:Experimental Safety Vehicle
671:
662:
501:Visibility in a convertible
10:
1698:
1298:December 13, 2009, at the
86:Conditions for blind spots
977:"Are Blind Spots a Myth?"
879:February 7, 2007, at the
310:Speed of the opposite car
223:rear quarter blind spots,
1652:Highway Work Zone Safety
1376:"Blindspots and Mirrors"
1362:October 1, 2007, at the
327:Types of A-pillar design
130:Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross
1563:"State v. Warren Haven"
1322:Statham, Steve (1998).
851:"Blind spot definition"
814:Train protection system
367:the vehicle will have.
304:Angle of the windshield
292:Thickness of the pillar
273:situations, such as in
1221:Cite journal requires
1071:Cite journal requires
789:Positive train control
636:
628:
603:Agricultural equipment
595:
525:
516:Windshield reflections
493:
439:
408:
343:
323:
266:
258:
202:
133:
82:
27:
1444:10.3390/safety5030055
855:Thefreedictionary.com
634:
626:
593:
523:
491:
437:
429:Mercedes-Benz A-Class
406:
341:
317:
264:
256:
196:
127:
80:
22:
1199:10.4271/2007-01-0445
1160:Wren, Eddie (2003).
831:for trucks and buses
529:Dashboard reflection
462:Height of the driver
399:Flat A-pillar design
765:Omniview technology
570:in the windshield.
543:A-pillar reflection
365:coefficient of drag
257:A-pillar blind spot
1633:workzonesafety.org
981:The New York Times
782:vertical A-pillar
699:Blind spot monitor
637:
629:
596:
526:
494:
440:
409:
344:
324:
267:
259:
249:Forward visibility
203:
143:driver's education
134:
83:
36:vehicle blind spot
28:
1677:Automotive safety
1543:. 2 November 2021
755:Laser rangefinder
684:Automatic parking
473:) can give short
394:from 1954 to 1959
159:backup collisions
72:safe road traffic
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1274:on July 30, 2017
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1245:Consumer Reports
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804:Side-view mirror
799:Rear-view mirror
689:Backup collision
586:Trams and trains
562:. Sometimes the
424:drag coefficient
417:Chevrolet Camaro
413:Pontiac Firebird
377:Step Bus Concept
167:side-view mirror
163:rear-view mirror
101:rear-view mirror
97:side-view mirror
56:vehicle's design
50:conditions (see
34:in a vehicle or
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794:Precrash system
775:Parking sensors
745:Intelligent car
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619:Boats and ships
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611:Heavy equipment
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351:The sides of a
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329:
322:bar blind spots
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179:parking sensors
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17:
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1682:Railway safety
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1607:External links
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1517:. 26 July 2019
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1223:|journal=
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1129:Magliozzi, Ray
1125:Magliozzi, Tom
1113:
1101:Car and Driver
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1073:|journal=
1049:10.4271/950601
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1014:Car and Driver
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283:road crossings
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235:fields-of-view
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189:Motor vehicles
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99:, or interior
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1656:. Retrieved
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1592:. Retrieved
1590:. Atlas Blue
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1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
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1407:. 2006-08-07
1405:Auto Express
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1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
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1249:. Retrieved
1247:. April 2014
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901:. Retrieved
899:. 2007-03-09
896:
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858:. Retrieved
854:
845:
784:Ferrari P4/5
735:Fresnel lens
724:Dry steering
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1547:15 November
1171:January 14,
924:October 15,
824:Wing mirror
780:Pininfarina
657:heeled over
507:convertible
390:Almost all
275:roundabouts
54:) and by a
1671:Categories
1573:2009-10-06
1521:23 October
1473:12 January
1411:2011-11-13
1386:2014-02-10
1341:2011-11-13
1278:August 11,
1106:August 29,
903:2011-11-13
897:Gizmag.com
860:2011-11-13
837:References
704:Car safety
653:windsurfer
568:reflection
481:Also, the
386:School bus
355:windshield
353:panoramic
318:40° angle
211:automobile
205:As one is
199:blind spot
119:blind zone
60:windshield
52:visibility
32:blind spot
26:blind spot
1658:August 9,
1619:August 9,
1594:5 October
1515:Farms.com
1495:4 October
1453:2313-576X
1437:(3): 55.
1145:August 9,
1054:August 9,
1019:August 9,
986:August 9,
950:August 9,
819:Volvo SCC
392:Cadillacs
219:rear-view
64:dashboard
40:transport
1360:Archived
1296:Archived
1140:Car Talk
877:Archived
672:See also
663:Aircraft
649:sailboat
645:helmsman
564:sunlight
483:B-pillar
381:Saab 900
333:A-pillar
320:A-pillar
93:A-pillar
66:and the
24:A-pillar
1541:cdc.gov
874:Fasimod
770:Parking
719:Dooring
560:sunroof
271:traffic
207:driving
112:no zone
105:pillars
68:pillars
48:weather
44:vehicle
1638:7 July
1451:
1431:Safety
1332:
475:driver
281:, and
181:, and
62:, the
1136:(PDF)
809:Sonar
731:(ESV)
647:on a
375:Honda
175:sonar
1660:2013
1640:2022
1621:2013
1596:2023
1549:2021
1523:2021
1497:2022
1475:2022
1449:ISSN
1330:ISBN
1280:2013
1253:2021
1227:help
1206:2021
1173:2015
1147:2013
1108:2014
1077:help
1056:2013
1021:2013
988:2013
952:2013
926:2017
415:and
363:and
237:, or
215:road
152:e.g.
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