304:
132:
problems start to occur at the lower engine speeds. Opening the intake valve while the exhaust valve is still open may cause unburnt fuel to exit the engine, leading to lower engine performance and increased emissions. According to engineer David Vizard's book "Building
Horsepower", when both intake & exhaust are open simultaneously, the much-higher-pressure exhaust pushes the intake-charge back, out from the cylinder, polluting the intake-manifold with exhaust, in worst cases.
974:
shifting area of the cam lobe which is in contact with the follower, the lift and duration can be continuously altered. This is achieved by moving the camshaft axially (sliding it across the engine) so a stationary follower is exposed to a varying lobe profile to produce different amounts of lift and duration. The downside to this arrangement is that the cam and follower profiles must be carefully designed to minimise contact stress (due to the varying profile).
281:
to fill the cylinder is relatively high, so Early intake valve closing greatly reduces pumping losses. Studies have shown early intake valve closing reduces pumping losses by 40%, and increases fuel economy by 7%. It also reduced nitric oxide emissions by 24% at partial load conditions. A possible downside to early intake valve closing is that it significantly lowers the temperature of the combustion chamber, which can increase hydrocarbon emissions.
609:
177:
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that of each lobe alone) and when at the extreme extent of their misalignment the duration is at a maximum. The basic limitation of the scheme is that only a duration variation equal to that of the lobe nose true radius (in camshaft degrees or double this value in crankshaft degrees) is possible. In practice this type of variable cam has a maximum range of duration variation of about forty crankshaft degrees.
295:
control how much exhaust gas is left in the cylinder. By holding the exhaust valve open slightly longer, the cylinder is emptied more and ready to be filled with a bigger air/fuel charge on the intake stroke. By closing the valve slightly early, more exhaust gas remains in the cylinder which increases fuel efficiency. This allows for more efficient operation under all conditions.
22:
288:
flow out of the cylinder via the intake valve, where it cools momentarily in the intake manifold. This inert gas then fills the cylinder in the subsequent intake stroke, which aids in controlling the temperature of the cylinder and nitric oxide emissions. It also improves volumetric efficiency, because there is less exhaust gas to be expelled on the exhaust stroke.
1012:
The operating principle is that the one follower spans the pair of closely spaced lobes. Up to the angular limit of the nose radius the follower 'sees' the combined surface of the two lobes as a continuous, smooth surface. When the lobes are exactly aligned the duration is at a minimum (and equal to
973:
This system consists of a cam lobe that varies along its length (similar to a cone shape). One end of the cam lobe has a short duration/reduced lift profile, and the other end has a longer duration/greater lift profile. In between, the lobe provides a smooth transition between these two profiles. By
958:
The advantage of this system is that duration can be varied independent of lift (however this system does not vary lift). The drawback is two eccentric drives and controllers are needed for each cylinder (one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves), which increases complexity and cost.
294:
Early and late exhaust valve closing timing can be manipulated to reduce emissions. Traditionally, the exhaust valve opens, and exhaust gas is pushed out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold by the piston as it travels upward. By manipulating the timing of the exhaust valve, engineers can
452:
Patent 767,794 “INLET VALVE GEAR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES” filed August 3, 1903, and granted August 16, 1904. Some time prior to 1919 Lawrence
Pomeroy, Vauxhall's Chief Designer, had designed a 4.4 L engine for a proposed replacement for the existing 30-98 model to be called the H-Type.
443:
first became apparent in the 1920s when maximum allowable RPM limits were generally starting to rise. Until about this time an engine's idle RPM and its operating RPM were very similar, meaning that there was little need for variable valve duration. The first use of variable valve timing was on the
280:
Another way to decrease the pumping losses associated with low engine speed, high vacuum conditions is by closing the intake valve earlier than normal. This involves closing the intake valve midway through the intake stroke. Air/fuel demands are so low at low-load conditions and the work required
1067:
This system utilizes the engine lube oil to control the closure of inlet valve. The intake valve opening mechanism incorporates a valve tappet and a piston inside a chamber. There is a solenoid valve controlled by the engine control system which gets energized and supplies oil through a non-return
1033:
It has a similar principle to the previous type, and can use the same base duration lobe profile. However instead of rotation in a single plane, the adjustment is both axial and rotational giving a helical or three-dimensional aspect to its movement. This movement overcomes the restricted duration
269:
The first variation of continuous variable valve timing involves holding the intake valve open slightly longer than a traditional engine. This results in the piston actually pushing air out of the cylinder and back into the intake manifold during the compression stroke. The air which is expelled
988:
It consists of two (closely spaced) parallel camshafts, with a pivoting follower that spans both camshafts and is acted on by two lobes simultaneously. Each camshaft has a phasing mechanism which allows its angular position relative to the engine's crankshaft to be adjusted. One lobe controls the
287:
Early intake valve opening is another variation that has significant potential to reduce emissions. In a traditional engine, a process called valve overlap is used to aid in controlling the cylinder temperature. By opening the intake valve early, some of the inert/combusted exhaust gas will back
924:
These designs use an oscillating or rocking motion in a part cam lobe, which acts on a follower. This follower then opens and closes the valve. Some oscillating cam systems use a conventional cam lobe, while others use an eccentric cam lobe and a connecting rod. The principle is similar to steam
996:
At long duration settings, one lobe may be starting to reduce its lift as the other is still increasing. This has the effect of lessening the overall lift and possibly causing dynamic problems. One company claims to have solved the uneven rate of opening of the valve problem to some extent thus
915:
type, using a device known as a variator which changes the phase (Phase refers to the relative timing between the inlet and exhaust camshafts, expressed as an angular measure.) of the camshaft and valves. This allows continuous adjustment of the cam timing (although many early systems only used
484:
was the first auto manufacturer to patent a functional automotive variable valve timing system which included variable lift. Developed by
Giovanni Torazza in the late 1960s, the system used hydraulic pressure to vary the fulcrum of the cam followers (US Patent 3,641,988). The hydraulic pressure
131:
An engine requires large amounts of air when operating at high speeds. However, the intake valves may close before enough air has entered each combustion chamber, reducing performance. On the other hand, if the camshaft keeps the valves open for longer periods of time, as with a racing cam,
1068:
valve during the time of cam lift and the oil gets filled in the chamber and the return channel to the sump is blocked by the valve tappet. During the downward movement of the cam, at a particular instant, the return passage opens and the oil pressure gets released to the engine sump.
339:
The main factor preventing this technology from wide use in production automobiles is the ability to produce a cost-effective means of controlling the valve timing under the conditions internal to an engine. An engine operating at 3000 revolutions per minute will rotate the
90:, the valve timing is the same for all engine speeds and conditions, therefore compromises are necessary. An engine equipped with a variable valve timing actuation system is freed from this constraint, allowing performance to be improved over the engine operating range.
270:
fills the manifold with higher pressure, and on subsequent intake strokes the air which is taken in is at a higher pressure. Late intake valve closing has been shown to reduce pumping losses by 40% during partial load conditions, and to decrease nitric oxide (
1131:
Hong, H. (2004). Review and analysis of variable valve timing strategies - eight ways to approach. Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 218(10), 1179–1200. Available at
548:
Variable valve timing has been applied to motorcycle engines but was considered a non-useful "technological showpiece" as late as 2004 due to the system's weight penalty. Since then, motorcycles including VVT have included the
1174:
407:
steamcars produced very hot high pressure steam, requiring poppet valves, and these used a patented sliding camshaft mechanism, which not only varied the inlet valve cut-off but allowed the engine to be reversed.
159:
is rotated forwards or backwards relative to the crankshaft. Thus the valves open and close earlier or later; however, the camshaft lift and duration cannot be altered solely with a cam-phasing system.
143:
More advanced "continuous variable valve timing" systems offer continuous (infinite) adjustment of the valve timing. Therefore, the timing can be optimized to suit all engine speeds and conditions.
928:
The advantage of this design is that adjustment of lift and duration is continuous. However, in these systems, lift is proportional to duration, so lift and duration cannot be separately adjusted.
470:
made application for a German Patent, also applied for and published as
British Patent GB861369 in 1959. The Porsche patent used an oscillating cam to increase the valve lift and duration. The
1034:
range in the previous type. The duration range is theoretically unlimited but typically would be of the order of one hundred crankshaft degrees, which is sufficient to cover most situations.
380:
Early approaches to variable cutoff coupled variations in admission cutoff with variations in exhaust cutoff. Admission and exhaust cutoff were decoupled with the development of the
1160:
1016:
This is the principle behind what seems to be the very first variable cam suggestion appearing in the USPTO patent files in 1925 (1527456). The "Clemson camshaft" is of this type.
955:
which slows and speeds up the angular speed of the cam lobe during its rotation. Arranging the lobe to slow during its open period is equivalent to lengthening its duration.
431:
engine had a
Variable Valve Timing system consisting of two cams that can be selected by the pilot. One for take off, pursuit and escape, the other for economical cruising.
1113:
Wu, B. (2007). A simulation-based approach for developing optimal calibrations for engines with variable valve actuation. Oil and Gas
Science and Technology, 62(4), 539–553.
513:
alters the phasing of the camshaft, VTEC switches to a separate cam profile at high engine speeds to improve peak power. The first VTEC engine Honda produced was the
585:
In 2007, Caterpillar developed the C13 and C15 Acert engines which used VVT technology to reduce NOx emissions, to avoid the use of EGR after 2002 EPA requirements.
495:
2000 had a mechanical VVT system. The system was engineered by Ing
Giampaolo Garcea in the 1970s. All Alfa Romeo Spider models from 1983 onward used electronic VVT.
897:
system. VTEC changes hydraulic pressure to actuate a pin that locks the high lift, high duration rocker arm to an adjacent low lift, low duration rocker arm(s).
1793:
140:
Early variable valve timing systems used discrete (stepped) adjustment. For example, one timing would be used below 3500 rpm and another used above 3500 rpm.
2345:
453:
In this engine the single overhead camshaft was to move longitudinally to allow different camshaft lobes to be engaged. It was in the 1920s that the first
989:
opening of a valve and the other controls the closing of the same valve, therefore variable duration is achieved through the spacing of these two events.
403:
came into use. With such engines, variable cutoff could be achieved with variable profile cams that were shifted along the camshaft by the governor. The
1086:
384:. These were widely used in constant speed variable load stationary engines, with admission cutoff, and therefore torque, mechanically controlled by a
886:
This method uses two cam profiles, with an actuator to swap between the profiles (usually at a specific engine speed). Cam switching can also provide
619:
Manufacturers use many different names to describe their implementation of the various types of variable valve timing systems. These names include:
427:
of the early 1920s incorporated variable valve timing gear, mainly to vary the inlet valve timing in connection with higher compression ratios. The
1030:
Also known as "combined two shaft coaxial combined profile with helical movement", this system is not known to be used in any production engines.
491:
was the first manufacturer to use a variable valve timing system in production cars (US Patent 4,231,330). The fuel injected models of the 1980
1470:
536:, which was the first system to provide continuous adjustment (all previous systems used discrete adjustment). The system was released in the
116:
of the valve opening and closing, relative to the position of the crankshaft, is important. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through
577:'s VVT marine engine uses a cam phaser, controlled by the ECM, which continuously varies advancement or retardation of the camshaft timing.
344:
25 times per second, so the valve timing events have to occur at precise times to offer performance benefits. Electromagnetic and pneumatic
1786:
1645:
86:. The timing, duration and lift of these valve events has a significant impact on engine performance. Without variable valve timing or
3007:
1051:
Engine designs which do not rely on a camshaft to operate the valves have greater flexibility in achieving variable valve timing and
977:
Ferrari is commonly associated with this system, however it is unknown whether any production models to date have used this system.
245:
2338:
348:
valve actuators offer the greatest control of precise valve timing, but, in 2016, are not cost-effective for production vehicles.
217:
187:
1133:
1190:"REPORT No. 272: THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OBTAINED WITH SEVERAL METHODS OF CONTROL OF AN OVERCOMPRESSED ENGINE USING GASOLINE"
2913:
1779:
224:
1436:
1037:
The cam is reportedly difficult and expensive to produce, requiring very accurate helical machining and careful assembly.
163:
Achieving variable duration on a VVT system requires a complex system, such as multiple cam profiles or oscillating cams.
2331:
48:, and is often used to improve performance, fuel economy or emissions. It is increasingly being used in combination with
2852:
1245:
231:
1904:
1565:
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systems. There are many ways in which this can be achieved, ranging from mechanical devices to electro-hydraulic and
377:, that is, changes to the time at which the admission of steam to the cylinders is cut off during the power stroke.
906:
1210:
213:
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systems. Increasingly strict emissions regulations are causing many automotive manufacturers to use VVT systems.
3002:
2530:
1394:
202:
2769:
2827:
825:
445:
63:
274:) emissions by 24%. Peak engine torque showed only a 1% decline, and hydrocarbon emissions were unchanged.
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1997:
1924:
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engines, where the amount of steam entering the cylinder was regulated by the steam "cut-off" point.
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1914:
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238:
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The history of the search for a method of variable valve opening duration goes back to the age of
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1934:
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changed according to engine speed and intake pressure. The typical opening variation was 37%.
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1959:
1919:
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952:
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V-8 from the 1910s used a sliding camshaft to change the valve timing. Some versions of the
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2007:
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for variable duration valve opening started appearing – for example United States patent
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49:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2738:
2535:
2117:
1987:
1982:
1939:
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1172:
Improvements in Valve Gear for Single-Acting Steam
Engines, UK Patent 190005128, 1900,
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The desirability of being able to vary the valve opening duration to match an engine's
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2431:
2107:
1992:
1977:
1954:
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1287:"Timing variator for the timing system of a reciprocating internal combustion engine"
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and variable duration, however the adjustment is discrete rather than continuous.
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1689:"Performance Buildups" Magazine Vol.15 No.1 Pages 30–35 Author: Paul Tuzson
1461:
Medium/Heavy Duty Truck
Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems
1438:
Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems
396:
362:
125:
41:
1311:
2976:
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2588:
2545:
2475:
2084:
1889:
1830:
1087:"Regulations for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Passenger Cars and Trucks"
1000:
Size of the system, due to the parallel shafts, the larger followers etc.
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663:
574:
558:
537:
526:
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79:
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discrete adjustment), however the duration and lift cannot be adjusted.
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is the only manufacturer that has released engines using this system.
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2644:
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2426:
2406:
2242:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2150:
2145:
1403:
1055:. The only production car that uses the camless design so far is the
793:
608:
522:
176:
29:. This engine uses continuously variable timing for the inlet valves
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2132:
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832:
803:
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680:
573:
Variable valve timing has begun to trickle down to marine engines.
533:
400:
341:
156:
101:
2953:
2837:
1707:"Fast Fours" Magazine July 2004 pages 100–108 Author: Paul Tuzson
1698:"Two Wheels" Magazine July 2008 pages 74–75 Author Jeremy Bowdler
1046:
779:
467:
417:
345:
53:
1471:"Geneva 2010: Mitsubishi ASX (Outlander Sport) Debuts in Geneva"
2764:
2743:
2520:
2470:
1009:
This system is not known to be used in any production engines.
985:
This system is not known to be used in any production engines.
860:
844:
641:
507:
454:
1004:
1262:"VALVE-ACTUATING MECHANISM FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE"
866:
852:
726:
711:
693:
673:
DCVCP - dual continuous variable cam phasing (General Motors)
659:
510:
499:
97:
1801:
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1188:
Arthur W., Gardiner; William E. Whedon (25 February 1927).
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783:
765:
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623:
503:
481:
121:
21:
1187:
474:
cam driven via a push/pull rod from an eccentric shaft or
365:
when the valve opening duration was referred to as "steam
2365:
943:) oscillating cam systems act on the intake valves only.
787:
771:
746:
655:
373:, as used on early steam locomotives, supported variable
271:
647:
478:. It is unknown if any working prototype was ever made.
166:
146:
980:
741:
teuerung) - 'camshaft timing' without and with added
1556:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
877:
Methods for implementing variable valve control (VVC)
1482:
Mitsubishi Motors UK Geneva motor show 2010 presskit
1254:
1147:"Variable Valve Timing - 1886 - Practical Machinist"
893:
The first production use of this system was Honda's
596:
1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car
16:
Process of altering the timing of a valve lift event
1340:
1211:"The Forgotten Story Of Cadillac's Brass Era VTEC"
612:Hydraulic vane-type phasers on a cut-out model of
1304:
2994:
951:Eccentric cam drive systems operates through an
399:came into use, a simplified valve gear using a
78:are used to control the flow of the intake and
2353:
1464:
1428:
1389:. MotorBooks International. pp. 149–150.
600:that features a variable valve timing system.
2339:
1787:
968:
592:developed and started mass production of its
135:
112:) during each intake and exhaust cycle. The
40:) is the process of altering the timing of a
565:V3.0 (2017), the Suzuki GSX-R1000R 2017 L7.
203:introducing citations to additional sources
1005:Coaxial two shaft combined cam lobe profile
108:) the valves for a certain amount of time (
2346:
2332:
1794:
1780:
1762:MG Rover VVC article (from sandmuseum.com)
1229:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
603:
1411:"Volvo Penta Variable Valve Timing (VVT)"
676:DVT (Desmodromic variable timing, Ducati)
529:hatchback available in Japan and Europe.
2412:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1582:"HowStuffWorks - Ferrari 3D cam article"
1161:W & F Wills Patent Brickworks engine
1159:. This discusses the valve gear of the
1109:
1107:
607:
540:and operated on the intake valves only.
193:Relevant discussion may be found on the
20:
1434:
1235:
1116:
2995:
1547:
1084:
992:The drawbacks to this design include:
946:
2327:
1775:
1104:
1382:
1338:
1238:Vauxhall: Britain's Oldest Car Maker
997:allowing long duration at full lift.
911:Many production VVT systems are the
297:
170:
167:Typical effect of timing adjustments
147:Cam phasing versus variable duration
69:
1742:Honda Technology Picture Book, VTEC
1062:
1019:
981:Two shaft combined cam lobe profile
13:
1386:Motorcycle Fuel Injection Handbook
1040:
919:
532:In 1992, Porsche first introduced
416:An early experimental 200 hp
14:
3024:
1747:Delphi Variable Cam Phasers (VCP)
1735:
278:Early intake valve closing (EIVC)
155:, whereby the phase angle of the
3008:Engine valvetrain configurations
1435:Bennett, Sean (1 January 2016).
1236:Coomber, Ian (5 December 2017).
1085:US EPA, OAR (9 September 2016).
907:Variator (variable valve timing)
881:
356:
302:
292:Early/late exhaust valve closing
267:Late intake valve closing (LIVC)
186:relies largely or entirely on a
175:
2514:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1662:
1638:
1617:
1596:
1574:
1541:
1530:
1506:
1493:"Autospeed Valvetronic Article"
1485:
1476:
1455:
1376:
1365:
1347:. MBI Publishing 2001. p.
1332:
1279:
1197:Langley Aeronautical Laboratory
66:to get similar results to VVT.
1240:. Fonthill Media. p. 46.
1203:
1181:
1166:
1139:
1078:
900:
658:, but it can also be found on
543:
1:
1071:
446:Cadillac Runabout and Tonneau
434:
334:
551:Kawasaki 1400GTR/Concours 14
151:The simplest form of VVT is
7:
517:which was installed in the
411:
10:
3029:
2355:Internal combustion engine
1415:www.marineenginedigest.com
1343:Original Alfa Romeo Spider
1044:
1023:
969:Three-dimensional cam lobe
904:
506:system. While the earlier
351:
285:Early intake valve opening
136:Continuous versus discrete
76:internal combustion engine
46:internal combustion engine
2972:
2936:
2896:
2851:
2823:Diesel particulate filter
2808:
2775:Idle air control actuator
2757:
2724:
2716:Engine control unit (ECU)
2706:
2653:
2607:
2569:
2489:
2374:
2361:
2276:
2223:
2131:
2083:
2015:
2006:
1968:
1813:
1552:Engines - An Introduction
580:
568:
311:This section needs to be
2888:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2800:Throttle position sensor
2509:Overhead camshaft layout
1548:Lumley, John L. (1999).
1136:(accessed on 2022-04-29)
953:eccentric disc mechanism
869:, VVTL-i (Toyota, Lexus)
2427:Core plug (freeze plug)
1312:"Alfa Romeo Spider FAQ"
768:, i-VTEC (Honda, Acura)
604:Automotive nomenclature
555:Ducati Multistrada 1200
450:Alanson Partridge Brush
214:"Variable valve timing"
25:Cylinder head of Honda
1935:Single-acting cylinder
1868:Double-acting cylinder
616:
30:
3003:Variable valve timing
1803:Engine configurations
1767:Mechadyne VVA systems
1291:freepatentsonline.com
1266:freepatentsonline.com
1149:. Practical Machinist
1134:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
611:
460:U.S. patent 1,527,456
371:Stephenson valve gear
74:The valves within an
34:Variable valve timing
24:
2668:Compression ignition
1905:Oscillating cylinder
1757:MG Rover VVC article
1339:Rees, Chris (2001).
686:FSI, TFSI, TSI, SI (
614:Hyundai T-GDI engine
386:centrifugal governor
199:improve this article
100:which are driven by
82:into and out of the
2818:Catalytic converter
1998:Two-and four-stroke
1900:Intake over exhaust
1514:"Rover VVC Article"
1383:Wade, Adam (2004).
1053:variable valve lift
947:Eccentric cam drive
888:variable valve lift
88:variable valve lift
50:variable valve lift
3013:Motorcycle engines
2944:Knocking / pinging
2536:Combustion chamber
1752:Volvo CVVT article
1584:. 13 December 2000
828:(Nissan, Infiniti)
756:(VCT) (Alfa Romeo)
752:Variatore di fase
683:, Perodua, Wuling)
644:(Nissan, Infiniti)
617:
104:. The cams open (
84:combustion chamber
64:power valve system
31:
2990:
2989:
2959:Stratified charge
2726:Electrical system
2708:Engine management
2541:Compression ratio
2481:Starter ring gear
2380:rotating assembly
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2017:Inline / straight
1915:Overhead camshaft
1537:howstuffworks.com
1319:alfaspiderfaq.org
1057:Koenigsegg Gemera
493:Alfa Romeo Spider
332:
331:
264:
263:
249:
70:Background theory
44:lift event in an
3020:
2833:Exhaust manifold
2698:Spark plug wires
2584:Boost controller
2571:Forced induction
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2013:
2012:
2008:Cylinder layouts
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
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1687:
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1666:
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1650:
1642:
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1621:
1615:
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1612:
1610:
1600:
1594:
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1591:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1308:
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1301:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1277:
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1258:
1252:
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1233:
1227:
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1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1063:Hydraulic system
1026:Helical camshaft
1020:Helical camshaft
857:Volkswagen Group
815:Valvelift (Audi)
688:Volkswagen Group
649:
462:
441:rotational speed
327:
324:
318:
306:
305:
298:
259:
256:
250:
248:
207:
179:
171:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2968:
2964:Top dead centre
2932:
2892:
2847:
2804:
2753:
2727:
2720:
2709:
2702:
2649:
2603:
2565:
2521:Tappet / lifter
2504:Flathead layout
2494:
2485:
2379:
2370:
2357:
2352:
2322:
2313:
2272:
2219:
2127:
2079:
2002:
1964:
1809:
1800:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1718:"USPTO 6832586"
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1670:"USPTO 4771742"
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:"Mechadyne VLD"
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1625:"USPTO 5642692"
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1604:"USPTO 5052350"
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1546:
1542:
1535:
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1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:, autoguide.com
1469:
1465:
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1397:
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1268:
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1230:
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1209:
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1204:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1152:
1150:
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1130:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1041:Camless engines
1028:
1022:
1007:
983:
971:
949:
939:), and Toyota (
922:
920:Oscillating cam
909:
903:
884:
879:
606:
583:
571:
561:(2019) and the
546:
458:
437:
429:Lycoming R-7755
422:Bristol Jupiter
414:
359:
354:
337:
328:
322:
319:
316:
307:
303:
260:
254:
251:
208:
206:
192:
180:
169:
149:
138:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2970:
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2940:
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2934:
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2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2853:Cooling system
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2810:Exhaust system
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Inlet manifold
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
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2695:
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2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Fuel injection
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
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2575:
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2567:
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2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
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2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Connecting rod
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2343:
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2328:
2319:
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2315:
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2306:
2301:
2296:
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2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
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2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Overhead valve
1917:
1912:
1910:Opposed-piston
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:piston engines
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1736:External links
1734:
1731:
1730:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1661:
1637:
1616:
1595:
1573:
1566:
1540:
1529:
1505:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1447:
1427:
1402:
1395:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1331:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1247:978-1781556405
1246:
1228:
1202:
1180:
1165:
1138:
1115:
1103:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
982:
979:
970:
967:
948:
945:
921:
918:
905:Main article:
902:
899:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
872:VTVT (Hyundai)
870:
864:
837:General Motors
829:
823:
816:
813:
807:
797:
769:
763:
757:
750:
724:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
684:
677:
674:
671:
650:(developed by
645:
639:
633:
627:
605:
602:
582:
579:
570:
567:
563:Yamaha YZF-R15
545:
542:
436:
433:
413:
410:
358:
355:
353:
350:
336:
333:
330:
329:
310:
308:
301:
262:
261:
197:. Please help
183:
181:
174:
168:
165:
148:
145:
137:
134:
94:Piston engines
71:
68:
62:engines use a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:Water cooling
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2843:Oxygen sensor
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:Intake system
2756:
2750:
2749:Starter motor
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Ignition coil
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Petrol engine
2618:
2616:
2615:Diesel engine
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Blowoff valve
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2496:Cylinder head
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
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2447:
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2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
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2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Balance shaft
2385:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
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2329:
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2023:
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2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1970:Stroke cycles
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849:Maruti Suzuki
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723:Ti-VCT (Ford)
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501:
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456:
451:
447:
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425:radial engine
423:
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409:
406:
402:
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397:poppet valves
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:Corliss valve
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:steam engines
357:Steam engines
349:
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216: –
215:
211:
210:Find sources:
204:
200:
196:
190:
189:
188:single source
184:This section
182:
178:
173:
172:
164:
161:
158:
154:
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133:
129:
127:
123:
119:
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96:normally use
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:exhaust gases
77:
67:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2873:Electric fan
2673:Coil-on-plug
2599:Turbocharger
2594:Supercharger
2466:Main bearing
2456:Firing order
2446:Displacement
2392:Block heater
2376:Engine block
2364:Part of the
2363:
2299:Split-single
2085:Flat / boxer
1945:Swing-piston
1721:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1576:
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1543:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
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1457:
1437:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1385:
1378:
1367:
1342:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
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1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1183:
1168:
1151:. Retrieved
1141:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1080:
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1008:
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987:
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910:
892:
885:
738:
734:
730:
696:(Mitsubishi)
618:
587:
584:
572:
557:(2015), the
553:(2007), the
547:
531:
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139:
130:
118:timing belts
113:
109:
105:
92:
73:
58:
37:
33:
32:
18:
2897:Lubrication
2861:Air cooling
2678:Distributor
2630:Fuel filter
2608:Fuel system
2589:Intercooler
2556:Timing belt
2546:Head gasket
2476:Piston ring
1988:Five-stroke
1983:Four-stroke
1940:Split cycle
1878:Free-piston
1821:Atmospheric
1324:29 November
1217:. G/O media
1175:"Espacenet"
1091:www.epa.gov
935:), Nissan (
933:valvetronic
913:cam phasing
901:Cam phasing
743:Valvetronic
737:ckenwellen
664:Iran Khodro
575:Volvo Penta
559:BMW R1250GS
544:Motorcycles
538:Porsche 968
472:desmodromic
448:created by
390:trip valves
153:cam-phasing
2997:Categories
2949:Power band
2909:Oil filter
2883:Thermostat
2828:EGT sensor
2790:MAF sensor
2785:MAP sensor
2770:Air filter
2734:Alternator
2693:Spark plug
2625:Carburetor
2551:Rocker arm
2491:Valvetrain
2422:Crankshaft
2366:Automobile
1993:Six-stroke
1978:Two-stroke
1895:Heron head
1853:Cam engine
1723:17 January
1675:17 January
1654:17 January
1630:17 January
1609:17 January
1588:17 January
1522:17 January
1498:17 January
1420:27 October
1396:1610590945
1296:12 January
1271:12 January
1221:12 January
1072:References
941:valvematic
754:Alfa Romeo
590:Mitsubishi
489:Alfa Romeo
476:swashplate
435:Automotive
335:Challenges
225:newspapers
60:Two-stroke
2683:Glow plug
2645:Fuel tank
2640:Fuel pump
2407:Crankcase
931:The BMW (
762:(Porsche)
588:In 2010,
498:In 1989,
405:Serpollet
323:July 2019
195:talk page
102:camshafts
2982:Category
2927:Dry sump
2923:Wet sump
2914:Oil pump
2878:Radiator
2795:Throttle
2655:Ignition
2526:Camshaft
2451:Flywheel
2432:Cylinder
2417:Crankpin
1925:Pentroof
1873:Flathead
1863:Compound
1841:Rotative
1215:Jalopnik
963:MG Rover
833:Chrysler
812:(Nissan)
804:MG Rover
760:VarioCam
714:(Nissan)
700:MultiAir
681:Daihatsu
638:(Proton)
632:(Subaru)
626:(Subaru)
534:VarioCam
466:In 1958
412:Aircraft
401:camshaft
369:”. The
342:camshaft
255:May 2013
157:camshaft
110:duration
2954:Redline
2838:Muffler
2739:Battery
2663:Magneto
2133:V / Vee
1950:Uniflow
1883:Stelzer
1858:Camless
1836:Cornish
1153:4 April
1096:12 July
1047:Camless
780:Peugeot
776:Citroën
733:riable
720:(Mazda)
652:Hyundai
519:Integra
468:Porsche
455:patents
418:Clerget
367:cut-off
352:History
346:camless
313:updated
239:scholar
54:camless
2977:Portal
2765:Airbox
2744:Dynamo
2471:Piston
2461:Stroke
2440:layout
2368:series
2294:Radial
2284:Deltic
1930:Rotary
1848:Bourke
1564:
1445:
1393:
1355:
1244:
861:Toyota
845:Suzuki
841:Proton
820:Yamaha
708:(Ford)
679:DVVT (
642:CVVTCS
581:Diesel
569:Marine
525:, and
508:Nissan
375:cutoff
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
126:chains
114:timing
98:valves
2937:Other
2561:Valve
2531:Chest
2277:Other
1960:Wedge
1826:Axial
1649:(PDF)
1560:–64.
1517:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
867:VVT-i
853:Isuzu
831:VVT (
818:VVA (
794:Group
727:VANOS
712:N-VCT
702:(FCA)
694:MIVEC
668:Volvo
660:Geely
527:Civic
500:Honda
444:1903
246:JSTOR
232:books
122:gears
42:valve
27:K20Z3
2919:Sump
2436:bank
2397:Bore
1955:Watt
1890:Hemi
1831:Beam
1814:Type
1805:for
1725:2012
1677:2012
1656:2012
1632:2012
1611:2012
1590:2012
1562:ISBN
1524:2012
1500:2012
1443:ISBN
1422:2012
1391:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1326:2008
1298:2011
1273:2011
1242:ISBN
1223:2021
1155:2010
1098:2022
937:VVEL
895:VTEC
847:and
826:VVEL
786:and
784:Opel
766:VTEC
718:S-VT
666:and
654:and
648:CVVT
630:AVLS
624:AVCS
594:4N13
515:B16A
511:NVCS
504:VTEC
482:Fiat
388:and
218:news
106:lift
2904:Oil
2493:and
2378:and
2268:W30
2263:W24
2258:W18
2253:W16
2248:W12
2215:V24
2210:V20
2205:V18
2200:V16
2195:V14
2190:V12
2185:V10
2173:VR6
2161:VR5
2123:F16
2118:F12
2113:F10
2075:I14
2070:I12
1349:102
810:VVL
800:VVC
774:, (
772:VTi
747:BMW
706:VCT
656:Kia
636:CPS
523:CRX
395:As
272:NOx
201:by
124:or
38:VVT
2999::
2925:,
2438:,
2243:W8
2238:W6
2233:W3
2180:V8
2168:V6
2156:V5
2151:V4
2146:V3
2141:V2
2108:F8
2103:F6
2098:F4
2093:F2
2065:I9
2060:I8
2055:I7
2050:I6
2045:I5
2040:I4
2035:I3
2030:I2
2025:I1
1558:63
1441:.
1413:.
1351:.
1317:.
1289:.
1264:.
1213:.
1195:.
1118:^
1106:^
1089:.
1059:.
859:,
855:,
851:,
843:,
839:,
835:,
788:BM
782:,
778:,
735:No
731:Va
662:,
521:,
463:.
392:.
128:.
120:,
2929:)
2921:(
2442:)
2434:(
2347:e
2340:t
2333:v
2309:X
2304:U
2289:H
2225:W
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
1727:.
1679:.
1658:.
1634:.
1613:.
1592:.
1570:.
1526:.
1502:.
1451:.
1424:.
1399:.
1361:.
1328:.
1300:.
1275:.
1250:.
1225:.
1199:.
1177:.
1163:.
1157:.
1100:.
863:)
822:)
806:)
802:(
796:)
791:W
749:)
745:(
739:S
729:(
690:)
670:)
325:)
321:(
315:.
257:)
253:(
243:·
236:·
229:·
222:·
205:.
191:.
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
