53:
20:
1366:
1169:
441:
1216:
1380:
886:
1024:
4816:
708:
1192:
1255:(born c. 1006) was the first known Icelander in the Varangian Guard. Travelling to Constantinople via Denmark, he spent many years in the Varangian Guard, "and was thought to be the most valiant in all deeds that try a man, and always went next to those in the forefront." The saga also records the finery his followers received from the Emperor, and the influence he held after his return to Iceland:
1260:
Footbiter girt on him, the hilt of which was dight with gold, and the grip woven with gold, he had a gilded helmet on his head, and a red shield on his flank, with a knight painted on it in gold. He had a dagger in his hand, as is the custom in foreign lands; and whenever they took quarters the women paid heed to nothing but gazing at Bolli and his grandeur, and that of his followers.
577:(971), Vladimir sent 6,000 men to Basil. Vladimir took the opportunity to rid himself of his most unruly warriors which in any case he was unable to pay. This is the presumptive date for the formal, permanent institution of an elite guard. In exchange for the warriors, Vladimir was given Basil's sister,
934:, since this state of trance is said to have given them superhuman strength and no sense of pain from their wounds. When the Byzantine Emperor died, the Varangians had the unique right of running to the imperial treasury and taking as much gold and as many gems as they could carry, a procedure known in
961:
for the
Varangians "regard loyalty to the emperors and the protection of their persons as a family tradition, a kind of sacred trust". This allegiance, she noted, "they preserve inviolate, and will never brook the slighted hint of betrayal". Unlike the native Byzantine guards so mistrusted by Basil
929:
The
Varangian Guard was only used in battle during critical moments, or where the battle was most fierce. Contemporary Byzantine chroniclers note with a mix of terror and fascination that the "Scandinavians were frightening both in appearance and in equipment, they attacked with reckless rage and
813:
complex. The guard also accompanied armies into the field, and
Byzantine chroniclers (as well as several notable Western European and Arab chroniclers) often note their battlefield prowess, especially in comparison to the local barbarian peoples. They were vital to the Byzantine victory under the
780:
calls these "axe-bearers" that guarded the
Emperor "the British nation, which has been in service to the Romans' Emperors from a long time back". Kinnamos was writing in the later 12th century, indicating perhaps that the more Dane and Saxon composition of the guard continued to the point of the
1259:
Bolli rode from the ship with twelve men, and all his followers were dressed in scarlet, and rode on gilt saddles, and all were they a trusty band, though Bolli was peerless among them. He had on the clothes of fur which the Garth-king had given him, he had over all a scarlet cape; and he had
420:". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and the Norman invasion of England resulted in many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and were looking for positions elsewhere.
423:
The
Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine emperors, but also participated in many wars, often playing a decisive role, since they were usually deployed at critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century, Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by the
863:. Of the role of the guard, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on both sides". The latest mention of the Varangian guard is in the Greek version of the
325:
from
England. The recruitment of distant foreigners from outside Byzantium to serve as the emperor's personal guard was pursued as a deliberate policy, as they lacked local political loyalties and could be counted upon to suppress revolts by disloyal Byzantine factions.
592:. On the field of battle, Phokas died of a stroke in full view of his opponent; upon the death of their leader, Phokas' troops turned and fled. The brutality of the Varangians was noted when they pursued the fleeing army and "cheerfully hacked them to pieces".
549:
in 949. A unit of 415 Varangians was involved in the
Italian expedition of 936. It is also recorded that there were Varangian contingents among the forces that fought the Arabs in Syria in 955. During this period, the Varangian mercenaries were included in the
809:, they are described as mounted; both Vikings and elite Anglo-Saxon warriors routinely used horses for strategic mobility even though they normally fought on foot. The guard was stationed primarily around Constantinople, and may have been barracked in the
466:
was agreed in 874 after a period of hostilities. A clause in the treaty obliged Rus' to provide men for
Byzantine service. Renewed hostilities between 907 and 911 ended with a new treaty under which any Rus' who chose could serve Byzantium as a right.
1353:
Most of the Old Norse narratives which deals with
Norwegians or Icelanders in the Varangian Guard are from the 13th century, and bear witness to a continued interest and generally positive views towards Byzantium within the West Norse cultural area.
1168:
1035:
throughout
Scandinavia. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has 250 runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none. Sweden has as many as between 1,700 and 2,500 depending on definition. The Swedish district of
1274:(Novgorod) and then on to Miklagard (Constantinople), where he entered the Emperor's service. "The last that was heard of him was, that he had wedded a wife there, and was captain over the Varangians, and stayed there till his death day."
985:, as emperor. Thus, instead of defending their absent emperor, the Varangians were used by the usurpersâproving their loyalty to the throne, if not always the current occupier of that throne. In a more sinister episode, the historian
919:
of the emperor, swearing an oath of loyalty to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, especially in cases of treason and conspiracy. They were headed by a separate officer, the
833:
as thus: "The whole group carry shields and brandish on their shoulders a certain single-edged, heavy-iron weapon", which is understood to have been the Dane axe (many Byzantine writers referred to them as "axe-bearing barbarians",
357:
guardsmen, whose loyalties often shifted with fatal consequences, as well as the proven loyalty of the Varangians, many of whom had previously served in Byzantium, led the Emperor to employ them as his personal guardsmen.
2852:
Theotokis, Georgios. "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9thâ11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans".
2646:
1519:
365:(predominantly immigrants from Sweden, but also elements from Denmark and Norway) kept an almost entirely Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century. According to the late Swedish historian
962:
II, the Varangian guards' loyalties lay with the position of Emperor, not the man who sat on the throne. This was made clear in 969 when the guards failed to avenge the death by assassination of Emperor
1113:, a large boulder at the western shore of the lake of Ed. It tells that Ragnvaldr, the captain of the Varangian Guard, had returned home where he had the inscriptions made in memory of his dead mother.
747:
by way of the Mediterranean. One source has more than 5,000 of them arriving in 235 ships. Those who did not enter imperial service settled on the Black Sea coast, building and garrisoning the town of
541:
As early as 911, Varangians are mentioned as fighting as mercenaries for the Byzantines. About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the
4873:
2985:
408:
Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus' for the first 100 years, the Guard began to see increased numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the Norman conquest of England. By the time of the Emperor
1350:, King Sigurd in 1110 let the rest of his force, who originally numbered 6,000 men, join the Varangian Guard. King Sigurd returned home with fewer than a hundred of his personal Guard.
1071:(what is today Russia and Ukraine). The losses that the Varangian Guard suffered are reflected by the largest group of runestones that talk of foreign voyages, such as those termed the
1191:
3695:
2404:
970:, Nikephoros' murderer and hailed him as Emperor. "Alive they would have defended him to the last breath: dead there was no point in avenging him. They had a new master now."
2643:
1215:
1511:
1312:. But his service ended with his imprisonment for misappropriation of imperial plunder taken during his command. He was released upon the dethronement of the Emperor
231:
677:
was sent to Italy with only a small contingent of Varangians to replace the disgraced Doukeianos. On 3 September 1041, they were defeated in battle by the Normans.
333:
provided the earliest members of the Varangian Guard. They were in Byzantine service from as early as 874. The Guard was first formally constituted under Emperor
942:("palace pillaging"). This privilege enabled many Varangians to return home as wealthy men, which encouraged even more Scandinavians to enlist in the Guard in
3928:
381:
Varangian guardsmen were recognized by long hair, a red ruby set in the left ear and ornamented dragons sewn on their chainmail shirts. During these years,
428:, though the Guard remained in existence until at least mid-14th century. In 1400, there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in
1634:
616:
966:. A servant had managed to call for the guards while the Emperor was being attacked, but when they arrived he was dead. They immediately knelt before
2908:
2519:
507:) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (
4804:
3158:
3059:
2373:
4863:
4492:
3069:
3002:
1822:
1479:
52:
3017:
3012:
272:
2173:, 1979, p. 38: "Psellus however claims that every Varangian without exception was armed with shield and 'Rhomphaia' ... a mixture of
4093:
3079:
3054:
2322:
2876:
4444:
4427:
3084:
3064:
1949:
412:
in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the
772:
refers to these "axe-bearing barbarians" as being "from Thule", likely a reference to the British Isles or Scandinavia. Likewise, the
4143:
3989:
3961:
3605:
3597:
3074:
3007:
2396:
2098:
John Kinnamos, "The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenos" (Charles M. Brand, trans.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 16.
4339:
3700:
2029:
241:
203:
1600:
4188:
2448:
877:
to strengthen his claim as the rightful Emperor. People identified as Varangians were to be found in Constantinople around 1400.
1880:
1566:
4668:
4193:
2494:
4592:
3352:
3345:
2901:
2847:
2430:
2132:
2116:
1778:
1135:
The Varangians did not return home without being imprinted by Byzantine culture in one way or another, as exemplified by the
1978:
1784:
1688:
981:
used the Varangian guard to depose the absent emperor, arrest Empress Eudoxia, and proclaim his nephew, stepson of Diogenes
743:
after the successful invasion of England by the Normans. In 1088, a large number of Anglo-Saxons and Danes emigrated to the
4344:
4203:
3491:
2578:
2548:
1549:
803:
as their main weapon, although they were often also skilled swordsmen or archers. In some sources, such as Anna Komnene's
638:
in 1038. Here, they fought alongside Normans recently arrived in Italy seeking adventure and Lombards from Byzantine-held
3335:
997:
in 1078, "planning to kill him" but being suppressed by loyal troops. They subsequently asked for and received a pardon.
684:
was sent to Bari with a contingent of Varangians, but the Bariots refused to receive his troops and he spent his term at
19:
4673:
4086:
1222:
1075:. These were raised by former members of the Varangian Guard, or in their memory. A smaller group consists of the four
582:
338:
1854:
4848:
4774:
3340:
2823:
2808:
2793:
2760:
2292:
2248:
2061:
1943:
1682:
1644:
1610:
1576:
1323:
Harald then sought to leave his post, but was denied this. He eventually escaped and returned home in 1043, becoming
1285:
and then on to Constantinople, where he arrived in 1035. He participated in eighteen battles and during his service
1151:, a trimunicipal locality and the seat of TĂ€by Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The runes were made by the
3837:
2894:
897:
The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similarâif not identicalâto the services provided by the Kievan
840:, rather than as Varangians). However, a mistranslation of the Greek text has led some to refer to the weapon as a
265:
211:
105:
4809:
4631:
3163:
2931:
1910:
1316:, and saga sources suggest he was the one sent to blind the Emperor when he and his uncle fled to the church of
650:
as Harald III (1046â1066). However, when Maniakes ostracised the Lombards by publicly humiliating their leader,
454:
woman killing a Varangian who tried to rape her, whereupon his comrades praised her and gave her his possessions
317:. The Varangian Guard was known for being primarily composed of recruits from Northern Europe, including mainly
4858:
4779:
4769:
4641:
4562:
4380:
4248:
3820:
3764:
3685:
3552:
2775:
994:
856:
92:
1293:, as well as in southern Italy and Bulgaria. An extensive account of Harald Sigurdsson's journeys is found in
397:âto stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians:
4636:
4626:
4541:
4296:
4081:
1715:, The Northern World, 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle',
977:
was defeated by Sultan Alp Arslan, a palace coup was staged before he could return to Constantinople. Caesar
353:
warriors, sent 6,000 men to Basil as part of a military assistance agreement. Basil's distrust of the native
3516:
2425:
Larsson, Mats G (2002). Götarnas Riken : UpptÀcktsfÀrder Till Sveriges Enande. Bokförlaget Atlantis AB
1294:
4868:
4710:
4678:
4582:
4291:
4263:
4071:
3610:
2279:
2045:
711:
Viking expeditions (blue line): depicting the immense breadth of their voyages through most of Europe, the
2516:
1512:"English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness"
739:
Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increasing numbers of
727:, depicted as a âłViking territory in 911âł, was not part of the lands granted by the king of the Franks to
4434:
4076:
3923:
3680:
3431:
2608:
1117:
1106:
546:
258:
174:
122:
2877:
English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness
4754:
4700:
4439:
4311:
4301:
4001:
3881:
3759:
3690:
3578:
3547:
3390:
3330:
1849:
1674:
1324:
990:
958:
236:
75:
761:(Anglo-Varangians) from that point. In this capacity, they fought in Sicily against the Normans under
4614:
4138:
3994:
3779:
3670:
3557:
2725:
2213:
1328:
589:
588:
In 989, these Varangians, led by Basil II himself, landed at Chrysopolis to defeat the rebel general
207:
1027:
Map of geographic distribution of Varangian Runestones (almost all are found in present-day Sweden).
4843:
3913:
3665:
3152:
3031:
2369:
1334:
The Varangian Guard regained some of its old Scandinavian flavour when Harald HardrÄde's grandson,
226:
178:
1814:
4819:
4243:
3969:
3789:
3675:
2830:
Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia".
2503:
1469:
1371:
1185:
warriors, likely Varangians, mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor.
1182:
624:
385:
men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law,
245:
132:
2862:
4744:
4334:
4176:
3620:
3426:
3400:
3395:
3168:
3144:
3140:
3107:
1454:
865:
748:
681:
199:
2326:
607:
worked to extinguish Byzantine authority there. In 1018, Basil II received a request from his
4462:
4316:
3506:
3416:
3380:
3265:
2995:
2990:
1404:
1399:
1202:
1159:
1140:
973:
This reputation exceeds the truth in at least two recorded instances. In 1071, after Emperor
299:
1933:
1095:
949:
The loyalty of the Varangians became a trope of Byzantine writers. Writing about her father
4705:
4688:
4509:
4268:
4233:
4116:
4053:
4048:
3583:
3526:
2781:
2653:". Byzantinoslavica. SlovanskĂœ Ășstav Akademie vÄd ÄR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173â88.
1484:
1313:
1278:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1052:
1006:
674:
393:
declared no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"âthe then Scandinavian term for the
1281:, known as Harald HardrÄde ("Hard-ruler"). Having fled his homeland, Harald went first to
1079:
which were raised in memory of members of the Varangian Guard who died in southern Italy.
8:
3615:
3531:
3521:
3385:
3148:
3136:
3023:
2711:
2274:
1335:
1286:
978:
974:
874:
870:
755:. Those who did became so vital to the Varangians that the Guard was commonly called the
701:
596:
578:
574:
446:
4693:
4683:
4557:
4228:
4111:
4028:
3891:
3243:
3223:
3203:
3193:
2959:
1489:
1385:
1308:
1083:
930:
neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds". The description probably refers to
789:
680:
Many of the last catepans were sent from Constantinople with Varangian units. In 1047,
658:
651:
570:
475:
440:
409:
390:
386:
342:
314:
2442:
792:, the guard had an influx of Norwegian Warriors. The Norwegian King sold his ships in
573:
to help defend his throne. In compliance with the treaty made by his father after the
4878:
4853:
4815:
4749:
4654:
4587:
4567:
4535:
4467:
4454:
4375:
4370:
4121:
3886:
3736:
3255:
3208:
3198:
3188:
2858:
2843:
2819:
2804:
2789:
2771:
2756:
2426:
2288:
2244:
2112:
2057:
2053:
1973:
Stefan Brink (2008), "Who were the Vikings?", in Stefan Brink and Neil Price (eds.),
1939:
1876:
1774:
1678:
1640:
1606:
1572:
1545:
1339:
1198:
1162:, in memory of another Ulf, in SkÄlhamra, and at the request of the latter's father.
1136:
1072:
1018:
1010:
957:
notes that he was advised not to attack the Varangians who still guarded the Emperor
869:, which states that this unit escorted the Prince of Achaia away to prison after the
796:
and returned to Norway with only a 100 men, out of an original army of around 6,000.
785:
712:
527:
595:
These men formed the nucleus of the Varangian Guard, which saw extensive service in
4619:
4412:
4360:
4306:
4273:
4223:
4016:
4006:
3784:
3472:
3364:
3287:
3270:
3248:
3233:
3218:
3132:
2917:
2491:
2218:
1132:), are dated to the period 1080â1130, after which runestones became unfashionable.
1125:
1076:
1040:
has the highest concentration with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone, whereas
1014:
967:
826:
wagons, collapsing the Pecheneg position and causing a general rout in their camp.
819:
815:
744:
608:
542:
523:
451:
425:
394:
354:
127:
80:
2459:
project includes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones in the style RAK.
2144:
1713:: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea
313:
from the tenth to the fourteenth century who served as personal bodyguards to the
4764:
4597:
4577:
4572:
4527:
4517:
4477:
4472:
4422:
4417:
4198:
3721:
3716:
3456:
3446:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3238:
3228:
3213:
2650:
2523:
2498:
2452:
1982:
1975:
1768:
1668:
1419:
1290:
1155:
986:
830:
810:
762:
643:
635:
612:
142:
67:
2718:
2570:
2540:
1248:
1041:
4602:
4482:
4215:
3974:
3868:
3854:
3653:
3357:
3112:
1434:
1394:
1266:
1252:
1068:
860:
793:
732:
724:
647:
471:
459:
429:
398:
382:
330:
310:
290:
160:
137:
44:
28:
4837:
4522:
4399:
4365:
4103:
4038:
4011:
3896:
3511:
3451:
2834:. SlovanskĂœ Ășstav Akademie vÄd ÄR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173â88.
2692:
2528:
2166:
1086:, a style which is dated to the period before 1015 AD. The group consists of
963:
777:
688:. Twenty years later, in 1067, the last Byzantine catepan in southern Italy,
620:
484:
402:
366:
4283:
4258:
4238:
4043:
4021:
3876:
3124:
3119:
2953:
2698:
2678:
1844:
1464:
1414:
1379:
1174:
1144:
954:
769:
740:
147:
2886:
4784:
4759:
4253:
4063:
3830:
3436:
3421:
1449:
1302:
982:
885:
873:
in 1259; historian D. J. Geanakoplos suggests they were reconstituted by
805:
362:
322:
1995:
4058:
3918:
3908:
3741:
3731:
3441:
2730:
1544:. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. 4â5.
1244:
1240:
1045:
1032:
1023:
922:
822:
in 1122. The Varangians hacked their way through the enemy's circle of
716:
183:
164:
1773:, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, p. 372,
768:
Writing about the unit as it was in 1080, the chronicler and princess
654:, the Lombards deserted and the Normans and Varangians followed them.
581:, in marriage. Vladimir also agreed to convert to Christianity and to
304:
4607:
4487:
3979:
3847:
3794:
3726:
2200:
2174:
1902:
1459:
1429:
1343:
1282:
950:
935:
931:
916:
911:
843:
773:
752:
552:
500:
478:
around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as
350:
85:
4133:
4033:
3984:
3842:
3774:
3562:
2204:
1474:
1409:
1300:
During his time in the Varangian Guard Harald earned the titles of
1271:
1178:
899:
849:
823:
800:
693:
604:
566:
479:
378:
334:
318:
110:
2644:
The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia
1903:"Viking Tours Stockholm, 20 Historical Cultural Transported Tours"
829:
The Varangians were described by 11th-century Byzantine historian
707:
665:. On 16 March 1041, they were called up to fight the Normans near
4499:
4385:
4326:
3825:
3799:
3477:
2673:
2474:
2456:
1439:
1347:
1317:
1270:
in reference to Kolskeggâan Icelander said to have come first to
1205:, a cross which is today the coat of arms of the municipality of
1037:
765:, who unsuccessfully sought to invade the lower Balkans as well.
697:
689:
685:
600:
463:
417:
413:
97:
2753:
Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History
1206:
1148:
4128:
3903:
3769:
2284:
1542:
Private Security in the 21st Century: Concepts and Applications
1444:
1152:
1129:
946:(Swedish = MiklagÄrd = 'The Great City', i.e. Constantinople).
720:
670:
666:
639:
631:
169:
2880:
2600:
2221:. This guard was revived by Tiberius and continued until Nero.
1277:
One of the members of the Varangian Guard was the future king
630:
The Varangians also participated in the partial reconquest of
4874:
Military units and formations established in the 10th century
1749:
1747:
1243:
entered the service of the Guard considerably later than the
1056:
841:
835:
756:
728:
704:
in 1071, virtually all the Emperor's Guards fell around him.
557:
2094:
2092:
2001:, Oxford University Press, June 2018. Accessed 25 July 2018.
4407:
2190:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 43 and note
1424:
1236:
1048:, and there are many associated with the Varangian Guards.
905:
662:
346:
1744:
1082:
The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the
623:. A detachment of the Varangian Guard was sent and in the
2203:
that a foreign unit would gain such access and prestige.
2089:
1770:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811â1057
1667:
Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005).
2633:, Salem House Publishing (October 1976), 978-0525701606
1105:
One of the more notable of the later runestones in the
462:. A treaty between Rus' and the Byzantine empire under
458:
The earliest members of the Varangian guard came from
1564:
1361:
1031:
There are a number of raised stone memorials called
669:; many drowned in the subsequent retreat across the
2755:. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978.
1755:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204â1453
1636:
How the Barbarian Invasions Shaped the Modern World
1225:, probably carved by members of the Varangian Guard
1055:commemorate various fallen warriors through carved
642:. A prominent member of the Guard at this time was
2829:
545:in 902 and a force of 629 returned to Crete under
2041:
2039:
2037:
1666:
1632:
1067:), or to more specific eastern locations such as
4835:
2397:"The Stunning Viking Runestones Of Scandinavia"
2316:
2314:
488:). According to the prevalent theory, the name
3277:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2355:
2353:
2130:
2034:
1989:
692:, arrived with Varangian auxiliaries and took
627:, the Byzantines achieved a decisive victory.
345:. Vladimir, who had recently usurped power in
2902:
2563:
2207:himself had a personal guard of Germans, the
1598:
1518:, The Society for Medieval Military History,
1480:Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
848:, which most likely occurred as a product of
515:, as it was known in earlier times. The name
266:
2311:
2133:"The Varangian Rhomphaia: a Cautionary tale"
1737:
1735:
2916:
2350:
1925:
953:'s seizing of the Imperial throne in 1081,
2909:
2895:
2477:project in a freely downloadable database.
2469:
2467:
2465:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2177:and Scandinavian gear was in use ..."
1986:, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 4â10 (pp. 6â7).
799:The Varangians relied on the broad-bladed
273:
259:
2533:
2444:Runriket TĂ€by-Vallentuna â en handledning
2126:
2124:
1938:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1732:
1264:The Varangian Guard is mentioned also in
583:bring his people into the Christian faith
495:, like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (
2684:Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis
2623:
2341:
2241:Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning
2188:Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West
2050:The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324â1453
1022:
915:. The Varangians served as the personal
884:
706:
474:originated in what is currently coastal
439:
18:
4165:
2660:
2509:
2485:
2483:
2462:
2370:"Runestones: Words from the Viking Age"
2273:
2224:
2199:It is neither unusual nor particularly
2030:"Battle Honours of the Varangian Guard"
1969:
1967:
1931:
1766:
1509:
909:, and the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon
661:had a force of Varangians stationed at
522:would then have the same origin as the
4836:
2571:"OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 77"
2541:"OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 73"
2323:"Ein minnestein for Ă„ hedre seg sjĂžlv"
2320:
2121:
1539:
926:, who was usually a native Byzantine.
855:They were prominent in the defence of
401:c. 980â1060 and London 1013â1051 (the
4733:
4164:
3949:
3641:
3308:
2929:
2890:
2611:from the original on 24 February 2021
2551:from the original on 28 February 2021
2217:, to protect himself from the native
1533:
1346:. After fighting battles against the
1289:in Anatolia and Sicily under General
1139:carved on the early eleventh century
1044:is second with 391. Many date to the
776:civil-servant, soldier and historian
615:, for reinforcements to put down the
482:in Sweden (with the older name being
4864:Guards units of the Byzantine Empire
3950:
2737:
2480:
1964:
989:reports the guard revolting against
889:Seal of Michael, Grand Interpreter (
470:The scholarly consensus is that the
444:An illumination of a scene from the
3652:
1059:, and mention voyages to the East (
569:requested military assistance from
27:) in the 11th century chronicle of
13:
2840:The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire
2801:Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning
2665:
2581:from the original on 23 March 2018
2455:gives the start date 985, but the
1952:from the original on 14 April 2023
1883:from the original on 23 April 2020
1857:from the original on 14 April 2021
1787:from the original on 14 April 2023
1522:from the original on 6 August 2017
1320:Monastery and clung to the altar.
1223:runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia
993:after the blinding of the general
23:Depiction of the Varangian Guard (
14:
4890:
4775:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2869:
2748:. Oxford: University Press, 1929.
2689:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
2394:
2321:Olstad, Lisa (16 December 2002).
1757:(Philadelphia 1992), pp. 272â275.
1691:from the original on 5 April 2023
1565:Raffaele D'Amato (22 June 2010).
4814:
2601:"OMACL: The Story of Burnt Njal"
2407:from the original on 23 May 2020
2376:from the original on 23 May 2020
2359:Harrison & Svensson 2007:192
1913:from the original on 19 May 2020
1510:Alvarez, Sandra (23 June 2014),
1378:
1364:
1331:while invading England in 1066.
1214:
1190:
1181:. The runes on the lion tell of
1167:
1116:The youngest runestones, in the
599:in the eleventh century, as the
51:
16:Elite unit of the Byzantine Army
3164:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2986:ConstantinianâValentinianic era
2636:
2593:
2436:
2419:
2388:
2362:
2302:
2267:
2264:(London: Penguin, 2003), p. 97.
2254:
2193:
2180:
2159:
2101:
2086:(London: Penguin, 2003), p. 95.
2076:
2067:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1895:
1869:
1837:
1825:from the original on 4 May 2020
1807:
1798:
1760:
1327:before eventually dying at the
1279:Harald Sigurdsson III of Norway
339:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
4249:Great Palace of Constantinople
3990:Patriarchate of Constantinople
3309:
2799:Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998).
2473:The dating is provided by the
2325:. forskning.no. Archived from
2239:Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998).
1723:
1703:
1660:
1626:
1602:A companion to Russian history
1599:Abbot Gleason (6 April 2009).
1592:
1558:
1503:
1230:
1092:VĂ€stra Ledinge runestone U 518
1:
1000:
4711:University of Constantinople
4292:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3642:
3442:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
3131:Byzantine successor states (
2879:by Nicholas C.J. Pappas for
2842:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2020),
2786:The Viking Road to Byzantium
2768:The Varangian Guard 988â1453
2642:Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "
2280:A Short History of Byzantium
1568:The Varangian Guard 988â1453
1496:
842:
836:
757:
657:Not long after, the catepan
503:term for "the men who row" (
7:
4381:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3437:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3432:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2930:
2803:. Historiska Media, Falun.
2770:. Osprey Publishing, 2010.
2243:. Historiska Media, Falun.
2209:collegium custodum corporis
2131:Timothy Dawson (May 1992).
1935:The Varangians of Byzantium
1767:Wortley, John, ed. (2010),
1357:
880:
547:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
309:) was an elite unit of the
305:
72:'Classical' Byzantine army
10:
4895:
4770:Neo-Byzantine architecture
4734:
3391:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2111:(p. 41), Oslo: Spartacus,
1850:World History Encyclopedia
1675:Cambridge University Press
1633:Thomas Craughwell (2008).
1004:
991:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
788:led by the Norwegian King
558:
435:
321:from Scandinavia but also
4797:
4740:
4729:
4650:
4550:
4508:
4453:
4398:
4353:
4340:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
4325:
4282:
4214:
4184:
4175:
4171:
4160:
4102:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3867:
3813:
3752:
3709:
3661:
3648:
3637:
3596:
3571:
3540:
3499:
3490:
3465:
3409:
3373:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3304:
3177:
3093:
3040:
2971:
2942:
2938:
2925:
2857:, vol. 22, Athens: 2012.
2814:Jansson, Sven B. (1980).
2726:Strategikon of Kekaumenos
2522:16 September 2009 at the
2451:28 September 2007 at the
2214:Germani corporis custodes
2171:Byzantine Armies 886â1118
1999:Oxford English Dictionary
1329:Battle of Stamford Bridge
1143:, and which today is the
1100:Eriksstad runestone Sm 46
1096:NÀlberga runestone Sö 170
1088:Skepptuna runestone U 358
852:in Byzantine literature.
294:
4849:980s in military history
3914:Droungarios of the Fleet
2506:, retrieved 7 July 2007.
1932:Blöndal, SigfĂșs (1978).
1877:"The Vikings (780â1100)"
1295:Harald Sigurdsson's Saga
1063:) or the Eastern route (
903:, the Swedish/Norwegian
179:Droungarios of the Fleet
4428:Early Byzantine mosaics
3790:Domestic of the Schools
2517:Sagas of the Icelanders
2504:Stockholm County Museum
2143:: 24â26. Archived from
2107:Ăystein Morten (2014),
1540:Maggio, Edward (1997).
1470:Swedes (Germanic tribe)
1372:Byzantine Empire portal
1160:Orkesta runestone U 344
1141:Risbyle runestone U 161
246:Walls of Constantinople
133:Domestic of the Schools
39:Part of a series on the
4745:Byzantine commonwealth
3507:Praetorian prefectures
3427:Logothetes tou genikou
3401:Quaestor sacri palatii
3396:Comes rerum privatarum
3169:Fall of Constantinople
3108:Sack of Constantinople
2705:Historia ecclesiastica
2502:on the website of the
1455:New England (medieval)
1262:
1028:
894:
866:Chronicle of the Morea
736:
499:), is derived from an
455:
416:and their cousins the
337:in 988, following the
204:revolts and civil wars
31:
4859:Byzantine mercenaries
4445:Komnenian renaissance
4440:Macedonian period art
4345:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
4317:Walls of Thessaloniki
3417:Logothetes tou dromou
3032:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2996:Valentinianic dynasty
2991:Constantinian dynasty
2782:Davidson, H. R. Ellis
2746:Anna Komnena: A Study
2497:13 March 2009 at the
2492:5. Runriket â Risbyle
2186:Deno J. Geanakoplos,
1981:14 April 2023 at the
1879:. www.metmuseum.org.
1815:"The Vikings at home"
1717:Mediaeval Scandinavia
1405:Count Robert of Paris
1400:Byzantine bureaucracy
1257:
1026:
888:
837:pelekyphoroi barbaroi
784:After the end of the
723:, and North America.
710:
634:from the Arabs under
443:
22:
4642:Units of measurement
4376:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4269:Pammakaristos Church
4117:Corpus Juris Civilis
4068:Missionary activity
3527:Exarchate of Ravenna
3353:Imperial bureaucracy
2838:Jakobsson, Sverrir,
2707:by Ordericus Vitalis
2661:General bibliography
2649:20 June 2013 at the
1907:Sweden History Tours
1639:. Fair Winds Press.
1485:Varangian runestones
1287:fought against Arabs
1053:Varangian runestones
1007:Varangian Runestones
995:Nikephoros Bryennios
700:. At the disastrous
675:Exaugustus Boioannes
219:Strategy and tactics
106:Palaiologan-era army
4869:Medieval bodyguards
4166:Culture and society
4029:Ecumenical councils
3532:Exarchate of Africa
3522:Quaestura exercitus
3386:Magister officiorum
3381:Praetorian prefects
3024:Byzantine Dark Ages
2855:Byzantine Symmeikta
2766:D'Amato, Raffaele.
2744:Buckler, Georgina.
1996:"Russ, adj. and n."
1719:, 13 (2000), 70â96.
1247:. According to the
975:Romanos IV Diogenes
875:Theodore I Laskaris
871:Battle of Pelagonia
715:, Northern Africa,
702:Battle of Manzikert
575:Siege of Dorostolon
447:Skylitzes Chronicle
4583:Flags and insignia
4229:Baths of Zeuxippus
4112:Codex Theodosianus
4002:Oriental Orthodoxy
2960:Later Roman Empire
2881:De Re Militari.org
2818:. STF, Stockholm.
1677:. pp. 13â14.
1571:. Bloomsbury USA.
1386:Middle Ages portal
1336:Sigurd I of Norway
1309:spatharokandidatos
1177:drawing of curved
1124:(presently in the
1122:Ed runestone U 104
1111:Ed runestone U 112
1029:
895:
891:megas diermeneutes
790:Sigurd I Magnusson
737:
659:Michael Doukeianos
571:Vladimir I of Kiev
530:names for Sweden:
456:
343:Vladimir I of Kiev
315:Byzantine emperors
306:TĂĄgma tĆn VarĂĄngĆn
295:Î€ÎŹÎłÎŒÎ± Ïáż¶Îœ ÎαÏÎŹÎœÎłÏÎœ
93:Komnenian-era army
60:Structural history
32:
4831:
4830:
4793:
4792:
4750:Byzantine studies
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4536:Alexander Romance
4394:
4393:
4371:Nea Moni of Chios
4234:Blachernae Palace
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4122:Code of Justinian
3970:Eastern Orthodoxy
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3863:
3862:
3737:Scholae Palatinae
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3598:Foreign relations
3592:
3591:
3486:
3485:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3099:(1204–1453)
2848:978-3-030-53796-8
2751:Blondal, Sigfus.
2738:Secondary sources
2431:978-91-7486-641-4
2329:on 29 August 2005
2117:978-82-430-0844-1
2109:Sigurd Jorsalfare
2054:Osprey Publishing
1804:D'Amato, pp. 4, 6
1780:978-0-521-76705-7
1340:Norwegian Crusade
1235:According to the
1073:Greece Runestones
1019:Ingvar Runestones
1011:Greece Runestones
786:Norwegian Crusade
713:Mediterranean Sea
375:History of Sweden
303:
283:
282:
4886:
4818:
4731:
4730:
4674:Imperial Library
4620:Byzantine Greeks
4361:Daphni Monastery
4312:Panagia Chalkeon
4307:Hagios Demetrios
4274:Prison of Anemas
4224:Basilica Cistern
4182:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4017:West Syriac Rite
4007:Alexandrian Rite
3958:
3957:
3951:Religion and law
3947:
3946:
3882:Maritime themata
3838:Palaiologan army
3691:Military manuals
3659:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3497:
3496:
3473:Megas logothetes
3324:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3179:By modern region
3100:
3047:
3046:(717–1204)
2978:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2918:Byzantine Empire
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2835:
2832:Byzantinoslavica
2788:. London: 1976.
2654:
2640:
2634:
2631:Barbarian Europe
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2487:
2478:
2471:
2460:
2446:, by Rune Edberg
2440:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:. 4 April 2013.
2366:
2360:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2318:
2309:
2308:Buckler, p. 367.
2306:
2300:
2298:
2275:Norwich, John J.
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:Buckler, p. 366.
2071:
2065:
2046:Stephen Turnbull
2043:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:D'Amato, pp. 6â7
2008:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1976:The Viking World
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1741:Pritsak 1981:386
1739:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1709:Marika MĂ€gi, In
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1551:978-07637-5190-6
1537:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1507:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1251:, the Icelander
1218:
1194:
1171:
1126:Ashmolean Museum
1077:Italy Runestones
1015:Italy Runestones
847:
839:
820:Battle of Beroia
816:John II Komnenos
781:Fourth Crusade.
760:
745:Byzantine Empire
673:. In September,
625:Battle of Cannae
609:catepan of Italy
561:
560:
553:Great Companions
543:Emirate of Crete
520:
494:
426:Byzantine Greeks
410:Alexios Komnenos
395:Byzantine Empire
361:Immigrants from
349:with an army of
308:
298:
296:
275:
268:
261:
237:Military manuals
193:Campaign history
128:Magister militum
55:
36:
35:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4844:Varangian Guard
4834:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4789:
4765:Cyrillic script
4736:
4717:
4662:
4646:
4546:
4528:Digenes Akritas
4504:
4449:
4390:
4354:Other locations
4349:
4321:
4278:
4210:
4199:Cross-in-square
4167:
4148:
4098:
3952:
3933:
3859:
3809:
3805:Varangian Guard
3748:
3722:East Roman army
3717:Late Roman army
3705:
3644:
3625:
3588:
3567:
3536:
3482:
3461:
3457:Epi ton deeseon
3447:Epi tou eidikou
3405:
3369:
3311:
3292:
3279:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3159:Palaiologan era
3101:
3098:
3089:
3060:Nikephorian era
3048:
3045:
3036:
2979:
2977:(330–717)
2976:
2967:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2885:
2872:
2867:
2740:
2735:
2668:
2666:Primary sources
2663:
2658:
2657:
2651:Wayback Machine
2641:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:Wayback Machine
2514:
2510:
2499:Wayback Machine
2488:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2453:Wayback Machine
2441:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2238:
2225:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2137:Varangian Voice
2129:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2052:, pages 35â36,
2044:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1990:
1983:Wayback Machine
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1753:Mark Bartusis,
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1729:Jansson 1980:22
1728:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1685:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1420:Harald Hardrada
1384:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1291:George Maniakes
1233:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1199:Byzantine cross
1195:
1186:
1172:
1156:Ulf of Borresta
1137:Byzantine cross
1021:
1005:Main articles:
1003:
987:Joannes Zonaras
883:
831:Michael Psellus
811:Bucoleon palace
763:Robert Guiscard
758:Englinbarrangoi
644:Harald Hardrada
636:George Maniakes
613:Basil Boioannes
559:ÎΔγΏλη ÎÏαÎčÏΔία
518:
492:
438:
371:Svensk Historia
287:Varangian Guard
279:
143:Stratopedarches
118:Varangian Guard
68:East Roman army
17:
12:
11:
5:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:Byzantine Bath
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:Constantinople
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Byzantine Rite
3966:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3855:Grand domestic
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3821:Komnenian army
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:Military units
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Battle tactics
3662:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:Medieval Greek
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:Fourth Crusade
3104:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Macedonian era
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Theodosian era
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2870:External links
2868:
2866:
2865:
2850:
2836:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2779:
2764:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2715:
2712:JĂĄtvarĂ°ar Saga
2708:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2681:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:Philip Dixon,
2622:
2605:mcllibrary.org
2592:
2575:mcllibrary.org
2562:
2545:mcllibrary.org
2532:
2508:
2479:
2461:
2435:
2418:
2395:Nikel, David.
2387:
2361:
2349:
2347:Zilmer 2005:38
2340:
2310:
2301:
2293:
2266:
2260:Anna Comnena,
2253:
2223:
2192:
2179:
2165:Ian Heath and
2158:
2147:on 6 July 2011
2120:
2100:
2088:
2082:Anna Comnena,
2075:
2066:
2033:
2028:Stephen Lowe,
2021:
2012:
2003:
1988:
1963:
1944:
1924:
1894:
1868:
1836:
1806:
1797:
1779:
1759:
1743:
1731:
1722:
1702:
1683:
1670:Viking Empires
1659:
1645:
1625:
1611:
1591:
1577:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1516:De Re Militari
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Komnenian army
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Byzantine army
1391:
1390:
1389:
1375:
1359:
1356:
1338:, went on the
1325:King of Norway
1253:Bolli Bollason
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1166:
1002:
999:
968:John Tzimiskes
893:) of the Guard
882:
879:
861:Fourth Crusade
857:Constantinople
794:Constantinople
733:Upper Normandy
725:Lower Normandy
648:King of Norway
617:Lombard revolt
597:southern Italy
476:eastern Sweden
450:, depicting a
437:
434:
430:Constantinople
311:Byzantine army
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
242:Fortifications
239:
234:
229:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:Constantinople
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:
187:
181:
172:
167:
161:Byzantine navy
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
138:Grand Domestic
135:
130:
120:
115:
114:
113:
103:
102:
101:
90:
89:
88:
83:
78:
70:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
45:Byzantine army
41:
40:
29:John Skylitzes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4891:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
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4860:
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4855:
4852:
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4839:
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4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
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4796:
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4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4732:
4728:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Encyclopedias
4667:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Hellenization
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:Everyday life
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:Acritic songs
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Hosios Loukas
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4205:
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4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Monophysitism
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Armenian Rite
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3929:Naval battles
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3622:
3619:
3617:
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3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Protasekretis
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Komnenian era
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:Heraclian era
3016:
3014:
3013:Justinian era
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2824:91-7156-015-7
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:91-88930-32-7
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:0-04-940049-5
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:0-521-21745-8
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:John Kinnamos
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
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2529:Penguin Group
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2294:0-679-77269-3
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2249:91-88930-32-7
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2062:1-84176-759-X
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2016:
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1945:9780521035521
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1684:0-521-82992-5
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1648:
1646:9781616734329
1642:
1638:
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1629:
1614:
1612:9781444308426
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1595:
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1578:9781849081795
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1553:
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1536:
1521:
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1506:
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1491:
1490:VÀstgötalagen
1488:
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1012:
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992:
988:
984:
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976:
971:
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965:
964:Nikephoros II
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
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937:
933:
927:
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918:
914:
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827:
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797:
795:
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779:
778:John Kinnamos
775:
771:
766:
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746:
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664:
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637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
621:Melus of Bari
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
590:Bardas Phokas
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
555:
554:
548:
544:
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537:
533:
529:
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453:
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448:
442:
433:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:VÀstergötland
388:
387:VÀstgötalagen
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Alf Henrikson
364:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
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292:
288:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Siege warfare
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
185:
182:
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176:
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162:
159:
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149:
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63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
21:
4534:
4302:Hagia Sophia
4284:Thessalonica
4259:Hagia Sophia
4239:Chora Church
4177:Architecture
4054:Great Schism
4044:Paulicianism
4022:Miaphysitism
3877:Karabisianoi
3804:
3181:or territory
3141:Thessalonica
3125:Latin Empire
3120:Frankokratia
3095:
3055:Isaurian era
3042:
2973:
2958:
2954:Roman Empire
2944:
2854:
2839:
2831:
2815:
2800:
2785:
2767:
2752:
2745:
2724:
2719:LaxdĆla saga
2717:
2710:
2704:
2699:Heimskringla
2697:
2688:
2683:
2679:Anna Komnena
2672:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2515:
2511:
2490:
2489:The article
2443:
2438:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2400:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2364:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2304:
2278:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2240:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2170:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2140:
2136:
2108:
2103:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2049:
2024:
2019:D'Amato, p.4
2015:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1954:. Retrieved
1934:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1848:
1845:"Kievan Rus"
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1819:HistoryExtra
1818:
1809:
1800:
1789:, retrieved
1769:
1762:
1754:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1669:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1635:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1601:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1567:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1524:, retrieved
1515:
1505:
1465:Piraeus Lion
1415:German Guard
1352:
1333:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1249:LaxdĆla saga
1234:
1175:Piraeus Lion
1145:coat-of-arms
1134:
1115:
1104:
1081:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1042:Södermanland
1030:
972:
955:Anna Komnene
948:
943:
939:
928:
921:
910:
904:
898:
896:
890:
864:
854:
828:
804:
798:
783:
770:Anna Komnene
767:
741:Anglo-Saxons
738:
731:in 911, but
682:John Raphael
679:
656:
629:
594:
587:
564:
551:
540:
535:
531:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
489:
483:
469:
457:
445:
422:
407:
374:
370:
369:in his book
360:
328:
323:Anglo-Saxons
286:
284:
148:Protostrator
117:
33:
24:
4785:Megali Idea
4760:Byzantinism
4463:Agriculture
4254:Hagia Irene
4087:Kievan Rus'
4064:Mount Athos
3887:Cibyrrhaeot
3831:Vestiaritai
3686:Mercenaries
3563:Catepanates
3422:Sakellarios
3341:Family tree
3266:Mesopotamia
3085:Angelid era
3065:Amorian era
2433:p. 143â144.
2262:The Alexiad
2219:Praetorians
2084:The Alexiad
1791:13 December
1526:22 November
1450:Manglabites
1303:manglavites
1267:Njal's Saga
1231:Norse sagas
1221:One of the
983:Michael VII
979:John Doukas
940:polutasvarf
859:during the
806:The Alexiad
749:Helenopolis
472:Rus' people
460:Kievan Rus'
399:Kievan Rus'
363:Scandinavia
4838:Categories
4780:Third Rome
4706:University
4689:Philosophy
4679:Inventions
4542:Historians
4510:Literature
4493:Varangians
4335:San Vitale
4264:Hippodrome
4244:City Walls
4144:Mutilation
4139:Hexabiblos
4059:Bogomilism
4049:Iconoclasm
3919:Megas doux
3909:Greek fire
3892:Aegean Sea
3765:Kleisourai
3742:Excubitors
3732:Bucellarii
3584:Despotates
3553:Kleisourai
3492:Provincial
3336:Coronation
3310:Governance
3075:Doukid era
3008:Leonid era
2776:1849081794
2731:Kekaumenos
1956:2 February
1245:East Norse
1241:West Norse
1120:, such as
1046:Viking Age
1033:runestones
1001:Runestones
959:Nikephoros
944:MiklagarĂ°r
932:berserkers
923:akolouthos
912:housecarls
717:Asia Minor
452:Thracesian
184:Megas doux
165:Greek fire
4608:Octoechos
4488:Silk Road
3980:Hesychasm
3848:Paramonai
3795:Hetaireia
3727:Foederati
3616:Diplomacy
3611:Diplomats
3517:Provinces
3346:Empresses
3149:Trebizond
2945:Preceding
2863:1105-1639
2816:Runstenar
2201:Byzantine
2175:Byzantine
1711:Austrvegr
1652:18 August
1618:18 August
1605:. Wiley.
1584:18 August
1497:Citations
1460:Optimatoi
1430:Housecarl
1344:Holy Land
1314:Michael V
1283:Gardariki
1118:style Pr5
1107:style Pr4
1084:style RAK
1069:GarĂ°arĂki
1065:Austrvegr
936:Old Norse
917:bodyguard
844:rhomphaia
774:Byzantine
753:Alexios I
501:Old Norse
355:Byzantine
351:Varangian
300:romanized
198:Lists of
86:Hetaireia
4879:Norsemen
4854:Basil II
4701:Scholars
4694:Rhetoric
4684:Medicine
4659:Learning
4558:Calendar
4435:Painters
4134:Basilika
4072:Bulgaria
4034:Arianism
3985:Hayhurum
3962:Religion
3924:Admirals
3843:Allagion
3775:Droungos
3681:Generals
3643:Military
3606:Treaties
3512:Dioceses
3331:Emperors
3244:Sardinia
3224:Dalmatia
3204:Bulgaria
3194:Anatolia
3153:Theodoro
3147: /
3143: /
3135: /
2647:Archived
2609:Archived
2579:Archived
2549:Archived
2520:Archived
2495:Archived
2449:Archived
2405:Archived
2374:Archived
2333:20 April
2277:(1997).
2205:Augustus
2151:6 August
1979:Archived
1950:Archived
1911:Archived
1881:Archived
1855:Archived
1823:Archived
1785:archived
1695:30 March
1689:Archived
1520:archived
1475:Thingmen
1410:Druzhina
1358:See also
1272:Holmgard
1209:, Sweden
1179:lindworm
900:druzhina
881:Function
850:Atticism
824:Pecheneg
814:emperor
801:Dane axe
694:Brindisi
646:, later
605:Lombards
567:Basil II
565:In 988,
528:Estonian
480:Roslagen
403:ĂingaliĂ°
335:Basil II
319:Norsemen
175:Admirals
123:Generals
4810:Outline
4755:Museums
4655:Science
4632:Slavery
4588:Gardens
4568:Cuisine
4500:Dynatoi
4468:Coinage
4455:Economy
4423:Mosaics
4386:Mystras
4327:Ravenna
4189:Secular
4077:Moravia
3826:Pronoia
3800:Akritai
3785:Tagmata
3760:Themata
3701:Revolts
3671:Battles
3579:Kephale
3548:Themata
3478:Mesazon
3320:Central
3256:Maghreb
3209:Corsica
3199:Armenia
3189:Albania
2932:History
2674:Alexiad
2475:Rundata
2457:Rundata
1440:Leidang
1348:Muslims
1342:to the
1318:Studion
1183:Swedish
1038:Uppland
951:Alexius
818:at the
698:Taranto
690:Mabrica
686:Otranto
601:Normans
524:Finnish
509:Rus-law
497:*Roocci
464:Basil I
436:History
418:Normans
414:Vikings
389:, from
383:Swedish
377:), the
302::
227:Tactics
208:battles
111:allagia
98:pronoia
81:tagmata
4820:Portal
4735:Impact
4615:People
4563:Cities
4413:Enamel
4194:Sacred
4129:Ecloga
3995:Saints
3904:Dromon
3780:Bandon
3770:Tourma
3753:Middle
3676:Beacon
3558:Bandon
3541:Middle
3410:Middle
3365:Senate
3288:Thrace
3271:Serbia
3249:Sicily
3234:Greece
3219:Cyprus
3137:Epirus
3133:Nicaea
3043:Middle
2920:topics
2861:
2846:
2822:
2807:
2792:
2774:
2759:
2615:24 May
2585:24 May
2555:24 May
2429:
2411:24 May
2401:Forbes
2380:24 May
2291:
2285:Viking
2251:p. 135
2247:
2115:
2060:
1942:
1917:24 May
1887:24 May
1861:24 May
1829:24 May
1777:
1681:
1643:
1609:
1575:
1548:
1445:Mamluk
1239:, the
1158:, see
1153:Viking
1130:Oxford
1051:These
1017:, and
721:Arctic
719:, the
671:Ofanto
667:Venosa
652:Arduin
640:Apulia
632:Sicily
536:Rootsi
532:Ruotsi
206:, and
170:Dromon
76:themes
4805:Index
4637:Death
4627:Women
4598:Music
4578:Dress
4573:Dance
4518:Novel
4478:Trade
4473:Mints
4418:Glass
4408:Icons
4204:Domes
4082:Serbs
3897:Samos
3710:Early
3500:Early
3374:Early
3283:Syria
3261:Malta
3239:Italy
3229:Egypt
3214:Crete
3145:Morea
2974:Early
1237:sagas
1203:U 161
1201:, on
1061:Austr
1057:runes
729:Rollo
556:(Gk.
519:'
513:Roden
511:) or
505:rods-
493:'
485:Roden
379:Norse
291:Greek
25:above
4603:Lyra
4483:silk
4094:Jews
3869:Navy
3814:Late
3654:Army
3621:Wars
3572:Late
3466:Late
3096:Late
2859:ISSN
2844:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2617:2020
2587:2020
2557:2020
2427:ISBN
2413:2020
2382:2020
2335:2008
2289:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2153:2011
2113:ISBN
2058:ISBN
1958:2014
1940:ISBN
1919:2020
1889:2020
1863:2020
1831:2020
1793:2015
1775:ISBN
1697:2020
1679:ISBN
1654:2011
1641:ISBN
1620:2011
1607:ISBN
1586:2011
1573:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1528:2018
1425:Hird
1306:and
1207:TĂ€by
1197:The
1149:TĂ€by
1098:and
906:hird
751:for
696:and
663:Bari
603:and
579:Anna
534:and
526:and
347:Kiev
331:Rus'
329:The
285:The
200:wars
4400:Art
4104:Law
2729:by
2691:by
2677:by
2211:or
1147:of
1128:in
1109:is
938:as
619:of
562:).
517:Rus
490:Rus
405:).
341:by
4840::
2784:.
2607:.
2603:.
2577:.
2573:.
2547:.
2543:.
2527:,
2482:^
2464:^
2403:.
2399:.
2352:^
2313:^
2287:.
2283:.
2226:^
2169:,
2141:22
2139:.
2135:.
2123:^
2091:^
2056:,
2048:,
2036:^
1966:^
1948:.
1909:.
1905:.
1853:.
1847:.
1821:.
1817:.
1783:,
1746:^
1734:^
1687:.
1673:.
1514:,
1297:.
1102:.
1094:,
1090:,
1013:,
1009:,
611:,
585:.
538:.
432:.
297:,
293::
202:,
163::
3155:)
3151:â
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3022:"
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2826:.
2811:.
2796:.
2778:.
2763:.
2619:.
2589:.
2559:.
2415:.
2384:.
2337:.
2299:.
2297:.
2155:.
2064:.
1960:.
1921:.
1891:.
1865:.
1833:.
1699:.
1656:.
1622:.
1588:.
1554:.
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373:(
289:(
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244:(
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210:(
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177:(
100:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
