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249:. Shaker Standards prevented the community from being developed in any way contrary to how the Van Sweringens intended, including barring African Americans. Standards limited commercial development, rental property development, and residence style and size. Standards set roof slope angles, materials, finishes, and garage placement. All residences were required to be unique and designed by an
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318:, from which they would use investor money to buy a controlling interest in other major United States rail companies. At their zenith in 1928, the Van Sweringens controlled 30,000 miles (50,000 km) of rail worth $ 3 billion, nearly all of it purchased through credit. Lines under their control included the
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reported that a new freight-and-passenger terminal located on Public Square in downtown
Cleveland would be economical. The plan provided twelve stub-end tracks for the steam passenger trains, with loops for local and interurban cars above. The space above the tracks was to be developed for stores and
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To solve the problem of the passenger station, the Van
Sweringens purchased more rights-of-way that gave them access to the area below the southwest corner of Cleveland's Public Square. Again, the Van Sweringens planned another city within a city to solve their rail dilemma; the result was the Union
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in the United States) where they would divide onto their own routes. The Van
Sweringens designated Shaker Boulevard as a grand boulevard of mansions, fronted by generous setbacks from the interurban tracks. Higher-density luxury apartments were planned for Moreland Boulevard, which was renamed Van
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residences in the community were restricted to designated areas and were required to follow guidelines designed to give the impression that a structure was a single-family home. By 1920, the Van
Sweringens controlled more than 4,000 acres (16 km) in the community, which reached city status in
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Street planning for the new community used curved roads instead of the more usual grid pattern of streets found in many
American communities. Three tree-lined boulevards extended eastward into the country. Moreland and Shaker boulevards' center isles would be used for trackbed for a planned
397:, asked whether or not the proposed facility could be sufficiently enlarged to include the railroads using the lakefront station. Thus, it was Smith who initiated the idea for a "Union Station" on Public Square. In 1919, the
221:, Shaker Village soon became Cleveland's most sought-after address. This was achieved through a combination of planning, design review, and convenience – all of which fell under the strict supervision of the Van Sweringens.
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In 1933, O.P. Van
Sweringen testified before the United States Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, in Washington, D.C., and during testimony, described their complex business dealings as it related to railroads.
431:, ending intercity service to the station, though Cleveland Rapid Transit continued its local services. In 1975, the Rapid and other municipal rail and bus routes were combined under the auspices of the
209:. In 1909, the Van Sweringen brothers began exercising options on 1,399 acres (5.7 km) of land formerly owned by the North Union Community of the Society of Believers, better known as the
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and commonly known as the Rapid. This prompted the Van
Sweringens to purchase land in the vicinity of Public Square in downtown Cleveland as early as 1909 to provide a terminus for their
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Rose, Mark H. et al. (2006). The best transportation system in the world: railroads, trucks, airlines, and
American public policy in the twentieth century. Ohio State University Press.
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Terminal
Complex, a mix of high-rise offices, shopping, and hotel aboveground, with a train depot and rapid station below grade. The centerpiece of this massive complex was named
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295:. In order to provide convenience to residents of Shaker Heights, the Van Sweringens planned a high-speed interurban styled electric rail line, which was christened
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The fortunes of the Van
Sweringens rose in the 1920s. By 1929, their holdings were valued at $ 3 billion, mostly as a result of the high valuation of stocks on the
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In order to meet the Van Sweringens' guidelines that the Rapid would not travel in street traffic, the brothers bought a 51% interest in the 523-mile (842-km)
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withdrew from the project. Smith, in his capacity as the president of the NYCRR, allied with the Van Sweringens, was fiercely opposed Pennsylvania Railroad.
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The Van Sweringens realized that if their plans for a Public Square station were to succeed, they would have to include all the electric railways, including
459:, the brothers' rail empire suffered financial difficulties. Loans were foreclosed upon and assets were sold to meet interest payments for their debts.
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line. Their Rapids could travel at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), but the line could not be moved farther west than 34th Street.
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Neither brother married; the two shared a common bedroom in their 54-room mansion, Roundwood Manor, on the grounds of their estate, Daisy Hill, in
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314:. The route gave the Van Sweringens an unobstructed path to downtown Cleveland. From this acquisition, the Van Sweringens formed the
184:. During their lifetimes, they seldom gave interviews or made appearances in public; however, when they did, it was always together.
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M.J. Van Sweringen's health began to decline in 1934 and he died on December 12, 1935. O.P. died on board a train near
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each went down 200 to 250 feet (60 to 75 m) to support the weight of the building. Construction was completed in 1930.
416:. It was necessary to design the buildings to avoid vibrations from the trains below. Construction began in 1926 as 16
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133:(July 8, 1881 – December 12, 1935) were American brothers who became railroad barons in order to develop
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on November 22, 1936. At the time of his death, O.P.'s net worth was less than $ 3,000.
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1931. Since lots sold slowly, the brothers concluded that Shaker Heights needed a
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Stock Exchange Practices: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency
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607:"Tomlinson, Ball Keep Rail Control As O. P. Van Sweringen Dies in Sleep".
568:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1933. pp. 563–773.
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334:. They managed to control this huge (for the time) system by a maze of
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and building guidelines established by the Van Sweringens and known as
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Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland’s Van Sweringen Brothers.
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Billionaires' Ball: Gluttony and Hubris in an Age of Epic Inequality
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line. Both lines would share a common route from Cleveland through
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Invisible Giants: The Empires of Cleveland's Van Sweringen Brothers
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In 1923, the Van Sweringens announced their plans to build The
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Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories
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213:. Conceived and planned as a garden community similar to
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The Van Sweringen brothers, Mantis (left) and Oris (right)
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Herbert H. Harwood Jr. Indiana University Press, 2003.
201:, the brothers were land and building speculators in
502:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 7.
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in the United States at the time of its completion.
238:Aken Boulevard in honor of the city's first mayor.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
427:chose to move out of the station, instead serving
582:. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers.
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648:Newspaper clippings about Van Sweringen brothers
599:"500 Pay Tribute Today in Van Sweringen Rites".
477:The brothers are buried together in Cleveland's
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241:Building in Shaker was controlled by a set of
149:. The brothers came from a farming area near
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433:Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority
287:In 1913, the Van Sweringens established the
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481:under a tombstone that reads: "Brothers".
671:20th-century American railroad executives
233:(recognized as the second modern planned
129:(April 24, 1879 – November 22, 1936) and
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
716:New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad
696:Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
435:. The station area was converted into a
308:New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad
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643:Encyclopedia of Cleveland History entry
373:On March 1, 1917, the engineers of the
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540:McQuaig, Linda; Neil, Brooks (2013).
391:United States Railroad Administration
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310:(Nickel Plate Road) in 1915 from the
544:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 52.
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429:a small station along the lake route
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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316:Nickel Plate Securities Corporation
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498:Harwood, Jr., Herbert H. (2003).
153:. Their father was for a time an
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611:. November 24, 1936. p. 1.
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283:Van Sweringen railroad holdings
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603:. December 14, 1935. p. 4
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197:Before the establishment of
137:. They are better known as
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701:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
652:20th Century Press Archives
368:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
332:Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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578:Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007).
379:Cleveland Terminal Company
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131:Mantis James Van Sweringen
395:New York Central Railroad
393:and the president of the
312:New York Central Railroad
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127:Oris Paxton Van Sweringen
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55:"Van Sweringen brothers"
453:New York Stock Exchange
293:Cleveland Heights, Ohio
169:and was wounded at the
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328:Hocking Valley Railway
324:Pere Marquette Railway
173:. The family moved to
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399:Pennsylvania Railroad
340:Alleghany Corporation
243:restrictive covenants
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686:Shaker Heights, Ohio
676:History of Cleveland
227:interurban streetcar
199:Shaker Heights, Ohio
182:Hunting Valley, Ohio
171:Battle of Gettysburg
135:Shaker Heights, Ohio
40:improve this article
472:coronary thrombosis
143:M. J. Van Sweringen
139:O. P. Van Sweringen
410:Woolworth Building
382:office buildings.
358:The Terminal Tower
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588:978-1-59851-025-6
509:978-0-253-34163-1
479:Lakeview Cemetery
447:Decline and death
441:Tower City Center
336:holding companies
277:Railroad projects
177:, in about 1890.
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33:verification
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219:Roland Park
665:Categories
485:References
387:A.H. Smith
364:streetcars
352:skyscraper
159:oil fields
66:newspapers
530:. p. 252.
439:known as
423:In 1973,
385:In 1918,
251:architect
215:Baltimore
203:Cleveland
167:Civil War
418:caissons
271:downtown
155:engineer
147:the Vans
654:of the
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468:Hoboken
211:Shakers
157:in the
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