46:
2333:
3658:
3635:
3162:
3139:
639:
616:
2347:
2280:
2827:
3318:
37:
2319:
2012:
2836:
3311:
920:
1421:
2242:, a clear liquid at room temperature. For many decades, its only use was in laboratories as a "metabolically inert" solvent for organic compounds. In 1962, the French researcher Pierre Eymard serendipitously discovered the anticonvulsant properties of valproic acid while using it as a vehicle for a number of other compounds that were being screened for antiseizure activity. He found it prevented
1493:
not required for diagnosis. This change in terminology to FVSD would benefit individuals affected by the neurodevelopmental effects of VPA exposure without significant malformations, since they can experience impairments in their everyday functioning similar to those with classical FVS. Characteristics of valproate syndrome may include facial features that tend to evolve with age, including a
19348:
1533:
An updated March 2023 report estimates the number increased to 1 in 36 in 2020 (approximately 4% of boys and 1% of girls). A 2009 study found that the 3-year-old children of pregnant women taking valproate had an IQ nine points lower than that of a well-matched control group. However, further research in older children and adults is needed.
1698:, and death. In general, serum or plasma valproic acid concentrations are in a range of 20–100 mg/L during controlled therapy, but may reach 150–1500 mg/L following acute poisoning. Monitoring of the serum level is often accomplished using commercial immunoassay techniques, although some laboratories employ
1929:, it promotes more transcriptionally active chromatin structures, that is it exerts an epigenetic effect. This has been proven in mice: Valproic acid induced histone hyperacetylation had brain function effects on the next generation of mice through changes in sperm DNA methylation. Intermediate molecules include
4345:
A 2023 systematic review of the literature identified only one study in which valproate was evaluated in the treatment of seizures in infants aged 1 to 36 months. In a randomized control trial, valproate alone was found to show poorer outcomes for infants than valproate plus levetiracetam in terms of
1492:
associated with VPA exposure can be subtle and age-dependent, making it challenging to designate individuals as having the characteristic dysmorphism or not, especially for those with limited expertise in the area. While the presence of typical facial dysmorphism is suggestive of the condition, it is
1532:
in the offspring compared to mothers not taking valproate from 1.5% to 4.4%. A 2005 study found rates of autism among children exposed to sodium valproate before birth in the cohort studied were 8.9%. The normal incidence for autism in the general population in 2018 was estimated at 1 in 44 (2.3%).
2181:
beta oxidation, which typically accounts for over 40% of an administered dose. Typically, less than 20% of an administered dose is eliminated by other oxidative mechanisms. Less than 3% of an administered dose of valproate is excreted unchanged (i.e., as valproate) in urine. Only a small amount is
1772:
and is highly protein bound and hence may interact with drugs that are substrates for any of these enzymes or are highly protein bound themselves. It may also potentiate the CNS depressant effects of alcohol. It should not be given in conjunction with other antiepileptics due to the potential for
1568:
A 2023 retrospective study of Norway
Denmark and Sweden found a significantly increased risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities in the children of fathers exposed to valproate up to 3 months prior to conception, compared to offspring paternally exposed to lamotrigine/levetiracetam. This led the
1543:
Women who intend to become pregnant should switch to a different medication if possible or decrease their dose of valproate. Women who become pregnant while taking valproate should be warned that it causes birth defects and cognitive impairment in the newborn, especially at high doses (although
8899:
Coronel J, Cetina L, Pacheco I, Trejo-Becerril C, González-Fierro A, de la Cruz-Hernandez E, et al. (December 2011). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of chemotherapy plus epigenetic therapy with hydralazine valproate for advanced cervical cancer. Preliminary
1088:
The combination of valproate and antipsychotic drugs may increase the chance of being given additional sedating medication, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited.
4663:
1116:
On average, people receiving the valproate combination scored lower (better) than people treated with antipsychotics in combination with placebo or antipsychotic drugs alone. There was a clear difference between the groups, but the meaning of this in day-to-day care is
6425:
Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, et al. Prevalence and
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ 2023;72(No. SS-2):1–14. DOI:
6412:
Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, et al. Prevalence and
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ 2021;70(No. SS-11):1–16. DOI:
1020:
may be effective for overall response and also for specific symptoms, especially in terms of excitement and aggression. Valproate was associated with a number of adverse events among which sedation and dizziness appeared more frequently than in the control groups.
986:
for the treatment of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder; monotherapy and adjunctive therapy of complex partial seizures and simple and complex absence seizures; adjunctive therapy in people with multiple seizure types that include absence seizures.
8992:
Munster P, Marchion D, Bicaku E, Lacevic M, Kim J, Centeno B, et al. (April 2009). "Clinical and biological effects of valproic acid as a histone deacetylase inhibitor on tumor and surrogate tissues: phase I/II trial of valproic acid and epirubicin/FEC".
1573:
to recommend "the need to consider effective contraception, while using valproate and for at least 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Male patients should not donate sperm during treatment and for at least 3 months after treatment discontinuation."
8711:
Candelaria M, Herrera A, Labardini J, González-Fierro A, Trejo-Becerril C, Taja-Chayeb L, et al. (April 2011). "Hydralazine and magnesium valproate as epigenetic treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome. Preliminary results of a phase-II trial".
9123:
1898:(GABA). The GABAergic effect is also believed to contribute towards the anti-manic properties of valproate. In animals, sodium valproate raises cerebral and cerebellar levels of GABA, possibly by inhibiting GABA degradative enzymes, such as
1159:
Adding valproate to antipsychotic drugs probably causes little or no increase to the chance of feeling sick, but the difference between the two treatments is not clear. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
1071:
Valproate in combination with antipsychotics may slightly reduce the chance of leaving the study early, but the difference between the two treatments is not clear. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
4655:
8850:"Histone deacetylase inhibition in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: the effects of valproic acid on leukemic cells, and the clinical and experimental evidence for combining valproic acid with other antileukemic agents"
1166:
1149:
1126:
1095:
1078:
1061:
6183:
This argues that the fetal valproate syndrome constitutes a real clinical entity that includes developmental delay and cognitive impairments, but that some children might exhibit some developmental delay without marked
4431:
6513:
16804:
1706:, at present there is little favorable evidence for salivary therapeutic drug monitoring. Salivary levels of valproic acid correlate poorly with serum levels, partly due to valproate's weak acid property (p
1721:
can be an effective means of hastening elimination of the drug from the body. Supportive therapy should be given to all patients experiencing an overdose and urine output should be monitored. Supplemental
8755:
Bug G, Ritter M, Wassmann B, Schoch C, Heinzel T, Schwarz K, et al. (December 2005). "Clinical trial of valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia".
4135:
Types are Syrup, Extended release mini tablets, Gastric resistant coated tablets, Gastric resistant soft capsules, Extended release capsules, Extended release tablets and
Extended release coated tablets
9115:
3817:
of valproate is valproic acid (VPA). Valproic acid is fully ionized into valproate at the physiologic pH of the human body, and valproate is the active form of the drug. Sodium valproate is the sodium
1586:, a significantly higher portion of valproate patients had somnolence compared to placebo. In approximately one-half of such patients, there was associated reduced nutritional intake and weight loss.
6051:"Diagnosis and management of individuals with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder; a consensus statement from the European Reference Network for Congenital Malformations and Intellectual Disability"
4737:
1401:(PCOS) in women with epilepsy or bipolar disorder. Studies have shown this risk of PCOS is higher in women with epilepsy compared to those with bipolar disorder. Weight gain is also possible.
6659:
6196:
Umur AS, Selcuki M, Bursali A, Umur N, Kara B, Vatansever HS, et al. (May 2012). "Simultaneous folate intake may prevent adverse effect of valproic acid on neurulating nervous system".
1544:
valproate is sometimes the only drug that can control seizures, and seizures in pregnancy could have worse outcomes for the fetus than exposure to valproate). Studies have shown that taking
9364:
12842:
9071:
Sriram A, Ward HE, Hassan A, Iyer S, Foote KD, Rodriguez RL, et al. (February 2013). "Valproate as a treatment for dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in
Parkinson's disease".
5247:
4656:"Drug Safety Update - Valproate medicines (Epilim, Depakote): contraindicated in women and girls of childbearing potential unless conditions of Pregnancy Prevention Programme are met"
230:
18331:
17284:
2250:. It was approved as an antiepileptic drug in 1967 in France and has become the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drug worldwide. Valproic acid has also been used for migraine
7545:
Kumar S, Wong H, Yeung SA, Riggs KW, Abbott FS, Rurak DW (July 2000). "Disposition of valproic acid in maternal, fetal, and newborn sheep. II: metabolism and renal elimination".
6610:
1488:" (FVSD) because valproate exposure can lead to a wide range of possible presentations, which can be influenced by various factors (including dosage and timing of exposure). The
19276:
9036:
Hicks CW, Pandya MM, Itin I, Fernandez HH (June 2011). "Valproate for the treatment of medication-induced impulse-control disorders in three patients with
Parkinson's disease".
6364:
Rasalam AD, Hailey H, Williams JH, Moore SJ, Turnpenny PD, Lloyd DJ, et al. (August 2005). "Characteristics of fetal anticonvulsant syndrome associated autistic disorder".
10615:
2798:
paid $ 1.6 billion in fines to US federal and state governments for illegal promotion of off-label uses for
Depakote, including the sedation of elderly nursing home residents.
17279:
12328:
9236:
9154:
5612:
9468:
10869:
5748:
Guo CY, Ronen GM, Atkinson SA (September 2001). "Long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment may be a marker for reduced growth and bone mass in children with epilepsy".
4633:
4321:
India – Valance and
Valance OD by Abbott Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Divalid ER by Linux laboratories Pvt Ltd, Valex ER by Sigmund Promedica, Dicorate by Sun Pharma
12984:
9394:
9296:
9266:
4527:
2047:. Protein binding is saturable: it decreases with increasing valproate concentration, low albumin concentrations, the patient's age, additional use of other drugs such as
6510:
4490:
13158:
12491:
16726:
10859:
18552:
18542:
8561:"Valproic acid in association with highly active antiretroviral therapy for reducing systemic HIV-1 reservoirs: results from a multicentre randomized clinical study"
4409:
11183:
16694:
16645:
13370:
6634:
9595:
8026:
Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN (August 2010). "Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4404:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
18367:
15410:
15255:
3916:
18557:
19438:
17129:
13336:
12835:
10557:
14206:
8801:"The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia"
4564:
16989:
13025:
12899:
2375:
Limited (depends on the seizure type; it can help with certain kinds of seizures: drug-resistant epilepsy, partial and absence seizures, can be used against
1143:
Adding valproate to antipsychotic drug treatment does not clearly cause liver problems. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
185:
14077:
18324:
16527:
16522:
16512:
9428:
7230:
4157:
18537:
16959:
16462:
15751:
9943:
3724:
2352:
2223:
1472:" (FVS) has been used to refer to the effects of valproate exposure in utero. However, similar to the discussion about the adverse effect of exposure to
14135:
14130:
6725:
5642:
18097:
6399:
5147:
Olsen KB, Taubøll E, Gjerstad L (2007). "Valproate is an effective, well-tolerated drug for treatment of status epilepticus/serial attacks in adults".
4729:
3846:
1890:
Although the mechanism of action of valproate is not fully understood, traditionally, its anticonvulsant effect has been attributed to the blockade of
1540:
of childhood, also known as
Ouvrier–Billson syndrome, from childhood or fetal exposure. This condition resolved after discontinuing valproate therapy.
845:, and is contra-indicated for women of childbearing age unless the drug is essential to their medical condition and the recipient is also prescribed a
14201:
2502:
Weak evidence. Not recommended for agitation in people with dementia. Increased rate of adverse effects, including a risk of serious adverse effects.
243:
19206:
12828:
12305:
865:
and pancreatitis. As of 2022 the drug was still prescribed in the UK to potentially pregnant women, but use declined by 51% from 2018–19 to 2020–21.
17590:
10989:
14087:
13797:
13737:
13642:
5214:
2039:
Taken by mouth, valproate is rapidly and virtually completely absorbed from the gut. When in the bloodstream, 80–90% of the substance are bound to
18317:
17094:
6988:
Matsuoka M, Igisu H (July 1993). "Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity of ammonia".
1315:
16909:
18407:
16719:
16596:
15217:
13962:
13907:
13902:
13867:
13455:
13435:
11877:
11867:
18577:
18382:
16078:
15841:
15771:
14700:
14557:
14432:
14176:
14024:
13987:
13887:
13882:
13782:
13767:
13762:
13727:
12959:
12310:
8465:
Siemes H, Spohr HL, Michael T, Nau H (September–October 1988). "Therapy of infantile spasms with valproate: results of a prospective study".
7172:"Testicular histone hyperacetylation in mice by valproic acid administration affects the next generation by changes in sperm DNA methylation"
79:
6441:
5322:
5239:
19226:
15397:
14820:
14795:
14710:
14357:
14347:
13937:
13927:
13897:
13892:
13857:
13812:
13757:
13747:
13742:
13555:
13363:
12351:
12346:
12131:
11907:
11897:
7476:
Isojärvi JI, Taubøll E, Herzog AG (2005). "Effect of antiepileptic drugs on reproductive endocrine function in individuals with epilepsy".
4052:
Extended release tablets – Epilim Chrono by Sanofi is a combination of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 2.3:1 ratio.
3738:
3242:
716:
4252:
Depalept and
Depalept Chrono (extended release tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above. Manufactured and distributed by
18718:
18597:
18477:
18157:
18152:
18142:
18137:
18132:
18127:
18122:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18028:
18008:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17953:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17843:
16280:
15402:
15382:
15367:
15337:
14755:
14665:
14097:
14002:
13992:
13972:
13952:
13932:
13325:
12999:
12979:
12650:
12585:
12580:
12530:
12361:
12275:
11887:
9335:
4936:
4872:"Deficient LEF1 expression is associated with lithium resistance and hyperexcitability in neurons derived from bipolar disorder patients"
4161:
9490:
19201:
18898:
18838:
18283:
17968:
17901:
16316:
16073:
16068:
16053:
15357:
14271:
14054:
13470:
12645:
12520:
12471:
12295:
12280:
12211:
11922:
11832:
10550:
10326:
6607:
3839:
1915:
1906:
and by inhibiting the re-uptake of GABA by neuronal cells. Prevention of neurotransmitter-induced hyperexcitability of nerve cells via
1052:
When added to antipsychotic drugs valproate probably increases the chance of improvement. Data are based on moderate quality evidence.
850:
6511:
Valproate Products: Drug Safety Communication - Risk of Impaired Cognitive Development in Children Exposed In Utero (During Pregnancy)
1980:
concentrations. These actions are likely to be involved in the reproductive endocrine disturbances seen with valproic acid treatment.
18986:
18592:
18507:
18038:
16712:
14805:
14785:
14181:
14161:
12804:
12111:
12106:
12096:
11937:
11767:
9635:
7928:
3797:. It is unclear whether there is any difference in efficacy between these variants, except from the fact that about 10% more mass of
9228:
9146:
6696:
18648:
16098:
15420:
15069:
14166:
12640:
12461:
11812:
5601:
1311:
9457:
8945:"A phase I-II study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid plus chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma"
19418:
17948:
16336:
14289:
13356:
12809:
11289:
8610:"Antiretroviral intensification and valproic acid lack sustained effect on residual HIV-1 viremia or resting CD4+ cell infection"
4625:
9386:
9288:
9258:
7638:
4611:
4519:
4486:
14186:
14112:
11802:
3228:
8672:"A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain"
7706:
Perucca E (2002). "Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate: a summary after 35 years of clinical experience".
1560:, and the medicines are not recommended for epilepsy during pregnancy unless there is no other effective treatment available.
19408:
18293:
18288:
16631:
15121:
12799:
11751:
10543:
10270:
9516:
9329:
7789:
7679:
Meunier H, Carraz G, Neunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M (1963). "" [Pharmacodynamic properties of N-dipropylacetic acid].
7404:
5088:
5022:
4930:
3380:
900:
10884:
5791:
5104:
Löscher W (2002). "Basic pharmacology of valproate: a review after 35 years of clinical use for the treatment of epilepsy".
5052:
2884:
16899:
15561:
15539:
13635:
12794:
10790:
7410:
5905:
1903:
1110:
9546:
4401:
19428:
15434:
11139:
6530:
Luat AF, Asano E, Chugani HT (September 2007). "Paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with co-existent absence epilepsy".
130:
13142:
6626:
6244:
19383:
17375:
16363:
13668:
11546:
11541:
9570:
4397:
4261:
881:
12820:
10979:
17084:
13318:
11208:
10785:
7581:
3758:
3287:
3262:
1484:
1430:
1410:
761:
736:
16904:
11991:
1972:, at concentrations much lower than therapeutic serum levels. In addition, the drug has been identified as a potent
18351:
17650:
16839:
14633:
12390:
11295:
11258:
11088:
11053:
10287:
9458:"Australian product information epilim (sodium valproate) crushable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, syrup, liquid"
6953:
Mock CM, Schwetschenau KH (January 2012). "Levocarnitine for valproic-acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy".
6731:. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) with INESSS's permission. April 2014. Archived from
4840:
4556:
4025:
2338:
19126:
17585:
17249:
10984:
7426:"Histone acetylation in reproductive organs: Significance of histone deacetylase inhibitors in gene transcription"
4236:
Tablets – Epival 200 (enteric coated tablet) and Epival 500 (extended release tablet) by Iran Najo
15324:
15144:
13628:
11213:
3432:
3396:
3361:
2936:
2900:
2865:
1914:
may also contribute to its mechanism. Valproate has been shown to protect against a seizure-induced reduction in
1478:
1205:
373:
215:
111:
17380:
16784:
9416:
8338:
Jacobson PL, Messenheimer JA, Farmer TW (November 1981). "Treatment of intractable hiccups with valproic acid".
7253:
2122:. Some of the known metabolites of valproate by these enzymes and uncharacterized enzymes include (see image):
18808:
18298:
18171:
17124:
10743:
10319:
7991:
Vasudev K, Mead A, Macritchie K, Young AH (2012). "Valproate in acute mania: is our practice evidence based?".
4318:
United States – Depakote and Depakote ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories and generics
2526:
11981:
10166:
6800:
Patsalos PN, Berry DJ (February 2013). "Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs by use of saliva".
4711:
4346:
reduction of seizures, freedom from seizures, daily living ability, quality of life, and cognitive abilities.
2703:
Two clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication as both a monotherapy and as an adjunct to
444:
19398:
19378:
18181:
15891:
15621:
13379:
9628:
6732:
5860:
Chukwu J, Delanty N, Webb D, Cavalleri GL (January 2014). "Weight change, genetics and antiepileptic drugs".
5634:
4402:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1922:
1240:
10650:
10630:
4195:
In much of Europe, DĂ©pakine and Depakine Chrono (tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above.
702:
19318:
18278:
17605:
17487:
17254:
17154:
17119:
16690:
13610:
13311:
12874:
12789:
12759:
12324:
11618:
11006:
10157:
5243:
4405:
3653:
3534:
3157:
3038:
2324:
1891:
873:
634:
495:
16854:
11479:
10832:
10645:
7123:"Seizure-induced reduction in PIP3 levels contributes to seizure-activity and is rescued by valproic acid"
3603:
1582:
Valproate may cause increased somnolence in the elderly. In a trial of valproate in elderly patients with
1552:
defects. The use of valproate for migraine or bipolar disorder during pregnancy is contraindicated in the
334:
18853:
18547:
18340:
17713:
17655:
17149:
17114:
16994:
16670:
11696:
11058:
10660:
9818:
9358:
7337:
Death AK, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ (December 2005). "Valproate is an anti-androgen and anti-progestin".
4369:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
3614:
3118:
2087:
595:
17928:
17923:
11681:
11676:
11484:
6462:
Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Clayton-Smith J, Combs-Cantrell DT, Cohen M, et al. (April 2009).
5384:"Gambling disorder during dopamine replacement treatment in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review"
5191:
19393:
19338:
17370:
11218:
10837:
6315:
Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, et al. (April 2013).
3348:
2852:
18628:
18623:
18222:
16919:
16814:
16809:
16799:
11986:
6904:"Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity - what is the evidence?"
6006:
Ornoy A (July 2009). "Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus?".
5922:
Koch S, Göpfert-Geyer I, Jäger-Roman E, Jakob S, Huth H, Hartmann A, et al. (February 1983). "".
3107:
907:. In 2021, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3
564:
74:
VPA; valproic acid; sodium valproate (sodium); valproate semisodium (semisodium); 2-propylvaleric acid
19423:
19388:
19373:
17645:
17339:
16964:
16656:
16230:
15553:
15451:
15135:
14647:
13206:
11048:
10775:
10721:
10312:
7950:
Berendsen S, Kroonen J, Seute T, Snijders T, Broekman ML, Spliet WG, et al. (1 September 2014).
7900:"Co-Administration of Valproic Acid and Lamotrigine in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy (P1.238)"
4986:
4958:
4368:
2380:
1996:
1570:
1398:
952:
19111:
18658:
18497:
18207:
18202:
16924:
16859:
16774:
16769:
10827:
4311:
United Kingdom – Depakote (for psychiatric conditions) and Epilim (for epilepsy) by
19368:
19236:
19151:
17833:
17600:
17520:
17476:
16558:
16476:
16377:
16294:
16163:
15586:
15483:
15315:
15084:
13395:
13390:
13104:
11638:
11607:
11327:
11268:
11001:
10779:
10655:
10605:
10128:
9621:
9424:
7534:(in German). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag. Depakine chrono retard 300 mg Filmtabletten.
7394:
5709:"Inhibition of cartilage growth by the anticonvulsant drugs diphenylhydantoin and sodium valproate"
3630:
3134:
2769:
2666:
1468:
1120:
611:
16914:
16779:
11976:
11711:
11691:
6438:
6266:
Meador KJ, Baker GA, Finnell RH, Kalayjian LA, Liporace JD, Loring DW, et al. (August 2006).
5664:
Wu S, Legido A, De Luca F (January 2004). "Effects of valproic acid on longitudinal bone growth".
5435:"Treatment of cognitive, psychiatric, and affective disorders associated with Parkinson's disease"
4055:
Enteric-coated tablets – Epilim EC200 by Sanofi is a 200 mg sodium valproate
1397:, a dilation of the pupils. There is evidence that shows valproic acid may increase the chance of
584:
19403:
17595:
17395:
17239:
17194:
17069:
16504:
16440:
15776:
13682:
13163:
13088:
12919:
12507:
11434:
10996:
10896:
10275:
10037:
9995:
9874:
8061:
Haddad PM, Das A, Ashfaq M, Wieck A (May 2009). "A review of valproate in psychiatric practice".
5360:
3334:
2689:
1895:
1845:
1537:
1514:
1204:
Based upon five case reports, valproic acid may have efficacy in controlling the symptoms of the
167:
58:
11178:
4791:
Ghodke-Puranik Y, Thorn CF, Lamba JK, Leeder JS, Song W, Birnbaum AK, et al. (April 2013).
4557:"Depakene, Stavzor (valproic acid) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1466:
with the risks being related to the strength of medication used and use of more than one drug. "
18798:
18427:
18212:
17615:
17516:
17189:
16984:
16944:
16794:
16789:
16308:
16244:
15635:
14601:
14592:
14156:
14143:
14125:
14067:
13691:
13178:
12499:
11634:
11273:
11144:
11016:
10864:
10733:
10682:
10391:
9904:
8799:
Kuendgen A, Schmid M, Schlenk R, Knipp S, Hildebrandt B, Steidl C, et al. (January 2006).
7660:
Burton BS (1882). "On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate".
2199:
1765:
1687:
1624:
1209:
885:
311:
45:
12851:
11971:
9319:
7287:"Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid: beyond bipolar disorder"
5817:
Bilo L, Meo R (October 2008). "Polycystic ovary syndrome in women using valproate: a review".
4920:
4075:
Intravenous solution for injection – Episenta solution for injection by Beacon
1820:: inhibits valproate's metabolism in the liver, leading to increased valproate concentrations.
1814:: inhibits valproate's metabolism in the liver, leading to increased valproate concentrations.
544:
19413:
17420:
17224:
17109:
16979:
16746:
16735:
16272:
16173:
13540:
12866:
12031:
11519:
11369:
11263:
10928:
10610:
10508:
10428:
9864:
9494:
8299:"Valproate treatment of acute alcohol hallucinosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study"
6393:
4180:
Extended release tablets – Depakene-R by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo and Selenica-R by
3583:
3087:
2251:
2183:
1958:
1854:: may accelerate metabolism of valproate, leading to a decline of serum levels and potential
1283:
899:
Valproate was originally synthesized in 1881 and came into medical use in 1962. It is on the
435:
18643:
18633:
8608:
Archin NM, Cheema M, Parker D, Wiegand A, Bosch RJ, Coffin JM, et al. (February 2010).
7952:"O9.06 * Prognostic Relevance and Oncogenic Correlates of Epilepsy in Glioblastoma Patients"
6843:
Thanacoody RH (August 2009). "Extracorporeal elimination in acute valproic acid poisoning".
18981:
18953:
18943:
18562:
17798:
17752:
17734:
17709:
17566:
17512:
17497:
17472:
17304:
17179:
17079:
17024:
15866:
14397:
14332:
14312:
13585:
13236:
12191:
11659:
11630:
11603:
11469:
11357:
11166:
11134:
11100:
10738:
10709:
10504:
10470:
10046:
9673:
8943:
Rocca A, Minucci S, Tosti G, Croci D, Contegno F, Ballarini M, et al. (January 2009).
8621:
8104:
Frazee LA, Foraker KC (March 2008). "Use of intravenous valproic acid for acute migraine".
7899:
7183:
6015:
5957:
Moore SJ, Turnpenny P, Quinn A, Glover S, Lloyd DJ, Montgomery T, et al. (July 2000).
4870:
Santos R, Linker SB, Stern S, Mendes AP, Shokhirev MN, Erikson G, et al. (June 2021).
4132:
Companies are SANOFI-AVENTIS FRANCE, GEROT PHARMAZEUTIKA GMBH and DESITIN ARZNEIMITTEL GMBH
3822:
3543:
3523:
3458:
3047:
3027:
1855:
1269:
1243:. It has cardioprotective, kidney protective, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial effects.
504:
342:
18638:
13168:
10822:
8559:
Routy JP, Tremblay CL, Angel JB, Trottier B, Rouleau D, Baril JG, et al. (May 2012).
6143:
Adab N, Kini U, Vinten J, Ayres J, Baker G, Clayton-Smith J, et al. (November 2004).
6100:
Kulkarni ML, Zaheeruddin M, Shenoy N, Vani HN (October 2006). "Fetal valproate syndrome".
5499:
2962:
868:
Valproate's precise mechanism of action is unclear. Proposed mechanisms include affecting
484:
8:
19433:
18783:
18683:
18607:
18309:
17452:
17319:
17299:
17294:
17144:
17044:
17034:
17004:
16939:
16517:
14655:
14059:
13173:
13109:
12714:
12709:
12441:
12401:
12246:
12166:
12066:
12056:
12001:
11581:
11117:
10874:
10728:
10625:
9697:
9535:
8394:
6688:
6049:
Clayton-Smith J, Bromley R, Dean J, Journel H, Odent S, Wood A, et al. (July 2019).
4299:
4153:
4146:
3923:
3902:
3895:
3853:
3449:
2953:
2795:
2177:
as the glucuronide conjugate. The other major pathway in the metabolism of valproate is
2052:
1973:
1950:
1926:
1730:
1703:
1393:
in children and adolescents, resulting in decreased height. Valproic acid can also cause
972:
877:
830:
811:
390:
178:
174:
18977:
8625:
7916:
7187:
6317:"Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism"
6019:
3657:
3634:
3161:
3138:
2293:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2173:
In adult patients taking valproate alone, 30–50% of an administered dose is excreted in
1796:: may increase valproate concentrations. May also interfere with valproate's metabolism.
638:
615:
399:
19256:
19011:
18812:
18343:
17998:
17938:
17918:
17768:
17748:
17665:
17259:
17204:
17169:
17059:
17014:
16954:
16738:
14927:
14922:
14825:
14532:
14302:
12850:
11551:
11414:
11374:
11352:
11285:
11188:
11161:
11129:
10962:
10852:
10704:
10569:
10500:
9204:
9177:
9096:
9018:
8969:
8944:
8925:
8876:
8849:
8830:
8781:
8737:
8644:
8609:
8590:
8536:
8509:
8490:
8478:
8447:
8434:
8417:
8363:
8274:
8249:
8225:
8200:
8173:
8148:
8129:
8086:
7976:
7951:
7920:
7874:
7849:
7848:
Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, et al. (March 2010).
7830:
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7171:
7147:
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7054:
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6825:
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5958:
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5773:
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5708:
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5483:
5459:
5434:
5410:
5383:
5347:
5295:
5270:
5172:
5129:
4896:
4871:
4817:
4792:
4308:
Mexico – Epival and Epival ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories
2731:
2680:
Several clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a monotherapy, as an adjunct to
2507:
2263:
2227:
2000:
1695:
1518:
1489:
976:
960:
904:
141:
8688:
8671:
7424:
Uchida H, Maruyama T, Arase T, Ono M, Nagashima T, Masuda H, et al. (June 2005).
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16576:
16187:
15861:
15505:
15377:
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14517:
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12141:
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11782:
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11504:
11409:
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10945:
10807:
10716:
10699:
10667:
10620:
10577:
10566:
10490:
10478:
10376:
9978:
9893:
9842:
9788:
9587:
9325:
9209:
9088:
9053:
9049:
9010:
8974:
8929:
8917:
8881:
8822:
8773:
8729:
8693:
8649:
8582:
8577:
8560:
8541:
8482:
8439:
8398:
8381:
Sotaniemi K (July 1982). "Valproic acid in the treatment of nonepileptic myoclonus".
8355:
8320:
8279:
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8178:
8133:
8121:
8078:
8043:
8008:
7879:
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7554:
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7441:
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7152:
7103:
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6117:
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5681:
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5352:
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5206:
5164:
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5121:
5117:
5084:
4926:
4901:
4822:
4768:
4607:
4175:
3909:
3874:
3483:
3298:
2987:
2243:
1992:
1954:
1899:
1864:: increases the clearance of valproate, leading to decreased valproate concentrations
1769:
1510:
1435:
1375:
1003:
936:
854:
818:
or by mouth, and the tablet forms exist in both long- and short-acting formulations.
799:
267:
255:
103:
89:
9100:
8834:
8741:
8594:
8494:
8451:
8418:"Significance of migrainous features in cluster headache: divalproex responsiveness"
8250:"Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
8090:
7924:
7376:
6872:
6829:
6786:
6594:
6225:
6129:
5889:
5846:
5777:
5693:
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5133:
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18663:
18653:
18567:
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18227:
18217:
17744:
17705:
17099:
16704:
16354:
15851:
15766:
15566:
15285:
15074:
14412:
13545:
13405:
13221:
13030:
12883:
12863:
12451:
12431:
11379:
11243:
10802:
10640:
10600:
10526:
10482:
9948:
9579:
9199:
9189:
9080:
9045:
9022:
9002:
8964:
8956:
8909:
8871:
8861:
8812:
8785:
8765:
8721:
8683:
8639:
8629:
8572:
8531:
8521:
8474:
8429:
8390:
8367:
8347:
8310:
8269:
8265:
8261:
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8212:
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8113:
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8000:
7971:
7963:
7912:
7869:
7861:
7834:
7814:
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7346:
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7298:
7201:
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7142:
7134:
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7085:
7058:
7036:
6997:
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6925:
6915:
6852:
6809:
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6574:
6539:
6483:
6475:
6373:
6336:
6328:
6287:
6279:
6205:
6164:
6156:
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6072:
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6027:
6023:
5978:
5970:
5931:
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5826:
5757:
5720:
5673:
5544:
5503:
5495:
5454:
5446:
5405:
5395:
5342:
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5290:
5286:
5282:
5156:
5113:
4994:
4966:
4891:
4883:
4812:
4804:
4205:
4043:
Oral solution – Orlept Sugar Free by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
3818:
3766:
InChI=1S/2C8H16O2.Na/c2*1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h2*7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;;+1/p-1
3670:
3174:
1988:
1354:
1263:
996:
968:
964:
956:
932:
841:
risk. Valproate is known to cause serious abnormalities in fetuses if taken during
795:
651:
293:
198:
11716:
9520:
9006:
7735:
6565:
Ouvrier RA, Billson F (July 1988). "Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood".
6464:"Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs"
5677:
5192:"The role of intravenous valproate in convulsive status epilepticus in the future"
5014:
4922:
The history of epileptic therapy : an account of how medication was developed
2644:
A prospective clinical trial supported its efficacy in treating infantile spasms.
1462:
is associated with about three times as many major abnormalities as usual, mainly
19352:
18923:
18818:
18698:
17719:
17680:
17640:
17064:
16929:
16606:
16601:
16571:
16400:
16395:
15998:
15963:
15953:
15918:
15525:
15500:
14967:
14660:
14542:
13697:
13659:
13530:
13410:
13348:
13211:
12376:
12261:
12116:
11787:
11454:
11429:
11280:
11233:
11043:
10903:
10494:
10486:
10474:
10335:
8634:
7196:
6813:
6614:
6517:
6445:
5909:
5902:
5873:
5795:
5549:
5532:
5044:
4808:
4685:
4056:
2818:
2802:
2712:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2152:
2127:
2067:
2059:
2020:
1969:
1734:
1529:
1498:
1180:
807:
803:
424:
330:
321:
301:
9176:
Gervain J, Vines BW, Chen LM, Seo RJ, Hensch TK, Werker JF, et al. (2013).
6241:"NEAD: In Utero Exposure To Valproate Linked to Poor Cognitive Outcomes in Kids"
5382:
Pirritano D, Plastino M, Bosco D, Gallelli L, Siniscalchi A, De Sarro G (2014).
1983:
Valproic acid has been found to directly stimulate androgen biosynthesis in the
19271:
19191:
19061:
18918:
18773:
18738:
18397:
17818:
17778:
17724:
17690:
17670:
17625:
17551:
17546:
17507:
17502:
17467:
17184:
16874:
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16537:
16128:
16028:
15938:
15612:
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15411:
15256:
15212:
15167:
14912:
14902:
14522:
14442:
14039:
13942:
13560:
13535:
13500:
13114:
13055:
13045:
13020:
12954:
12221:
12046:
12021:
11649:
11625:
11598:
11494:
11419:
11322:
11107:
11078:
10935:
10878:
10817:
10812:
10535:
10343:
10281:
10056:
9792:
9732:
9666:
9644:
9542:
7967:
7074:"M-current preservation contributes to anticonvulsant effects of valproic acid"
6578:
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4312:
4253:
4240:
4223:
3930:
3888:
3881:
3867:
3814:
2826:
2806:
2346:
2187:
2137:
2040:
1870:: valproate may increase free warfarin concentration and prolong bleeding time.
1802:: may cause CNS depression and there are possible pharmacokinetic interactions.
1799:
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1718:
1699:
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17104:
16974:
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16484:
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16201:
16138:
15871:
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15811:
15801:
15756:
15576:
15510:
15362:
15172:
15157:
15002:
14695:
14577:
14417:
14297:
14276:
14251:
14171:
13792:
13787:
13261:
13241:
13193:
13132:
13122:
12944:
12630:
12575:
12550:
12126:
11524:
11424:
10635:
10361:
10351:
10247:
10176:
10171:
10086:
10061:
10000:
9990:
9707:
9702:
9194:
9116:"Abbott Laboratories to pay $ 1.6 billion over illegal marketing of Depakote"
7282:
6889:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1622–1626.
6240:
6160:
4991:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
4436:
4088:
Intravenous injection – Orfiril IV by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
3646:
3503:
3411:
3317:
3270:
InChI=1S/C8H16O2.Na/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1
3150:
3007:
2915:
2750:
2630:
2318:
1876:: valproate may increase zidovudine serum concentration and lead to toxicity.
1839:
1786:
1774:
1714:
1557:
1301:(except when no other treatments are available for the treatment of epilepsy)
1133:
1102:
1055:
1017:
1007:
846:
627:
280:
36:
8315:
8298:
7850:"Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy"
6427:
6414:
1524:
Children of mothers taking valproate during pregnancy are at risk for lower
1255:
Pre-existing acute or chronic liver dysfunction or family history of severe
19296:
19266:
19241:
19196:
19141:
19136:
19121:
19116:
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17074:
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17019:
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15711:
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9591:
9583:
9578:(Report). Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
9213:
9092:
9057:
9014:
8978:
8960:
8921:
8885:
8866:
8826:
8777:
8733:
8697:
8653:
8586:
8545:
8526:
8443:
8351:
8324:
8283:
8234:
8182:
8125:
8082:
8047:
8012:
7883:
7762:
7727:
7692:
7601:
7558:
7497:
7459:
7368:
7320:
7249:
7215:
7156:
7107:
7050:
6974:
6939:
6864:
6821:
6778:
6757:
Sztajnkrycer MD (2002). "Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management".
6660:"PRAC non-interventional imposed PASS final study report assessment report"
6551:
6497:
6385:
6350:
6332:
6301:
6217:
6178:
6121:
6086:
6035:
5992:
5935:
5881:
5838:
5769:
5685:
5558:
5517:
5468:
5419:
5356:
5304:
5210:
5168:
5125:
4963:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
4905:
4826:
4772:
2376:
2231:
2211:
2178:
2011:
1965:
1962:
1823:
1817:
1463:
1455:
1390:
1383:
1288:
893:
834:
575:
193:
13015:
12904:
8670:
Hardy JR, Rees EA, Gwilliam B, Ling J, Broadley K, A'Hern R (March 2001).
8486:
8402:
8359:
7865:
7826:
7302:
7009:
6770:
6586:
6543:
6479:
5943:
5734:
5400:
2379:
and other tumors both to improve survival and treat seizures, and against
1826:: valproate may increase ethosuximide concentrations and lead to toxicity.
849:. Reproductive warnings have also been issued for men using the drug. The
19281:
19251:
19231:
19181:
19056:
19051:
19036:
19006:
18833:
18788:
18748:
18743:
18693:
18688:
18673:
18512:
18472:
18377:
18077:
17823:
17793:
17685:
17482:
17432:
17410:
17390:
17349:
17324:
17314:
17289:
17274:
17229:
17134:
17049:
17039:
16999:
16889:
16819:
16262:
16216:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16008:
15993:
15988:
15943:
15922:
15914:
15826:
15821:
15806:
15791:
15726:
15671:
15247:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15207:
15192:
15182:
15162:
15064:
15047:
15037:
15027:
15017:
15012:
14982:
14957:
14952:
14932:
14917:
14882:
14867:
14830:
14765:
14725:
14715:
14572:
14567:
14552:
14537:
14477:
14342:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14226:
14221:
14102:
14049:
14044:
14029:
13872:
13847:
13837:
13827:
13817:
13807:
13722:
13717:
13707:
13620:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13485:
13475:
13400:
13290:
13282:
13060:
12754:
12635:
12620:
12615:
12545:
12481:
12436:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12285:
12231:
12226:
12206:
12146:
12091:
12061:
12051:
12041:
12011:
11996:
11912:
11892:
11797:
11721:
11613:
11566:
11531:
11449:
11439:
11384:
11342:
11307:
11253:
11238:
11203:
11198:
10952:
10923:
10449:
10444:
10409:
10356:
10227:
10222:
10108:
10066:
10012:
9983:
9958:
9953:
9928:
9808:
9803:
9767:
9747:
9692:
9682:
8710:
6726:"Free Valproic Acid Assay (Reference – 2013.03.006) Notice of Assessment"
5974:
5083:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
3969:
Syrup – Depakene by Abbott Laboratories. (Note: Depakene
2131:
2032:
2016:
1778:
1549:
1367:
815:
97:
9613:
4999:
4971:
4848:
4730:"Sodium valproate: what are dangers of epilepsy drug for unborn babies?"
2835:
464:
19261:
19221:
19166:
19156:
19096:
19081:
19066:
19046:
19021:
19016:
18996:
18991:
18948:
18938:
18903:
18878:
18858:
18823:
18802:
18758:
18733:
18517:
18482:
18467:
18462:
18431:
18392:
18372:
18107:
18072:
18033:
18023:
18003:
17933:
17888:
17868:
17763:
17739:
17700:
17695:
17630:
17620:
17581:
17556:
17541:
17492:
17462:
17437:
17334:
17199:
17089:
17054:
17009:
16949:
16566:
16494:
16489:
16425:
16420:
16410:
16405:
16385:
16206:
16195:
16191:
16158:
16043:
16038:
16013:
16003:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15909:
15899:
15881:
15876:
15846:
15836:
15796:
15761:
15716:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15681:
15646:
15571:
15515:
15492:
15460:
15387:
15347:
15305:
15295:
15270:
15242:
15202:
15187:
15107:
15102:
15042:
15022:
15007:
14997:
14862:
14852:
14780:
14775:
14770:
14760:
14720:
14675:
14670:
14582:
14562:
14502:
14492:
14422:
14402:
14387:
14377:
14367:
14352:
14337:
14327:
14317:
14307:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14231:
14211:
14191:
14117:
14107:
14092:
14082:
14034:
13982:
13917:
13842:
13832:
13822:
13802:
13777:
13772:
13752:
13732:
13702:
13595:
13590:
13520:
13460:
13450:
13420:
13251:
13246:
13215:
13201:
13183:
13065:
12974:
12934:
12909:
12859:
12724:
12691:
12540:
12535:
12515:
12486:
12406:
12371:
12366:
12356:
12251:
12186:
12121:
12071:
11927:
11822:
11777:
11736:
11644:
11593:
11444:
11394:
11347:
11337:
11156:
11124:
11083:
11033:
11023:
10969:
10957:
10918:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10672:
10439:
10424:
10419:
10381:
10252:
10242:
10232:
10191:
10186:
10136:
10118:
10113:
10096:
10091:
10076:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10007:
9973:
9963:
9847:
9837:
9827:
9772:
9742:
9722:
8817:
8800:
8769:
7805:
Rimmer EM, Richens A (May–June 1985). "An update on sodium valproate".
7359:
6966:
6113:
5531:
Singh D, Gupta S, Verma I, Morsy MA, Nair AB, Ahmed AF (October 2021).
4610:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 24 November 2020.
4324:
Germany – Ergenyl Chrono by Sanofi-Aventis and generics
3966:
Intravenous injection – Depacon by Abbott Laboratories.
3700:
3514:
3204:
3018:
1894:
and increased brain levels of the inhibitory synaptic neurotransmitter
1873:
1861:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1545:
1528:. Maternal valproate use during pregnancy increased the probability of
1502:
1328:
889:
822:
678:
475:
8117:
7749:
Henry TR (2003). "The history of valproate in clinical neuroscience".
7276:
7274:
1808:
antibiotics: reduce valproate levels, potentially leading to seizures.
1389:
There is evidence that valproic acid may cause premature growth plate
951:
activity, although it is primarily used as a first-line treatment for
19186:
19176:
19171:
19161:
19146:
19131:
19076:
19031:
19001:
18863:
18843:
18768:
18708:
18703:
18572:
18502:
18492:
18437:
17883:
17873:
17803:
17783:
17758:
17725:
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)
17635:
17610:
17457:
17447:
17415:
17400:
17354:
17309:
17264:
17209:
17159:
16934:
16884:
16824:
16586:
16532:
16448:
16331:
16321:
16252:
16181:
16143:
16118:
16108:
16033:
15983:
15928:
15904:
15831:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15691:
15686:
15676:
15661:
15520:
15392:
15372:
15352:
15342:
15300:
15280:
15197:
14992:
14907:
14897:
14877:
14815:
14800:
14790:
14750:
14735:
14705:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14606:
14547:
14497:
14487:
14482:
14467:
14457:
14437:
14427:
14407:
14382:
14012:
13977:
13957:
13922:
13912:
13877:
13862:
13525:
13430:
13188:
13050:
12989:
12745:
12719:
12699:
12695:
12683:
12560:
12525:
12466:
12426:
12421:
12320:
12300:
12236:
12201:
12176:
12171:
12156:
12076:
12026:
11947:
11882:
11827:
11817:
11807:
11741:
11588:
11576:
11332:
11223:
11151:
11112:
11038:
11011:
10940:
10694:
10677:
10414:
10404:
10212:
10103:
10051:
9933:
9913:
9879:
9869:
9798:
9777:
9762:
9757:
9727:
9717:
9712:
9657:
7089:
6268:"In utero antiepileptic drug exposure: fetal death and malformations"
5959:"A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes"
4327:
Chile – Valcote and Valcote ER by Abbott Laboratories
3976:
Depakote tablets are a mixture of sodium valproate and valproic acid.
3469:
2973:
2704:
2681:
2332:
1851:
1829:
1782:
1746:
1723:
1459:
1394:
1298:
1293:
1275:
1256:
983:
858:
842:
410:
355:
83:
4925:(1st ed.). Carnforth u.a.: Parthenon Publ. Group. p. 131.
4049:
Intravenous injection – Epilim Intravenous by Sanofi
1987:
via inhibition of histone deacetylases and has been associated with
919:
19091:
19071:
19041:
18913:
18873:
18723:
18713:
18587:
18018:
17973:
17576:
17571:
17329:
16969:
16869:
16864:
16257:
16063:
16058:
16018:
15933:
15781:
15656:
15594:
14977:
14942:
14847:
14462:
14392:
14362:
14322:
14216:
14007:
13967:
13947:
13440:
13415:
13000:
12969:
12949:
12939:
12731:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12396:
12151:
12086:
11902:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11792:
11731:
11726:
11666:
10847:
10689:
10520:
10465:
10304:
10207:
10181:
9938:
9918:
9752:
9737:
7271:
6920:
6692:
6314:
6145:"The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy"
5533:"Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: A new insight"
4181:
3563:
3494:
3375:
3310:
3067:
2998:
2879:
1977:
1867:
1583:
1506:
1340:
1220:
1213:
928:
791:
524:
455:
125:
17902:
8898:
4040:
Tablets – Orlept by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
3723:
3227:
861:. Additionally, there is also a black box warning due to risk of
701:
19301:
19286:
19216:
18678:
18402:
17838:
17813:
17808:
17729:
17405:
16326:
16148:
15948:
15473:
14872:
14810:
14472:
14452:
14148:
14019:
13040:
12929:
12687:
12476:
12416:
12216:
12101:
11942:
11917:
11772:
11514:
11464:
11404:
11065:
9784:
8199:
Baillon SF, Narayana U, Luxenberg JS, Clifton AV (October 2018).
7231:"Valproic acid, a molecular lead to multiple regulatory pathways"
7228:
6608:
Valproate Not To Be Used for Migraine During Pregnancy, FDA Warns
5921:
5481:
5269:
Jochim J, Rifkin-Zybutz RP, Geddes J, Cipriani A (October 2019).
5268:
2119:
2111:
2048:
2044:
1793:
838:
6627:"New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed"
6461:
4079:
2055:
and in breast milk are 1 to 10% of blood plasma concentrations.
2051:, as well as liver and kidney impairment. Concentrations in the
1006:
compared the efficacy of valproate as an add-on for people with
995:
Valproate products are used to treat manic or mixed episodes of
16829:
16152:
15416:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
15265:
15261:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
14937:
14857:
14740:
14730:
14512:
14281:
13079:
12964:
12914:
12738:
12679:
12664:
12570:
8198:
7393:
Wyllie E, Cascino GD, Gidal BE, Goodkin HP (17 February 2012).
6048:
4213:
4069:
Capsules – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
3860:
3825:
composed of equal parts of valproic acid and sodium valproate.
3594:
3098:
2207:
2186:
is 16±3 hours and can decrease to 4–9 hours when combined with
2166:-ene-valproic acid, 4-ene-valproic acid, 4-hydroxyvalproic acid
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
1907:
1761:
1683:
1679:
1236:
1185:*Increase in alanine transaminase/gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
802:. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with
744:
InChI=1S/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10)
555:
17125:
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)
9178:"Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch"
7072:
Kay HY, Greene DL, Kang S, Kosenko A, Hoshi N (October 2015).
5381:
4793:"Valproic acid pathway: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics"
4790:
4330:
France and other European countries – Depakote
4072:
Sachets – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
2148:-ene-valproic acid, 3-hydroxyvalproic acid, 3-oxovalproic acid
1266:
to valproate or any of the ingredients used in the preparation
16632:
15122:
14892:
14745:
12270:
11952:
11862:
11793:
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
11752:
10636:
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
7949:
6099:
5635:"Depakote 250mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics"
4626:"Valproate banned without the pregnancy prevention programme"
4145:
Intravenous injection – Epival or Epiject by
3714:
3574:
3218:
3078:
2174:
2063:
2003:
have also been observed in women treated with valproic acid.
1984:
1911:
1838:: may increase valproate metabolism combined with the direct
1678:
Excessive amounts of valproic acid can result in somnolence,
1517:
is usually associated with altered physical characteristics (
692:
535:
326:
17120:
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)
15540:
8991:
4660:
GOV.UK - Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
4118:
Controlled release tablets – Epilim Chrono (
4085:
Tablets – Orfiril by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
3619:
3123:
600:
16468:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
16390:
15435:
15093:
15055:
14838:
13035:
12703:
12016:
6265:
5903:
New evidence in France of harm from epilepsy drug valproate
5484:"Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease"
4759:
Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (2003). "Pharmacology of valproate".
3953:
3554:
3058:
2661:
Double-blind placebo-controlled trials have been negative.
2608:
Limited, three case reports support its efficacy, however.
1938:
1934:
1930:
1729:
is indicated in patients having an acute overdose and also
1691:
1232:
869:
821:
Common side effects of valproate include nausea, vomiting,
515:
16:
Medication used for epilepsy, bipolar disorder and migraine
18339:
16364:
13669:
8798:
8558:
8337:
7990:
7678:
7571:
6363:
5859:
4239:
Slow release tablets – Depakine Chrono by
2801:
Some studies have suggested that valproate may reopen the
2591:
Limited, five case reports support its efficacy, however.
1501:, medial deficiency of eyebrows, flat nasal bridge, broad
12386:
8607:
8147:
Wang Y, Xia J, Helfer B, Li C, Leucht S (November 2016).
7775:
7392:
6902:
Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M (October 2005).
6901:
5956:
5321:
Wang Y, Xia J, Helfer B, Li C, Leucht S (November 2016).
4985:
4957:
4520:"Depakote ER- divalproex sodium tablet, extended release"
4376:
4333:
Peru – Divalprax by AC Farma Laboratories
4204:
Tablets (white round tablet) – Depakine (
857:
given the frequency and severity of the side effects and
25:
18352:
14634:
13143:
11477:
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
9035:
8510:"Valproic acid and HIV-1 latency: beyond the sound bite"
7847:
7280:
4975:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2745:
One phase II study has seemed to discount its efficacy.
15325:
15145:
10980:
7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
8754:
7396:
Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice
4869:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
1525:
901:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
18172:
17130:
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone
11674:
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
9229:"Learning drugs reawaken grown-up brain's inner child"
8942:
8847:
7993:
International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
7471:
7469:
7423:
7336:
6195:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4305:
Canada – Epival by Abbott Laboratories
4292:
2574:
One randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
833:
is therefore recommended. Other serious risks include
19336:
18182:
15622:
8669:
8464:
8248:
Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (October 2011).
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7475:
4847:. University of Alberta. 29 July 2017. Archived from
4487:"Depakote- divalproex sodium tablet, delayed release"
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4186:
Syrup – Depakene by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo
4101:
Tablets – Epilim by Sanofi-synthelabo
1773:
reduced clearance of other antiepileptics (including
16734:
12760:
9594:. Report No.: 22(23)-EHC004 Report No.: 2021-SR-01.
9517:"South African Electronic Package Inserts: Convulex"
9070:
8247:
8060:
7572:
Schneemann H, Young L, Koda-Kimble MA, eds. (2001).
7399:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 288–.
7388:
7386:
7229:
Kostrouchová M, Kostrouch Z, Kostrouchová M (2007).
7071:
7025:"Serum valproate levels with oral contraceptive use"
5530:
5146:
4505:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
1513:, thick lower lip and small downturned mouth. While
1183:
outcomes were not reported in the included studies.
13005:
Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
11108:
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
9379:
9175:
7544:
7466:
7120:
6142:
5706:
4686:"Men on sodium valproate told to use contraception"
4356:
1231:The medication has been tested in the treatment of
1016:There is limited evidence that adding valproate to
982:In the US, valproic acid is an anti-epileptic drug
443:
17907:Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators
13378:
9569:
9493:. Pharmaceutical Management Agency. Archived from
8201:"Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia"
8063:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
7898:
7777:
7608:
7417:
6149:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5482:Averbeck BB, O'Sullivan SS, Djamshidian A (2014).
4259:
3941:
1832:: may increase plasma concentrations of valproate.
825:, and dry mouth. Serious side effects can include
16657:
16231:
11320:17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9419:[Depakin - The AIFA Medicines Database].
7784:(65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.
7383:
7169:
7121:Chang P, Walker MC, Williams RS (February 2014).
6952:
5794:. eHealthMe.com. 18 November 2014. Archived from
5707:Robinson PB, Harvey W, Belal MS (February 1988).
4452:
3781:Valproate exists in two main molecular variants:
1199:
19360:
16295:
10565:
9387:"Depakene- valproic acid capsule, liquid filled"
9317:
7170:Sakai K, Hara K, Tanemura K (3 September 2023).
7022:
6529:
5747:
4046:Syrup – Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
3482:
3440:sodium 2-propylpentanoate;2-propylpentanoic acid
2986:
2625:Limited, two case reports support its efficacy.
2155:: 5-hydroxyvalproic acid, 2-propyl-glutaric acid
1848:: may reduce plasma concentrations of valproate.
423:
18218:11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)
16695:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
13089:
11539:5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives:
9567:
8848:Fredly H, Gjertsen BT, Bruserud O (July 2013).
8146:
7332:
7330:
6897:
6895:
6887:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
5663:
5320:
3828:
3457:
2961:
2222:Valproic acid was first synthesized in 1882 by
1316:List of adverse effects of valproate semisodium
790:forms) are medications primarily used to treat
398:
17591:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
10990:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
9443:
6564:
6398:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
4098:Syrup – Convulex by Byk Madaus
2066:. Valproate is known to be metabolized by the
1548:supplements can reduce the risk of congenital
19439:World Health Organization essential medicines
18325:
16920:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)
16747:
16720:
16637:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
15127:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
13636:
13364:
12836:
11757:Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator
11402:17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives:
10551:
10320:
9629:
9491:"Sodium valproate -- Pharmaceutical Schedule"
9409:
9144:
8103:
8025:
7804:
6987:
6799:
4758:
4275:Encorate Chrono by Sun Pharmaceutical (India)
4080:Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Sweden
2764:A phase II study has supported its efficacy.
1918:(PIP3) as a potential therapeutic mechanism.
1140:Abnormal liver function (blood test changes)*
16910:16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate
15545:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
11808:Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
9568:Treadwell JR, Wu M, Tsou AY (October 2022).
8296:
7595:
7593:
7327:
6892:
6756:
6357:
6136:
6042:
5950:
5611:. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 16 December 2013.
5475:
5426:
5375:
4288:Tablets – DI DPA by Megalabs
3379:
2883:
2809:and possibly other skills such as language.
2086:. It is also known to be metabolized by the
583:
129:
18608:
15443:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
12852:
11559:17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
8254:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8205:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8153:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7023:Herzog AG, Farina EL, Blum AS (June 2005).
5915:
5432:
5327:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5275:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5149:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
4602:
4278:Serven Chrono by Leeven APL Biotech (India)
2170:All in all, over 20 metabolites are known.
1259:(hepatitis), particularly medicine related.
18659:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)
18332:
18318:
18213:11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)
17305:Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)
16727:
16713:
16369:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
14661:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
13674:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
13650:
13643:
13629:
13371:
13357:
12843:
12829:
11281:Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
11176:5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
10558:
10544:
10327:
10313:
9636:
9622:
9324:(Tenth ed.). CRC Press. p. 124.
6955:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
6842:
6759:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
6366:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
5316:
5314:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4272:Valprol CR by Intas Pharmaceutical (India)
3979:Tablets – Eliaxim by Bial.
3936:Orfiril (Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH Norway)
3656:
3633:
3522:
3160:
3137:
3026:
2726:One clinical trial supports its use here.
1916:phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
1536:Sodium valproate has been associated with
1497:, tall forehead with bifrontal narrowing,
923:500mg tablets of Depakote extended-release
851:United States Food and Drug Administration
637:
614:
483:
16897:17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives:
16805:17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate
13396:β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate)
13337:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
11502:17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
11118:Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
10734:DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
10578:
9643:
9203:
9193:
8968:
8875:
8865:
8816:
8687:
8665:
8663:
8643:
8633:
8576:
8535:
8525:
8433:
8380:
8314:
8297:Aliyev ZN, Aliyev NA (July–August 2008).
8273:
8224:
8172:
7975:
7873:
7637:. University of Alberta. 31 August 2017.
7590:
7529:
7449:
7358:
7310:
7205:
7195:
7146:
7097:
7040:
6929:
6919:
6487:
6340:
6291:
6168:
6076:
6066:
5982:
5724:
5713:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
5548:
5507:
5458:
5409:
5399:
5346:
5294:
4998:
4970:
4895:
4816:
4786:
4784:
4782:
3821:of valproic acid. Divalproex sodium is a
3793:). A mixture between these two is termed
3542:
3347:semisodium valproate, divalproex sodium (
3046:
1789:) and itself. It may also interact with:
1085:Use of additional medication for sedation
503:
18357:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor
14639:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
13237:Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)
13148:Tooltip Îł-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase
12884:
11209:Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
9417:"Depakin - Banca Dati Farmaci dell'AIFA"
9113:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6428:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1
6415:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1
5524:
5078:
4752:
4432:"Product monograph brand safety updates"
3952:Tablets – Diplexil-R by
2010:
1589:
1312:List of adverse effects of valproic acid
918:
17340:Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone)
17300:Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate)
15333:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
15153:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
12810:List of androgens and anabolic steroids
11196:17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives:
9360:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
8415:
7705:
7576:(in German). Springer. pp. 28–29.
6686:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6238:
5816:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5311:
5103:
4979:
4951:
4579:
3629:
3502:
3133:
3006:
610:
463:
102:
19361:
19112:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
18498:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
18177:Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor
16930:Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)
11214:Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
10970:Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
9289:"Valproate sodium injection, solution"
9029:
8676:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
8660:
8194:
8192:
7659:
6654:
6652:
5862:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5074:
5072:
5070:
4779:
4396:
4174:Tablets – Depakene by
4001:Sodium Valproate Sandoz Tablets Sanofi
3647:
3151:
2257:
1949:Valproic acid has been found to be an
1241:histone-deacetylase-inhibiting effects
1068:Leaving the study early for any reason
971:. It has also been successfully given
628:
261:
18313:
18187:Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor
16708:
15627:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
13624:
13352:
12824:
11495:Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
11029:Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
11024:Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
10739:DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
10539:
10524:
10308:
9617:
9356:
8507:
7896:
7748:
7600:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7078:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6711:
6439:I.Q. Harmed by Epilepsy Drug in Utero
6005:
5500:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153705
5220:from the original on 19 February 2024
4993:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4965:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4918:
4727:
4567:from the original on 21 February 2014
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4298:Brazil – Depakote by
3805:to compensate for the sodium itself.
3602:
3582:
3405:
3370:
3352:
3106:
3086:
2909:
2874:
2856:
1321:Most common adverse effects include:
563:
543:
274:
120:
88:
15562:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
12765:Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
11512:17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives:
10791:Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate
10525:
10334:
9338:from the original on 14 January 2023
9038:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
8395:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510190066025
6673:
6637:from the original on 16 October 2019
5645:from the original on 1 February 2014
5488:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
5189:
5025:from the original on 15 January 2024
4939:from the original on 14 January 2023
4530:from the original on 28 January 2023
4152:Syrup – Depakene by
2273:
1944:
1904:succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1563:
1482:"), a 2019 study proposed the term "
1414:
1246:
1123:5.85 lower (7.8 lower to 3.91 lower)
197:
14656:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
12925:Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)
11435:Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
11140:Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
10800:5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives:
10668:Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
9543:"Malaysian Package Inserts: Epilim"
9367:from the original on 27 August 2021
9321:The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines
9318:Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S (2009).
9299:from the original on 9 October 2022
9269:from the original on 8 October 2022
9226:
8189:
7931:from the original on 27 August 2021
7917:10.1212/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.238
7854:The New England Journal of Medicine
7769:
6649:
6468:The New England Journal of Medicine
5924:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
5627:
5615:from the original on 27 August 2021
5565:
5433:Connolly B, Fox SH (January 2014).
5067:
5055:from the original on 6 October 2021
5045:"Valproate - Drug Usage Statistics"
4666:from the original on 7 January 2023
4293:Brand names of valproate semisodium
3562:
3473:
3066:
2977:
2006:
1885:
1595:Therapeutic range of valproic acid
963:and as a second-line treatment for
523:
414:
13:
17376:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate
11492:17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives:
11254:Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
9571:Management of Infantile Epilepsies
9471:from the original on 15 March 2020
9147:"Abbott settles marketing lawsuit"
9145:Schmidt M, Thomas K (8 May 2012).
8479:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03760.x
8435:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1998.3807547.x
7819:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1985.tb03413.x
7776:Joint Formulary Committee (2013).
7512:
6284:10.1212/01.wnl.0000227919.81208.b2
5232:
4636:from the original on 24 April 2018
4614:from the original on 31 July 2017.
4542:
4412:from the original on 3 August 2023
4336:China – Diprate OD
4302:and Torval CR by Torrent do Brasil
4111:Tablets – Epilim (
2684:and as an adjunct to hydralazine.
2269:
1305:
1219:Valproate is also used to prevent
947:Valproate has a broad spectrum of
14:
19450:
18284:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
17691:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
17085:Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
16662:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
16236:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
11532:Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
11249:Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
11079:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
10690:Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
10641:Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
10606:4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
9397:from the original on 11 July 2020
9182:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
9157:from the original on 28 June 2018
9126:from the original on 28 June 2018
7641:from the original on 31 July 2017
7602:FDA Professional Drug Information
7430:Reproductive Medicine and Biology
7413:from the original on 6 June 2014.
6247:from the original on 31 July 2011
6055:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
5762:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.416800.x
5537:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
4740:from the original on 28 July 2022
4493:from the original on 5 March 2016
4156:its generic formulations include
4007:Valproate Winthrop Tablets Sanofi
3813:Valproate is a negative ion. The
2789:
2027:are the main metabolic pathways;
1485:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1431:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1411:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1347:Serious adverse effects include:
1208:that arise from the treatment of
990:
224:
152:
64:
19346:
17651:Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
17584:; Anabolic–androgenic steroids:
16840:Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether
16300:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
12805:Progesterone receptor modulators
11296:Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
11259:Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
11219:Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
11054:Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
10813:1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
9598:from the original on 5 July 2023
9561:
9549:from the original on 5 June 2023
9509:
9483:
9431:from the original on 6 June 2023
9363:. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
9350:
9311:
9281:
9251:
9220:
9169:
9138:
9107:
9064:
9050:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.003
8985:
8936:
8892:
8841:
8792:
8748:
8704:
8601:
8578:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00975.x
8552:
8501:
8458:
8409:
8374:
8331:
8290:
8241:
8140:
7780:British National Formulary (BNF)
7720:10.2165/00023210-200216100-00004
7490:10.2165/00023210-200519030-00003
7442:10.1111/j.1447-0578.2005.00101.x
7281:Chiu CT, Wang Z, Hunsberger JG,
7042:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00605.x
5792:"Could Depakote cause Mydriasis"
5161:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00847.x
5118:10.2165/00023210-200216100-00003
3960:
3681:
3316:
3309:
3185:
2834:
2825:
2794:In 2012, pharmaceutical company
2345:
2331:
2317:
2278:
1521:), this is not always the case.
1419:
662:
44:
35:
17355:Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
17247:19-Norprogesterone derivatives:
16900:6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone
13406:Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate)
13094:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
10977:19-Nortestosterone derivatives:
9239:from the original on 8 May 2021
8416:Wheeler SD (July–August 1998).
8097:
8054:
8019:
7984:
7943:
7890:
7841:
7798:
7742:
7699:
7672:
7653:
7574:Angewandte Arzneimitteltherapie
7565:
7547:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
7538:
7222:
7163:
7114:
7065:
7016:
6981:
6946:
6879:
6836:
6793:
6750:
6699:from the original on 4 May 2015
6619:
6601:
6558:
6523:
6504:
6455:
6432:
6419:
6406:
6308:
6259:
6232:
6189:
6093:
5999:
5896:
5853:
5810:
5784:
5741:
5700:
5657:
5639:electronic Medicines Compendium
5262:
5250:from the original on 3 May 2015
5183:
5140:
5097:
5037:
5007:
4912:
4863:
4833:
4721:
4704:
4678:
4269:Valparin Chrono by Sanofi India
4092:
4024:All the above formulations are
3992:Epilim Sugar Free Liquid Sanofi
3989:Epilim Crushable Tablets Sanofi
3942:Brand names of sodium valproate
3771:Key:MSRILKIQRXUYCT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
3746:CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O.CCCC(CCC)C(=O).
3275:Key:AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
2812:
2545:Chronic pain & fibromyalgia
2058:The vast majority of valproate
1880:
1755:
1479:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1206:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
1049:Clinically significant response
914:
749:Key:NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
19419:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
18664:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
17508:Norethisterone (norethindrone)
17285:Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone
16905:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
16852:Retroprogesterone derivatives:
14118:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
13380:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
11992:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
11883:OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)
8266:10.1002/14651858.CD009183.pub2
8217:10.1002/14651858.CD003945.pub4
8165:10.1002/14651858.CD004028.pub4
8028:Journal of Affective Disorders
7939:– via www.neurology.org.
7351:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.07.003
6687:Suzanne B (11 December 2013).
6028:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.014
5339:10.1002/14651858.CD004028.pub4
5287:10.1002/14651858.CD004052.pub2
4712:"FDA Information on Valporate"
4648:
4618:
4424:
4390:
4218:
4014:
3808:
3690:
3687:
3675:
3194:
3191:
3179:
2527:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1593:
1364:Suicidal behavior and thoughts
1200:Other neurological indications
927:It is used primarily to treat
884:. Valproic acid is a branched
668:
656:
250:
237:
1:
19319:Receptor/signaling modulators
19277:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate
19127:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
18279:Receptor/signaling modulators
17586:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
17250:17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone
16752:Tooltip Progesterone receptor
16691:Receptor/signaling modulators
14093:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
13611:Receptor/signaling modulators
13312:Receptor/signaling modulators
12790:Receptor/signaling modulators
11547:17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
11542:17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
10985:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
9421:farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it
9007:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1930
8689:10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00266-9
8149:"Valproate for schizophrenia"
8106:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
6239:Cassels C (8 December 2006).
5678:10.1177/088307380401900105011
5388:BioMed Research International
5323:"Valproate for schizophrenia"
5081:Australian Medicines Handbook
4797:Pharmacogenetics and Genomics
4349:
1995:levels in men. High rates of
1923:histone deacetylase inhibitor
1892:voltage-gated sodium channels
1700:gas or liquid chromatography.
874:voltage-gated sodium channels
246:(Other controlled substances)
19409:GABA transaminase inhibitors
18294:Estrogen receptor modulators
18289:Androgen receptor modulators
17676:Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)
17606:19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
17488:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
17381:17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone
17280:Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone
17255:18-Methylsegesterone acetate
17155:Medroxyprogesterone caproate
16785:9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone
13330:receptor positive modulators
12800:Estrogen receptor modulators
12247:Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
11619:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
11007:19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
9576:effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
9259:"Valproate sodium injection"
8635:10.1371/journal.pone.0009390
7197:10.1371/journal.pone.0282898
7002:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90360-9
6814:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31827c11e7
6102:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
5874:10.1586/17512433.2014.857599
5641:. Sanofi. 28 November 2013.
5550:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112021
5244:Food and Drug Administration
4809:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32835ea0b2
4037:Depakote Tablets (as in USA)
3983:
3829:Brand names of valproic acid
3803:valproic acid without sodium
3787:valproic acid without sodium
2262:Valproate is available as a
2198:Valproic acid is a branched
2193:
2130:(30–50%): valproic acid β-O-
1505:, anteverted nares, shallow
1404:
829:, and regular monitoring of
63:Depakote, Epilim, Convulex,
7:
18854:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
18613:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor
18341:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor
17714:nandrolone phenylpropionate
17656:Dimethandrolone undecanoate
17150:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
17115:Hydroxyprogesterone acetate
16995:Chlormethenmadinone acetate
13536:Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium)
12857:Tooltip Îł-Aminobutyric acid
12795:Androgens and antiandrogens
12566:Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
11982:7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
11697:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
11059:Dimethandrolone undecanoate
10870:Dihydromethylandrostenediol
10661:Androstenediol dipropionate
8508:Smith SM (September 2005).
7751:Psychopharmacology Bulletin
6802:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
6380:(inactive 27 August 2024).
5963:Journal of Medical Genetics
5819:Gynecological Endocrinology
5271:"Valproate for acute mania"
4761:Psychopharmacology Bulletin
4340:
4105:
3946:
3912:Australia and South Africa)
2088:UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
2031:metabolites are considered
1445:Proposed since August 2024.
1428:It has been suggested that
1386:, and fetal abnormalities.
1251:Contraindications include:
1173:Missing outcomes and notes
942:
10:
19455:
19429:Nonsteroidal antiandrogens
17371:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone
15654:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
10885:Dihydrotestosterone esters
10838:11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
10651:Androstenediol 17β-acetate
10631:11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
10616:4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
9114:Aizenman NC (7 May 2012).
6579:10.1177/088307388800300305
6567:Journal of Child Neurology
5666:Journal of Child Neurology
5199:Acta Neurologica Taiwanica
5003:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
4888:10.1038/s41380-020-00981-3
4408:(published 4 April 2023).
4282:
4126:
4063:
3917:Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.
3833:Branded products include:
3665:Chemical and physical data
3169:Chemical and physical data
2217:
1577:
1509:, long upper lip and thin
1408:
1309:
646:Chemical and physical data
19384:Drugs developed by AbbVie
19310:
18606:
18350:
18271:
18251:
18195:
18170:
18052:
17897:
17776:Spirolactone derivatives:
17646:Dimethandrolone buciclate
17367:Testosterone derivatives:
17135:Mecigestone (pentarane B)
16965:Bromethenmadinone acetate
16855:20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone
16767:Progesterone derivatives:
16759:
16745:
16684:
16655:
16630:
16623:
16557:
16550:
16503:
16475:
16461:
16439:
16376:
16362:
16353:
16307:
16293:
16271:
16243:
16229:
16172:
16164:Tricyclic antidepressants
15634:
15620:
15611:
15585:
15552:
15538:
15482:
15450:
15433:
15314:
15173:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
15134:
15120:
15083:
14646:
14632:
14623:
14591:
13681:
13658:
13604:
13576:Valproic acid (valproate)
13386:
13303:
13281:
13274:
13159:3-Hydrazinopropionic acid
13141:
13087:
13078:
12998:
12882:
12873:
12782:
12672:
12663:
11961:
11750:
11689:Progesterone derivatives:
11480:5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
11049:Dimethandrolone buciclate
10879:androstanolone, stanolone
10875:Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
10833:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
10722:Cloxotestosterone acetate
10646:Androstenediol 3β-acetate
10598:Testosterone derivatives:
10590:
10583:Tooltip Androgen receptor
10576:
10533:
10458:
10390:
10342:
10265:
10200:
10156:
10149:
10127:
10036:
9903:
9892:
9856:
9817:
9665:
9656:
9085:10.1007/s00415-012-6669-1
8949:British Journal of Cancer
8914:10.1007/s12032-010-9700-3
8726:10.1007/s00277-010-1090-2
8075:10.1517/17425250902911455
8040:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.008
8005:10.1108/09526861211192395
7911:(14 Supplement): P1.238.
7605:. Accessed 6 August 2021.
7530:Haberfeld H, ed. (2021).
7139:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.017
6857:10.1080/15563650903167772
6631:European Medicines Agency
6378:10.1017/S0012162205001076
6210:10.1007/s00381-011-1673-9
6068:10.1186/s13023-019-1064-y
5831:10.1080/09513590802288259
5602:"Valpro sodium valproate"
5451:10.1007/s13311-013-0238-x
4987:World Health Organization
4959:World Health Organization
4728:Davis N (17 April 2022).
4247:
4241:Sanofi Winthrop Industrie
4224:Sanofi Winthrop Industrie
4209:
4198:
4190:
4139:
4004:Valpro Tablets Alphapharm
3789:(often implied by simply
3754:
3734:
3712:
3699:
3669:
3664:
3645:
3613:
3593:
3573:
3553:
3533:
3513:
3493:
3468:
3448:
3428:
3423:
3395:
3390:
3360:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3304:
3283:
3258:
3238:
3216:
3203:
3173:
3168:
3149:
3117:
3097:
3077:
3057:
3037:
3017:
2997:
2972:
2952:
2944:sodium 2-propylpentanoate
2932:
2927:
2899:
2894:
2864:
2847:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2649:HIV infection eradication
2456:Acute migraine management
2383:and status epilepticus).
2343:
2287:This section needs to be
2182:excreted via the faeces.
1997:polycystic ovary syndrome
1651:
1621:
1399:polycystic ovary syndrome
1172:
1132:
1101:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
757:
732:
712:
690:
677:
650:
645:
626:
594:
574:
554:
534:
514:
494:
474:
454:
434:
409:
389:
369:
364:
354:
341:
335:mitochondrial β-oxidation
320:
310:
300:
292:
214:
209:
184:
166:
140:
110:
96:
78:
70:
57:
52:
43:
34:
19237:Testosterone isocaproate
19152:Reverse triiodothyronine
17929:5α-Dihydronorethisterone
17924:5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
17834:3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide
17601:19-Nor-5-androstenedione
17521:norethisterone enanthate
17477:levonorgestrel butanoate
13319:GABA receptor modulators
13105:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
12889:Tooltip GABA transporter
12495:-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
11682:5α-Dihydronorethisterone
11677:5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
11639:norethisterone enanthate
11608:levonorgestrel butanoate
11485:5α-Dihydronormethandrone
11338:Mebolazine (dimethazine)
11328:Desoxymethyltestosterone
11269:Methandriol dipropionate
11066:LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-
11002:19-Nor-5-androstenedione
10860:Dihydroethyltestosterone
10656:Androstenediol diacetate
9425:Italian Medicines Agency
9195:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00102
8995:Clinical Cancer Research
7968:10.1093/neuonc/nou174.77
7897:Jiang M (6 April 2015).
6990:Biochemical Pharmacology
6516:2 September 2011 at the
6444:29 December 2015 at the
6161:10.1136/jnnp.2003.029132
4168:
4020:Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
2770:Impulse control disorder
2667:Myelodysplastic syndrome
2246:-induced convulsions in
1713:In severe intoxication,
1495:triangle-shaped forehead
1469:Fetal Valproate Syndrome
1226:
1092:RR 3.65 (0.11 to 122.31)
18629:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
18624:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
18223:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
17959:Metapristone (RU-42633)
17740:Trenbolone (trienolone)
17596:19-Nor-5-androstenediol
17396:Chloroethynylnorgestrel
17310:Gestronol (gestonorone)
17240:Triamcinolone acetonide
17195:Methenmadinone caproate
17070:Fluorometholone acetate
16815:20β-Dihydroprogesterone
16810:20α-Dihydroprogesterone
16800:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15777:Eslicarbazepine acetate
13426:Butyric acid (butyrate)
12626:Topilutamide (fluridil)
11987:11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
10997:19-Nor-5-androstenediol
10897:Drostanolone propionate
10392:Atypical antipsychotics
9996:Eslicarbazepine acetate
7291:Pharmacological Reviews
7127:Neurobiology of Disease
6008:Reproductive Toxicology
5240:"Valproate Information"
4406:Diário Oficial da União
4230:
4010:Valprease tablets Sigma
2690:Acute myeloid leukaemia
2596:Non-epileptic myoclonus
2468:Only negative results.
1991:in women and increased
1896:gamma-aminobutyric acid
1733:in high risk patients.
1538:paroxysmal tonic upgaze
911:million prescriptions.
331:glucuronide conjugation
18208:5β-Dihydroprogesterone
18203:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
17809:SC-5233 (spirolactone)
17616:Bolandiol dipropionate
17517:norethisterone acetate
17190:Methenmadinone acetate
16985:Chlormadinone caproate
16945:Algestone acetophenide
16925:17α-Methylprogesterone
16860:20α-Dihydrotrengestone
16795:11-Deoxycorticosterone
16790:11-Dehydroprogesterone
16775:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
16770:3β-Dihydroprogesterone
15521:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
13652:Ion channel modulators
12511:-Desmethylenzalutamide
12217:SC-5233 (spirolactone)
11635:norethisterone acetate
11274:Methandriol propionate
11145:Trenbolone undecanoate
11017:Bolandiol dipropionate
10865:Dihydrofluoxymesterone
10828:5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
10683:Boldenone undecylenate
9584:10.23970/ahrqepccer252
8961:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604817
8908:(Suppl 1): S540–S546.
8867:10.1186/1868-7083-5-12
8527:10.1186/1742-4690-2-56
8352:10.1212/WNL.31.11.1458
8303:Alcohol and Alcoholism
6333:10.1001/jama.2013.2270
6198:Child's Nervous System
5936:10.1055/s-2008-1069536
5609:TGA eBusiness Services
5079:Rossi, S, ed. (2013).
4120:500 CONTROLLED RELEASE
2355:-labelled indication?
2341:-labelled indication?
2327:-labelled indication?
2254:and bipolar disorder.
2200:short-chain fatty acid
2036:
1959:progesterone receptors
1842:effects of mefloquine.
1766:glucuronyl transferase
1688:respiratory depression
1163:RR 1.22 (0.80 to 1.86)
1146:RR 1.26 (0.72 to 2.22)
1075:RR 0.76 (0.47 to 1.24)
924:
903:and is available as a
886:short-chain fatty acid
381:2-propylpentanoic acid
18368:6,7-Dimethylesculetin
17964:Mifepristone (RU-486)
17513:Norethisterone esters
17473:Levonorgestrel esters
17421:Ethinylandrostenediol
17225:Pentagestrone acetate
17110:Hydromadinone acetate
16980:Chlormadinone acetate
16915:17α-Bromoprogesterone
16780:6α-Methylprogesterone
16736:Progesterone receptor
13878:Ryodipine (riodipine)
13541:Sodium phenylbutyrate
13391:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
12503:-Desmethylapalutamide
12032:Chlormadinone acetate
11977:7α-Thiospironolactone
11848:LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
11838:LG121071 (LGD-121071)
11712:3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
11692:6α-Methylprogesterone
11631:Norethisterone esters
11604:Levonorgestrel esters
11520:Ethinylandrostenediol
11370:Methyl-1-testosterone
11290:+esterified estrogens
11264:Methandriol diacetate
10929:Mesterolone cipionate
10611:4-Hydroxytestosterone
10509:eicosapentaenoic acid
9393:. 19 September 2019.
9235:. New Scientist Ltd.
8383:Archives of Neurology
8316:10.1093/alcalc/agn043
7866:10.1056/NEJMoa0902014
7303:10.1124/pr.111.005512
6771:10.1081/CLT-120014645
6689:"Valproic Acid Level"
6544:10.1684/epd.2007.0119
6480:10.1056/NEJMoa0803531
6448:By RONI CARYN RABIN,
5908:21 April 2017 at the
5190:Kwan SY (June 2010).
5015:"The Top 300 of 2021"
4031:
3998:Epilim Tablets Sanofi
2490:Agitation in dementia
2381:tonic–clonic seizures
2238:. Valproic acid is a
2234:, found naturally in
2184:Elimination half-life
2162:-ene-valproic acid, 3
2144:-ene-valproic acid, 2
2014:
1702:In contrast to other
1590:Overdose and toxicity
1409:Further information:
1284:Mitochondrial disease
953:tonic–clonic seizures
922:
19399:Endocrine disruptors
19379:Aromatase inhibitors
18955:Hypericum perforatum
18944:Hetacillin potassium
18299:List of progestogens
17799:Potassium canrenoate
17753:trenbolone enanthate
17735:Tetrahydrogestrinone
17710:nandrolone decanoate
17686:Metribolone (R-1881)
17567:Quingestanol acetate
17498:Metynodiol diacetate
17180:Melengestrol acetate
17080:Flumedroxone acetate
17025:Clomegestone acetate
15867:Valproate semisodium
14398:Carboxyamidotriazole
14333:Gabapentin enacarbil
14313:Arbaclofen placarbil
13586:Valproate semisodium
12192:Potassium canrenoate
11660:Quingestanol acetate
11470:Tetrahydrogestrinone
11358:Metenolone enanthate
11184:5α-Dihydrotrestolone
11179:5α-Dihydronandrolone
11167:Trestolone enanthate
11135:Trenbolone enanthate
11101:Norclostebol acetate
10710:Clostebol propionate
10505:docosahexaenoic acid
9073:Journal of Neurology
8854:Clinical Epigenetics
8714:Annals of Hematology
5975:10.1136/jmg.37.7.489
4876:Molecular Psychiatry
4526:. 24 February 2023.
3823:coordination complex
3795:semisodium valproate
3299:Valproate semisodium
2562:Alcohol hallucinosis
2439:Migraine prophylaxis
1856:breakthrough seizure
1438:into this section. (
1374:Valproic acid has a
1368:Low body temperature
1270:Urea cycle disorders
1039:Quality of evidence
1036:Findings in numbers
878:histone deacetylases
831:liver function tests
814:. They can be given
812:generalized seizures
788:valproate semisodium
18784:Cyproterone acetate
18684:Amlodipine besylate
17453:Etynodiol diacetate
17320:Nomegestrol acetate
17295:Gestadienol acetate
17145:Medroxyprogesterone
17045:Delmadinone acetate
17035:Cyproterone acetate
17005:Cismadinone acetate
16990:Chlormethenmadinone
16940:Algestone acetonide
16518:1,10-Phenanthroline
15075:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
14060:Tetrahydropalmatine
13026:Chicago sky blue 6B
12900:4-Aminovaleric acid
12715:Dihydrotestosterone
12710:Dehydroandrosterone
12561:Ralaniten (EPI-002)
12442:Inocoterone acetate
12167:Nomegestrol acetate
12067:Delmadinone acetate
12057:Cyproterone acetate
12002:Abiraterone acetate
11972:7α-Thioprogesterone
11582:Etynodiol diacetate
10786:Testosterone esters
10729:Dehydroandrosterone
10626:11-Ketotestosterone
10501:Omega-3 fatty acids
9698:Methylphenobarbital
9357:Brayfield A (ed.).
8626:2010PLoSO...5.9390A
7259:on 21 February 2014
7188:2023PLoSO..1882898S
6845:Clinical Toxicology
6613:9 July 2013 at the
6532:Epileptic Disorders
6020:2009RepTx..28....1O
5401:10.1155/2014/728038
4300:Abbott Laboratories
4154:Abbott Laboratories
4147:Abbott Laboratories
4122:) by Sanofi-Aventis
4115:) by Sanofi-Aventis
3995:Epilim Syrup Sanofi
3973:are valproic acid).
3924:Abbott Laboratories
3903:Abbott Laboratories
3896:Sun Pharmaceuticals
3854:Abbott Laboratories
3301:
2821:
2579:Intractable hiccups
2422:Bipolar maintenance
2358:Literature support
2258:Society and culture
2053:cerebrospinal fluid
2035:. Details see text.
2001:menstrual disorders
1974:aromatase inhibitor
1927:histone deacetylase
1925:. By inhibition of
1846:Oral contraceptives
1760:Valproate inhibits
1745:less markedly than
1704:antiepileptic drugs
1596:
1519:dysmorphic features
1515:developmental delay
1490:dysmorphic features
1355:Low blood platelets
1210:Parkinson's disease
1113:total, high = poor)
1058:1.31 (1.16 to 1.47)
270:(Prescription only)
233:(Prescription only)
31:
19257:Thonzonium bromide
19012:Methylprednisolone
18813:prasterone sulfate
17999:Ulipristal acetate
17939:Asoprisnil ecamate
17919:Dihydroethisterone
17769:Trestolone acetate
17749:trenbolone acetate
17666:Dimethyltrienolone
17260:19-Norprogesterone
17205:Mometasone furoate
17170:Megestrol caproate
17060:Flugestone acetate
17015:Clogestone acetate
16970:Butagest (buterol)
16955:Anagestone acetate
16528:7,8-Benzoquinoline
16523:4,7-Phenanthroline
16513:1,7-Phenanthroline
15889:Local anesthetics:
15421:ML-297 (VU0456810)
14928:Diallyl trisulfide
14923:Dextropropoxyphene
14826:Tetraethylammonium
14533:Pinaverium bromide
14303:4-Methylpregabalin
11552:Dihydroethisterone
11415:Dimethyltrienolone
11375:Methylepitiostanol
11353:Metenolone acetate
11286:Methyltestosterone
11189:19-Norandrosterone
11162:Trestolone acetate
11130:Trenbolone acetate
11074:-nitrosocarbamate)
10963:Stenbolone acetate
10853:Bolazine capronate
10705:Clostebol caproate
10292:Never to phase III
9265:. 1 January 2021.
8818:10.1002/cncr.21552
8770:10.1002/cncr.21589
6967:10.2146/ajhp110049
6114:10.1007/bf02859291
5798:on 5 December 2014
4767:(Suppl 2): 17–24.
4561:Medscape Reference
4260:India, Russia and
4113:200 ENTERIC COATED
3297:
2851:valproate sodium (
2817:
2732:Malignant melanoma
2508:Fragile X syndrome
2405:Bipolar depression
2264:generic medication
2037:
2019:of valproic acid.
1696:metabolic acidosis
1594:
1511:vermillion borders
1458:; exposure during
1257:liver inflammation
1221:migraine headaches
1033:Findings in words
977:status epilepticus
961:myoclonic seizures
937:migraine headaches
925:
905:generic medication
800:migraine headaches
21:
19394:CYP3A4 inhibitors
19334:
19333:
19328:
19327:
18962:Indinavir sulfate
18669:Alpha-Lipoic acid
18644:Δ-Androstenedione
18634:Δ-Androstenedione
18307:
18306:
18267:
18266:
18166:
18165:
17745:Trenbolone esters
17706:Nandrolone esters
17661:Dimethyldienolone
17270:Amadinone acetate
17215:Osaterone acetate
17165:Megestrol acetate
16960:Bromethenmadinone
16880:Retroprogesterone
16702:
16701:
16680:
16679:
16619:
16618:
16615:
16614:
16577:Meclofenamic acid
16546:
16545:
16457:
16456:
16349:
16348:
16345:
16344:
16289:
16288:
16225:
16224:
16099:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
15862:Valproate pivoxil
15752:Acetylpheneturide
15607:
15606:
15603:
15602:
15534:
15533:
15506:Meclofenamic acid
15469:Ethanol (alcohol)
15429:
15428:
15378:Minoxidil sulfate
15116:
15115:
14619:
14618:
14615:
14614:
14518:Otilonium bromide
14443:Ethanol (alcohol)
14207:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
13943:Phenylalkylamines
13618:
13617:
13596:Vorinostat (SAHA)
13581:Valproate pivoxil
13466:Indole-3-carbinol
13446:Diallyl disulfide
13346:
13345:
13299:
13298:
13270:
13269:
13232:Valproate pivoxil
13196:
13169:Îł-Acetylenic-GABA
13074:
13073:
12818:
12817:
12778:
12777:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12659:
12658:
12182:Osaterone acetate
12142:Megestrol acetate
12007:Allyltestosterone
11783:Acetothiolutamide
11702:Megestrol acetate
11505:Vinyltestosterone
11410:Dimethyldienolone
11229:Ethyltestosterone
11157:Trestolone (MENT)
11089:Nandrolone esters
11070:-(2-chloroethyl)-
10946:Nisterime acetate
10823:3α-Androstanediol
10808:1-Androstenedione
10717:Cloxotestosterone
10700:Clostebol acetate
10621:5-Androstenedione
10567:Androgen receptor
10518:
10517:
10491:lithium hydroxide
10479:lithium carbonate
10377:Valproate pivoxil
10302:
10301:
10261:
10260:
10145:
10144:
10129:Potassium openers
10047:Oxazolidinediones
9979:Valproate pivoxil
9944:Acetylpheneturide
9888:
9887:
9843:Valproate pivoxil
9819:GABA-T inhibitors
9789:potassium bromide
9523:on 12 August 2010
9467:. 15 April 2020.
9331:978-0-203-09283-5
9295:. 29 April 2021.
8764:(12): 2717–2725.
8346:(11): 1458–1460.
8118:10.1345/aph.1K531
7962:(suppl_2): ii21.
7791:978-0-85711-084-8
7757:(Suppl 2): 5–16.
7406:978-1-4511-5348-4
7084:(10): 3904–3914.
6474:(16): 1597–1605.
6327:(16): 1696–1703.
6155:(11): 1575–1583.
5439:Neurotherapeutics
5090:978-0-9805790-9-3
4932:978-1-85070-391-4
4919:Scott DF (1993).
4662:. 24 April 2018.
4400:(31 March 2023).
4176:Kyowa Hakko Kirin
3910:Sanofi Synthelabo
3875:Sanofi Synthelabo
3856:in US and Canada)
3840:Orion Corporation
3779:
3778:
3725:Interactive image
3615:CompTox Dashboard
3409:
3381:Divalproex sodium
3373:
3355:
3324:
3323:
3295:
3294:
3229:Interactive image
3119:CompTox Dashboard
2913:
2877:
2859:
2787:
2786:
2613:Cluster headaches
2308:
2307:
2244:pentylenetetrazol
2224:Beverly S. Burton
1993:4-androstenedione
1976:, and suppresses
1961:, and hence as a
1945:Endocrine actions
1900:GABA transaminase
1770:epoxide hydrolase
1749:
1738:
1726:
1676:
1675:
1564:Paternal exposure
1454:Valproate causes
1452:
1451:
1447:
1376:black box warning
1247:Contraindications
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1004:systematic review
880:, and increasing
872:levels, blocking
855:black box warning
837:and an increased
769:
768:
703:Interactive image
596:CompTox Dashboard
278:
265:
253:
241:
228:
156:
123:
19446:
19424:Mood stabilizers
19389:Carboxylic acids
19374:Antiprogestogens
19351:
19350:
19349:
19342:
19247:Thiamylal sodium
18982:Îł-linolenic acid
18978:α-Linolenic acid
18976:Linolenic acid:
18967:Lasalocid sodium
18957:(St John's wort)
18849:Docusate calcium
18779:Cyclophosphamide
18654:Allopregnanediol
18639:Δ-Androstenediol
18614:
18610:
18568:Ethinylestradiol
18418:Cyclophosphamide
18358:
18354:
18334:
18327:
18320:
18311:
18310:
18228:Allopregnanolone
18193:
18192:
18188:
18184:
18178:
18174:
17908:
17904:
17100:Haloprogesterone
16757:
16756:
16753:
16749:
16729:
16722:
16715:
16706:
16705:
16663:
16659:
16638:
16634:
16628:
16627:
16555:
16554:
16473:
16472:
16469:
16465:
16374:
16373:
16370:
16366:
16360:
16359:
16305:
16304:
16301:
16297:
16241:
16240:
16237:
16233:
15852:Sodium valproate
15767:Chlorphenacemide
15749:Anticonvulsants:
15632:
15631:
15628:
15624:
15618:
15617:
15567:Arachidonic acid
15550:
15549:
15546:
15542:
15448:
15447:
15444:
15440:
15417:
15413:
15334:
15330:
15286:Dextromethorphan
15262:
15258:
15154:
15150:
15132:
15131:
15128:
15124:
14644:
14643:
14640:
14636:
14630:
14629:
14602:L-type-selective
14413:Dimeditiapramine
14375:Others/unsorted:
14157:T-type-selective
14144:R-type-selective
14126:P-type-selective
14078:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
14068:N-type-selective
13698:Dihydropyridines
13692:L-type-selective
13679:
13678:
13675:
13671:
13665:
13664:
13645:
13638:
13631:
13622:
13621:
13546:Sodium valproate
13373:
13366:
13359:
13350:
13349:
13279:
13278:
13222:Sodium valproate
13194:
13149:
13145:
13117:
13095:
13091:
13085:
13084:
13006:
13002:
12890:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12858:
12854:
12845:
12838:
12831:
12822:
12821:
12766:
12762:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12670:
12669:
12452:Ketodarolutamide
12432:Hydroxyflutamide
12389:(via metabolite
11758:
11754:
11709:Others/unsorted:
11380:Methylstenbolone
11244:Hydroxystenozole
10803:1-Androstenediol
10601:4-Androstenediol
10588:
10587:
10584:
10580:
10560:
10553:
10546:
10537:
10536:
10527:Pharmacodynamics
10522:
10521:
10483:lithium chloride
10336:Mood stabilizers
10329:
10322:
10315:
10306:
10305:
10154:
10153:
10038:Calcium blockers
9949:Chlorphenacemide
9901:
9900:
9875:GAT-1 inhibitors
9663:
9662:
9638:
9631:
9624:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9573:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9519:. Archived from
9513:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9462:
9454:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9285:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9207:
9197:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9068:
9062:
9061:
9033:
9027:
9026:
9001:(7): 2488–2496.
8989:
8983:
8982:
8972:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8902:Medical Oncology
8896:
8890:
8889:
8879:
8869:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8820:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8708:
8702:
8701:
8691:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8647:
8637:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8580:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8539:
8529:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8437:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8318:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8277:
8260:(10): CD009183.
8245:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8211:(10): CD003945.
8196:
8187:
8186:
8176:
8159:(11): CD004028.
8144:
8138:
8137:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8023:
8017:
8016:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7902:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7877:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7783:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7627:
7606:
7604:
7597:
7588:
7587:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7527:
7510:
7509:
7473:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7390:
7381:
7380:
7362:
7334:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7285:(January 2013).
7278:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7258:
7252:. Archived from
7235:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7199:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7090:10.1172/JCI79727
7069:
7063:
7062:
7044:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6933:
6923:
6899:
6890:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6737:
6730:
6722:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6684:
6671:
6670:
6664:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6623:
6617:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6527:
6521:
6520:. FDA. June 2011
6508:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6459:
6453:
6436:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6389:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6172:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6070:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5919:
5913:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5756:(9): 1141–1147.
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5606:
5598:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5403:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5359:. Archived from
5350:
5333:(11): CD004028.
5318:
5309:
5308:
5298:
5281:(10): CD004052.
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5196:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5076:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4882:(6): 2440–2456.
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4788:
4777:
4776:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4604:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4553:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4483:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4373:nctr-crs.fda.gov
4365:
4220:
4211:
3847:G.L. Pharma GmbH
3799:sodium valproate
3783:sodium valproate
3727:
3707:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3660:
3649:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3586:
3566:
3546:
3526:
3506:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3461:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3383:
3372:
3369:
3354:
3351:
3339:Depakote, others
3320:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3231:
3211:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3164:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3090:
3070:
3050:
3030:
3010:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2965:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2887:
2885:Valproate sodium
2876:
2873:
2858:
2855:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2819:Sodium valproate
2816:
2350:
2349:
2336:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2007:Pharmacokinetics
1989:hyperandrogenism
1886:Pharmacodynamics
1747:
1736:
1731:prophylactically
1724:
1622:Total (including
1597:
1499:epicanthic folds
1443:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1264:hypersensitivity
1027:
1026:
1013:
1012:
997:bipolar disorder
969:infantile spasms
965:partial seizures
957:absence seizures
933:bipolar disorder
910:
853:has indicated a
808:partial seizures
804:absence seizures
796:bipolar disorder
784:sodium valproate
765:
764:
705:
685:
670:
664:
658:
641:
630:
619:
618:
604:
602:
587:
567:
547:
527:
507:
487:
467:
447:
427:
417:
416:
402:
346:
306:Rapid absorption
283:
276:
273:
263:
260:
252:
249:
239:
236:
226:
223:
201:
154:
151:
133:
122:
119:
106:
92:
48:
39:
32:
29:
27:
20:
19454:
19453:
19449:
19448:
19447:
19445:
19444:
19443:
19369:Anticonvulsants
19359:
19358:
19357:
19347:
19345:
19337:
19335:
19330:
19329:
19324:
19306:
19207:Suberoylanilide
18924:Fluorometholone
18819:Dibunate sodium
18699:Aurothioglucose
18612:
18602:
18538:3,17β-Estradiol
18356:
18346:
18338:
18308:
18303:
18263:
18247:
18186:
18179:
18176:
18162:
18048:
17906:
17899:
17893:
17720:Norethandrolone
17681:Methyldienolone
17641:Dimethandrolone
17065:Fluorometholone
16751:
16741:
16733:
16703:
16698:
16676:
16661:
16651:
16636:
16611:
16607:Trifluoperazine
16602:Tolfenamic acid
16572:Flufenamic acid
16542:
16499:
16467:
16453:
16435:
16401:Flufenamic acid
16396:Ethacrynic acid
16368:
16341:
16299:
16285:
16267:
16235:
16221:
16168:
15999:Metabutoxycaine
15964:Diphenhydramine
15954:Cyclomethycaine
15919:Levobupivacaine
15626:
15599:
15581:
15544:
15530:
15526:Tolfenamic acid
15501:Flufenamic acid
15496:
15478:
15464:
15442:
15439:
15425:
15415:
15332:
15329:
15310:
15260:
15152:
15149:
15126:
15112:
15097:
15079:
15059:
14968:Norpropoxyphene
14845:11.1)-specific:
14844:
14638:
14611:
14587:
14543:Rhynchophylline
14293:
13673:
13654:
13649:
13619:
13614:
13600:
13531:Sodium butyrate
13411:Allyl mercaptan
13382:
13377:
13347:
13342:
13329:
13295:
13266:
13212:Rosmarinic acid
13147:
13137:
13115:
13093:
13070:
13004:
12994:
12888:
12869:
12856:
12849:
12819:
12814:
12774:
12764:
12655:
12377:Cyanonilutamide
12306:Bavdegalutamide
12117:Epitestosterone
11957:
11788:Acetoxolutamide
11756:
11746:
11455:Norethandrolone
11430:Methyldienolone
11234:Fluoxymesterone
11044:Dimethandrolone
10904:Epiandrosterone
10582:
10572:
10564:
10529:
10519:
10514:
10495:lithium orotate
10487:lithium citrate
10475:lithium acetate
10454:
10386:
10344:Anticonvulsants
10338:
10333:
10303:
10298:
10297:
10282:Clinical trials
10257:
10196:
10141:
10123:
10032:
9905:Sodium blockers
9895:
9884:
9852:
9813:
9733:Benzodiazepines
9670:
9652:
9645:Anticonvulsants
9642:
9612:
9611:
9601:
9599:
9566:
9562:
9552:
9550:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9526:
9524:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9500:
9498:
9497:on 4 March 2016
9489:
9488:
9484:
9474:
9472:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9444:
9434:
9432:
9427:. 6 June 2023.
9415:
9414:
9410:
9400:
9398:
9385:
9384:
9380:
9370:
9368:
9355:
9351:
9341:
9339:
9332:
9316:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9270:
9257:
9256:
9252:
9242:
9240:
9225:
9221:
9174:
9170:
9160:
9158:
9143:
9139:
9129:
9127:
9120:Washington Post
9112:
9108:
9069:
9065:
9034:
9030:
8990:
8986:
8941:
8937:
8897:
8893:
8846:
8842:
8797:
8793:
8753:
8749:
8709:
8705:
8668:
8661:
8606:
8602:
8557:
8553:
8506:
8502:
8463:
8459:
8414:
8410:
8379:
8375:
8336:
8332:
8295:
8291:
8246:
8242:
8197:
8190:
8145:
8141:
8102:
8098:
8059:
8055:
8024:
8020:
7989:
7985:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7895:
7891:
7846:
7842:
7807:Pharmacotherapy
7803:
7799:
7792:
7774:
7770:
7747:
7743:
7714:(10): 695–714.
7704:
7700:
7677:
7673:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7631:"Valproic Acid"
7629:
7628:
7609:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7570:
7566:
7543:
7539:
7528:
7513:
7474:
7467:
7422:
7418:
7407:
7391:
7384:
7345:(14): 946–953.
7335:
7328:
7279:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7238:Folia Biologica
7233:
7227:
7223:
7182:(3): e0282898.
7168:
7164:
7119:
7115:
7070:
7066:
7021:
7017:
6986:
6982:
6951:
6947:
6900:
6893:
6884:
6880:
6841:
6837:
6798:
6794:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6738:on 3 March 2016
6735:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6685:
6674:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6640:
6638:
6633:. 31 May 2018.
6625:
6624:
6620:
6615:Wayback Machine
6606:
6602:
6563:
6559:
6528:
6524:
6518:Wayback Machine
6509:
6505:
6460:
6456:
6452:, 15 April 2009
6446:Wayback Machine
6437:
6433:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6407:
6391:
6390:
6362:
6358:
6313:
6309:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6237:
6233:
6194:
6190:
6141:
6137:
6108:(10): 937–939.
6098:
6094:
6047:
6043:
6004:
6000:
5955:
5951:
5920:
5916:
5910:Wayback Machine
5901:
5897:
5858:
5854:
5825:(10): 562–570.
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5746:
5742:
5705:
5701:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5566:
5529:
5525:
5480:
5476:
5431:
5427:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5363:on 29 July 2017
5319:
5312:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5194:
5188:
5184:
5145:
5141:
5112:(10): 669–694.
5102:
5098:
5091:
5077:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4984:
4980:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4851:on 31 July 2017
4841:"Valproic acid"
4839:
4838:
4834:
4789:
4780:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4608:"Valproic Acid"
4606:
4605:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4352:
4343:
4295:
4285:
4266:
4250:
4233:
4201:
4193:
4171:
4142:
4129:
4108:
4095:
4082:
4066:
4034:
4017:
3986:
3963:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3831:
3811:
3801:is needed than
3775:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3705:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3641:
3617:
3609:
3589:
3569:
3549:
3529:
3509:
3489:
3472:
3464:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3419:
3412:
3386:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3250:CCCC(CCC)C(=O).
3246:
3245:
3234:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3145:
3121:
3113:
3093:
3073:
3053:
3033:
3013:
2993:
2976:
2968:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2923:
2916:
2890:
2815:
2803:critical period
2792:
2713:Cervical cancer
2485:Weak evidence.
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:Approval status
2260:
2248:laboratory rats
2240:carboxylic acid
2220:
2196:
2188:enzyme inducers
2153:omega oxidation
2128:glucuronidation
2068:cytochrome P450
2041:plasma proteins
2021:Glucuronidation
2009:
1970:antiprogestogen
1947:
1921:Valproate is a
1888:
1883:
1800:Benzodiazepines
1758:
1623:
1592:
1580:
1566:
1448:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1372:
1334:Dizziness (12%)
1318:
1308:
1306:Adverse effects
1249:
1239:, owing to its
1229:
1202:
1184:
1181:Quality of life
1109:Average score (
1044:Global outcome
993:
945:
935:and to prevent
917:
908:
760:
758:
753:
750:
745:
740:
739:
728:
725:
724:O=C(O)C(CCC)CCC
720:
719:
708:
683:
673:
667:
661:
622:
598:
590:
570:
550:
530:
510:
490:
470:
450:
430:
413:
405:
385:
382:
377:
376:
344:
312:Protein binding
302:Bioavailability
294:Pharmacokinetic
288:
281:
205:
169:
162:
143:
136:
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19452:
19442:
19441:
19436:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19416:
19411:
19406:
19404:GABA analogues
19401:
19396:
19391:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19356:
19355:
19332:
19331:
19326:
19325:
19323:
19322:
19315:
19311:
19308:
19307:
19305:
19304:
19299:
19290:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19274:
19272:Troleandomycin
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19224:
19219:
19214:
19209:
19204:
19199:
19194:
19192:Spironolactone
19189:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19164:
19159:
19154:
19149:
19144:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19094:
19089:
19084:
19079:
19074:
19069:
19064:
19062:Norelgestromin
19059:
19054:
19049:
19044:
19039:
19034:
19029:
19024:
19019:
19014:
19009:
19004:
18999:
18994:
18989:
18984:
18974:
18969:
18964:
18959:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18936:
18931:
18926:
18921:
18919:Flucloxacillin
18916:
18911:
18906:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18826:
18821:
18816:
18806:
18796:
18791:
18786:
18781:
18776:
18774:Corticosterone
18771:
18766:
18761:
18756:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18739:Chlorpromazine
18736:
18731:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18706:
18701:
18696:
18691:
18686:
18681:
18676:
18671:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18631:
18626:
18617:
18615:
18604:
18603:
18601:
18600:
18595:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18560:
18558:17-Androstanol
18555:
18553:3β-Androstanol
18550:
18548:3α-Androstenol
18545:
18543:3α-Androstanol
18540:
18531:
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
18440:
18435:
18425:
18420:
18415:
18410:
18405:
18400:
18398:Chlorpromazine
18395:
18390:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18361:
18359:
18348:
18347:
18337:
18336:
18329:
18322:
18314:
18305:
18304:
18302:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18286:
18281:
18276:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18265:
18264:
18262:
18261:
18255:
18253:
18249:
18248:
18246:
18245:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18199:
18197:
18190:
18168:
18167:
18164:
18163:
18161:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18111:
18110:
18105:
18100:
18095:
18090:
18085:
18080:
18075:
18070:
18065:
18056:
18054:
18050:
18049:
18047:
18046:
18041:
18036:
18031:
18026:
18021:
18012:
18011:
18006:
18001:
17996:
17991:
17986:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17966:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17912:
17910:
17895:
17894:
17892:
17891:
17886:
17877:
17876:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17827:
17826:
17821:
17819:Spironolactone
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17779:Canrenoic acid
17772:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17671:Ethyldienolone
17668:
17663:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17626:Dimethisterone
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17552:Norvinisterone
17549:
17547:Norgestrienone
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17510:
17505:
17503:Norelgestromin
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17470:
17468:Levonorgestrel
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17429:
17428:
17418:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17398:
17393:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17363:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17243:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17185:Methenmadinone
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17157:
17152:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16907:
16902:
16893:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16875:Dydrogesterone
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16848:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16763:
16761:
16754:
16743:
16742:
16732:
16731:
16724:
16717:
16709:
16700:
16699:
16685:
16682:
16681:
16678:
16677:
16675:
16674:
16666:
16664:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16649:
16641:
16639:
16625:
16621:
16620:
16617:
16616:
16613:
16612:
16610:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16589:
16584:
16582:Mefenamic acid
16579:
16574:
16569:
16563:
16561:
16552:
16548:
16547:
16544:
16543:
16541:
16540:
16538:Phenanthridine
16535:
16530:
16525:
16520:
16515:
16509:
16507:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16481:
16479:
16470:
16459:
16458:
16455:
16454:
16452:
16451:
16445:
16443:
16437:
16436:
16434:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16382:
16380:
16371:
16357:
16351:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16313:
16311:
16302:
16291:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16283:
16277:
16275:
16269:
16268:
16266:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16249:
16247:
16238:
16227:
16226:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16186:Atracotoxins (
16184:
16178:
16176:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16146:
16141:
16132:
16131:
16129:Zetekitoxin AB
16126:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16102:
16101:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16066:
16061:
16056:
16047:
16046:
16041:
16036:
16031:
16029:Proxymetacaine
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15981:
15976:
15971:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15951:
15946:
15941:
15939:Chloroprocaine
15936:
15931:
15926:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15885:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15745:
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15650:
15649:
15640:
15638:
15629:
15615:
15609:
15608:
15605:
15604:
15601:
15600:
15598:
15597:
15591:
15589:
15583:
15582:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15558:
15556:
15547:
15536:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15494:
15488:
15486:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15476:
15471:
15462:
15456:
15454:
15445:
15437:
15431:
15430:
15427:
15426:
15424:
15423:
15406:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15380:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15327:
15320:
15318:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15251:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15213:Glyclopyramide
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15168:Chlorpropamide
15165:
15160:
15147:
15140:
15138:
15129:
15118:
15117:
15114:
15113:
15111:
15110:
15105:
15095:
15089:
15087:
15081:
15080:
15078:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15057:
15051:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14913:Clarithromycin
14910:
14905:
14903:Chlorpromazine
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14842:
14834:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14663:
14658:
14652:
14650:
14641:
14627:
14621:
14620:
14617:
14616:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14609:
14597:
14595:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14523:Paramethadione
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14371:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14298:gabapentinoids
14291:
14285:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:Non-selective:
14195:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14152:
14151:
14139:
14138:
14136:ω-Agatoxin IVB
14133:
14131:ω-Agatoxin IVA
14121:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14088:Huwentoxin XVI
14085:
14080:
14075:
14063:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14040:Cyproheptadine
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13798:Levniguldipine
13795:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13745:
13740:
13738:Dexniguldipine
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13687:
13685:
13676:
13662:
13656:
13655:
13648:
13647:
13640:
13633:
13625:
13616:
13615:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13599:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13561:Trichostatin A
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13501:Phenylbutyrate
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13387:
13384:
13383:
13376:
13375:
13368:
13361:
13353:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13340:
13333:
13327:
13322:
13315:
13308:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13293:
13287:
13285:
13283:Antivitamin B6
13276:
13272:
13271:
13268:
13267:
13265:
13264:
13255:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13152:
13150:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13135:
13126:
13125:
13120:
13112:
13107:
13098:
13096:
13082:
13076:
13075:
13072:
13071:
13069:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13056:Nipecotic acid
13053:
13048:
13046:N-Butyric acid
13043:
13038:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13021:Bafilomycin A1
13018:
13009:
13007:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12955:Nipecotic acid
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12893:
12891:
12877:
12871:
12870:
12848:
12847:
12840:
12833:
12825:
12816:
12815:
12813:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12757:
12752:
12728:-α-Amino acids
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12676:
12674:
12667:
12661:
12660:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12505:
12497:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12255:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12222:Spironolactone
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12047:Cyproheptadine
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12022:Canrenoic acid
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11761:
11759:
11748:
11747:
11745:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11670:
11669:
11664:
11663:
11662:
11652:
11650:Norgestrienone
11647:
11642:
11628:
11626:Norethisterone
11623:
11622:
11621:
11611:
11601:
11599:Levonorgestrel
11596:
11591:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11555:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11535:
11534:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11517:
11508:
11507:
11498:
11497:
11488:
11487:
11482:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11420:Ethyldienolone
11417:
11412:
11407:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11361:
11360:
11355:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11323:Androisoxazole
11316:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11283:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11154:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11110:
11105:
11104:
11103:
11093:
11092:
11091:
11081:
11076:
11063:
11062:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10982:
10973:
10972:
10967:
10966:
10965:
10955:
10950:
10949:
10948:
10938:
10936:Methyldiazinol
10933:
10932:
10931:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10900:
10899:
10889:
10888:
10887:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10818:1-Testosterone
10815:
10810:
10805:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10731:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10692:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10594:
10592:
10585:
10574:
10573:
10563:
10562:
10555:
10548:
10540:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10512:
10498:
10468:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10332:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10309:
10300:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10162:
10160:
10151:
10147:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10133:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10094:
10087:Gabapentinoids
10079:
10074:
10059:
10057:Paramethadione
10054:
10042:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9976:
9971:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9909:
9907:
9898:
9890:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9865:GABAR agonists
9860:
9858:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:(and related):
9823:
9821:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9793:sodium bromide
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9725:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9678:
9676:
9668:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9641:
9640:
9633:
9626:
9618:
9610:
9609:
9560:
9534:
9508:
9482:
9442:
9423:(in Italian).
9408:
9378:
9349:
9330:
9310:
9280:
9250:
9219:
9168:
9151:New York Times
9137:
9106:
9079:(2): 521–527.
9063:
9044:(5): 379–381.
9028:
8984:
8935:
8891:
8840:
8811:(1): 112–119.
8791:
8747:
8720:(4): 379–387.
8703:
8682:(3): 204–209.
8659:
8600:
8571:(5): 291–296.
8551:
8500:
8473:(5): 553–560.
8457:
8428:(7): 547–551.
8408:
8389:(7): 448–449.
8373:
8330:
8309:(4): 456–459.
8289:
8240:
8188:
8139:
8112:(3): 403–407.
8096:
8069:(5): 539–551.
8053:
8034:(3): 228–234.
8018:
7983:
7956:Neuro-Oncology
7942:
7889:
7860:(9): 790–799.
7840:
7813:(3): 171–184.
7797:
7790:
7768:
7741:
7698:
7671:
7652:
7607:
7589:
7582:
7564:
7553:(7): 857–864.
7537:
7511:
7484:(3): 207–223.
7465:
7436:(2): 115–122.
7416:
7405:
7382:
7326:
7297:(1): 105–142.
7270:
7221:
7162:
7113:
7064:
7035:(6): 970–971.
7015:
6996:(1): 159–164.
6980:
6945:
6921:10.1186/cc3742
6914:(5): 431–440.
6891:
6878:
6851:(7): 609–616.
6835:
6792:
6765:(6): 789–801.
6749:
6710:
6672:
6648:
6618:
6600:
6573:(3): 177–180.
6557:
6538:(3): 332–336.
6522:
6503:
6454:
6450:New York Times
6431:
6418:
6405:
6372:(8): 551–555.
6356:
6307:
6278:(3): 407–412.
6258:
6231:
6204:(5): 729–737.
6188:
6135:
6092:
6041:
5998:
5969:(7): 489–497.
5949:
5930:(7): 250–257.
5914:
5895:
5852:
5809:
5783:
5740:
5699:
5656:
5626:
5564:
5523:
5474:
5425:
5374:
5310:
5261:
5231:
5182:
5139:
5096:
5089:
5066:
5036:
5006:
4978:
4950:
4931:
4911:
4862:
4832:
4803:(4): 236–241.
4778:
4751:
4720:
4703:
4677:
4647:
4617:
4578:
4541:
4504:
4451:
4423:
4389:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:Sanofi-Aventis
4309:
4306:
4303:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4254:Sanofi-Aventis
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:ratio-Valproic
4150:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:enteric-coated
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:Sanofi Aventis
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3905:US and Canada)
3899:
3892:
3889:Sanofi Aventis
3885:
3882:Sanofi Aventis
3878:
3871:
3868:Sanofi Aventis
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3815:conjugate acid
3810:
3807:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3626:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3293:
3292:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2814:
2811:
2807:absolute pitch
2791:
2790:Off-label uses
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:Yes (accepted)
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2342:
2328:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2256:
2219:
2216:
2210:derivative of
2195:
2192:
2168:
2167:
2158:some others: 3
2156:
2149:
2138:beta oxidation
2134:
2062:occurs in the
2008:
2005:
1946:
1943:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1787:phenobarbitone
1757:
1754:
1743:hyperammonemia
1719:hemofiltration
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:ÎĽg/mL or mg/L
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:ÎĽg/mL or mg/L
1634:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1554:European Union
1450:
1449:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1406:
1403:
1380:hepatotoxicity
1371:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:Encephalopathy
1357:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:Vomiting (12%)
1335:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:Hepatotoxicity
1278:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1248:
1245:
1228:
1225:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:Adverse events
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:antipsychotics
992:
991:Mental illness
989:
949:anticonvulsant
944:
941:
916:
913:
863:hepatotoxicity
859:teratogenicity
767:
766:
755:
754:
752:
751:
748:
746:
743:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
727:
726:
723:
715:
714:
713:
710:
709:
707:
706:
698:
696:
688:
687:
681:
675:
674:
671:
665:
659:
654:
648:
647:
643:
642:
632:
624:
623:
621:
620:
607:
605:
592:
591:
589:
588:
580:
578:
572:
571:
569:
568:
560:
558:
552:
551:
549:
548:
540:
538:
532:
531:
529:
528:
520:
518:
512:
511:
509:
508:
500:
498:
492:
491:
489:
488:
480:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
460:
458:
452:
451:
449:
448:
440:
438:
432:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
407:
406:
404:
403:
395:
393:
387:
386:
384:
383:
380:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
362:
361:
360:Urine (30–50%)
358:
352:
351:
348:
339:
338:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
290:
289:
287:
286:
271:
258:
247:
234:
220:
218:
212:
211:
207:
206:
204:
203:
190:
188:
182:
181:
172:
170:administration
164:
163:
161:
160:
158:
148:
146:
138:
137:
135:
134:
116:
114:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
86:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19451:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19422:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19366:
19364:
19354:
19344:
19343:
19340:
19321:
19320:
19316:
19313:
19312:
19309:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19292:
19291:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19213:
19212:Sulfisoxazole
19210:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19087:Phenobarbital
19085:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19045:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
19033:
19030:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18979:
18975:
18973:
18972:Levothyroxine
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18956:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18934:Guggulsterone
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18829:Dicloxacillin
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18817:
18814:
18810:
18807:
18804:
18800:
18797:
18795:
18794:Dexamethasone
18792:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18729:Cephaloridine
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18619:
18618:
18616:
18611:
18605:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18533:
18532:
18529:
18528:Valproic acid
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18488:Phenobarbital
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18433:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18411:
18409:
18406:
18404:
18401:
18399:
18396:
18394:
18391:
18389:
18388:Carbamazepine
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18363:
18362:
18360:
18355:
18349:
18345:
18342:
18335:
18330:
18328:
18323:
18321:
18316:
18315:
18312:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18277:
18274:
18273:
18270:
18260:
18257:
18256:
18254:
18250:
18244:
18241:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18200:
18198:
18194:
18191:
18185:
18175:
18169:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18148:Valproic acid
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18115:Nonsteroidal:
18113:
18112:
18109:
18106:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18064:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18055:
18051:
18045:
18044:Syringic acid
18042:
18040:
18037:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18020:
18017:
18016:Nonsteroidal:
18014:
18013:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18002:
18000:
17997:
17995:
17992:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17982:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17944:Guggulsterone
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17914:
17913:
17911:
17905:
17896:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17879:
17878:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17849:Riligustilide
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17831:Nonsteroidal:
17829:
17828:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17754:
17750:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17715:
17711:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17522:
17518:
17514:
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17478:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17427:
17426:Ethandrostate
17424:
17423:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17386:Allylestrenol
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17368:
17365:
17364:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17244:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17220:Pentagestrone
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17105:Hydromadinone
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17095:Gestobutanoyl
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16975:Chlormadinone
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16911:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16895:
16894:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16850:
16849:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16765:
16764:
16762:
16758:
16755:
16750:
16744:
16740:
16737:
16730:
16725:
16723:
16718:
16716:
16711:
16710:
16707:
16697:
16696:
16692:
16689:
16683:
16672:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16660:
16654:
16647:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16635:
16629:
16626:
16622:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16592:Niflumic acid
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16562:
16560:
16556:
16553:
16549:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16510:
16508:
16506:
16502:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16485:Glibenclamide
16483:
16482:
16480:
16478:
16474:
16471:
16466:
16460:
16450:
16447:
16446:
16444:
16442:
16438:
16432:
16431:Niflumic acid
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16416:Glibenclamide
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16383:
16381:
16379:
16375:
16372:
16367:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16352:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16314:
16312:
16310:
16306:
16303:
16298:
16292:
16282:
16279:
16278:
16276:
16274:
16270:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16250:
16248:
16246:
16242:
16239:
16234:
16228:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16212:Grayanotoxins
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16202:Batrachotoxin
16200:
16197:
16193:
16189:
16188:ω-Atracotoxin
16185:
16183:
16180:
16179:
16177:
16175:
16171:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16154:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16139:Buprenorphine
16137:
16134:
16133:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16104:
16103:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16049:
16048:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15886:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15872:Valproic acid
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15817:Oxitriptyline
15815:
15813:
15812:Oxcarbazepine
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15802:Licarbazepine
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15757:Carbamazepine
15755:
15753:
15750:
15747:
15746:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15652:
15651:
15648:
15645:
15644:Antianginals:
15642:
15641:
15639:
15637:
15633:
15630:
15625:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15610:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15590:
15588:
15584:
15578:
15577:Norfluoxetine
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15559:
15557:
15555:
15551:
15548:
15543:
15537:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15511:Niflumic acid
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15490:
15489:
15487:
15485:
15481:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15458:
15457:
15455:
15453:
15449:
15446:
15441:
15432:
15422:
15419:
15414:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15363:Levcromakalim
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15331:
15322:
15321:
15319:
15317:
15313:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15259:
15253:
15252:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15158:Acetohexamide
15156:
15151:
15142:
15141:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15130:
15125:
15119:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15091:
15090:
15088:
15086:
15082:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15053:
15052:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15003:Roxithromycin
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14840:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14696:Charybdotoxin
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14649:
14645:
14642:
14637:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14622:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14578:Trimethadione
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14418:Diproteverine
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14295:
14287:
14286:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14277:Ruthenium red
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14252:Levetiracetam
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14202:ω-Agatoxin TK
14200:
14197:
14196:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14172:Niflumic acid
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14154:
14153:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14141:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14065:
14064:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13793:Levamlodipine
13791:
13789:
13788:Lercanidipine
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13695:
13693:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13680:
13677:
13672:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13646:
13641:
13639:
13634:
13632:
13627:
13626:
13623:
13613:
13612:
13609:
13603:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13385:
13381:
13374:
13369:
13367:
13362:
13360:
13355:
13354:
13351:
13339:
13338:
13334:
13332:
13331:
13323:
13321:
13320:
13316:
13314:
13313:
13309:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13284:
13280:
13277:
13273:
13263:
13262:3-Methyl-GABA
13260:
13257:
13256:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13242:Valproic acid
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13154:
13153:
13151:
13146:
13140:
13134:
13133:3-Methyl-GABA
13131:
13128:
13127:
13124:
13123:Semicarbazide
13121:
13119:
13118:-Allylglycine
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13092:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13077:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13010:
13008:
13003:
12997:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12945:Ibotenic acid
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12895:
12894:
12892:
12887:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12865:
12861:
12855:
12846:
12841:
12839:
12834:
12832:
12827:
12826:
12823:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12785:
12784:
12781:
12771:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12750:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12685:
12681:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12662:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12631:Valproic acid
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12576:Rezvilutamide
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12551:Proxalutamide
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12506:
12504:
12502:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12392:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12266:-Bicalutamide
12265:
12260:
12259:Nonsteroidal:
12257:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12127:Guggulsterone
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11964:
11960:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11933:
11932:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11765:Nonsteroidal:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11755:
11749:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11717:5α-Androstane
11715:
11713:
11710:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11687:
11686:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11668:
11665:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11612:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11530:
11526:
11525:Ethandrostate
11523:
11522:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11496:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11425:Ethylestrenol
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11194:
11193:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11159:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11123:
11119:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11094:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11064:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10971:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10890:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10715:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10589:
10586:
10581:
10575:
10571:
10568:
10561:
10556:
10554:
10549:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10389:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10362:Oxcarbazepine
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10352:Carbamazepine
10350:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10248:Levetiracetam
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10177:Ethoxzolamide
10175:
10173:
10172:Acetazolamide
10170:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10158:CA inhibitors
10155:
10152:
10148:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10062:Trimethadione
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10002:
10001:Oxcarbazepine
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9991:Carbamazepine
9989:
9987:
9985:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9891:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9708:Phenobarbital
9706:
9704:
9703:Pentobarbital
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9646:
9639:
9634:
9632:
9627:
9625:
9620:
9619:
9616:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9572:
9564:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9496:
9492:
9486:
9470:
9466:
9459:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9353:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9238:
9234:
9233:New Scientist
9230:
9223:
9215:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9172:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9141:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9032:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8988:
8980:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8895:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8844:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8751:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8664:
8655:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8604:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8514:Retrovirology
8511:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8461:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8244:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8057:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7787:
7782:
7781:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7745:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7683:(in French).
7682:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7603:
7596:
7594:
7585:
7583:3-540-41356-1
7579:
7575:
7568:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7533:
7532:Austria-Codex
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7398:
7397:
7389:
7387:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7331:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7275:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6908:Critical Care
6905:
6898:
6896:
6888:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6734:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6669:. p. 34.
6668:
6661:
6655:
6653:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:(in German).
5925:
5918:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5197:. Editorial.
5193:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4713:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
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4583:
4566:
4562:
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4521:
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4509:
4492:
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4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4440:. 7 July 2016
4439:
4438:
4437:Health Canada
4433:
4427:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4360:
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4310:
4307:
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4297:
4296:
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4277:
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4268:
4267:
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4255:
4242:
4238:
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4225:
4221:
4215:
4207:
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4196:
4185:
4183:
4179:
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4172:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4028:-subsidised.
4027:
4019:
4018:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:United States
3955:
3951:
3950:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:Sanofi S.R.L.
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3824:
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3816:
3806:
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3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3769:
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3760:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3648:ECHA InfoCard
3644:
3636:
3632:
3631:DTXSID6023733
3628:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3604:ChEMBL2105613
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
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3565:
3561:
3560:
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3505:
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3498:
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3485:
3481:
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3471:
3467:
3460:
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3427:
3422:
3415:
3403:
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3400:
3398:
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3389:
3382:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:Clinical data
3327:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3152:ECHA InfoCard
3148:
3140:
3136:
3135:DTXSID6023733
3132:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:Clinical data
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2810:
2808:
2805:for learning
2804:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Breast cancer
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:West syndrome
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:Schizophrenia
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:Bipolar mania
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2299:February 2024
2290:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2179:mitochondrial
2176:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Kv7.2 channel
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:epileptogenic
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:carbamazepine
1771:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1715:hemoperfusion
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:protein bound
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1561:
1559:
1558:United States
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:birth defects
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
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1348:
1342:
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1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:schizophrenia
1005:
1000:
998:
988:
985:
980:
978:
974:
973:intravenously
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
921:
912:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:, inhibiting
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:contraceptive
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:liver failure
824:
819:
817:
816:intravenously
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:valproic acid
773:
763:
756:
747:
742:
741:
738:
731:
722:
721:
718:
711:
704:
700:
699:
697:
694:
689:
682:
680:
676:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
633:
631:
629:ECHA InfoCard
625:
617:
613:
612:DTXSID6023733
609:
608:
606:
597:
593:
586:
582:
581:
579:
577:
573:
566:
562:
561:
559:
557:
553:
546:
542:
541:
539:
537:
533:
526:
522:
521:
519:
517:
513:
506:
502:
501:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
481:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
461:
459:
457:
453:
446:
442:
441:
439:
437:
433:
426:
422:
421:
419:
412:
408:
401:
397:
396:
394:
392:
388:
379:
378:
375:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
284:
272:
269:
259:
257:
248:
245:
235:
232:
222:
221:
219:
217:
213:
208:
200:
195:
192:
191:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
171:
165:
159:
150:
149:
147:
145:
139:
132:
131:Valproic acid
127:
118:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
60:
56:
53:Clinical data
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:valproic acid
19:
19414:Hepatotoxins
19317:
19297:Ketoconazole
19294:Antagonists:
19293:
19267:Troglitazone
19242:Tetracycline
19197:Spiroxatrine
19142:Quingestrone
19137:Progesterone
19122:Pregnenolone
19117:Pregnanolone
19107:Pregnanediol
19102:Prednisolone
19027:Mifepristone
18954:
18929:Griseofulvin
18909:Fenbendazole
18894:Famprofazone
18889:Erythromycin
18884:Epothilone B
18869:Eburnamonine
18764:Clotrimazole
18754:Clofenvinfos
18689:Antimycotics
18620:
18583:Okadaic acid
18535:Antagonists:
18534:
18523:Troglitazone
18458:Mifepristone
18453:Methoxychlor
18448:Griseofulvin
18443:Ellagic acid
18423:Cypermethrin
18413:Clotrimazole
18364:
18259:Mifepristone
18243:Progesterone
18238:Pregnenolone
18233:Mifepristone
18118:Darolutamide
18114:
18103:Toripristone
18098:RTI 3021–022
18068:Lilopristone
18063:Aglepristone
18059:
18015:
17994:Telapristone
17915:
17880:
17830:
17789:Drospirenone
17775:
17562:Quingestanol
17537:Norgestimate
17532:Norgesterone
17527:Noretynodrel
17443:Etonogestrel
17369:Progestins:
17366:
17360:Trimegestone
17345:Promegestone
17246:
17235:Proligestone
17175:Melengestrol
17140:Medrogestone
17075:Flumedroxone
17030:Cymegesolate
17020:Clomegestone
16896:
16851:
16845:Quingestrone
16835:Progesterone
16766:
16687:
16686:
16597:Talniflumate
16135:
16124:Tetrodotoxin
16114:Neosaxitoxin
16105:
16050:
16024:Propoxycaine
15959:Dimethocaine
15892:
15888:
15857:Valnoctamide
15787:Fosphenytoin
15748:
15722:Procainamide
15712:Pilsicainide
15667:Disopyramide
15653:
15643:
15491:
15459:
15409:
15323:
15291:Ethosuximide
15276:Cloperastine
15254:
15223:Metahexamide
15218:Glycyclamide
15178:Glibornuride
15143:
15092:
15054:
15033:Thioridazine
14988:Promethazine
14973:Orphenadrine
14963:Ketoconazole
14948:Erythromycin
14837:
14600:
14528:Phensuximide
14508:Ochratoxin A
14448:Ethosuximide
14374:
14296:-selective (
14288:
14198:
14155:
14142:
14124:
14073:ω-Conotoxins
14066:
14016:
13998:Norverapamil
13963:Dexverapamil
13941:
13915:derivatives:
13911:
13908:Vatanidipine
13903:Trombodipine
13868:Palonidipine
13853:Nitrendipine
13808:Mepirodipine
13713:Azelnidipine
13696:
13690:
13607:
13606:
13575:
13571:Valnoctamide
13566:Tucidinostat
13551:Sulforaphane
13496:Parthenolide
13491:Panobinostat
13481:Mocetinostat
13456:Fimepinostat
13436:Citarinostat
13335:
13324:
13317:
13310:
13258:
13227:Valnoctamide
13197:-Cycloserine
13155:
13129:
13101:
13012:
12896:
12770:Testosterone
12556:Pyrilutamide
12508:
12500:
12492:
12457:Lavender oil
12447:Ketoconazole
12412:Enzalutamide
12382:Darolutamide
12316:Bicalutamide
12291:Atraric acid
12263:
12258:
12242:Trimegestone
12197:Promegestone
12162:Mifepristone
12137:Medrogestone
12082:Drospirenone
12037:Clascoterone
11968:
11934:
11878:JNJ-37654032
11873:JNJ-28330835
11868:JNJ-26146900
11764:
11708:
11688:
11673:
11655:Quingestanol
11572:Etonogestrel
11558:
11538:
11511:
11501:
11491:
11476:
11460:Propetandrol
11401:
11390:Oxymetholone
11365:Methasterone
11319:
11313:Tiomesterone
11303:Oxymesterone
11195:
11175:
11096:Norclostebol
11071:
11067:
10976:
10914:Mepitiostane
10909:Epitiostanol
10892:Drostanolone
10843:Androsterone
10799:
10780:+dutasteride
10776:Testosterone
10744:DHEA sulfate
10597:
10435:Paliperidone
10400:Aripiprazole
10372:Valnoctamide
10366:
10238:Fenfluramine
10218:Brivaracetam
10167:Sulfonamides
10165:
10100:
10085:
10082:Phensuximide
10072:Ethosuximide
10067:Succinimides
10065:
10045:
10004:
9984:Carboxamides
9982:
9968:
9962:
9937:
9924:Fosphenytoin
9912:
9873:
9863:
9832:
9826:
9781:
9731:
9716:
9688:Barbexaclone
9683:Barbiturates
9681:
9600:. Retrieved
9575:
9563:
9551:. Retrieved
9537:
9525:. Retrieved
9521:the original
9511:
9499:. Retrieved
9495:the original
9485:
9473:. Retrieved
9464:
9433:. Retrieved
9420:
9411:
9399:. Retrieved
9390:
9381:
9369:. Retrieved
9359:
9352:
9342:17 September
9340:. Retrieved
9320:
9313:
9301:. Retrieved
9292:
9283:
9271:. Retrieved
9262:
9253:
9241:. Retrieved
9232:
9222:
9185:
9181:
9171:
9159:. Retrieved
9150:
9140:
9128:. Retrieved
9119:
9109:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9041:
9037:
9031:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8955:(1): 28–36.
8952:
8948:
8938:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8857:
8853:
8843:
8808:
8804:
8794:
8761:
8757:
8750:
8717:
8713:
8706:
8679:
8675:
8620:(2): e9390.
8617:
8613:
8603:
8568:
8565:HIV Medicine
8564:
8554:
8517:
8513:
8503:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8425:
8421:
8411:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8306:
8302:
8292:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8208:
8204:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8031:
8027:
8021:
7999:(1): 41–52.
7996:
7992:
7986:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7933:. Retrieved
7908:
7904:
7892:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7779:
7771:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7643:. Retrieved
7634:
7573:
7567:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7531:
7481:
7477:
7433:
7429:
7419:
7395:
7342:
7338:
7294:
7290:
7261:. Retrieved
7254:the original
7244:(2): 37–49.
7241:
7237:
7224:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7032:
7028:
7018:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6961:(1): 35–39.
6958:
6954:
6948:
6911:
6907:
6886:
6881:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6740:. Retrieved
6733:the original
6701:. Retrieved
6666:
6639:. Retrieved
6630:
6621:
6603:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6506:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6449:
6434:
6421:
6408:
6394:cite journal
6369:
6365:
6359:
6324:
6320:
6310:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6243:. Medscape.
6234:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6184:dysmorphism.
6182:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5898:
5868:(1): 43–51.
5865:
5861:
5855:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5796:the original
5786:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5719:(1): 17–22.
5716:
5712:
5702:
5672:(1): 26–30.
5669:
5665:
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5638:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5608:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5445:(1): 78–91.
5442:
5438:
5428:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5365:. Retrieved
5361:the original
5330:
5326:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5205:(2): 78–81.
5202:
5198:
5185:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5080:
5057:. Retrieved
5048:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5018:
5009:
5000:10665/345533
4990:
4981:
4972:10665/325771
4962:
4953:
4943:17 September
4941:. Retrieved
4921:
4914:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4849:the original
4844:
4835:
4800:
4796:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4734:The Observer
4733:
4723:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4689:
4680:
4668:. Retrieved
4659:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4629:
4620:
4569:. Retrieved
4560:
4532:. Retrieved
4523:
4495:. Retrieved
4442:. Retrieved
4435:
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4372:
4344:
4315:and generics
4251:
4217:
4194:
4158:Apo-Valproic
4119:
4112:
4093:South Africa
4023:
3970:
3832:
3812:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3504:DBSALT000185
3397:Legal status
3391:Legal status
3362:License data
3285:
3008:DBSALT001257
2901:Legal status
2895:Legal status
2866:License data
2813:Formulations
2800:
2793:
2531:Yes (orphan)
2512:Yes (orphan)
2377:glioblastoma
2313:Indications
2296:
2288:
2261:
2232:valeric acid
2221:
2212:valeric acid
2203:
2197:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2145:
2141:
2140:(>40%): 2
2057:
2038:
1982:
1966:antiandrogen
1963:nonsteroidal
1948:
1920:
1889:
1881:Pharmacology
1824:Ethosuximide
1818:Erythromycin
1759:
1756:Interactions
1712:
1707:
1677:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1581:
1567:
1542:
1535:
1523:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1464:spina bifida
1453:
1444:
1429:
1391:ossification
1388:
1384:pancreatitis
1373:
1346:
1325:Nausea (22%)
1320:
1289:Pancreatitis
1250:
1230:
1218:
1203:
1103:Mental state
1001:
994:
981:
946:
926:
915:Medical uses
898:
894:valeric acid
867:
835:pancreatitis
820:
798:and prevent
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
759:
576:NIAID ChemDB
343:Elimination
216:Legal status
210:Legal status
112:License data
18:
19282:Zafirlukast
19252:Thiothixene
19232:Terconazole
19182:Simvastatin
19057:Nisoldipine
19052:Nilvadipine
19037:Nicardipine
19007:Metacycline
18834:Dimercaprol
18789:Demecolcine
18749:Clindamycin
18744:Ciglitazone
18694:Artemisinin
18674:Ambrisentan
18578:Nigramide J
18513:Telmisartan
18473:Nicardipine
18383:Benfuracarb
18378:Artemisinin
18252:Antagonists
18078:Onapristone
18053:Antagonists
17824:Spirorenone
17794:Mespirenone
17483:Lynestrenol
17433:Ethisterone
17411:Desogestrel
17391:Altrenogest
17350:Segesterone
17325:Norgestomet
17315:Nomegestrol
17290:Gestadienol
17275:Demegestone
17230:Pentarane A
17050:Edogestrone
17040:Delmadinone
17000:Cismadinone
16890:Trengestone
16820:Dimepregnen
16263:Triamterene
16217:Poneratoxin
16207:Ciguatoxins
16094:Raxatrigine
16089:Ralfinamide
16084:PF-05089771
16079:PF-04531083
16051:Analgesics:
16009:Piperocaine
15994:Meprylcaine
15989:Mepivacaine
15944:Cinchocaine
15923:Ropivacaine
15915:Bupivacaine
15842:Sipatrigine
15827:Pheneturide
15822:Phenacemide
15807:Mephenytoin
15792:Lamotrigine
15772:Elpetrigine
15727:Propafenone
15672:Dronedarone
15248:Tolbutamide
15238:Repaglinide
15233:Nateglinide
15228:Mitiglinide
15208:Glisoxepide
15193:Glimepiride
15183:Glicaramide
15163:Carbutamide
15065:Linopirdine
15048:Vernakalant
15038:Tolterodine
15028:Terfenadine
15018:Tamulotoxin
15013:Solifenacin
14983:PNU-282,987
14958:Haloperidol
14953:Gigactonine
14933:Domperidone
14918:Darifenacin
14883:Bedaquiline
14868:Azaspiracid
14831:Vernakalant
14766:Linopirdine
14726:Dronedarone
14716:Dendrotoxin
14701:Clamikalant
14573:Tolperisone
14568:Tetrandrine
14558:Sipatrigine
14553:Silperisone
14538:Prenylamine
14478:Lidoflazine
14433:Elpetrigine
14343:Mirogabalin
14247:Lamotrigine
14242:Flunarizine
14237:Efonidipine
14227:Cinnarizine
14222:Cilnidipine
14177:NNC 55-0396
14103:Ralfinamide
14050:Fantofarone
14045:Dronedarone
14030:Budiodarone
14025:Brinazarone
13988:Levemopamil
13888:Sornidipine
13883:Sagandipine
13873:Pranidipine
13848:Nisoldipine
13838:Nilvadipine
13828:Niguldipine
13818:Nicardipine
13783:Lemildipine
13768:Iganidipine
13763:Furnidipine
13728:Cronidipine
13723:Clevidipine
13718:Barnidipine
13708:Aranidipine
13516:Resminostat
13511:Quisinostat
13506:Pracinostat
13486:Niacinamide
13476:Martinostat
13401:Abexinostat
13291:Ginkgotoxin
13259:Activators:
13156:Inhibitors:
13130:Activators:
13102:Inhibitors:
13061:Valinomycin
13013:Inhibitors:
12960:NNC 05-2090
12897:Inhibitors:
12875:Transporter
12755:Osteocalcin
12636:Vinclozolin
12621:Thalidomide
12616:Seviteronel
12546:Procymidone
12482:Masofaniten
12437:Inocoterone
12341:bisphenol S
12337:bisphenol F
12333:bisphenol A
12311:BAY-1024767
12286:Apalutamide
12232:Spiroxasone
12227:Spirorenone
12207:Rosterolone
12147:Mespirenone
12092:Edogestrone
12062:Delanterone
12052:Cyproterone
12042:Clometerone
12012:Benorterone
11997:Abiraterone
11962:Antagonists
11893:PF-06260414
11798:BMS-564,929
11722:Alternariol
11614:Lynestrenol
11567:Desogestrel
11450:Norboletone
11440:Metribolone
11385:Oxandrolone
11343:Mestanolone
11308:Penmesterol
11239:Formebolone
11204:Calusterone
11199:Bolasterone
10953:Prostanozol
10924:Mesterolone
10450:Ziprasidone
10445:Risperidone
10429:+fluoxetine
10410:Cariprazine
10357:Lamotrigine
10278:from market
10228:Carisbamate
10223:Cannabidiol
10109:Lamotrigine
10013:Lamotrigine
9964:Fatty acids
9959:Pheneturide
9954:Phenacemide
9929:Mephenytoin
9828:Fatty acids
9809:Stiripentol
9804:Paraldehyde
9768:Nimetazepam
9748:Clorazepate
9693:Metharbital
9227:Thomson H.
7687:: 435–438.
7662:Am. Chem. J
7645:1 September
7360:10453/16875
7263:13 February
7133:: 296–306.
6885:R. Baselt,
6808:(1): 4–29.
6014:(1): 1–10.
5619:14 February
5494:: 553–580.
5224:19 February
4696:5 September
4571:13 February
4534:19 February
4497:10 November
4015:New Zealand
3929:Valpakine (
3887:Deprakine (
3809:Terminology
3708: g·mol
3654:100.002.525
3424:Identifiers
3344:Other names
3335:Trade names
3212: g·mol
3158:100.002.525
2928:Identifiers
2848:Other names
2252:prophylaxis
2132:glucuronide
2033:hepatotoxic
2029:ω-oxidation
2025:β-oxidation
2017:metabolites
1779:lamotrigine
1710:a of 4.9).
1611:Upper limit
1606:Lower limit
1550:neural tube
1476:in utero ("
686: g·mol
635:100.002.525
545:CHEBI:39867
365:Identifiers
179:intravenous
98:MedlinePlus
71:Other names
59:Trade names
19434:Teratogens
19363:Categories
19262:Tianeptine
19227:Tenylidone
19222:Tacrolimus
19167:Rimexolone
19157:Rifampicin
19097:Plicamycin
19082:Paclitaxel
19067:Omeprazole
19047:Nifedipine
19022:Mevastatin
19017:Metyrapone
18997:Lovastatin
18992:Loratadine
18949:Hyperforin
18939:Haloprogin
18904:Felodipine
18879:Enzacamene
18859:Dronabinol
18824:Diclazuril
18803:prasterone
18759:Chloroxine
18734:Cephradine
18704:Bile acids
18518:Tolnaftate
18483:Permethrin
18468:Nevirapine
18463:Nefazodone
18432:prasterone
18393:Carvedilol
18373:Amiodarone
18344:modulators
18108:Zanoterone
18073:Lonaprisan
18060:Steroidal:
18034:Naringenin
18024:Kaempferol
18004:Vilaprisan
17934:Asoprisnil
17916:Steroidal:
17889:ORG-201745
17869:Tanaproget
17764:Trestolone
17701:Nandrolone
17696:Mibolerone
17631:Dienedione
17621:Bolandione
17582:Tosagestin
17557:Oxendolone
17542:Norgestrel
17493:Metynodiol
17463:Gestrinone
17438:Ethynerone
17335:Oxogestone
17200:Mometasone
17090:Gestaclone
17055:Flugestone
17010:Clogestone
16950:Anagestone
16739:modulators
16567:Bumetanide
16505:Activators
16495:Piretanide
16490:Lonidamine
16441:Activators
16426:Mibefradil
16421:Mefloquine
16411:Furosemide
16406:Fluoxetine
16386:Crofelemer
16273:Activators
16196:Versutoxin
16192:Robustoxin
16174:Activators
16159:Safinamide
16109:Conotoxins
16044:Trimecaine
16039:Tetracaine
16014:Prilocaine
16004:Orthocaine
15979:Iontocaine
15974:Hexylcaine
15969:Etidocaine
15910:Benzocaine
15900:Amylocaine
15882:Zonisamide
15877:Valpromide
15847:Topiramate
15837:Rufinamide
15797:Lacosamide
15762:Cenobamate
15717:Prajmaline
15707:Moricizine
15702:Mexiletine
15697:Lorcainide
15682:Flecainide
15647:Ranolazine
15587:Activators
15572:Fluoxetine
15516:Nimesulide
15498:-specific:
15484:Activators
15466:-specific:
15418:-specific:
15398:Rilmakalim
15388:Nicorandil
15348:Cromakalim
15335:-specific:
15316:Activators
15306:Tipepidine
15296:Ifenprodil
15271:Caramiphen
15263:-specific:
15243:Tolazamide
15203:Gliquidone
15188:Gliclazide
15155:-specific:
15108:Retigabine
15103:Flupirtine
15100:-specific:
15085:Activators
15062:-specific:
15043:Vanoxerine
15023:Terodiline
15008:Sertindole
14998:Ranolazine
14863:Astemizole
14853:Amiodarone
14821:Terikalant
14796:Pinokalant
14781:Nifekalant
14776:Maurotoxin
14771:Lolitrem B
14761:Kaliotoxin
14721:Dofetilide
14711:Dalazatide
14706:Conotoxins
14676:Amiodarone
14671:Almokalant
14593:Activators
14583:Valperinol
14563:Terodiline
14503:Naftopidil
14493:Mesuximide
14423:Enpiperate
14403:Cycleanine
14388:Bevantolol
14378:Bencyclane
14368:Pregabalin
14358:PD-299,685
14353:PD-217,014
14348:PD-200,347
14338:Imagabalin
14328:Gabapentin
14318:Atagabalin
14308:Arbaclofen
14267:Mibefradil
14262:Loperamide
14257:Lomerizine
14232:Dotarizine
14212:Benidipine
14192:Zonisamide
14108:Safinamide
14083:Caroverine
14035:Celivarone
13983:Gallopamil
13938:Siratiazem
13928:Iprotiazem
13918:Clentiazem
13898:Tiamdipine
13893:Teludipine
13858:Olradipine
13843:Nimodipine
13833:Niludipine
13823:Nifedipine
13813:Mesudipine
13803:Manidipine
13778:Lacidipine
13773:Isradipine
13758:Flordipine
13753:Felodipine
13748:Elnadipine
13743:Elgodipine
13733:Darodipine
13703:Amlodipine
13591:Valpromide
13556:Trapoxin B
13521:Romidepsin
13461:Givinostat
13451:Entinostat
13421:Belinostat
13252:Vigabatrin
13247:Valpromide
13216:lemon balm
13202:Phenelzine
13184:Gabaculine
13066:Vigabatrin
13031:Evans blue
12975:SKF-89976A
12935:Gabaculine
12910:Arecaidine
12867:modulators
12860:metabolism
12749:-ornithine
12692:gadolinium
12541:Prochloraz
12536:Phenothrin
12516:Nilutamide
12487:Methiocarb
12407:Endosulfan
12372:Cioteronel
12367:Cimetidine
12357:BMS-641988
12352:BMS-570511
12347:BMS-501949
12321:Bisphenols
12276:Antarlides
12252:Zanoterone
12187:Oxendolone
12132:Ludaterone
12122:Galeterone
12072:Dicirenone
11969:Steroidal:
11935:Steroidal:
11928:Vosilasarm
11823:GSK2881078
11778:AC-262,536
11737:Trilostane
11645:Norgestrel
11594:Gestrinone
11562:Δ-Tibolone
11445:Mibolerone
11395:Stanozolol
11348:Metenolone
11125:Trenbolone
11084:Nandrolone
11034:Dienedione
10958:Stenbolone
10919:Mesabolone
10771:Silandrone
10766:Quinbolone
10761:Plomestane
10756:Formestane
10751:Exemestane
10673:Atamestane
10570:modulators
10440:Quetiapine
10425:Olanzapine
10420:Lurasidone
10382:Valpromide
10253:Perampanel
10243:Ganaxolone
10233:Etiracetam
10192:Zonisamide
10187:Topiramate
10137:Retigabine
10119:Zonisamide
10114:Topiramate
10097:Pregabalin
10092:Gabapentin
10077:Mesuximide
10028:Zonisamide
10023:Topiramate
10018:Rufinamide
10008:Lacosamide
9974:Valpromide
9914:Hydantoins
9896:modulators
9848:Vigabatrin
9838:Valpromide
9773:Nitrazepam
9743:Clonazepam
9723:Cenobamate
9718:Carbamates
9658:GABAergics
8900:results".
7668:: 385–395.
7599:Valproate
6641:16 October
6061:(1): 180.
5649:18 January
5543:: 112021.
5394:: 728038.
5059:14 January
5029:14 January
4382:22 October
4350:References
4219:di-ba-dian
3926:Argentina)
3894:Encorate (
3880:Depalept (
3873:Depakine (
3866:Depakine (
3852:Depakene (
3845:Convulex (
3713:3D model (
3701:Molar mass
3584:CHEBI:4667
3544:644VL95AO6
3515:ChemSpider
3459:76584-70-8
3450:CAS Number
3433:IUPAC name
3217:3D model (
3205:Molar mass
3088:CHEBI:9925
3048:5VOM6GYJ0D
3019:ChemSpider
2954:CAS Number
2937:IUPAC name
2417:Moderate.
2202:and the 2-
2060:metabolism
1951:antagonist
1874:Zidovudine
1862:Rifampicin
1836:Mefloquine
1812:Cimetidine
1806:Carbapenem
1750:-carnitine
1739:-carnitine
1727:-carnitine
1546:folic acid
1503:nasal root
1329:Drowsiness
1310:See also:
890:derivative
888:(SCFA), a
823:somnolence
691:3D model (
679:Molar mass
505:614OI1Z5WI
476:ChemSpider
436:IUPHAR/BPS
391:CAS Number
374:IUPAC name
350:9–16 hours
322:Metabolism
19187:Sirolimus
19177:Ritonavir
19172:Riodipine
19162:Rifaximin
19147:Reserpine
19132:Proadifen
19077:Oxatomide
19032:Nafcillin
19002:Meclizine
18864:Droxidopa
18844:Docetaxel
18769:Colforsin
18719:Bumecaine
18709:Bithionol
18621:Agonists:
18598:T-0901317
18573:Meclizine
18503:Reserpine
18493:Phenytoin
18478:Octicizer
18438:Efavirenz
18365:Agonists:
18158:ZM-172406
18153:ZM-150271
18143:LG-121046
18138:LG-120830
18133:LG-100128
18128:LG-100127
18123:LG-001447
18093:ORG-33628
18088:ORG-31806
18083:ORG-31710
18029:LG-120920
18009:ZK-137316
17989:RMI-12936
17984:ORG-33628
17979:ORG-31710
17954:LG-120838
17884:ORG-47241
17874:ZM-182345
17864:RWJ-60130
17859:RWJ-49853
17854:RWJ-26819
17844:LG-100128
17804:Prorenone
17784:Canrenone
17759:Trendione
17636:Dienolone
17611:Bolandiol
17458:Gestodene
17448:Etynodiol
17416:Dienogest
17401:Cingestol
17265:Amadinone
17210:Osaterone
17160:Megestrol
16935:Algestone
16885:Ro 6-3129
16825:Diosgenin
16688:See also:
16587:Mepacrine
16533:Ivacaftor
16449:Carbachol
16332:Ibuprofen
16322:Amiloride
16281:Solnatide
16253:Amiloride
16182:Aconitine
16144:Evenamide
16119:Saxitoxin
16034:Risocaine
15984:Lidocaine
15929:Butacaine
15905:Articaine
15832:Phenytoin
15742:Tocainide
15737:Sparteine
15732:Quinidine
15692:Lorajmine
15687:Lidocaine
15677:Encainide
15662:Aprindine
15403:Sarakalim
15393:Pinacidil
15383:Naminidil
15373:Minoxidil
15368:Mazokalim
15353:Diazoxide
15343:Bimakalim
15338:Aprikalim
15301:Tertiapin
15281:Clozapine
15198:Glipizide
14993:Quinidine
14943:Ergtoxins
14908:Cisapride
14898:BRL-32872
14878:Azimilide
14841:(KCNH2, K
14816:Tedisamil
14801:Quinidine
14791:Paxilline
14756:Inakalant
14751:Ibutilide
14736:Hanatoxin
14691:Bunaftine
14686:Bretylium
14681:Azimilide
14666:Adekalant
14625:Potassium
14607:Bay K8644
14548:Sesamodil
14498:Monatepil
14488:Manoalide
14483:Magnesium
14468:Imepitoin
14458:Fendiline
14438:Ethadione
14428:Eperisone
14408:Dauricine
14383:Berbamine
14294:δ subunit
14098:PD-173212
14013:Verapamil
14003:Ronipamil
13993:Nexopamil
13978:Falipamil
13973:Etripamil
13958:Devapamil
13953:Dagapamil
13933:Nictiazem
13923:Diltiazem
13913:Diltiazem
13863:Oxodipine
13608:See also:
13526:Scriptaid
13431:Capsaicin
13189:Isoniazid
13051:Nigericin
13016:β-Alanine
12990:Tiagabine
12980:SNAP-5114
12905:β-Alanine
12864:transport
12735:-arginine
12720:Estradiol
12700:strontium
12696:magnesium
12684:aluminium
12651:YM-175735
12586:Ro 5-2537
12581:Ro 2-7239
12531:PF-998425
12526:Pentomone
12467:LG-120907
12427:Flutamide
12422:Fenarimol
12362:CH5137291
12301:Bakuchiol
12237:Topterone
12202:Prorenone
12177:Osaterone
12172:Nordinone
12157:Mexrenone
12077:Dienogest
12027:Canrenone
11948:TFM-4AS-1
11888:ORM-11984
11828:GSK-4336A
11818:GLPG-0492
11742:ZM-182345
11589:Gestodene
11577:Etynodiol
11333:Furazabol
11224:Enestebol
11152:Trendione
11113:Oxabolone
11039:Dienolone
11012:Bolandiol
10941:Nisterime
10695:Clostebol
10678:Boldenone
10415:Clozapine
10405:Asenapine
10367:Valproate
10288:Phase III
10276:Withdrawn
10213:Beclamide
10104:Imepitoin
10052:Ethadione
9969:Valproate
9934:Phenytoin
9880:Tiagabine
9870:Progabide
9833:Valproate
9799:Imepitoin
9778:Temazepam
9763:Midazolam
9758:Lorazepam
9728:Felbamate
9713:Primidone
9527:2 January
9303:7 October
9273:7 October
8930:207372333
8860:(1): 12.
8520:(1): 56.
8467:Epilepsia
8340:Neurology
8134:207263036
7905:Neurology
7708:CNS Drugs
7478:CNS Drugs
7283:Chuang DM
7029:Epilepsia
6272:Neurology
5912:BBC, 2017
5750:Epilepsia
5155:: 51–54.
5106:CNS Drugs
4563:. WebMD.
4264:countries
3984:Australia
3922:Valcote (
3915:Stavzor (
3859:Depakin (
3838:Absenor (
3791:valproate
3108:ChEMBL433
2963:1069-66-5
2783:Limited.
2705:tretinoin
2682:tretinoin
2557:Limited.
2540:Limited.
2521:Limited.
2451:Limited.
2434:Limited.
2400:Limited.
2194:Chemistry
2043:, mainly
1852:Primidone
1830:Felbamate
1783:phenytoin
1460:pregnancy
1405:Pregnancy
1395:mydriasis
1299:Pregnancy
1294:Porphyria
1276:porphyria
984:indicated
975:to treat
843:pregnancy
772:Valproate
565:ChEMBL109
356:Excretion
345:half-life
168:Routes of
142:Pregnancy
90:Monograph
84:Drugs.com
22:Valproate
19353:Medicine
19314:See also
19202:SR-12813
19092:Piperine
19072:Orlistat
19042:Nicotine
18914:Fentanyl
18899:Febantel
18874:Ecopipam
18839:Dinaline
18724:Cafestol
18714:Bosentan
18588:PK-11195
18275:See also
18196:Agonists
18019:Apigenin
17974:ORF-9326
17969:ORF-9371
17881:Unknown:
17577:Tigestol
17572:Tibolone
17330:ORG-2058
16870:DU-41165
16865:DU-41164
16760:Agonists
16673:instead.
16648:instead.
16559:Blockers
16551:Unsorted
16477:Blockers
16378:Blockers
16355:Chloride
16317:A-317567
16309:Blockers
16258:Benzamil
16245:Blockers
16074:NKTR-171
16069:GDC-0276
16064:Funapide
16059:DSP-2230
16054:AZD-3161
16019:Procaine
15934:Butamben
15782:Ethotoin
15657:Ajmaline
15636:Blockers
15595:Riluzole
15554:Blockers
15452:Blockers
15358:Emakalim
15136:Blockers
14978:Pimozide
14848:Ajmaline
14648:Blockers
14463:Fostedil
14393:Canadine
14363:Phenibut
14323:Baclofen
14272:NP078585
14217:Bepridil
14055:SR-33805
14008:Tiapamil
13968:Emopamil
13948:Anipamil
13683:Blockers
13471:Kevetrin
13441:Curcumin
13416:Apicidin
13307:See also
12970:Riluzole
12950:Muscimol
12940:Guvacine
12786:See also
12673:Agonists
12646:YM-92088
12611:RU-58841
12606:RU-58642
12601:RU-57073
12596:RU-56187
12591:RU-22930
12521:ONC1-13B
12472:LGD-1331
12397:Dieldrin
12391:p,p’-DDE
12296:AZD-3514
12281:Arabilin
12212:RU-15328
12152:Metogest
12087:DU-41165
11923:S-101479
11903:RU-59063
11858:LGD-4033
11853:LGD-3303
11843:LGD-2226
11833:GSK-8698
11732:Drupanol
11727:Cl-4AS-1
11667:Tibolone
10848:Bolazine
10591:Agonists
10466:Ketamine
10208:Albutoin
10182:Sultiame
9919:Ethotoin
9753:Diazepam
9738:Clobazam
9596:Archived
9592:36383706
9547:Archived
9475:15 April
9469:Archived
9429:Archived
9401:14 April
9395:Archived
9391:DailyMed
9365:Archived
9336:Archived
9297:Archived
9293:DailyMed
9267:Archived
9263:DailyMed
9237:Archived
9214:24348349
9155:Archived
9124:Archived
9101:21544457
9093:23007193
9058:21459656
9015:19318486
8979:19127265
8922:20931299
8886:23898968
8835:43747497
8827:16323176
8778:16294345
8742:13437134
8734:20922525
8698:11239739
8654:20186346
8614:PLOS ONE
8595:27571864
8587:22276680
8546:16168066
8495:23789333
8452:27948702
8444:15613172
8422:Headache
8325:18495806
8284:21975791
8235:30293233
8183:27884042
8126:18303140
8091:74028228
8083:19409030
8048:20044142
8013:22455007
7929:Archived
7925:74543829
7884:20200383
7763:14624229
7728:12269862
7693:13935231
7681:Therapie
7639:Archived
7635:DrugBank
7559:10859160
7498:15740176
7460:29662388
7411:Archived
7377:25958985
7369:16165177
7339:Steroids
7321:23300133
7250:17448293
7216:36893188
7176:PLOS ONE
7157:24148856
7108:26348896
7051:15946343
6975:22180549
6940:16277730
6873:13592043
6865:19656009
6830:15338188
6822:23288091
6787:23031095
6779:12475192
6697:Archived
6693:Medscape
6635:Archived
6611:Archived
6595:38127378
6552:17884759
6514:Archived
6498:19369666
6442:Archived
6386:16108456
6351:23613074
6302:16894099
6245:Archived
6226:20344828
6218:22246336
6179:15491979
6130:38371596
6122:17090909
6087:31324220
6036:19490988
5993:10882750
5906:Archived
5890:33444886
5882:24308788
5847:36426338
5839:19012099
5802:24 April
5778:25499280
5770:11580761
5694:19827846
5686:15032379
5643:Archived
5613:Archived
5559:34463268
5518:24313567
5469:24288035
5420:25114917
5357:27884042
5305:31621892
5254:24 April
5248:Archived
5215:Archived
5211:20830628
5177:11159645
5169:17419829
5134:67999301
5126:12269861
5053:Archived
5049:ClinCalc
5023:Archived
5019:ClinCalc
4989:(2021).
4961:(2019).
4937:Archived
4906:33398088
4845:DrugBank
4827:23407051
4773:14624230
4744:17 April
4738:Archived
4690:BBC News
4670:17 April
4664:Archived
4640:26 April
4634:Archived
4612:Archived
4565:Archived
4528:Archived
4524:DailyMed
4491:Archived
4416:3 August
4410:Archived
4341:Research
4243:(France)
4226:(France)
4106:Malaysia
3971:capsules
3947:Portugal
3908:Epilim (
3901:Epival (
3891:Finland)
3877:Romania)
3849:Austria)
3842:Finland)
3495:DrugBank
3484:23663956
3376:DailyMed
3288:(verify)
2999:DrugBank
2988:16760703
2880:DailyMed
2363:Epilepsy
2236:valerian
2228:analogue
2090:enzymes
2070:enzymes
1978:estrogen
1955:androgen
1868:Warfarin
1584:dementia
1556:and the
1507:philtrum
1351:Bleeding
1341:Weakness
1274:Hepatic
1214:levodopa
1167:Moderate
1150:Moderate
1127:Moderate
1117:unclear.
1096:Very low
1079:Moderate
1062:Moderate
1030:Outcome
943:Epilepsy
929:epilepsy
792:epilepsy
762:(verify)
456:DrugBank
337:over 40%
333:30–50%,
244:Class C1
186:ATC code
175:By mouth
144:category
126:DailyMed
19302:Sesamin
19287:Zeranol
19217:Suramin
18987:LOE-908
18679:AMI-193
18593:S-07662
18508:TCPOBOP
18403:Chrysin
18039:PRA-910
17839:LG-2527
17814:SC-8109
17747:(e.g.,
17730:RU-2309
17708:(e.g.,
17515:(e.g.,
17475:(e.g.,
17406:Danazol
16327:Aspirin
16149:Menthol
16136:Others:
16106:Toxins:
15949:Cocaine
15474:GAL-021
15094:KCNQ (K
15056:KCNQ (K
14873:AZD1305
14811:Sotalol
14806:ShK-186
14786:Notoxin
14473:JTV-519
14453:Fasudil
14182:ProTx I
14162:ABT-639
14149:SNX-482
14020:AH-1058
14017:Others:
13660:Calcium
13041:Glycine
12930:EF-1502
12742:-lysine
12730:(incl.
12688:calcium
12682:(incl.
12680:Cations
12477:Linuron
12417:EPI-001
12323:(e.g.,
12112:EM-6537
12107:EM-5855
12102:EM-5854
12097:EM-4350
11943:MK-0773
11938:EM-9017
11918:S-40503
11773:ACP-105
11768:198RL26
11633:(e.g.,
11606:(e.g.,
11515:Danazol
11465:RU-2309
11405:Bolenol
10471:Lithium
10101:Others:
10005:Others:
9939:Ureides
9894:Channel
9785:Bromide
9782:Others:
9602:12 July
9501:22 June
9465:TGA eBS
9371:3 March
9205:3848041
9188:: 102.
9161:27 June
9130:27 June
9023:3230087
8970:2634690
8877:3733883
8786:1802132
8645:2826423
8622:Bibcode
8537:1242254
8487:2842127
8403:6808975
8368:1578958
8360:6796902
8275:6540387
8226:6516950
8174:6734130
7977:4185847
7875:2924476
7835:7700266
7827:3927267
7506:9893959
7451:5891791
7312:3565922
7207:9997898
7184:Bibcode
7148:3898270
7099:4607138
7059:7696039
7010:8347126
6931:1297603
6587:3209843
6489:2737185
6342:4511955
6293:1986655
6170:1738809
6078:6642533
6016:Bibcode
5984:1734633
5944:6402356
5735:3126792
5726:2013195
5509:4197852
5460:3899484
5411:4119624
5367:27 July
5348:6734130
5296:6797024
5246:(FDA).
5242:. U.S.
4897:9129103
4855:30 July
4818:3696515
4444:13 July
4283:Uruguay
4206:Chinese
4127:Romania
4064:UK only
4059:tablet.
4026:Pharmac
3933:Brazil)
3884:Israel)
3870:France)
3706:310.410
3671:Formula
3470:PubChem
3416:Rx-only
3413:WARNING
3378::
3210:166.196
3175:Formula
2974:PubChem
2920:Rx-only
2917:WARNING
2882::
2289:updated
2218:History
2120:UGT2B15
2112:UGT1A10
2049:aspirin
2045:albumin
1953:of the
1794:Aspirin
1741:lowers
1735:Acetyl-
1672:ÎĽmol/L
1647:ÎĽmol/L
1578:Elderly
1474:alcohol
1440:Discuss
1002:A 2016
839:suicide
684:144.214
652:Formula
465:DB00313
411:PubChem
400:99-66-1
285:Rx-only
282:WARNING
254::
202:)
196: (
194:N03AG01
157: D
128::
104:a682412
19339:Portal
18809:DHEA-S
18649:AA-861
16830:P1-185
16624:Others
15613:Sodium
15266:Barium
15070:XE-991
14938:E-4031
14888:BeKm-1
14858:AmmTX3
14741:HgeTx1
14731:E-4031
14513:Osthol
14282:TROX-1
14167:ML-218
13144:GABA-T
13080:Enzyme
12965:NO-711
12915:CI-966
12665:GPRC6A
12641:YM-580
12571:RD-162
12462:LG-105
11813:FTBU-1
10459:Others
10271:WHO-EM
10201:Others
10150:Others
9857:Others
9590:
9553:5 June
9435:6 June
9328:
9212:
9202:
9099:
9091:
9056:
9021:
9013:
8977:
8967:
8928:
8920:
8884:
8874:
8833:
8825:
8805:Cancer
8784:
8776:
8758:Cancer
8740:
8732:
8696:
8652:
8642:
8593:
8585:
8544:
8534:
8493:
8485:
8450:
8442:
8401:
8366:
8358:
8323:
8282:
8272:
8233:
8223:
8181:
8171:
8132:
8124:
8089:
8081:
8046:
8011:
7974:
7923:
7882:
7872:
7833:
7825:
7788:
7761:
7736:803106
7734:
7726:
7691:
7580:
7557:
7504:
7496:
7458:
7448:
7403:
7375:
7367:
7319:
7309:
7248:
7214:
7204:
7155:
7145:
7106:
7096:
7057:
7049:
7008:
6973:
6938:
6928:
6871:
6863:
6828:
6820:
6785:
6777:
6742:5 June
6703:5 June
6593:
6585:
6550:
6496:
6486:
6384:
6349:
6339:
6300:
6290:
6251:23 May
6224:
6216:
6177:
6167:
6128:
6120:
6085:
6075:
6034:
5991:
5981:
5942:
5888:
5880:
5845:
5837:
5776:
5768:
5733:
5723:
5692:
5684:
5557:
5516:
5506:
5467:
5457:
5418:
5408:
5355:
5345:
5303:
5293:
5209:
5175:
5167:
5132:
5124:
5087:
4929:
4904:
4894:
4825:
4815:
4771:
4630:GOV.UK
4398:Anvisa
4248:Israel
4216::
4214:pinyin
4208::
4199:Taiwan
4191:Europe
4140:Canada
3898:India)
3863:Italy)
3739:SMILES
3595:ChEMBL
3564:D00304
3410:
3374:
3243:SMILES
3099:ChEMBL
3068:D00710
2914:
2878:
2796:Abbott
2226:as an
2208:propyl
2118:, and
2116:UGT2B7
2108:UGT1A9
2104:UGT1A8
2100:UGT1A6
2096:UGT1A4
2092:UGT1A3
2084:CYP3A5
2082:, and
2080:CYP2C9
2076:CYP2B6
2072:CYP2A6
1985:gonads
1937:, and
1768:, and
1762:CYP2C9
1684:stupor
1680:tremor
1530:autism
1436:merged
1262:Known
1237:cancer
1156:Nausea
909:
810:, and
786:, and
717:SMILES
585:057177
556:ChEMBL
525:D00399
316:80–90%
279:
266:
256:â„ž-only
242:
229:
124:
65:others
18408:CITCO
17949:J1042
17903:SPRMs
17898:Mixed
16658:LGICs
16365:CaCCs
16337:PcTX1
16296:ASICs
15623:VGSCs
14893:BmTx3
14746:HsTx1
14635:VGKCs
13670:VDCCs
13275:Other
13001:VIAAT
12329:BFDGE
12325:BADGE
12271:AA560
11953:YK-11
11863:LY305
11753:SARMs
9461:(PDF)
9243:8 May
9097:S2CID
9019:S2CID
8926:S2CID
8831:S2CID
8782:S2CID
8738:S2CID
8591:S2CID
8491:S2CID
8448:S2CID
8364:S2CID
8130:S2CID
8087:S2CID
7935:4 May
7921:S2CID
7831:S2CID
7732:S2CID
7502:S2CID
7373:S2CID
7257:(PDF)
7234:(PDF)
7055:S2CID
6869:S2CID
6826:S2CID
6783:S2CID
6736:(PDF)
6729:(PDF)
6663:(PDF)
6591:S2CID
6222:S2CID
6126:S2CID
5886:S2CID
5843:S2CID
5774:S2CID
5690:S2CID
5605:(PDF)
5218:(PDF)
5195:(PDF)
5173:S2CID
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