57:
2344:
3669:
3646:
3173:
3150:
650:
627:
2358:
2291:
2838:
3329:
48:
2330:
2023:
2847:
3322:
931:
1432:
2253:, a clear liquid at room temperature. For many decades, its only use was in laboratories as a "metabolically inert" solvent for organic compounds. In 1962, the French researcher Pierre Eymard serendipitously discovered the anticonvulsant properties of valproic acid while using it as a vehicle for a number of other compounds that were being screened for antiseizure activity. He found it prevented
1504:
not required for diagnosis. This change in terminology to FVSD would benefit individuals affected by the neurodevelopmental effects of VPA exposure without significant malformations, since they can experience impairments in their everyday functioning similar to those with classical FVS. Characteristics of valproate syndrome may include facial features that tend to evolve with age, including a
19359:
1544:
An updated March 2023 report estimates the number increased to 1 in 36 in 2020 (approximately 4% of boys and 1% of girls). A 2009 study found that the 3-year-old children of pregnant women taking valproate had an IQ nine points lower than that of a well-matched control group. However, further research in older children and adults is needed.
1709:, and death. In general, serum or plasma valproic acid concentrations are in a range of 20–100 mg/L during controlled therapy, but may reach 150–1500 mg/L following acute poisoning. Monitoring of the serum level is often accomplished using commercial immunoassay techniques, although some laboratories employ
1940:, it promotes more transcriptionally active chromatin structures, that is it exerts an epigenetic effect. This has been proven in mice: Valproic acid induced histone hyperacetylation had brain function effects on the next generation of mice through changes in sperm DNA methylation. Intermediate molecules include
4356:
A 2023 systematic review of the literature identified only one study in which valproate was evaluated in the treatment of seizures in infants aged 1 to 36 months. In a randomized control trial, valproate alone was found to show poorer outcomes for infants than valproate plus levetiracetam in terms of
1503:
associated with VPA exposure can be subtle and age-dependent, making it challenging to designate individuals as having the characteristic dysmorphism or not, especially for those with limited expertise in the area. While the presence of typical facial dysmorphism is suggestive of the condition, it is
1543:
in the offspring compared to mothers not taking valproate from 1.5% to 4.4%. A 2005 study found rates of autism among children exposed to sodium valproate before birth in the cohort studied were 8.9%. The normal incidence for autism in the general population in 2018 was estimated at 1 in 44 (2.3%).
2192:
beta oxidation, which typically accounts for over 40% of an administered dose. Typically, less than 20% of an administered dose is eliminated by other oxidative mechanisms. Less than 3% of an administered dose of valproate is excreted unchanged (i.e., as valproate) in urine. Only a small amount is
1783:
and is highly protein bound and hence may interact with drugs that are substrates for any of these enzymes or are highly protein bound themselves. It may also potentiate the CNS depressant effects of alcohol. It should not be given in conjunction with other antiepileptics due to the potential for
1579:
A 2023 retrospective study of Norway
Denmark and Sweden found a significantly increased risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities in the children of fathers exposed to valproate up to 3 months prior to conception, compared to offspring paternally exposed to lamotrigine/levetiracetam. This led the
1554:
Women who intend to become pregnant should switch to a different medication if possible or decrease their dose of valproate. Women who become pregnant while taking valproate should be warned that it causes birth defects and cognitive impairment in the newborn, especially at high doses (although
8910:
Coronel J, Cetina L, Pacheco I, Trejo-Becerril C, González-Fierro A, de la Cruz-Hernandez E, et al. (December 2011). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of chemotherapy plus epigenetic therapy with hydralazine valproate for advanced cervical cancer. Preliminary
1099:
The combination of valproate and antipsychotic drugs may increase the chance of being given additional sedating medication, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited.
4674:
1127:
On average, people receiving the valproate combination scored lower (better) than people treated with antipsychotics in combination with placebo or antipsychotic drugs alone. There was a clear difference between the groups, but the meaning of this in day-to-day care is
6436:
Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, et al. Prevalence and
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ 2023;72(No. SS-2):1–14. DOI:
6423:
Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, et al. Prevalence and
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ 2021;70(No. SS-11):1–16. DOI:
1031:
may be effective for overall response and also for specific symptoms, especially in terms of excitement and aggression. Valproate was associated with a number of adverse events among which sedation and dizziness appeared more frequently than in the control groups.
997:
for the treatment of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder; monotherapy and adjunctive therapy of complex partial seizures and simple and complex absence seizures; adjunctive therapy in people with multiple seizure types that include absence seizures.
9003:
Munster P, Marchion D, Bicaku E, Lacevic M, Kim J, Centeno B, et al. (April 2009). "Clinical and biological effects of valproic acid as a histone deacetylase inhibitor on tumor and surrogate tissues: phase I/II trial of valproic acid and epirubicin/FEC".
1584:
to recommend "the need to consider effective contraception, while using valproate and for at least 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Male patients should not donate sperm during treatment and for at least 3 months after treatment discontinuation."
8722:
Candelaria M, Herrera A, Labardini J, González-Fierro A, Trejo-Becerril C, Taja-Chayeb L, et al. (April 2011). "Hydralazine and magnesium valproate as epigenetic treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome. Preliminary results of a phase-II trial".
9134:
1909:(GABA). The GABAergic effect is also believed to contribute towards the anti-manic properties of valproate. In animals, sodium valproate raises cerebral and cerebellar levels of GABA, possibly by inhibiting GABA degradative enzymes, such as
1170:
Adding valproate to antipsychotic drugs probably causes little or no increase to the chance of feeling sick, but the difference between the two treatments is not clear. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
1082:
Valproate in combination with antipsychotics may slightly reduce the chance of leaving the study early, but the difference between the two treatments is not clear. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
4666:
8861:"Histone deacetylase inhibition in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: the effects of valproic acid on leukemic cells, and the clinical and experimental evidence for combining valproic acid with other antileukemic agents"
1177:
1160:
1137:
1106:
1089:
1072:
6194:
This argues that the fetal valproate syndrome constitutes a real clinical entity that includes developmental delay and cognitive impairments, but that some children might exhibit some developmental delay without marked
4442:
6524:
16815:
1717:, at present there is little favorable evidence for salivary therapeutic drug monitoring. Salivary levels of valproic acid correlate poorly with serum levels, partly due to valproate's weak acid property (p
1732:
can be an effective means of hastening elimination of the drug from the body. Supportive therapy should be given to all patients experiencing an overdose and urine output should be monitored. Supplemental
8766:
Bug G, Ritter M, Wassmann B, Schoch C, Heinzel T, Schwarz K, et al. (December 2005). "Clinical trial of valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia".
4146:
Types are Syrup, Extended release mini tablets, Gastric resistant coated tablets, Gastric resistant soft capsules, Extended release capsules, Extended release tablets and
Extended release coated tablets
9126:
3828:
of valproate is valproic acid (VPA). Valproic acid is fully ionized into valproate at the physiologic pH of the human body, and valproate is the active form of the drug. Sodium valproate is the sodium
1597:, a significantly higher portion of valproate patients had somnolence compared to placebo. In approximately one-half of such patients, there was associated reduced nutritional intake and weight loss.
6062:"Diagnosis and management of individuals with Fetal Valproate Spectrum Disorder; a consensus statement from the European Reference Network for Congenital Malformations and Intellectual Disability"
4748:
1412:(PCOS) in women with epilepsy or bipolar disorder. Studies have shown this risk of PCOS is higher in women with epilepsy compared to those with bipolar disorder. Weight gain is also possible.
6670:
6207:
Umur AS, Selcuki M, Bursali A, Umur N, Kara B, Vatansever HS, et al. (May 2012). "Simultaneous folate intake may prevent adverse effect of valproic acid on neurulating nervous system".
1555:
valproate is sometimes the only drug that can control seizures, and seizures in pregnancy could have worse outcomes for the fetus than exposure to valproate). Studies have shown that taking
9375:
12853:
9082:
Sriram A, Ward HE, Hassan A, Iyer S, Foote KD, Rodriguez RL, et al. (February 2013). "Valproate as a treatment for dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) in
Parkinson's disease".
5258:
4667:"Drug Safety Update - Valproate medicines (Epilim, Depakote): contraindicated in women and girls of childbearing potential unless conditions of Pregnancy Prevention Programme are met"
241:
18342:
17295:
2261:. It was approved as an antiepileptic drug in 1967 in France and has become the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drug worldwide. Valproic acid has also been used for migraine
7556:
Kumar S, Wong H, Yeung SA, Riggs KW, Abbott FS, Rurak DW (July 2000). "Disposition of valproic acid in maternal, fetal, and newborn sheep. II: metabolism and renal elimination".
6621:
1499:" (FVSD) because valproate exposure can lead to a wide range of possible presentations, which can be influenced by various factors (including dosage and timing of exposure). The
19287:
9047:
Hicks CW, Pandya MM, Itin I, Fernandez HH (June 2011). "Valproate for the treatment of medication-induced impulse-control disorders in three patients with
Parkinson's disease".
6375:
Rasalam AD, Hailey H, Williams JH, Moore SJ, Turnpenny PD, Lloyd DJ, et al. (August 2005). "Characteristics of fetal anticonvulsant syndrome associated autistic disorder".
10626:
2809:
paid $ 1.6 billion in fines to US federal and state governments for illegal promotion of off-label uses for
Depakote, including the sedation of elderly nursing home residents.
17290:
12339:
9247:
9165:
5623:
9479:
10880:
5759:
Guo CY, Ronen GM, Atkinson SA (September 2001). "Long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment may be a marker for reduced growth and bone mass in children with epilepsy".
4644:
4332:
India – Valance and
Valance OD by Abbott Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Divalid ER by Linux laboratories Pvt Ltd, Valex ER by Sigmund Promedica, Dicorate by Sun Pharma
12995:
9405:
9307:
9277:
4538:
2058:. Protein binding is saturable: it decreases with increasing valproate concentration, low albumin concentrations, the patient's age, additional use of other drugs such as
6521:
4501:
13169:
12502:
16737:
10870:
18563:
18553:
8572:"Valproic acid in association with highly active antiretroviral therapy for reducing systemic HIV-1 reservoirs: results from a multicentre randomized clinical study"
4420:
11194:
16705:
16656:
13381:
6645:
9606:
8037:
Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN (August 2010). "Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4415:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
18378:
15421:
15266:
3927:
18568:
19449:
17140:
13347:
12846:
10568:
14217:
8812:"The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia"
4575:
17000:
13036:
12910:
2386:
Limited (depends on the seizure type; it can help with certain kinds of seizures: drug-resistant epilepsy, partial and absence seizures, can be used against
1154:
Adding valproate to antipsychotic drug treatment does not clearly cause liver problems. Data supporting this finding are based on moderate quality evidence.
196:
14088:
18335:
16538:
16533:
16523:
9439:
7241:
4168:
18548:
16970:
16473:
15762:
9954:
3735:
2363:
2234:
1483:" (FVS) has been used to refer to the effects of valproate exposure in utero. However, similar to the discussion about the adverse effect of exposure to
14146:
14141:
6736:
5653:
18108:
6410:
5158:
Olsen KB, Taubøll E, Gjerstad L (2007). "Valproate is an effective, well-tolerated drug for treatment of status epilepticus/serial attacks in adults".
4740:
3857:
1901:
Although the mechanism of action of valproate is not fully understood, traditionally, its anticonvulsant effect has been attributed to the blockade of
1551:
of childhood, also known as
Ouvrier–Billson syndrome, from childhood or fetal exposure. This condition resolved after discontinuing valproate therapy.
856:, and is contra-indicated for women of childbearing age unless the drug is essential to their medical condition and the recipient is also prescribed a
14212:
2513:
Weak evidence. Not recommended for agitation in people with dementia. Increased rate of adverse effects, including a risk of serious adverse effects.
254:
19217:
12839:
12316:
876:
and pancreatitis. As of 2022 the drug was still prescribed in the UK to potentially pregnant women, but use declined by 51% from 2018–19 to 2020–21.
17601:
11000:
14098:
13808:
13748:
13653:
5225:
2050:
Taken by mouth, valproate is rapidly and virtually completely absorbed from the gut. When in the bloodstream, 80–90% of the substance are bound to
18328:
17105:
6999:
Matsuoka M, Igisu H (July 1993). "Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity of ammonia".
1326:
16920:
18418:
16730:
16607:
15228:
13973:
13918:
13913:
13878:
13466:
13446:
11888:
11878:
18588:
18393:
16089:
15852:
15782:
14711:
14568:
14443:
14187:
14035:
13998:
13898:
13893:
13793:
13778:
13773:
13738:
12970:
12321:
8476:
Siemes H, Spohr HL, Michael T, Nau H (September–October 1988). "Therapy of infantile spasms with valproate: results of a prospective study".
7183:"Testicular histone hyperacetylation in mice by valproic acid administration affects the next generation by changes in sperm DNA methylation"
90:
6452:
5333:
5250:
19237:
15408:
14831:
14806:
14721:
14368:
14358:
13948:
13938:
13908:
13903:
13868:
13823:
13768:
13758:
13753:
13566:
13374:
12362:
12357:
12142:
11918:
11908:
7487:
Isojärvi JI, Taubøll E, Herzog AG (2005). "Effect of antiepileptic drugs on reproductive endocrine function in individuals with epilepsy".
4063:
Extended release tablets – Epilim Chrono by Sanofi is a combination of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 2.3:1 ratio.
3749:
3253:
727:
4263:
Depalept and
Depalept Chrono (extended release tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above. Manufactured and distributed by
18729:
18608:
18488:
18168:
18163:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18039:
18019:
17999:
17994:
17989:
17964:
17874:
17869:
17864:
17854:
16291:
15413:
15393:
15378:
15348:
14766:
14676:
14108:
14013:
14003:
13983:
13963:
13943:
13336:
13010:
12990:
12661:
12596:
12591:
12541:
12372:
12286:
11898:
9346:
4947:
4883:"Deficient LEF1 expression is associated with lithium resistance and hyperexcitability in neurons derived from bipolar disorder patients"
4172:
9501:
19212:
18909:
18849:
18294:
17979:
17912:
16327:
16084:
16079:
16064:
15368:
14282:
14065:
13481:
12656:
12531:
12482:
12306:
12291:
12222:
11933:
11843:
10561:
10337:
6618:
3850:
1926:
1917:
and by inhibiting the re-uptake of GABA by neuronal cells. Prevention of neurotransmitter-induced hyperexcitability of nerve cells via
1063:
When added to antipsychotic drugs valproate probably increases the chance of improvement. Data are based on moderate quality evidence.
861:
6522:
Valproate Products: Drug Safety Communication - Risk of Impaired Cognitive Development in Children Exposed In Utero (During Pregnancy)
1991:
concentrations. These actions are likely to be involved in the reproductive endocrine disturbances seen with valproic acid treatment.
18997:
18603:
18518:
18049:
16723:
14816:
14796:
14192:
14172:
12815:
12122:
12117:
12107:
11948:
11778:
9646:
7939:
3808:. It is unclear whether there is any difference in efficacy between these variants, except from the fact that about 10% more mass of
9239:
9157:
6707:
18659:
16109:
15431:
15080:
14177:
12651:
12472:
11823:
5612:
1322:
9468:
8956:"A phase I-II study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid plus chemoimmunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma"
19429:
17959:
16347:
14300:
13367:
12820:
11300:
8621:"Antiretroviral intensification and valproic acid lack sustained effect on residual HIV-1 viremia or resting CD4+ cell infection"
4636:
9397:
9299:
9269:
7649:
4622:
4530:
4497:
14197:
14123:
11813:
3239:
8683:"A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain"
7717:
Perucca E (2002). "Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate: a summary after 35 years of clinical experience".
1571:, and the medicines are not recommended for epilepsy during pregnancy unless there is no other effective treatment available.
19419:
18304:
18299:
16642:
15132:
12810:
11762:
10554:
10281:
9527:
9340:
7800:
7690:
Meunier H, Carraz G, Neunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M (1963). "" [Pharmacodynamic properties of N-dipropylacetic acid].
7415:
5099:
5033:
4941:
3391:
911:
10895:
5802:
5115:
Löscher W (2002). "Basic pharmacology of valproate: a review after 35 years of clinical use for the treatment of epilepsy".
5063:
2895:
16910:
15572:
15550:
13646:
12805:
10801:
7421:
5916:
1914:
1121:
9557:
4412:
19439:
15445:
11150:
6541:
Luat AF, Asano E, Chugani HT (September 2007). "Paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with co-existent absence epilepsy".
141:
13153:
6637:
6255:
19394:
17386:
16374:
13679:
11557:
11552:
9581:
4408:
4272:
892:
12831:
10990:
17095:
13329:
11219:
10796:
7592:
3769:
3298:
3273:
1495:
1441:
1421:
772:
747:
16915:
12002:
1983:, at concentrations much lower than therapeutic serum levels. In addition, the drug has been identified as a potent
18362:
17661:
16850:
14644:
12401:
11306:
11269:
11099:
11064:
10298:
9469:"Australian product information epilim (sodium valproate) crushable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, syrup, liquid"
6964:
Mock CM, Schwetschenau KH (January 2012). "Levocarnitine for valproic-acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy".
6742:. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) with INESSS's permission. April 2014. Archived from
4851:
4567:
4036:
2349:
19137:
17596:
17260:
10995:
7437:"Histone acetylation in reproductive organs: Significance of histone deacetylase inhibitors in gene transcription"
4247:
Tablets – Epival 200 (enteric coated tablet) and Epival 500 (extended release tablet) by Iran Najo
15335:
15155:
13639:
11224:
3443:
3407:
3372:
2947:
2911:
2876:
1925:
may also contribute to its mechanism. Valproate has been shown to protect against a seizure-induced reduction in
1489:
1216:
384:
226:
122:
17391:
16795:
9427:
8349:
Jacobson PL, Messenheimer JA, Farmer TW (November 1981). "Treatment of intractable hiccups with valproic acid".
7264:
2133:. Some of the known metabolites of valproate by these enzymes and uncharacterized enzymes include (see image):
18819:
18309:
18182:
17135:
10754:
10330:
8002:
Vasudev K, Mead A, Macritchie K, Young AH (2012). "Valproate in acute mania: is our practice evidence based?".
4329:
United States – Depakote and Depakote ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories and generics
2537:
11992:
10177:
6811:
Patsalos PN, Berry DJ (February 2013). "Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs by use of saliva".
4722:
4357:
reduction of seizures, freedom from seizures, daily living ability, quality of life, and cognitive abilities.
2714:
Two clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication as both a monotherapy and as an adjunct to
455:
19409:
19389:
18192:
15902:
15632:
13390:
9639:
6743:
5871:
Chukwu J, Delanty N, Webb D, Cavalleri GL (January 2014). "Weight change, genetics and antiepileptic drugs".
5645:
4413:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1933:
1251:
10661:
10641:
4206:
In much of Europe, DĂ©pakine and Depakine Chrono (tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above.
713:
19329:
18289:
17616:
17498:
17265:
17165:
17130:
16701:
13621:
13322:
12885:
12800:
12770:
12335:
11629:
11017:
10168:
5254:
4416:
3664:
3545:
3168:
3049:
2335:
1902:
884:
645:
506:
16865:
11490:
10843:
10656:
7134:"Seizure-induced reduction in PIP3 levels contributes to seizure-activity and is rescued by valproic acid"
3614:
1593:
Valproate may cause increased somnolence in the elderly. In a trial of valproate in elderly patients with
1563:
defects. The use of valproate for migraine or bipolar disorder during pregnancy is contraindicated in the
345:
18864:
18558:
18351:
17724:
17666:
17160:
17125:
17005:
16681:
11707:
11069:
10671:
9829:
9369:
7348:
Death AK, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ (December 2005). "Valproate is an anti-androgen and anti-progestin".
4380:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
3625:
3129:
2098:
606:
17939:
17934:
11692:
11687:
11495:
6473:
Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Clayton-Smith J, Combs-Cantrell DT, Cohen M, et al. (April 2009).
5395:"Gambling disorder during dopamine replacement treatment in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review"
5202:
19404:
19349:
17381:
11229:
10848:
6326:
Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, Schendel D, Parner ET, Pedersen LH, et al. (April 2013).
3359:
2863:
18639:
18634:
18233:
16930:
16825:
16820:
16810:
11997:
6915:"Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity - what is the evidence?"
6017:
Ornoy A (July 2009). "Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus?".
5933:
Koch S, Göpfert-Geyer I, Jäger-Roman E, Jakob S, Huth H, Hartmann A, et al. (February 1983). "".
3118:
918:. In 2021, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3
575:
85:
VPA; valproic acid; sodium valproate (sodium); valproate semisodium (semisodium); 2-propylvaleric acid
19434:
19399:
19384:
17656:
17350:
16975:
16667:
16241:
15564:
15462:
15146:
14658:
13217:
11059:
10786:
10732:
10323:
7961:
Berendsen S, Kroonen J, Seute T, Snijders T, Broekman ML, Spliet WG, et al. (1 September 2014).
7911:"Co-Administration of Valproic Acid and Lamotrigine in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy (P1.238)"
4997:
4969:
4379:
2391:
2007:
1581:
1409:
963:
19122:
18669:
18508:
18218:
18213:
16935:
16870:
16785:
16780:
10838:
4322:
United Kingdom – Depakote (for psychiatric conditions) and Epilim (for epilepsy) by
19379:
19247:
19162:
17844:
17611:
17531:
17487:
16569:
16487:
16388:
16305:
16174:
15597:
15494:
15326:
15095:
13406:
13401:
13115:
11649:
11618:
11338:
11279:
11012:
10790:
10666:
10616:
10139:
9632:
9435:
7545:(in German). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag. Depakine chrono retard 300 mg Filmtabletten.
7405:
5720:"Inhibition of cartilage growth by the anticonvulsant drugs diphenylhydantoin and sodium valproate"
3641:
3145:
2780:
2677:
1479:
1131:
622:
17:
16925:
16790:
11987:
11722:
11702:
6449:
6277:
Meador KJ, Baker GA, Finnell RH, Kalayjian LA, Liporace JD, Loring DW, et al. (August 2006).
5675:
Wu S, Legido A, De Luca F (January 2004). "Effects of valproic acid on longitudinal bone growth".
5446:"Treatment of cognitive, psychiatric, and affective disorders associated with Parkinson's disease"
4066:
Enteric-coated tablets – Epilim EC200 by Sanofi is a 200 mg sodium valproate
1408:, a dilation of the pupils. There is evidence that shows valproic acid may increase the chance of
595:
19414:
17606:
17406:
17250:
17205:
17080:
16515:
16451:
15787:
13693:
13174:
13099:
12930:
12518:
11445:
11007:
10907:
10286:
10048:
10006:
9885:
8072:
Haddad PM, Das A, Ashfaq M, Wieck A (May 2009). "A review of valproate in psychiatric practice".
5371:
3345:
2700:
1906:
1856:
1548:
1525:
1215:
Based upon five case reports, valproic acid may have efficacy in controlling the symptoms of the
178:
69:
11189:
4802:
Ghodke-Puranik Y, Thorn CF, Lamba JK, Leeder JS, Song W, Birnbaum AK, et al. (April 2013).
4568:"Depakene, Stavzor (valproic acid) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1477:
with the risks being related to the strength of medication used and use of more than one drug. "
18809:
18438:
18223:
17626:
17527:
17200:
16995:
16955:
16805:
16800:
16319:
16255:
15646:
14612:
14603:
14167:
14154:
14136:
14078:
13702:
13189:
12510:
11645:
11284:
11155:
11027:
10875:
10744:
10693:
10402:
9915:
8810:
Kuendgen A, Schmid M, Schlenk R, Knipp S, Hildebrandt B, Steidl C, et al. (January 2006).
7671:
Burton BS (1882). "On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate".
2210:
1776:
1698:
1635:
1220:
896:
322:
56:
12862:
11982:
9330:
7298:"Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid: beyond bipolar disorder"
5828:
Bilo L, Meo R (October 2008). "Polycystic ovary syndrome in women using valproate: a review".
4931:
4086:
Intravenous solution for injection – Episenta solution for injection by Beacon
1831:: inhibits valproate's metabolism in the liver, leading to increased valproate concentrations.
1825:: inhibits valproate's metabolism in the liver, leading to increased valproate concentrations.
555:
19424:
17431:
17235:
17120:
16990:
16757:
16746:
16283:
16184:
13551:
12877:
12042:
11530:
11380:
11274:
10939:
10621:
10519:
10439:
9875:
9505:
8310:"Valproate treatment of acute alcohol hallucinosis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study"
6404:
4191:
Extended release tablets – Depakene-R by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo and Selenica-R by
3594:
3098:
2262:
2194:
1969:
1865:: may accelerate metabolism of valproate, leading to a decline of serum levels and potential
1294:
910:
Valproate was originally synthesized in 1881 and came into medical use in 1962. It is on the
446:
18654:
18644:
8619:
Archin NM, Cheema M, Parker D, Wiegand A, Bosch RJ, Coffin JM, et al. (February 2010).
7963:"O9.06 * Prognostic Relevance and Oncogenic Correlates of Epilepsy in Glioblastoma Patients"
6854:
Thanacoody RH (August 2009). "Extracorporeal elimination in acute valproic acid poisoning".
18992:
18964:
18954:
18573:
17809:
17763:
17745:
17720:
17577:
17523:
17508:
17483:
17315:
17190:
17090:
17035:
15877:
14408:
14343:
14323:
13596:
13247:
12202:
11670:
11641:
11614:
11480:
11368:
11177:
11145:
11111:
10749:
10720:
10515:
10481:
10057:
9684:
8954:
Rocca A, Minucci S, Tosti G, Croci D, Contegno F, Ballarini M, et al. (January 2009).
8632:
8115:
Frazee LA, Foraker KC (March 2008). "Use of intravenous valproic acid for acute migraine".
7910:
7194:
6026:
5968:
Moore SJ, Turnpenny P, Quinn A, Glover S, Lloyd DJ, Montgomery T, et al. (July 2000).
4881:
Santos R, Linker SB, Stern S, Mendes AP, Shokhirev MN, Erikson G, et al. (June 2021).
4143:
Companies are SANOFI-AVENTIS FRANCE, GEROT PHARMAZEUTIKA GMBH and DESITIN ARZNEIMITTEL GMBH
3833:
3554:
3534:
3469:
3058:
3038:
1866:
1280:
1254:. It has cardioprotective, kidney protective, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial effects.
515:
353:
18649:
13179:
10833:
8570:
Routy JP, Tremblay CL, Angel JB, Trottier B, Rouleau D, Baril JG, et al. (May 2012).
6154:
Adab N, Kini U, Vinten J, Ayres J, Baker G, Clayton-Smith J, et al. (November 2004).
6111:
Kulkarni ML, Zaheeruddin M, Shenoy N, Vani HN (October 2006). "Fetal valproate syndrome".
5510:
2973:
879:
Valproate's precise mechanism of action is unclear. Proposed mechanisms include affecting
495:
8:
19444:
18794:
18694:
18618:
18320:
17463:
17330:
17310:
17305:
17155:
17055:
17045:
17015:
16950:
16528:
14666:
14070:
13184:
13120:
12725:
12720:
12452:
12412:
12257:
12177:
12077:
12067:
12012:
11592:
11128:
10885:
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10636:
9708:
9546:
8405:
6699:
6060:
Clayton-Smith J, Bromley R, Dean J, Journel H, Odent S, Wood A, et al. (July 2019).
4310:
4164:
4157:
3934:
3913:
3906:
3864:
3460:
2964:
2806:
2188:
as the glucuronide conjugate. The other major pathway in the metabolism of valproate is
2063:
1984:
1961:
1937:
1741:
1714:
1404:
in children and adolescents, resulting in decreased height. Valproic acid can also cause
983:
888:
841:
822:
401:
189:
185:
18988:
8636:
7927:
7198:
6328:"Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism"
6030:
3668:
3645:
3172:
3149:
2304:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2184:
In adult patients taking valproate alone, 30–50% of an administered dose is excreted in
1807:: may increase valproate concentrations. May also interfere with valproate's metabolism.
649:
626:
410:
19267:
19022:
18823:
18354:
18009:
17949:
17929:
17779:
17759:
17676:
17270:
17215:
17180:
17070:
17025:
16965:
16749:
14938:
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14836:
14543:
14313:
12861:
11562:
11425:
11385:
11363:
11296:
11199:
11172:
11140:
10973:
10863:
10715:
10580:
10511:
9215:
9188:
9107:
9029:
8980:
8955:
8936:
8887:
8860:
8841:
8792:
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8655:
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8601:
8547:
8520:
8501:
8489:
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8285:
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8236:
8211:
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8140:
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7987:
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7885:
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7859:
Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, et al. (March 2010).
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7182:
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5421:
5394:
5358:
5306:
5281:
5183:
5140:
4907:
4882:
4828:
4803:
4319:
Mexico – Epival and Epival ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories
2742:
2691:
Several clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a monotherapy, as an adjunct to
2518:
2274:
2238:
2011:
1706:
1529:
1500:
987:
971:
915:
152:
8699:
8682:
7435:
Uchida H, Maruyama T, Arase T, Ono M, Nagashima T, Masuda H, et al. (June 2005).
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17671:
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16198:
15872:
15516:
15388:
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14528:
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12576:
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12152:
12017:
11793:
11712:
11515:
11420:
11239:
10956:
10818:
10727:
10710:
10678:
10631:
10588:
10577:
10501:
10489:
10387:
9989:
9904:
9853:
9799:
9598:
9336:
9220:
9099:
9064:
9060:
9021:
8985:
8940:
8928:
8892:
8833:
8784:
8740:
8704:
8660:
8593:
8588:
8571:
8552:
8493:
8450:
8409:
8392:
Sotaniemi K (July 1982). "Valproic acid in the treatment of nonepileptic myoclonus".
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8189:
8144:
8132:
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7114:
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6504:
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5950:
5888:
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5692:
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5426:
5363:
5311:
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5175:
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5132:
5128:
5095:
4937:
4912:
4833:
4779:
4618:
4186:
3920:
3885:
3494:
3309:
2998:
2254:
2003:
1965:
1910:
1875:: increases the clearance of valproate, leading to decreased valproate concentrations
1780:
1521:
1446:
1386:
1014:
947:
865:
829:
or by mouth, and the tablet forms exist in both long- and short-acting formulations.
810:
278:
266:
114:
100:
9111:
8845:
8752:
8605:
8505:
8462:
8429:"Significance of migrainous features in cluster headache: divalproex responsiveness"
8261:"Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
8101:
7935:
7387:
6883:
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6797:
6605:
6236:
6140:
5900:
5857:
5788:
5704:
5187:
5144:
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18977:
18859:
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18578:
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18228:
17755:
17716:
17110:
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16365:
15862:
15777:
15577:
15296:
15085:
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13556:
13416:
13232:
13041:
12894:
12874:
12462:
12442:
11390:
11254:
10813:
10651:
10611:
10537:
10493:
9959:
9590:
9210:
9200:
9091:
9056:
9033:
9013:
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8920:
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8872:
8823:
8796:
8776:
8732:
8694:
8650:
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8583:
8542:
8532:
8485:
8440:
8401:
8378:
8358:
8321:
8280:
8276:
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8011:
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7872:
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7456:
7448:
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7309:
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7202:
7153:
7145:
7104:
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7008:
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6820:
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6384:
6347:
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6083:
6073:
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5942:
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5837:
5768:
5731:
5684:
5555:
5514:
5506:
5465:
5457:
5416:
5406:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5167:
5124:
5005:
4977:
4902:
4894:
4823:
4815:
4216:
4054:
Oral solution – Orlept Sugar Free by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
3829:
3777:
InChI=1S/2C8H16O2.Na/c2*1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h2*7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;;+1/p-1
3681:
3185:
1999:
1365:
1274:
1007:
979:
975:
967:
943:
852:
risk. Valproate is known to cause serious abnormalities in fetuses if taken during
806:
662:
304:
209:
11727:
9531:
9017:
7746:
6576:
Ouvrier RA, Billson F (July 1988). "Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood".
6475:"Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs"
5688:
5203:"The role of intravenous valproate in convulsive status epilepticus in the future"
5025:
4933:
The history of epileptic therapy : an account of how medication was developed
2655:
A prospective clinical trial supported its efficacy in treating infantile spasms.
1473:
is associated with about three times as many major abnormalities as usual, mainly
19363:
18934:
18829:
18709:
17730:
17691:
17651:
17075:
16940:
16617:
16612:
16582:
16411:
16406:
16009:
15974:
15964:
15929:
15536:
15511:
14978:
14671:
14553:
13708:
13670:
13541:
13421:
13359:
13222:
12387:
12272:
12127:
11798:
11465:
11440:
11291:
11244:
11054:
10914:
10505:
10497:
10485:
10346:
8645:
7207:
6824:
6625:
6528:
6456:
5920:
5913:
5884:
5806:
5560:
5543:
5055:
4819:
4696:
4067:
2829:
2813:
2723:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2163:
2138:
2078:
2070:
2031:
1980:
1745:
1540:
1509:
1191:
818:
814:
435:
341:
332:
312:
9187:
Gervain J, Vines BW, Chen LM, Seo RJ, Hensch TK, Werker JF, et al. (2013).
6252:"NEAD: In Utero Exposure To Valproate Linked to Poor Cognitive Outcomes in Kids"
5393:
Pirritano D, Plastino M, Bosco D, Gallelli L, Siniscalchi A, De Sarro G (2014).
1994:
Valproic acid has been found to directly stimulate androgen biosynthesis in the
19282:
19202:
19072:
18929:
18784:
18749:
18408:
17829:
17789:
17735:
17701:
17681:
17636:
17562:
17557:
17518:
17513:
17478:
17195:
16885:
16592:
16548:
16139:
16039:
15949:
15623:
15479:
15422:
15267:
15223:
15178:
14923:
14913:
14533:
14453:
14050:
13953:
13571:
13546:
13511:
13125:
13066:
13056:
13031:
12965:
12232:
12057:
12032:
11660:
11636:
11609:
11505:
11430:
11333:
11118:
11089:
10946:
10889:
10828:
10823:
10546:
10354:
10292:
10067:
9803:
9743:
9677:
9655:
9553:
7978:
7085:"M-current preservation contributes to anticonvulsant effects of valproic acid"
6589:
4898:
4323:
4264:
4251:
4234:
3941:
3899:
3892:
3878:
3825:
2837:
2817:
2357:
2198:
2148:
2051:
1881:: valproate may increase free warfarin concentration and prolong bleeding time.
1813:: may cause CNS depression and there are possible pharmacokinetic interactions.
1810:
1753:
1729:
1710:
1564:
1505:
1484:
1450:
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1370:
959:
873:
837:
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13678:
11572:
9095:
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8736:
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8015:
7149:
6867:
6388:
6220:
6078:
5841:
5461:
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18498:
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17230:
17115:
16985:
16602:
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16441:
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16212:
16149:
15882:
15827:
15822:
15812:
15767:
15587:
15521:
15373:
15183:
15168:
15013:
14706:
14588:
14428:
14308:
14287:
14262:
14182:
13803:
13798:
13272:
13252:
13204:
13143:
13133:
12955:
12641:
12586:
12561:
12137:
11535:
11435:
10646:
10372:
10362:
10258:
10187:
10182:
10097:
10072:
10011:
10001:
9718:
9713:
9205:
9127:"Abbott Laboratories to pay $ 1.6 billion over illegal marketing of Depakote"
7293:
6900:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1622–1626.
6251:
6171:
5002:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
4447:
4099:
Intravenous injection – Orfiril IV by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
3657:
3514:
3422:
3328:
3281:
InChI=1S/C8H16O2.Na/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10;/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1
3161:
3018:
2926:
2761:
2641:
2329:
1887:: valproate may increase zidovudine serum concentration and lead to toxicity.
1850:
1797:
1785:
1725:
1568:
1312:(except when no other treatments are available for the treatment of epilepsy)
1144:
1113:
1066:
1028:
1018:
857:
638:
291:
47:
8326:
8309:
7861:"Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy"
6438:
6425:
1535:
Children of mothers taking valproate during pregnancy are at risk for lower
1266:
Pre-existing acute or chronic liver dysfunction or family history of severe
19307:
19277:
19252:
19207:
19152:
19147:
19132:
19127:
19117:
19112:
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18939:
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18894:
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18463:
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17185:
17150:
17085:
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17030:
16855:
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16474:
16222:
16134:
16124:
16034:
15969:
15867:
15797:
15732:
15722:
15677:
15301:
15286:
15233:
15188:
15043:
14998:
14983:
14973:
14958:
14898:
14538:
14518:
14458:
14008:
13863:
13723:
13581:
13576:
13561:
13506:
13501:
13491:
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13237:
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9602:
9594:
9589:(Report). Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
9224:
9103:
9068:
9025:
8989:
8971:
8932:
8896:
8877:
8837:
8788:
8744:
8708:
8664:
8597:
8556:
8537:
8454:
8362:
8335:
8294:
8245:
8193:
8136:
8093:
8058:
8023:
7894:
7773:
7738:
7703:
7612:
7569:
7508:
7470:
7379:
7331:
7260:
7226:
7167:
7118:
7061:
6985:
6950:
6875:
6832:
6789:
6768:
Sztajnkrycer MD (2002). "Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management".
6671:"PRAC non-interventional imposed PASS final study report assessment report"
6562:
6508:
6396:
6361:
6343:
6312:
6228:
6189:
6132:
6097:
6046:
6003:
5946:
5892:
5849:
5780:
5696:
5569:
5528:
5479:
5430:
5367:
5315:
5221:
5179:
5136:
4974:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
4916:
4837:
4783:
2387:
2242:
2222:
2189:
2022:
1976:
1973:
1834:
1828:
1474:
1466:
1401:
1394:
1299:
904:
845:
586:
204:
13026:
12915:
8681:
Hardy JR, Rees EA, Gwilliam B, Ling J, Broadley K, A'Hern R (March 2001).
8497:
8413:
8370:
7876:
7837:
7313:
7020:
6781:
6597:
6554:
6490:
5954:
5745:
5411:
2390:
and other tumors both to improve survival and treat seizures, and against
1837:: valproate may increase ethosuximide concentrations and lead to toxicity.
860:. Reproductive warnings have also been issued for men using the drug. The
19292:
19262:
19242:
19192:
19067:
19062:
19047:
19017:
18844:
18799:
18759:
18754:
18704:
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18684:
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18483:
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17834:
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17696:
17493:
17443:
17421:
17401:
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17335:
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17300:
17285:
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17145:
17060:
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17010:
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16273:
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16104:
16099:
16094:
16019:
16004:
15999:
15954:
15933:
15925:
15837:
15832:
15817:
15802:
15737:
15682:
15258:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15218:
15203:
15193:
15173:
15075:
15058:
15048:
15038:
15028:
15023:
14993:
14968:
14963:
14943:
14928:
14893:
14878:
14841:
14776:
14736:
14726:
14583:
14578:
14563:
14548:
14488:
14353:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14237:
14232:
14113:
14060:
14055:
14040:
13883:
13858:
13848:
13838:
13828:
13818:
13733:
13728:
13718:
13631:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13496:
13486:
13411:
13301:
13293:
13071:
12765:
12646:
12631:
12626:
12556:
12492:
12447:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12296:
12242:
12237:
12217:
12157:
12102:
12072:
12062:
12052:
12022:
12007:
11923:
11903:
11808:
11732:
11624:
11577:
11542:
11460:
11450:
11395:
11353:
11318:
11264:
11249:
11214:
11209:
10963:
10934:
10460:
10455:
10420:
10367:
10238:
10233:
10119:
10077:
10023:
9994:
9969:
9964:
9939:
9819:
9814:
9778:
9758:
9703:
9693:
8721:
6737:"Free Valproic Acid Assay (Reference – 2013.03.006) Notice of Assessment"
5985:
5094:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
3980:
Syrup – Depakene by Abbott Laboratories. (Note: Depakene
2142:
2043:
2027:
1789:
1560:
1378:
826:
108:
9624:
5010:
4982:
4859:
4741:"Sodium valproate: what are dangers of epilepsy drug for unborn babies?"
2846:
475:
19272:
19232:
19177:
19167:
19107:
19092:
19077:
19057:
19032:
19027:
19007:
19002:
18959:
18949:
18914:
18889:
18869:
18834:
18813:
18769:
18744:
18528:
18493:
18478:
18473:
18442:
18403:
18383:
18118:
18083:
18044:
18034:
18014:
17944:
17899:
17879:
17774:
17750:
17711:
17706:
17641:
17631:
17592:
17567:
17552:
17503:
17473:
17448:
17345:
17210:
17100:
17065:
17020:
16960:
16577:
16505:
16500:
16436:
16431:
16421:
16416:
16396:
16217:
16206:
16202:
16169:
16054:
16049:
16024:
16014:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15920:
15910:
15892:
15887:
15857:
15847:
15807:
15772:
15727:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15692:
15657:
15582:
15526:
15503:
15471:
15398:
15358:
15316:
15306:
15281:
15253:
15213:
15198:
15118:
15113:
15053:
15033:
15018:
15008:
14873:
14863:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14771:
14731:
14686:
14681:
14593:
14573:
14513:
14503:
14433:
14413:
14398:
14388:
14378:
14363:
14348:
14338:
14328:
14318:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14242:
14222:
14202:
14128:
14118:
14103:
14093:
14045:
13993:
13928:
13853:
13843:
13833:
13813:
13788:
13783:
13763:
13743:
13713:
13606:
13601:
13531:
13471:
13461:
13431:
13262:
13257:
13226:
13212:
13194:
13076:
12985:
12945:
12920:
12870:
12735:
12702:
12551:
12546:
12526:
12497:
12417:
12382:
12377:
12367:
12262:
12197:
12132:
12082:
11938:
11833:
11788:
11747:
11655:
11604:
11455:
11405:
11358:
11348:
11167:
11135:
11094:
11044:
11034:
10980:
10968:
10929:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10683:
10450:
10435:
10430:
10392:
10263:
10253:
10243:
10202:
10197:
10147:
10129:
10124:
10107:
10102:
10087:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10018:
9984:
9974:
9858:
9848:
9838:
9783:
9753:
9733:
8828:
8811:
8780:
7816:
Rimmer EM, Richens A (May–June 1985). "An update on sodium valproate".
7370:
6977:
6124:
5542:
Singh D, Gupta S, Verma I, Morsy MA, Nair AB, Ahmed AF (October 2021).
4621:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 24 November 2020.
4335:
Germany – Ergenyl Chrono by Sanofi-Aventis and generics
3977:
Intravenous injection – Depacon by Abbott Laboratories.
3711:
3525:
3215:
3029:
1905:
and increased brain levels of the inhibitory synaptic neurotransmitter
1884:
1872:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1556:
1539:. Maternal valproate use during pregnancy increased the probability of
1513:
1339:
900:
833:
689:
486:
8128:
7760:
Henry TR (2003). "The history of valproate in clinical neuroscience".
7287:
7285:
1819:
antibiotics: reduce valproate levels, potentially leading to seizures.
1400:
There is evidence that valproic acid may cause premature growth plate
962:
activity, although it is primarily used as a first-line treatment for
19197:
19187:
19182:
19172:
19157:
19142:
19087:
19042:
19012:
18874:
18854:
18779:
18719:
18714:
18583:
18513:
18503:
18448:
17894:
17884:
17814:
17794:
17769:
17736:
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)
17646:
17621:
17468:
17458:
17426:
17411:
17365:
17320:
17275:
17220:
17170:
16945:
16895:
16835:
16597:
16543:
16459:
16342:
16332:
16263:
16192:
16154:
16129:
16119:
16044:
15994:
15939:
15915:
15842:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15702:
15697:
15687:
15672:
15531:
15403:
15383:
15363:
15353:
15311:
15291:
15208:
15003:
14918:
14908:
14888:
14826:
14811:
14801:
14761:
14746:
14716:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14617:
14558:
14508:
14498:
14493:
14478:
14468:
14448:
14438:
14418:
14393:
14023:
13988:
13968:
13933:
13923:
13888:
13873:
13536:
13441:
13199:
13061:
13000:
12756:
12730:
12710:
12706:
12694:
12571:
12536:
12477:
12437:
12432:
12331:
12311:
12247:
12212:
12187:
12182:
12167:
12087:
12037:
11958:
11893:
11838:
11828:
11818:
11752:
11599:
11587:
11343:
11234:
11162:
11123:
11049:
11022:
10951:
10705:
10688:
10425:
10415:
10223:
10114:
10062:
9944:
9924:
9890:
9880:
9809:
9788:
9773:
9768:
9738:
9728:
9723:
9668:
7100:
6279:"In utero antiepileptic drug exposure: fetal death and malformations"
5970:"A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes"
4338:
Chile – Valcote and Valcote ER by Abbott Laboratories
3987:
Depakote tablets are a mixture of sodium valproate and valproic acid.
3480:
2984:
2715:
2692:
2343:
1862:
1840:
1793:
1757:
1734:
1470:
1405:
1309:
1304:
1286:
1267:
994:
869:
853:
421:
366:
94:
4936:(1st ed.). Carnforth u.a.: Parthenon Publ. Group. p. 131.
4060:
Intravenous injection – Epilim Intravenous by Sanofi
1998:
via inhibition of histone deacetylases and has been associated with
930:
19102:
19082:
19052:
18924:
18884:
18734:
18724:
18598:
18029:
17984:
17587:
17582:
17340:
16980:
16880:
16875:
16268:
16074:
16069:
16029:
15944:
15792:
15667:
15605:
14988:
14953:
14858:
14473:
14403:
14373:
14333:
14227:
14018:
13978:
13958:
13451:
13426:
13011:
12980:
12960:
12950:
12742:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12407:
12162:
12097:
11913:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11803:
11742:
11737:
11677:
10858:
10700:
10531:
10476:
10315:
10218:
10192:
9949:
9929:
9763:
9748:
7282:
6931:
6703:
6325:
6156:"The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy"
5544:"Hidden pharmacological activities of valproic acid: A new insight"
4192:
3574:
3505:
3386:
3321:
3078:
3009:
2890:
1988:
1878:
1594:
1517:
1351:
1231:
1224:
939:
802:
535:
466:
136:
17913:
8909:
4051:
Tablets – Orlept by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
3734:
3238:
872:. Additionally, there is also a black box warning due to risk of
712:
19312:
19297:
19227:
18689:
18413:
17849:
17824:
17819:
17740:
17416:
16337:
16159:
15959:
15484:
14883:
14821:
14483:
14463:
14159:
14030:
13051:
12940:
12698:
12487:
12427:
12227:
12112:
11953:
11928:
11783:
11525:
11475:
11415:
11076:
9795:
8210:
Baillon SF, Narayana U, Luxenberg JS, Clifton AV (October 2018).
7242:"Valproic acid, a molecular lead to multiple regulatory pathways"
7239:
6619:
Valproate Not To Be Used for Migraine During Pregnancy, FDA Warns
5932:
5492:
5280:
Jochim J, Rifkin-Zybutz RP, Geddes J, Cipriani A (October 2019).
5279:
2130:
2122:
2059:
2055:
1804:
849:
6638:"New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed"
6472:
4090:
2066:
and in breast milk are 1 to 10% of blood plasma concentrations.
2062:, as well as liver and kidney impairment. Concentrations in the
1017:
compared the efficacy of valproate as an add-on for people with
1006:
Valproate products are used to treat manic or mixed episodes of
16840:
16163:
15427:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
15276:
15272:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
14948:
14868:
14751:
14741:
14523:
14292:
13090:
12975:
12925:
12749:
12690:
12675:
12581:
8209:
7404:
Wyllie E, Cascino GD, Gidal BE, Goodkin HP (17 February 2012).
6059:
4224:
4080:
Capsules – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
3871:
3836:
composed of equal parts of valproic acid and sodium valproate.
3605:
3109:
2218:
2197:
is 16±3 hours and can decrease to 4–9 hours when combined with
2177:-ene-valproic acid, 4-ene-valproic acid, 4-hydroxyvalproic acid
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
1918:
1772:
1694:
1690:
1247:
1196:*Increase in alanine transaminase/gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
813:. They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with
755:
InChI=1S/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10)
566:
17136:
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)
9189:"Valproate reopens critical-period learning of absolute pitch"
7083:
Kay HY, Greene DL, Kang S, Kosenko A, Hoshi N (October 2015).
5392:
4804:"Valproic acid pathway: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics"
4801:
4341:
France and other European countries – Depakote
4083:
Sachets – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
2159:-ene-valproic acid, 3-hydroxyvalproic acid, 3-oxovalproic acid
1277:
to valproate or any of the ingredients used in the preparation
16643:
15133:
14903:
14756:
12281:
11963:
11873:
11804:
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
11763:
10647:
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
7960:
6110:
5646:"Depakote 250mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics"
4637:"Valproate banned without the pregnancy prevention programme"
4156:
Intravenous injection – Epival or Epiject by
3725:
3585:
3229:
3089:
2185:
2074:
2014:
have also been observed in women treated with valproic acid.
1995:
1922:
1849:: may increase valproate metabolism combined with the direct
1689:
Excessive amounts of valproic acid can result in somnolence,
1528:
is usually associated with altered physical characteristics (
703:
546:
337:
17131:
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)
15551:
9002:
4671:
GOV.UK - Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
4129:
Controlled release tablets – Epilim Chrono (
4096:
Tablets – Orfiril by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
3630:
3134:
611:
16479:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
16401:
15446:
15104:
15066:
14849:
13046:
12714:
12027:
6276:
5914:
New evidence in France of harm from epilepsy drug valproate
5495:"Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease"
4770:
Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (2003). "Pharmacology of valproate".
3964:
3565:
3069:
2672:
Double-blind placebo-controlled trials have been negative.
2619:
Limited, three case reports support its efficacy, however.
1949:
1945:
1941:
1740:
is indicated in patients having an acute overdose and also
1702:
1243:
880:
832:
Common side effects of valproate include nausea, vomiting,
526:
27:
Medication used for epilepsy, bipolar disorder and migraine
18350:
16375:
13680:
8809:
8569:
8348:
8001:
7689:
7582:
6374:
5870:
4250:
Slow release tablets – Depakine Chrono by
2812:
Some studies have suggested that valproate may reopen the
2602:
Limited, five case reports support its efficacy, however.
1512:, medial deficiency of eyebrows, flat nasal bridge, broad
12397:
8618:
8158:
Wang Y, Xia J, Helfer B, Li C, Leucht S (November 2016).
7786:
7403:
6913:
Lheureux PE, Penaloza A, Zahir S, Gris M (October 2005).
6912:
5967:
5332:
Wang Y, Xia J, Helfer B, Li C, Leucht S (November 2016).
4996:
4968:
4531:"Depakote ER- divalproex sodium tablet, extended release"
4387:
4344:
Peru – Divalprax by AC Farma Laboratories
4215:
Tablets (white round tablet) – Depakine (
868:
given the frequency and severity of the side effects and
36:
18363:
14645:
13154:
11488:
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
9046:
8521:"Valproic acid and HIV-1 latency: beyond the sound bite"
7858:
7291:
4986:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2756:
One phase II study has seemed to discount its efficacy.
15336:
15156:
10991:
7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
8765:
7407:
Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice
4880:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
1536:
912:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
18183:
17141:
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone
11685:
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
9240:"Learning drugs reawaken grown-up brain's inner child"
8953:
8858:
8004:
International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
7482:
7480:
7434:
7347:
6206:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4316:
Canada – Epival by Abbott Laboratories
4303:
2585:
One randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
844:
is therefore recommended. Other serious risks include
19347:
18193:
15633:
8680:
8475:
8259:
Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA (October 2011).
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7486:
4858:. University of Alberta. 29 July 2017. Archived from
4498:"Depakote- divalproex sodium tablet, delayed release"
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4197:
Syrup – Depakene by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo
4112:
Tablets – Epilim by Sanofi-synthelabo
1784:
reduced clearance of other antiepileptics (including
16745:
12771:
9605:. Report No.: 22(23)-EHC004 Report No.: 2021-SR-01.
9528:"South African Electronic Package Inserts: Convulex"
9081:
8258:
8071:
7583:
Schneemann H, Young L, Koda-Kimble MA, eds. (2001).
7410:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 288–.
7399:
7397:
7240:
Kostrouchová M, Kostrouch Z, Kostrouchová M (2007).
7082:
7036:"Serum valproate levels with oral contraceptive use"
5541:
5157:
4516:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
1524:, thick lower lip and small downturned mouth. While
1194:
outcomes were not reported in the included studies.
13016:
Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
11119:
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
9390:
9186:
7555:
7477:
7131:
6153:
5717:
4697:"Men on sodium valproate told to use contraception"
4367:
1242:The medication has been tested in the treatment of
1027:There is limited evidence that adding valproate to
993:In the US, valproic acid is an anti-epileptic drug
454:
17918:Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators
13389:
9580:
9504:. Pharmaceutical Management Agency. Archived from
8212:"Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia"
8074:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
7909:
7788:
7619:
7428:
6160:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
5493:Averbeck BB, O'Sullivan SS, Djamshidian A (2014).
4270:
3952:
1843:: may increase plasma concentrations of valproate.
836:, and dry mouth. Serious side effects can include
16668:
16242:
11331:17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9430:[Depakin - The AIFA Medicines Database].
7795:(65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.
7394:
7180:
7132:Chang P, Walker MC, Williams RS (February 2014).
6963:
5805:. eHealthMe.com. 18 November 2014. Archived from
5718:Robinson PB, Harvey W, Belal MS (February 1988).
4463:
3792:Valproate exists in two main molecular variants:
1210:
19371:
16306:
10576:
9398:"Depakene- valproic acid capsule, liquid filled"
9328:
7181:Sakai K, Hara K, Tanemura K (3 September 2023).
7033:
6540:
5758:
4057:Syrup – Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
3493:
3451:sodium 2-propylpentanoate;2-propylpentanoic acid
2997:
2636:Limited, two case reports support its efficacy.
2166:: 5-hydroxyvalproic acid, 2-propyl-glutaric acid
1859:: may reduce plasma concentrations of valproate.
434:
18229:11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)
16706:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
13100:
11550:5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives:
9578:
8859:Fredly H, Gjertsen BT, Bruserud O (July 2013).
8157:
7343:
7341:
6908:
6906:
6898:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
5674:
5331:
3839:
3468:
2972:
2233:Valproic acid was first synthesized in 1882 by
1327:List of adverse effects of valproate semisodium
801:forms) are medications primarily used to treat
409:
17602:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
11001:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
9454:
6575:
6409:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
4109:Syrup – Convulex by Byk Madaus
2077:. Valproate is known to be metabolized by the
1559:supplements can reduce the risk of congenital
19450:World Health Organization essential medicines
18336:
16931:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)
16758:
16731:
16648:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
15138:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
13647:
13375:
12847:
11768:Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator
11413:17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives:
10562:
10331:
9640:
9502:"Sodium valproate -- Pharmaceutical Schedule"
9420:
9155:
8114:
8036:
7815:
6998:
6810:
4769:
4286:Encorate Chrono by Sun Pharmaceutical (India)
4091:Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Sweden
2775:A phase II study has supported its efficacy.
1929:(PIP3) as a potential therapeutic mechanism.
1151:Abnormal liver function (blood test changes)*
16921:16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate
15556:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
11819:Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
9579:Treadwell JR, Wu M, Tsou AY (October 2022).
8307:
7606:
7604:
7338:
6903:
6767:
6368:
6147:
6053:
5961:
5622:. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 16 December 2013.
5486:
5437:
5386:
4299:Tablets – DI DPA by Megalabs
3390:
2894:
2820:and possibly other skills such as language.
2097:. It is also known to be metabolized by the
594:
140:
18619:
15454:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
12863:
11570:17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
8265:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8216:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8164:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7034:Herzog AG, Farina EL, Blum AS (June 2005).
5926:
5443:
5338:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5286:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5160:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
4613:
4289:Serven Chrono by Leeven APL Biotech (India)
2181:All in all, over 20 metabolites are known.
1270:(hepatitis), particularly medicine related.
18670:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)
18343:
18329:
18224:11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)
17316:Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)
16738:
16724:
16380:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
14672:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
13685:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
13661:
13654:
13640:
13382:
13368:
12854:
12840:
11292:Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
11187:5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
10569:
10555:
10338:
10324:
9647:
9633:
9335:(Tenth ed.). CRC Press. p. 124.
6966:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
6853:
6770:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
6377:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
5327:
5325:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4283:Valprol CR by Intas Pharmaceutical (India)
3990:Tablets – Eliaxim by Bial.
3947:Orfiril (Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH Norway)
3667:
3644:
3533:
3171:
3148:
3037:
2737:One clinical trial supports its use here.
1927:phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
1547:Sodium valproate has been associated with
1508:, tall forehead with bifrontal narrowing,
934:500mg tablets of Depakote extended-release
862:United States Food and Drug Administration
648:
625:
494:
16908:17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives:
16816:17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate
13407:β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate)
13348:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
11513:17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:
11129:Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
10745:DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
10589:
9654:
9214:
9204:
8979:
8886:
8876:
8827:
8698:
8676:
8674:
8654:
8644:
8587:
8546:
8536:
8444:
8391:
8325:
8308:Aliyev ZN, Aliyev NA (July–August 2008).
8284:
8235:
8183:
7986:
7884:
7648:. University of Alberta. 31 August 2017.
7601:
7540:
7460:
7369:
7321:
7216:
7206:
7157:
7108:
7051:
6940:
6930:
6498:
6351:
6302:
6179:
6087:
6077:
5993:
5735:
5724:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
5559:
5518:
5469:
5420:
5410:
5357:
5305:
5009:
4981:
4906:
4827:
4797:
4795:
4793:
3832:of valproic acid. Divalproex sodium is a
3804:). A mixture between these two is termed
3553:
3358:semisodium valproate, divalproex sodium (
3057:
1800:) and itself. It may also interact with:
1096:Use of additional medication for sedation
514:
18368:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor
14650:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
13248:Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)
13159:Tooltip Îł-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase
12895:
11220:Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
9428:"Depakin - Banca Dati Farmaci dell'AIFA"
9124:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6439:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1
6426:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1
5535:
5089:
4763:
4443:"Product monograph brand safety updates"
3963:Tablets – Diplexil-R by
2021:
1600:
1323:List of adverse effects of valproic acid
929:
17351:Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone)
17311:Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate)
15344:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
15164:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
12821:List of androgens and anabolic steroids
11207:17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives:
9371:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
8426:
7716:
7587:(in German). Springer. pp. 28–29.
6697:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6249:
5827:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5322:
5114:
4990:
4962:
4590:
3640:
3513:
3144:
3017:
621:
474:
113:
14:
19372:
19123:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
18509:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)
18188:Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor
16941:Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)
11225:Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
10981:Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
9300:"Valproate sodium injection, solution"
9040:
8687:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
8671:
8205:
8203:
7670:
6665:
6663:
5873:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5085:
5083:
5081:
4790:
4407:
4185:Tablets – Depakene by
4012:Sodium Valproate Sandoz Tablets Sanofi
3658:
3162:
2268:
1960:Valproic acid has been found to be an
1252:histone-deacetylase-inhibiting effects
1079:Leaving the study early for any reason
982:. It has also been successfully given
639:
272:
18324:
18198:Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor
16719:
15638:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
13635:
13363:
12835:
11506:Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
11040:Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
11035:Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
10750:DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
10550:
10535:
10319:
9628:
9367:
8518:
7907:
7759:
7611:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7089:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
6722:
6450:I.Q. Harmed by Epilepsy Drug in Utero
6016:
5511:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153705
5231:from the original on 19 February 2024
5004:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4976:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4929:
4738:
4578:from the original on 21 February 2014
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4309:Brazil – Depakote by
3816:to compensate for the sodium itself.
3613:
3593:
3416:
3381:
3363:
3117:
3097:
2920:
2885:
2867:
1332:Most common adverse effects include:
574:
554:
285:
131:
99:
15573:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
12776:Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
11523:17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives:
10802:Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate
10536:
10345:
9349:from the original on 14 January 2023
9049:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
8406:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510190066025
6684:
6648:from the original on 16 October 2019
5656:from the original on 1 February 2014
5499:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
5200:
5036:from the original on 15 January 2024
4950:from the original on 14 January 2023
4541:from the original on 28 January 2023
4163:Syrup – Depakene by
2284:
1955:
1915:succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1574:
1493:"), a 2019 study proposed the term "
1425:
1257:
1134:5.85 lower (7.8 lower to 3.91 lower)
208:
14667:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
12936:Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)
11446:Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
11151:Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
10811:5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives:
10679:Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
9554:"Malaysian Package Inserts: Epilim"
9378:from the original on 27 August 2021
9332:The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines
9329:Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S (2009).
9310:from the original on 9 October 2022
9280:from the original on 8 October 2022
9237:
8200:
7942:from the original on 27 August 2021
7928:10.1212/WNL.84.14_supplement.P1.238
7865:The New England Journal of Medicine
7780:
6660:
6479:The New England Journal of Medicine
5935:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
5638:
5626:from the original on 27 August 2021
5576:
5444:Connolly B, Fox SH (January 2014).
5078:
5066:from the original on 6 October 2021
5056:"Valproate - Drug Usage Statistics"
4677:from the original on 7 January 2023
4304:Brand names of valproate semisodium
3573:
3484:
3077:
2988:
2017:
1896:
1606:Therapeutic range of valproic acid
974:and as a second-line treatment for
534:
425:
24:
17387:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate
11503:17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives:
11265:Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
9582:Management of Infantile Epilepsies
9482:from the original on 15 March 2020
9158:"Abbott settles marketing lawsuit"
9156:Schmidt M, Thomas K (8 May 2012).
8490:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03760.x
8446:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1998.3807547.x
7830:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1985.tb03413.x
7787:Joint Formulary Committee (2013).
7523:
6295:10.1212/01.wnl.0000227919.81208.b2
5243:
4647:from the original on 24 April 2018
4625:from the original on 31 July 2017.
4553:
4423:from the original on 3 August 2023
4347:China – Diprate OD
4313:and Torval CR by Torrent do Brasil
4122:Tablets – Epilim (
2695:and as an adjunct to hydralazine.
2280:
1316:
1230:Valproate is also used to prevent
958:Valproate has a broad spectrum of
25:
19461:
18295:Progestogens and antiprogestogens
17702:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
17096:Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
16673:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
16247:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
11543:Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
11260:Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
11090:Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
10701:Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
10652:Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
10617:4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
9408:from the original on 11 July 2020
9193:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
9168:from the original on 28 June 2018
9137:from the original on 28 June 2018
7652:from the original on 31 July 2017
7613:FDA Professional Drug Information
7441:Reproductive Medicine and Biology
7424:from the original on 6 June 2014.
6258:from the original on 31 July 2011
6066:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
5773:10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.416800.x
5548:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
4751:from the original on 28 July 2022
4504:from the original on 5 March 2016
4167:its generic formulations include
4018:Valproate Winthrop Tablets Sanofi
3824:Valproate is a negative ion. The
2800:
2038:are the main metabolic pathways;
1496:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1442:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1422:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
1358:Serious adverse effects include:
1219:that arise from the treatment of
1001:
235:
163:
75:
19357:
17662:Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
17595:; Anabolic–androgenic steroids:
16851:Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether
16311:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
12816:Progesterone receptor modulators
11307:Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
11270:Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
11230:Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
11065:Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
10824:1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
9609:from the original on 5 July 2023
9572:
9560:from the original on 5 June 2023
9520:
9494:
9442:from the original on 6 June 2023
9374:. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
9361:
9322:
9292:
9262:
9231:
9180:
9149:
9118:
9075:
9061:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.003
8996:
8947:
8903:
8852:
8803:
8759:
8715:
8612:
8589:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00975.x
8563:
8512:
8469:
8420:
8385:
8342:
8301:
8252:
8151:
7791:British National Formulary (BNF)
7731:10.2165/00023210-200216100-00004
7501:10.2165/00023210-200519030-00003
7453:10.1111/j.1447-0578.2005.00101.x
7292:Chiu CT, Wang Z, Hunsberger JG,
7053:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00605.x
5803:"Could Depakote cause Mydriasis"
5172:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00847.x
5129:10.2165/00023210-200216100-00003
3971:
3692:
3327:
3320:
3196:
2845:
2836:
2805:In 2012, pharmaceutical company
2356:
2342:
2328:
2289:
1532:), this is not always the case.
1430:
673:
55:
46:
17366:Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
17258:19-Norprogesterone derivatives:
16911:6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone
13417:Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate)
13105:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
10988:19-Nortestosterone derivatives:
9250:from the original on 8 May 2021
8427:Wheeler SD (July–August 1998).
8108:
8065:
8030:
7995:
7954:
7901:
7852:
7809:
7753:
7710:
7683:
7664:
7585:Angewandte Arzneimitteltherapie
7576:
7558:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
7549:
7233:
7174:
7125:
7076:
7027:
6992:
6957:
6890:
6847:
6804:
6761:
6710:from the original on 4 May 2015
6630:
6612:
6569:
6534:
6515:
6466:
6443:
6430:
6417:
6319:
6270:
6243:
6200:
6104:
6010:
5907:
5864:
5821:
5795:
5752:
5711:
5668:
5650:electronic Medicines Compendium
5273:
5261:from the original on 3 May 2015
5194:
5151:
5108:
5048:
5018:
4923:
4874:
4844:
4732:
4715:
4689:
4280:Valparin Chrono by Sanofi India
4103:
4035:All the above formulations are
4003:Epilim Sugar Free Liquid Sanofi
4000:Epilim Crushable Tablets Sanofi
3953:Brand names of sodium valproate
3782:Key:MSRILKIQRXUYCT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
3757:CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O.CCCC(CCC)C(=O).
3286:Key:AEQFSUDEHCCHBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M
2823:
2556:Chronic pain & fibromyalgia
2069:The vast majority of valproate
1891:
1766:
1490:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1217:dopamine dysregulation syndrome
1060:Clinically significant response
925:
760:Key:NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
19430:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
18675:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
17519:Norethisterone (norethindrone)
17296:Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone
16916:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
16863:Retroprogesterone derivatives:
14129:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
13391:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
12003:15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
11894:OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)
8277:10.1002/14651858.CD009183.pub2
8228:10.1002/14651858.CD003945.pub4
8176:10.1002/14651858.CD004028.pub4
8039:Journal of Affective Disorders
7950:– via www.neurology.org.
7362:10.1016/j.steroids.2005.07.003
6698:Suzanne B (11 December 2013).
6039:10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.02.014
5350:10.1002/14651858.CD004028.pub4
5298:10.1002/14651858.CD004052.pub2
4723:"FDA Information on Valporate"
4659:
4629:
4435:
4401:
4229:
4025:
3819:
3701:
3698:
3686:
3205:
3202:
3190:
2538:Familial adenomatous polyposis
1604:
1375:Suicidal behavior and thoughts
1211:Other neurological indications
938:It is used primarily to treat
895:. Valproic acid is a branched
679:
667:
261:
248:
13:
1:
19330:Receptor/signaling modulators
19288:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate
19138:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
18290:Receptor/signaling modulators
17597:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
17261:17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone
16763:Tooltip Progesterone receptor
16702:Receptor/signaling modulators
14104:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
13622:Receptor/signaling modulators
13323:Receptor/signaling modulators
12801:Receptor/signaling modulators
11558:17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
11553:17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
10996:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
9432:farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it
9018:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1930
8700:10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00266-9
8160:"Valproate for schizophrenia"
8117:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
6250:Cassels C (8 December 2006).
5689:10.1177/088307380401900105011
5399:BioMed Research International
5334:"Valproate for schizophrenia"
5092:Australian Medicines Handbook
4808:Pharmacogenetics and Genomics
4360:
2006:levels in men. High rates of
1934:histone deacetylase inhibitor
1903:voltage-gated sodium channels
1711:gas or liquid chromatography.
885:voltage-gated sodium channels
257:(Other controlled substances)
19420:GABA transaminase inhibitors
18305:Estrogen receptor modulators
18300:Androgen receptor modulators
17687:Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)
17617:19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
17499:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
17392:17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone
17291:Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone
17266:18-Methylsegesterone acetate
17166:Medroxyprogesterone caproate
16796:9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone
13341:receptor positive modulators
12811:Estrogen receptor modulators
12258:Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
11630:Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
11018:19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
9587:effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov
9270:"Valproate sodium injection"
8646:10.1371/journal.pone.0009390
7208:10.1371/journal.pone.0282898
7013:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90360-9
6825:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31827c11e7
6113:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
5885:10.1586/17512433.2014.857599
5652:. Sanofi. 28 November 2013.
5561:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112021
5255:Food and Drug Administration
4820:10.1097/FPC.0b013e32835ea0b2
4048:Depakote Tablets (as in USA)
3994:
3840:Brand names of valproic acid
3814:valproic acid without sodium
3798:valproic acid without sodium
2273:Valproate is available as a
2209:Valproic acid is a branched
2204:
2141:(30–50%): valproic acid β-O-
1516:, anteverted nares, shallow
1415:
840:, and regular monitoring of
74:Depakote, Epilim, Convulex,
7:
18865:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
18624:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor
18352:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor
17725:nandrolone phenylpropionate
17667:Dimethandrolone undecanoate
17161:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
17126:Hydroxyprogesterone acetate
17006:Chlormethenmadinone acetate
13547:Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium)
12868:Tooltip Îł-Aminobutyric acid
12806:Androgens and antiandrogens
12577:Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
11993:7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
11708:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
11070:Dimethandrolone undecanoate
10881:Dihydromethylandrostenediol
10672:Androstenediol dipropionate
8519:Smith SM (September 2005).
7762:Psychopharmacology Bulletin
6813:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
6391:(inactive 27 August 2024).
5974:Journal of Medical Genetics
5830:Gynecological Endocrinology
5282:"Valproate for acute mania"
4772:Psychopharmacology Bulletin
4351:
4116:
3957:
3923:Australia and South Africa)
2099:UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
2042:metabolites are considered
1456:Proposed since August 2024.
1439:It has been suggested that
1397:, and fetal abnormalities.
1262:Contraindications include:
1184:Missing outcomes and notes
953:
10:
19466:
19440:Nonsteroidal antiandrogens
17382:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone
15665:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
10896:Dihydrotestosterone esters
10849:11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
10662:Androstenediol 17β-acetate
10642:11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
10627:4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
9125:Aizenman NC (7 May 2012).
6590:10.1177/088307388800300305
6578:Journal of Child Neurology
5677:Journal of Child Neurology
5210:Acta Neurologica Taiwanica
5014:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
4899:10.1038/s41380-020-00981-3
4419:(published 4 April 2023).
4293:
4137:
4074:
3928:Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.
3844:Branded products include:
3676:Chemical and physical data
3180:Chemical and physical data
2228:
1588:
1520:, long upper lip and thin
1419:
1320:
657:Chemical and physical data
19395:Drugs developed by AbbVie
19321:
18617:
18361:
18282:
18262:
18206:
18181:
18063:
17908:
17787:Spirolactone derivatives:
17657:Dimethandrolone buciclate
17378:Testosterone derivatives:
17146:Mecigestone (pentarane B)
16976:Bromethenmadinone acetate
16866:20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone
16778:Progesterone derivatives:
16770:
16756:
16695:
16666:
16641:
16634:
16568:
16561:
16514:
16486:
16472:
16450:
16387:
16373:
16364:
16318:
16304:
16282:
16254:
16240:
16183:
16175:Tricyclic antidepressants
15645:
15631:
15622:
15596:
15563:
15549:
15493:
15461:
15444:
15325:
15184:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
15145:
15131:
15094:
14657:
14643:
14634:
14602:
13692:
13669:
13615:
13587:Valproic acid (valproate)
13397:
13314:
13292:
13285:
13170:3-Hydrazinopropionic acid
13152:
13098:
13089:
13009:
12893:
12884:
12793:
12683:
12674:
11972:
11761:
11700:Progesterone derivatives:
11491:5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
11060:Dimethandrolone buciclate
10890:androstanolone, stanolone
10886:Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
10844:7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
10733:Cloxotestosterone acetate
10657:Androstenediol 3β-acetate
10609:Testosterone derivatives:
10601:
10594:Tooltip Androgen receptor
10587:
10544:
10469:
10401:
10353:
10276:
10211:
10167:
10160:
10138:
10047:
9914:
9903:
9867:
9828:
9676:
9667:
9096:10.1007/s00415-012-6669-1
8960:British Journal of Cancer
8925:10.1007/s12032-010-9700-3
8737:10.1007/s00277-010-1090-2
8086:10.1517/17425250902911455
8051:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.008
8016:10.1108/09526861211192395
7922:(14 Supplement): P1.238.
7616:. Accessed 6 August 2021.
7541:Haberfeld H, ed. (2021).
7150:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.017
6868:10.1080/15563650903167772
6642:European Medicines Agency
6389:10.1017/S0012162205001076
6221:10.1007/s00381-011-1673-9
6079:10.1186/s13023-019-1064-y
5842:10.1080/09513590802288259
5613:"Valpro sodium valproate"
5462:10.1007/s13311-013-0238-x
4998:World Health Organization
4970:World Health Organization
4739:Davis N (17 April 2022).
4258:
4252:Sanofi Winthrop Industrie
4235:Sanofi Winthrop Industrie
4220:
4209:
4201:
4150:
4015:Valpro Tablets Alphapharm
3800:(often implied by simply
3765:
3745:
3723:
3710:
3680:
3675:
3656:
3624:
3604:
3584:
3564:
3544:
3524:
3504:
3479:
3459:
3439:
3434:
3406:
3401:
3371:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3315:
3294:
3269:
3249:
3227:
3214:
3184:
3179:
3160:
3128:
3108:
3088:
3068:
3048:
3028:
3008:
2983:
2963:
2955:sodium 2-propylpentanoate
2943:
2938:
2910:
2905:
2875:
2858:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2660:HIV infection eradication
2467:Acute migraine management
2394:and status epilepticus).
2354:
2298:This section needs to be
2193:excreted via the faeces.
2008:polycystic ovary syndrome
1662:
1632:
1410:polycystic ovary syndrome
1183:
1143:
1112:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
768:
743:
723:
701:
688:
661:
656:
637:
605:
585:
565:
545:
525:
505:
485:
465:
445:
420:
400:
380:
375:
365:
352:
346:mitochondrial β-oxidation
331:
321:
311:
303:
225:
220:
195:
177:
151:
121:
107:
89:
81:
68:
63:
54:
45:
19248:Testosterone isocaproate
19163:Reverse triiodothyronine
17940:5α-Dihydronorethisterone
17935:5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
17845:3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide
17612:19-Nor-5-androstenedione
17532:norethisterone enanthate
17488:levonorgestrel butanoate
13330:GABA receptor modulators
13116:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
12900:Tooltip GABA transporter
12506:-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
11693:5α-Dihydronorethisterone
11688:5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
11650:norethisterone enanthate
11619:levonorgestrel butanoate
11496:5α-Dihydronormethandrone
11349:Mebolazine (dimethazine)
11339:Desoxymethyltestosterone
11280:Methandriol dipropionate
11077:LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-
11013:19-Nor-5-androstenedione
10871:Dihydroethyltestosterone
10667:Androstenediol diacetate
9436:Italian Medicines Agency
9206:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00102
9006:Clinical Cancer Research
7979:10.1093/neuonc/nou174.77
7908:Jiang M (6 April 2015).
7001:Biochemical Pharmacology
6527:2 September 2011 at the
6455:29 December 2015 at the
6172:10.1136/jnnp.2003.029132
4179:
4031:Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
2781:Impulse control disorder
2678:Myelodysplastic syndrome
2257:-induced convulsions in
1724:In severe intoxication,
1506:triangle-shaped forehead
1480:Fetal Valproate Syndrome
1237:
1103:RR 3.65 (0.11 to 122.31)
18640:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
18635:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone
18234:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
17970:Metapristone (RU-42633)
17751:Trenbolone (trienolone)
17607:19-Nor-5-androstenediol
17407:Chloroethynylnorgestrel
17321:Gestronol (gestonorone)
17251:Triamcinolone acetonide
17206:Methenmadinone caproate
17081:Fluorometholone acetate
16826:20β-Dihydroprogesterone
16821:20α-Dihydroprogesterone
16811:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15788:Eslicarbazepine acetate
13437:Butyric acid (butyrate)
12637:Topilutamide (fluridil)
11998:11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
11008:19-Nor-5-androstenediol
10908:Drostanolone propionate
10403:Atypical antipsychotics
10007:Eslicarbazepine acetate
7302:Pharmacological Reviews
7138:Neurobiology of Disease
6019:Reproductive Toxicology
5251:"Valproate Information"
4417:Diário Oficial da União
4241:
4021:Valprease tablets Sigma
2701:Acute myeloid leukaemia
2607:Non-epileptic myoclonus
2479:Only negative results.
2002:in women and increased
1907:gamma-aminobutyric acid
1744:in high risk patients.
1549:paroxysmal tonic upgaze
922:million prescriptions.
342:glucuronide conjugation
18219:5β-Dihydroprogesterone
18214:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
17820:SC-5233 (spirolactone)
17627:Bolandiol dipropionate
17528:norethisterone acetate
17201:Methenmadinone acetate
16996:Chlormadinone caproate
16956:Algestone acetophenide
16936:17α-Methylprogesterone
16871:20α-Dihydrotrengestone
16806:11-Deoxycorticosterone
16801:11-Dehydroprogesterone
16786:5α-Dihydroprogesterone
16781:3β-Dihydroprogesterone
15532:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
13663:Ion channel modulators
12522:-Desmethylenzalutamide
12228:SC-5233 (spirolactone)
11646:norethisterone acetate
11285:Methandriol propionate
11156:Trenbolone undecanoate
11028:Bolandiol dipropionate
10876:Dihydrofluoxymesterone
10839:5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
10694:Boldenone undecylenate
9595:10.23970/ahrqepccer252
8972:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604817
8919:(Suppl 1): S540–S546.
8878:10.1186/1868-7083-5-12
8538:10.1186/1742-4690-2-56
8363:10.1212/WNL.31.11.1458
8314:Alcohol and Alcoholism
6344:10.1001/jama.2013.2270
6209:Child's Nervous System
5947:10.1055/s-2008-1069536
5620:TGA eBusiness Services
5090:Rossi, S, ed. (2013).
4131:500 CONTROLLED RELEASE
2366:-labelled indication?
2352:-labelled indication?
2338:-labelled indication?
2265:and bipolar disorder.
2211:short-chain fatty acid
2047:
1970:progesterone receptors
1853:effects of mefloquine.
1777:glucuronyl transferase
1699:respiratory depression
1174:RR 1.22 (0.80 to 1.86)
1157:RR 1.26 (0.72 to 2.22)
1086:RR 0.76 (0.47 to 1.24)
935:
914:and is available as a
897:short-chain fatty acid
392:2-propylpentanoic acid
18379:6,7-Dimethylesculetin
17975:Mifepristone (RU-486)
17524:Norethisterone esters
17484:Levonorgestrel esters
17432:Ethinylandrostenediol
17236:Pentagestrone acetate
17121:Hydromadinone acetate
16991:Chlormadinone acetate
16926:17α-Bromoprogesterone
16791:6α-Methylprogesterone
16747:Progesterone receptor
13889:Ryodipine (riodipine)
13552:Sodium phenylbutyrate
13402:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
12514:-Desmethylapalutamide
12043:Chlormadinone acetate
11988:7α-Thiospironolactone
11859:LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
11849:LG121071 (LGD-121071)
11723:3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
11703:6α-Methylprogesterone
11642:Norethisterone esters
11615:Levonorgestrel esters
11531:Ethinylandrostenediol
11381:Methyl-1-testosterone
11301:+esterified estrogens
11275:Methandriol diacetate
10940:Mesterolone cipionate
10622:4-Hydroxytestosterone
10520:eicosapentaenoic acid
9404:. 19 September 2019.
9246:. New Scientist Ltd.
8394:Archives of Neurology
8327:10.1093/alcalc/agn043
7877:10.1056/NEJMoa0902014
7314:10.1124/pr.111.005512
6782:10.1081/CLT-120014645
6700:"Valproic Acid Level"
6555:10.1684/epd.2007.0119
6491:10.1056/NEJMoa0803531
6459:By RONI CARYN RABIN,
5919:21 April 2017 at the
5201:Kwan SY (June 2010).
5026:"The Top 300 of 2021"
4042:
4009:Epilim Tablets Sanofi
2501:Agitation in dementia
2392:tonic–clonic seizures
2249:. Valproic acid is a
2245:, found naturally in
2195:Elimination half-life
2173:-ene-valproic acid, 3
2155:-ene-valproic acid, 2
2025:
1713:In contrast to other
1601:Overdose and toxicity
1420:Further information:
1295:Mitochondrial disease
964:tonic–clonic seizures
933:
19410:Endocrine disruptors
19390:Aromatase inhibitors
18966:Hypericum perforatum
18955:Hetacillin potassium
18310:List of progestogens
17810:Potassium canrenoate
17764:trenbolone enanthate
17746:Tetrahydrogestrinone
17721:nandrolone decanoate
17697:Metribolone (R-1881)
17578:Quingestanol acetate
17509:Metynodiol diacetate
17191:Melengestrol acetate
17091:Flumedroxone acetate
17036:Clomegestone acetate
15878:Valproate semisodium
14409:Carboxyamidotriazole
14344:Gabapentin enacarbil
14324:Arbaclofen placarbil
13597:Valproate semisodium
12203:Potassium canrenoate
11671:Quingestanol acetate
11481:Tetrahydrogestrinone
11369:Metenolone enanthate
11195:5α-Dihydrotrestolone
11190:5α-Dihydronandrolone
11178:Trestolone enanthate
11146:Trenbolone enanthate
11112:Norclostebol acetate
10721:Clostebol propionate
10516:docosahexaenoic acid
9084:Journal of Neurology
8865:Clinical Epigenetics
8725:Annals of Hematology
5986:10.1136/jmg.37.7.489
4887:Molecular Psychiatry
4537:. 24 February 2023.
3834:coordination complex
3806:semisodium valproate
3310:Valproate semisodium
2573:Alcohol hallucinosis
2450:Migraine prophylaxis
1867:breakthrough seizure
1449:into this section. (
1385:Valproic acid has a
1379:Low body temperature
1281:Urea cycle disorders
1050:Quality of evidence
1047:Findings in numbers
889:histone deacetylases
842:liver function tests
825:. They can be given
823:generalized seizures
799:valproate semisodium
18795:Cyproterone acetate
18695:Amlodipine besylate
17464:Etynodiol diacetate
17331:Nomegestrol acetate
17306:Gestadienol acetate
17156:Medroxyprogesterone
17056:Delmadinone acetate
17046:Cyproterone acetate
17016:Cismadinone acetate
17001:Chlormethenmadinone
16951:Algestone acetonide
16529:1,10-Phenanthroline
15086:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
14071:Tetrahydropalmatine
13037:Chicago sky blue 6B
12911:4-Aminovaleric acid
12726:Dihydrotestosterone
12721:Dehydroandrosterone
12572:Ralaniten (EPI-002)
12453:Inocoterone acetate
12178:Nomegestrol acetate
12078:Delmadinone acetate
12068:Cyproterone acetate
12013:Abiraterone acetate
11983:7α-Thioprogesterone
11593:Etynodiol diacetate
10797:Testosterone esters
10740:Dehydroandrosterone
10637:11-Ketotestosterone
10512:Omega-3 fatty acids
9709:Methylphenobarbital
9368:Brayfield A (ed.).
8637:2010PLoSO...5.9390A
7270:on 21 February 2014
7199:2023PLoSO..1882898S
6856:Clinical Toxicology
6624:9 July 2013 at the
6543:Epileptic Disorders
6031:2009RepTx..28....1O
5412:10.1155/2014/728038
4311:Abbott Laboratories
4165:Abbott Laboratories
4158:Abbott Laboratories
4133:) by Sanofi-Aventis
4126:) by Sanofi-Aventis
4006:Epilim Syrup Sanofi
3984:are valproic acid).
3935:Abbott Laboratories
3914:Abbott Laboratories
3907:Sun Pharmaceuticals
3865:Abbott Laboratories
3312:
2832:
2590:Intractable hiccups
2433:Bipolar maintenance
2369:Literature support
2269:Society and culture
2064:cerebrospinal fluid
2046:. Details see text.
2012:menstrual disorders
1985:aromatase inhibitor
1938:histone deacetylase
1936:. By inhibition of
1857:Oral contraceptives
1771:Valproate inhibits
1756:less markedly than
1715:antiepileptic drugs
1607:
1530:dysmorphic features
1526:developmental delay
1501:dysmorphic features
1366:Low blood platelets
1221:Parkinson's disease
1124:total, high = poor)
1069:1.31 (1.16 to 1.47)
281:(Prescription only)
244:(Prescription only)
42:
19268:Thonzonium bromide
19023:Methylprednisolone
18824:prasterone sulfate
18010:Ulipristal acetate
17950:Asoprisnil ecamate
17930:Dihydroethisterone
17780:Trestolone acetate
17760:trenbolone acetate
17677:Dimethyltrienolone
17271:19-Norprogesterone
17216:Mometasone furoate
17181:Megestrol caproate
17071:Flugestone acetate
17026:Clogestone acetate
16981:Butagest (buterol)
16966:Anagestone acetate
16539:7,8-Benzoquinoline
16534:4,7-Phenanthroline
16524:1,7-Phenanthroline
15900:Local anesthetics:
15432:ML-297 (VU0456810)
14939:Diallyl trisulfide
14934:Dextropropoxyphene
14837:Tetraethylammonium
14544:Pinaverium bromide
14314:4-Methylpregabalin
11563:Dihydroethisterone
11426:Dimethyltrienolone
11386:Methylepitiostanol
11364:Metenolone acetate
11297:Methyltestosterone
11200:19-Norandrosterone
11173:Trestolone acetate
11141:Trenbolone acetate
11085:-nitrosocarbamate)
10974:Stenbolone acetate
10864:Bolazine capronate
10716:Clostebol caproate
10303:Never to phase III
9276:. 1 January 2021.
8829:10.1002/cncr.21552
8781:10.1002/cncr.21589
6978:10.2146/ajhp110049
6125:10.1007/bf02859291
5809:on 5 December 2014
4778:(Suppl 2): 17–24.
4572:Medscape Reference
4271:India, Russia and
4124:200 ENTERIC COATED
3308:
2862:valproate sodium (
2828:
2743:Malignant melanoma
2519:Fragile X syndrome
2416:Bipolar depression
2275:generic medication
2048:
2030:of valproic acid.
1707:metabolic acidosis
1605:
1522:vermillion borders
1469:; exposure during
1268:liver inflammation
1232:migraine headaches
1044:Findings in words
988:status epilepticus
972:myoclonic seizures
948:migraine headaches
936:
916:generic medication
811:migraine headaches
32:
19405:CYP3A4 inhibitors
19345:
19344:
19339:
19338:
18973:Indinavir sulfate
18680:Alpha-Lipoic acid
18655:Δ-Androstenedione
18645:Δ-Androstenedione
18318:
18317:
18278:
18277:
18177:
18176:
17756:Trenbolone esters
17717:Nandrolone esters
17672:Dimethyldienolone
17281:Amadinone acetate
17226:Osaterone acetate
17176:Megestrol acetate
16971:Bromethenmadinone
16891:Retroprogesterone
16713:
16712:
16691:
16690:
16630:
16629:
16626:
16625:
16588:Meclofenamic acid
16557:
16556:
16468:
16467:
16360:
16359:
16356:
16355:
16300:
16299:
16236:
16235:
16110:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
15873:Valproate pivoxil
15763:Acetylpheneturide
15618:
15617:
15614:
15613:
15545:
15544:
15517:Meclofenamic acid
15480:Ethanol (alcohol)
15440:
15439:
15389:Minoxidil sulfate
15127:
15126:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14625:
14529:Otilonium bromide
14454:Ethanol (alcohol)
14218:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
13954:Phenylalkylamines
13629:
13628:
13607:Vorinostat (SAHA)
13592:Valproate pivoxil
13477:Indole-3-carbinol
13457:Diallyl disulfide
13357:
13356:
13310:
13309:
13281:
13280:
13243:Valproate pivoxil
13207:
13180:Îł-Acetylenic-GABA
13085:
13084:
12829:
12828:
12789:
12788:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12670:
12669:
12193:Osaterone acetate
12153:Megestrol acetate
12018:Allyltestosterone
11794:Acetothiolutamide
11713:Megestrol acetate
11516:Vinyltestosterone
11421:Dimethyldienolone
11240:Ethyltestosterone
11168:Trestolone (MENT)
11100:Nandrolone esters
11081:-(2-chloroethyl)-
10957:Nisterime acetate
10834:3α-Androstanediol
10819:1-Androstenedione
10728:Cloxotestosterone
10711:Clostebol acetate
10632:5-Androstenedione
10578:Androgen receptor
10529:
10528:
10502:lithium hydroxide
10490:lithium carbonate
10388:Valproate pivoxil
10313:
10312:
10272:
10271:
10156:
10155:
10140:Potassium openers
10058:Oxazolidinediones
9990:Valproate pivoxil
9955:Acetylpheneturide
9899:
9898:
9854:Valproate pivoxil
9830:GABA-T inhibitors
9800:potassium bromide
9534:on 12 August 2010
9478:. 15 April 2020.
9342:978-0-203-09283-5
9306:. 29 April 2021.
8775:(12): 2717–2725.
8357:(11): 1458–1460.
8129:10.1345/aph.1K531
7973:(suppl_2): ii21.
7802:978-0-85711-084-8
7768:(Suppl 2): 5–16.
7417:978-1-4511-5348-4
7095:(10): 3904–3914.
6485:(16): 1597–1605.
6338:(16): 1696–1703.
6166:(11): 1575–1583.
5450:Neurotherapeutics
5101:978-0-9805790-9-3
4943:978-1-85070-391-4
4930:Scott DF (1993).
4673:. 24 April 2018.
4411:(31 March 2023).
4187:Kyowa Hakko Kirin
3921:Sanofi Synthelabo
3886:Sanofi Synthelabo
3867:in US and Canada)
3851:Orion Corporation
3790:
3789:
3736:Interactive image
3626:CompTox Dashboard
3420:
3392:Divalproex sodium
3384:
3366:
3335:
3334:
3306:
3305:
3240:Interactive image
3130:CompTox Dashboard
2924:
2888:
2870:
2798:
2797:
2624:Cluster headaches
2319:
2318:
2255:pentylenetetrazol
2235:Beverly S. Burton
2004:4-androstenedione
1987:, and suppresses
1972:, and hence as a
1956:Endocrine actions
1911:GABA transaminase
1781:epoxide hydrolase
1760:
1749:
1737:
1687:
1686:
1575:Paternal exposure
1465:Valproate causes
1463:
1462:
1458:
1387:black box warning
1258:Contraindications
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1015:systematic review
891:, and increasing
883:levels, blocking
866:black box warning
848:and an increased
780:
779:
714:Interactive image
607:CompTox Dashboard
289:
276:
264:
252:
239:
167:
134:
16:(Redirected from
19457:
19435:Mood stabilizers
19400:Carboxylic acids
19385:Antiprogestogens
19362:
19361:
19360:
19353:
19258:Thiamylal sodium
18993:Îł-linolenic acid
18989:α-Linolenic acid
18987:Linolenic acid:
18978:Lasalocid sodium
18968:(St John's wort)
18860:Docusate calcium
18790:Cyclophosphamide
18665:Allopregnanediol
18650:Δ-Androstenediol
18625:
18621:
18579:Ethinylestradiol
18429:Cyclophosphamide
18369:
18365:
18345:
18338:
18331:
18322:
18321:
18239:Allopregnanolone
18204:
18203:
18199:
18195:
18189:
18185:
17919:
17915:
17111:Haloprogesterone
16768:
16767:
16764:
16760:
16740:
16733:
16726:
16717:
16716:
16674:
16670:
16649:
16645:
16639:
16638:
16566:
16565:
16484:
16483:
16480:
16476:
16385:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16371:
16370:
16316:
16315:
16312:
16308:
16252:
16251:
16248:
16244:
15863:Sodium valproate
15778:Chlorphenacemide
15760:Anticonvulsants:
15643:
15642:
15639:
15635:
15629:
15628:
15578:Arachidonic acid
15561:
15560:
15557:
15553:
15459:
15458:
15455:
15451:
15428:
15424:
15345:
15341:
15297:Dextromethorphan
15273:
15269:
15165:
15161:
15143:
15142:
15139:
15135:
14655:
14654:
14651:
14647:
14641:
14640:
14613:L-type-selective
14424:Dimeditiapramine
14386:Others/unsorted:
14168:T-type-selective
14155:R-type-selective
14137:P-type-selective
14089:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
14079:N-type-selective
13709:Dihydropyridines
13703:L-type-selective
13690:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13676:
13675:
13656:
13649:
13642:
13633:
13632:
13557:Sodium valproate
13384:
13377:
13370:
13361:
13360:
13290:
13289:
13233:Sodium valproate
13205:
13160:
13156:
13128:
13106:
13102:
13096:
13095:
13017:
13013:
12901:
12897:
12891:
12890:
12869:
12865:
12856:
12849:
12842:
12833:
12832:
12777:
12773:
12757:
12750:
12743:
12736:
12681:
12680:
12463:Ketodarolutamide
12443:Hydroxyflutamide
12400:(via metabolite
11769:
11765:
11720:Others/unsorted:
11391:Methylstenbolone
11255:Hydroxystenozole
10814:1-Androstenediol
10612:4-Androstenediol
10599:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10571:
10564:
10557:
10548:
10547:
10538:Pharmacodynamics
10533:
10532:
10494:lithium chloride
10347:Mood stabilizers
10340:
10333:
10326:
10317:
10316:
10165:
10164:
10049:Calcium blockers
9960:Chlorphenacemide
9912:
9911:
9886:GAT-1 inhibitors
9674:
9673:
9649:
9642:
9635:
9626:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9584:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9530:. Archived from
9524:
9518:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9473:
9465:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9218:
9208:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9012:(7): 2488–2496.
9000:
8994:
8993:
8983:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8913:Medical Oncology
8907:
8901:
8900:
8890:
8880:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8831:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8719:
8713:
8712:
8702:
8678:
8669:
8668:
8658:
8648:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8591:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8550:
8540:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8448:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8329:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8288:
8271:(10): CD009183.
8256:
8250:
8249:
8239:
8222:(10): CD003945.
8207:
8198:
8197:
8187:
8170:(11): CD004028.
8155:
8149:
8148:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8034:
8028:
8027:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7913:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7888:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7794:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7638:
7617:
7615:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7538:
7521:
7520:
7484:
7475:
7474:
7464:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7401:
7392:
7391:
7373:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7296:(January 2013).
7289:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7263:. Archived from
7246:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7220:
7210:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7161:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7101:10.1172/JCI79727
7080:
7074:
7073:
7055:
7031:
7025:
7024:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6910:
6901:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6733:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6695:
6682:
6681:
6675:
6667:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6634:
6628:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6538:
6532:
6531:. FDA. June 2011
6519:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6470:
6464:
6447:
6441:
6434:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6400:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6355:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6183:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5997:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5930:
5924:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5767:(9): 1141–1147.
5756:
5750:
5749:
5739:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5617:
5609:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5370:. Archived from
5361:
5344:(11): CD004028.
5329:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5292:(10): CD004052.
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5207:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5087:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4893:(6): 2440–2456.
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4799:
4788:
4787:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4564:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4527:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4384:nctr-crs.fda.gov
4376:
4231:
4222:
3858:G.L. Pharma GmbH
3810:sodium valproate
3794:sodium valproate
3738:
3718:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3671:
3660:
3649:
3648:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3597:
3577:
3557:
3537:
3517:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3472:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3365:
3362:
3350:Depakote, others
3331:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3242:
3222:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3175:
3164:
3153:
3152:
3138:
3136:
3121:
3101:
3081:
3061:
3041:
3021:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2898:
2896:Valproate sodium
2887:
2884:
2869:
2866:
2849:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2830:Sodium valproate
2827:
2361:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2018:Pharmacokinetics
2000:hyperandrogenism
1897:Pharmacodynamics
1758:
1747:
1742:prophylactically
1735:
1633:Total (including
1608:
1510:epicanthic folds
1454:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1275:hypersensitivity
1038:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1008:bipolar disorder
980:infantile spasms
976:partial seizures
968:absence seizures
944:bipolar disorder
921:
864:has indicated a
819:partial seizures
815:absence seizures
807:bipolar disorder
795:sodium valproate
776:
775:
716:
696:
681:
675:
669:
652:
641:
630:
629:
615:
613:
598:
578:
558:
538:
518:
498:
478:
458:
438:
428:
427:
413:
357:
317:Rapid absorption
294:
287:
284:
274:
271:
263:
260:
250:
247:
237:
234:
212:
165:
162:
144:
133:
130:
117:
103:
59:
50:
43:
40:
38:
31:
21:
19465:
19464:
19460:
19459:
19458:
19456:
19455:
19454:
19380:Anticonvulsants
19370:
19369:
19368:
19358:
19356:
19348:
19346:
19341:
19340:
19335:
19317:
19218:Suberoylanilide
18935:Fluorometholone
18830:Dibunate sodium
18710:Aurothioglucose
18623:
18613:
18549:3,17β-Estradiol
18367:
18357:
18349:
18319:
18314:
18274:
18258:
18197:
18190:
18187:
18173:
18059:
17917:
17910:
17904:
17731:Norethandrolone
17692:Methyldienolone
17652:Dimethandrolone
17076:Fluorometholone
16762:
16752:
16744:
16714:
16709:
16687:
16672:
16662:
16647:
16622:
16618:Trifluoperazine
16613:Tolfenamic acid
16583:Flufenamic acid
16553:
16510:
16478:
16464:
16446:
16412:Flufenamic acid
16407:Ethacrynic acid
16379:
16352:
16310:
16296:
16278:
16246:
16232:
16179:
16010:Metabutoxycaine
15975:Diphenhydramine
15965:Cyclomethycaine
15930:Levobupivacaine
15637:
15610:
15592:
15555:
15541:
15537:Tolfenamic acid
15512:Flufenamic acid
15507:
15489:
15475:
15453:
15450:
15436:
15426:
15343:
15340:
15321:
15271:
15163:
15160:
15137:
15123:
15108:
15090:
15070:
14979:Norpropoxyphene
14856:11.1)-specific:
14855:
14649:
14622:
14598:
14554:Rhynchophylline
14304:
13684:
13665:
13660:
13630:
13625:
13611:
13542:Sodium butyrate
13422:Allyl mercaptan
13393:
13388:
13358:
13353:
13340:
13306:
13277:
13223:Rosmarinic acid
13158:
13148:
13126:
13104:
13081:
13015:
13005:
12899:
12880:
12867:
12860:
12830:
12825:
12785:
12775:
12666:
12388:Cyanonilutamide
12317:Bavdegalutamide
12128:Epitestosterone
11968:
11799:Acetoxolutamide
11767:
11757:
11466:Norethandrolone
11441:Methyldienolone
11245:Fluoxymesterone
11055:Dimethandrolone
10915:Epiandrosterone
10593:
10583:
10575:
10540:
10530:
10525:
10506:lithium orotate
10498:lithium citrate
10486:lithium acetate
10465:
10397:
10355:Anticonvulsants
10349:
10344:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10293:Clinical trials
10268:
10207:
10152:
10134:
10043:
9916:Sodium blockers
9906:
9895:
9863:
9824:
9744:Benzodiazepines
9681:
9663:
9656:Anticonvulsants
9653:
9623:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9577:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9552:
9551:
9547:
9537:
9535:
9526:
9525:
9521:
9511:
9509:
9508:on 4 March 2016
9500:
9499:
9495:
9485:
9483:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9455:
9445:
9443:
9438:. 6 June 2023.
9426:
9425:
9421:
9411:
9409:
9396:
9395:
9391:
9381:
9379:
9366:
9362:
9352:
9350:
9343:
9327:
9323:
9313:
9311:
9298:
9297:
9293:
9283:
9281:
9268:
9267:
9263:
9253:
9251:
9236:
9232:
9185:
9181:
9171:
9169:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9131:Washington Post
9123:
9119:
9080:
9076:
9045:
9041:
9001:
8997:
8952:
8948:
8908:
8904:
8857:
8853:
8808:
8804:
8764:
8760:
8720:
8716:
8679:
8672:
8617:
8613:
8568:
8564:
8517:
8513:
8474:
8470:
8425:
8421:
8390:
8386:
8347:
8343:
8306:
8302:
8257:
8253:
8208:
8201:
8156:
8152:
8113:
8109:
8070:
8066:
8035:
8031:
8000:
7996:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7943:
7906:
7902:
7857:
7853:
7818:Pharmacotherapy
7814:
7810:
7803:
7785:
7781:
7758:
7754:
7725:(10): 695–714.
7715:
7711:
7688:
7684:
7669:
7665:
7655:
7653:
7642:"Valproic Acid"
7640:
7639:
7620:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7581:
7577:
7554:
7550:
7539:
7524:
7485:
7478:
7433:
7429:
7418:
7402:
7395:
7356:(14): 946–953.
7346:
7339:
7290:
7283:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7249:Folia Biologica
7244:
7238:
7234:
7193:(3): e0282898.
7179:
7175:
7130:
7126:
7081:
7077:
7032:
7028:
6997:
6993:
6962:
6958:
6911:
6904:
6895:
6891:
6852:
6848:
6809:
6805:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6749:on 3 March 2016
6746:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6713:
6711:
6696:
6685:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6644:. 31 May 2018.
6636:
6635:
6631:
6626:Wayback Machine
6617:
6613:
6574:
6570:
6539:
6535:
6529:Wayback Machine
6520:
6516:
6471:
6467:
6463:, 15 April 2009
6457:Wayback Machine
6448:
6444:
6435:
6431:
6422:
6418:
6402:
6401:
6373:
6369:
6324:
6320:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6248:
6244:
6205:
6201:
6152:
6148:
6119:(10): 937–939.
6109:
6105:
6058:
6054:
6015:
6011:
5966:
5962:
5931:
5927:
5921:Wayback Machine
5912:
5908:
5869:
5865:
5836:(10): 562–570.
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5757:
5753:
5716:
5712:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5577:
5540:
5536:
5491:
5487:
5442:
5438:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5374:on 29 July 2017
5330:
5323:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5156:
5152:
5123:(10): 669–694.
5113:
5109:
5102:
5088:
5079:
5069:
5067:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5019:
4995:
4991:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4944:
4928:
4924:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4862:on 31 July 2017
4852:"Valproic acid"
4850:
4849:
4845:
4800:
4791:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4619:"Valproic Acid"
4617:
4616:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4363:
4354:
4306:
4296:
4277:
4261:
4244:
4212:
4204:
4182:
4153:
4140:
4119:
4106:
4093:
4077:
4045:
4028:
3997:
3974:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3842:
3822:
3812:is needed than
3786:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3716:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3652:
3628:
3620:
3600:
3580:
3560:
3540:
3520:
3500:
3483:
3475:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3430:
3423:
3397:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3261:CCCC(CCC)C(=O).
3257:
3256:
3245:
3220:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3156:
3132:
3124:
3104:
3084:
3064:
3044:
3024:
3004:
2987:
2979:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2934:
2927:
2901:
2826:
2814:critical period
2803:
2724:Cervical cancer
2496:Weak evidence.
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:Approval status
2271:
2259:laboratory rats
2251:carboxylic acid
2231:
2207:
2199:enzyme inducers
2164:omega oxidation
2139:glucuronidation
2079:cytochrome P450
2052:plasma proteins
2032:Glucuronidation
2020:
1981:antiprogestogen
1958:
1932:Valproate is a
1899:
1894:
1811:Benzodiazepines
1769:
1634:
1603:
1591:
1577:
1459:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1383:
1345:Dizziness (12%)
1329:
1319:
1317:Adverse effects
1260:
1250:, owing to its
1240:
1213:
1195:
1192:Quality of life
1120:Average score (
1055:Global outcome
1004:
956:
946:and to prevent
928:
919:
771:
769:
764:
761:
756:
751:
750:
739:
736:
735:O=C(O)C(CCC)CCC
731:
730:
719:
694:
684:
678:
672:
633:
609:
601:
581:
561:
541:
521:
501:
481:
461:
441:
424:
416:
396:
393:
388:
387:
355:
323:Protein binding
313:Bioavailability
305:Pharmacokinetic
299:
292:
216:
180:
173:
154:
147:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19463:
19453:
19452:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19432:
19427:
19422:
19417:
19415:GABA analogues
19412:
19407:
19402:
19397:
19392:
19387:
19382:
19367:
19366:
19343:
19342:
19337:
19336:
19334:
19333:
19326:
19322:
19319:
19318:
19316:
19315:
19310:
19301:
19300:
19295:
19290:
19285:
19283:Troleandomycin
19280:
19275:
19270:
19265:
19260:
19255:
19250:
19245:
19240:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19203:Spironolactone
19200:
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19150:
19145:
19140:
19135:
19130:
19125:
19120:
19115:
19110:
19105:
19100:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19073:Norelgestromin
19070:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19050:
19045:
19040:
19035:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18995:
18985:
18980:
18975:
18970:
18962:
18957:
18952:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18930:Flucloxacillin
18927:
18922:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18837:
18832:
18827:
18817:
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18785:Corticosterone
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18750:Chlorpromazine
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18702:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18682:
18677:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18637:
18628:
18626:
18615:
18614:
18612:
18611:
18606:
18601:
18596:
18591:
18586:
18581:
18576:
18571:
18569:17-Androstanol
18566:
18564:3β-Androstanol
18561:
18559:3α-Androstenol
18556:
18554:3α-Androstanol
18551:
18542:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18526:
18521:
18516:
18511:
18506:
18501:
18496:
18491:
18486:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18461:
18456:
18451:
18446:
18436:
18431:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18411:
18409:Chlorpromazine
18406:
18401:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18372:
18370:
18359:
18358:
18348:
18347:
18340:
18333:
18325:
18316:
18315:
18313:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18297:
18292:
18287:
18283:
18280:
18279:
18276:
18275:
18273:
18272:
18266:
18264:
18260:
18259:
18257:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18210:
18208:
18201:
18179:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18172:
18171:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18151:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18122:
18121:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18067:
18065:
18061:
18060:
18058:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18023:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17972:
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17923:
17921:
17906:
17905:
17903:
17902:
17897:
17888:
17887:
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17838:
17837:
17832:
17830:Spironolactone
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17790:Canrenoic acid
17783:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17682:Ethyldienolone
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17644:
17639:
17637:Dimethisterone
17634:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17604:
17599:
17590:
17585:
17580:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17563:Norvinisterone
17560:
17558:Norgestrienone
17555:
17550:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17521:
17516:
17514:Norelgestromin
17511:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17491:
17481:
17479:Levonorgestrel
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17446:
17441:
17440:
17439:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17374:
17373:
17368:
17363:
17358:
17353:
17348:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17303:
17298:
17293:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17254:
17253:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17196:Methenmadinone
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17168:
17163:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17103:
17098:
17093:
17088:
17083:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17033:
17028:
17023:
17018:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16998:
16993:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16904:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16886:Dydrogesterone
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16859:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16774:
16772:
16765:
16754:
16753:
16743:
16742:
16735:
16728:
16720:
16711:
16710:
16696:
16693:
16692:
16689:
16688:
16686:
16685:
16677:
16675:
16664:
16663:
16661:
16660:
16652:
16650:
16636:
16632:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16624:
16623:
16621:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16593:Mefenamic acid
16590:
16585:
16580:
16574:
16572:
16563:
16559:
16558:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16551:
16549:Phenanthridine
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16520:
16518:
16512:
16511:
16509:
16508:
16503:
16498:
16492:
16490:
16481:
16470:
16469:
16466:
16465:
16463:
16462:
16456:
16454:
16448:
16447:
16445:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16409:
16404:
16399:
16393:
16391:
16382:
16368:
16362:
16361:
16358:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16324:
16322:
16313:
16302:
16301:
16298:
16297:
16295:
16294:
16288:
16286:
16280:
16279:
16277:
16276:
16271:
16266:
16260:
16258:
16249:
16238:
16237:
16234:
16233:
16231:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16197:Atracotoxins (
16195:
16189:
16187:
16181:
16180:
16178:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16157:
16152:
16143:
16142:
16140:Zetekitoxin AB
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16113:
16112:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16058:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16040:Proxymetacaine
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15950:Chloroprocaine
15947:
15942:
15937:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15896:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15756:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15661:
15660:
15651:
15649:
15640:
15626:
15620:
15619:
15616:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15609:
15608:
15602:
15600:
15594:
15593:
15591:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15569:
15567:
15558:
15547:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15505:
15499:
15497:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15487:
15482:
15473:
15467:
15465:
15456:
15448:
15442:
15441:
15438:
15437:
15435:
15434:
15417:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15338:
15331:
15329:
15323:
15322:
15320:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15262:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15224:Glyclopyramide
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15179:Chlorpropamide
15176:
15171:
15158:
15151:
15149:
15140:
15129:
15128:
15125:
15124:
15122:
15121:
15116:
15106:
15100:
15098:
15092:
15091:
15089:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15068:
15062:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14924:Clarithromycin
14921:
14916:
14914:Chlorpromazine
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14853:
14845:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14663:
14661:
14652:
14638:
14632:
14631:
14628:
14627:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14620:
14608:
14606:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14534:Paramethadione
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14396:
14391:
14382:
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14309:gabapentinoids
14302:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:Non-selective:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14163:
14162:
14150:
14149:
14147:ω-Agatoxin IVB
14144:
14142:ω-Agatoxin IVA
14132:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14099:Huwentoxin XVI
14096:
14091:
14086:
14074:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14051:Cyproheptadine
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13809:Levniguldipine
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13749:Dexniguldipine
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13698:
13696:
13687:
13673:
13667:
13666:
13659:
13658:
13651:
13644:
13636:
13627:
13626:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13572:Trichostatin A
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13512:Phenylbutyrate
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13398:
13395:
13394:
13387:
13386:
13379:
13372:
13364:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13351:
13344:
13338:
13333:
13326:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13305:
13304:
13298:
13296:
13294:Antivitamin B6
13287:
13283:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13275:
13266:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13163:
13161:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13137:
13136:
13131:
13123:
13118:
13109:
13107:
13093:
13087:
13086:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13067:Nipecotic acid
13064:
13059:
13057:N-Butyric acid
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13032:Bafilomycin A1
13029:
13020:
13018:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12966:Nipecotic acid
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12904:
12902:
12888:
12882:
12881:
12859:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12836:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12787:
12786:
12784:
12783:
12778:
12768:
12763:
12739:-α-Amino acids
12733:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12687:
12685:
12678:
12672:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12516:
12508:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12266:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12233:Spironolactone
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12058:Cyproheptadine
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12033:Canrenoic acid
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11976:
11974:
11970:
11969:
11967:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11942:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11772:
11770:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11696:
11695:
11690:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11674:
11673:
11663:
11661:Norgestrienone
11658:
11653:
11639:
11637:Norethisterone
11634:
11633:
11632:
11622:
11612:
11610:Levonorgestrel
11607:
11602:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11546:
11545:
11540:
11539:
11538:
11528:
11519:
11518:
11509:
11508:
11499:
11498:
11493:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11431:Ethyldienolone
11428:
11423:
11418:
11409:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11366:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11334:Androisoxazole
11327:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11294:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11183:
11182:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11165:
11160:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11092:
11087:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11004:
11003:
10993:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10966:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10949:
10947:Methyldiazinol
10944:
10943:
10942:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10829:1-Testosterone
10826:
10821:
10816:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10752:
10742:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10703:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10605:
10603:
10596:
10585:
10584:
10574:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10551:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10527:
10526:
10524:
10523:
10509:
10479:
10473:
10471:
10467:
10466:
10464:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10343:
10342:
10335:
10328:
10320:
10311:
10310:
10307:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10290:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10173:
10171:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10144:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10105:
10098:Gabapentinoids
10090:
10085:
10070:
10068:Paramethadione
10065:
10053:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9987:
9982:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9920:
9918:
9909:
9901:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9876:GABAR agonists
9871:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:(and related):
9834:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9804:sodium bromide
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9736:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9689:
9687:
9679:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9652:
9651:
9644:
9637:
9629:
9621:
9620:
9571:
9545:
9519:
9493:
9453:
9434:(in Italian).
9419:
9389:
9360:
9341:
9321:
9291:
9261:
9230:
9179:
9162:New York Times
9148:
9117:
9090:(2): 521–527.
9074:
9055:(5): 379–381.
9039:
8995:
8946:
8902:
8851:
8822:(1): 112–119.
8802:
8758:
8731:(4): 379–387.
8714:
8693:(3): 204–209.
8670:
8611:
8582:(5): 291–296.
8562:
8511:
8484:(5): 553–560.
8468:
8439:(7): 547–551.
8419:
8400:(7): 448–449.
8384:
8341:
8320:(4): 456–459.
8300:
8251:
8199:
8150:
8123:(3): 403–407.
8107:
8080:(5): 539–551.
8064:
8045:(3): 228–234.
8029:
7994:
7967:Neuro-Oncology
7953:
7900:
7871:(9): 790–799.
7851:
7824:(3): 171–184.
7808:
7801:
7779:
7752:
7709:
7682:
7663:
7618:
7600:
7593:
7575:
7564:(7): 857–864.
7548:
7522:
7495:(3): 207–223.
7476:
7447:(2): 115–122.
7427:
7416:
7393:
7337:
7308:(1): 105–142.
7281:
7232:
7173:
7124:
7075:
7046:(6): 970–971.
7026:
7007:(1): 159–164.
6991:
6956:
6932:10.1186/cc3742
6925:(5): 431–440.
6902:
6889:
6862:(7): 609–616.
6846:
6803:
6776:(6): 789–801.
6760:
6721:
6683:
6659:
6629:
6611:
6584:(3): 177–180.
6568:
6549:(3): 332–336.
6533:
6514:
6465:
6461:New York Times
6442:
6429:
6416:
6383:(8): 551–555.
6367:
6318:
6289:(3): 407–412.
6269:
6242:
6215:(5): 729–737.
6199:
6146:
6103:
6052:
6009:
5980:(7): 489–497.
5960:
5941:(7): 250–257.
5925:
5906:
5863:
5820:
5794:
5751:
5710:
5667:
5637:
5575:
5534:
5485:
5436:
5385:
5321:
5272:
5242:
5193:
5150:
5107:
5100:
5077:
5047:
5017:
4989:
4961:
4942:
4922:
4873:
4843:
4814:(4): 236–241.
4789:
4762:
4731:
4714:
4688:
4658:
4628:
4589:
4552:
4515:
4462:
4434:
4400:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:Sanofi-Aventis
4320:
4317:
4314:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4265:Sanofi-Aventis
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:ratio-Valproic
4161:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:enteric-coated
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3942:Sanofi Aventis
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3916:US and Canada)
3910:
3903:
3900:Sanofi Aventis
3896:
3893:Sanofi Aventis
3889:
3882:
3879:Sanofi Aventis
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3826:conjugate acid
3821:
3818:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3637:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2822:
2818:absolute pitch
2802:
2801:Off-label uses
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:Yes (accepted)
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2353:
2339:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2230:
2227:
2221:derivative of
2206:
2203:
2179:
2178:
2169:some others: 3
2167:
2160:
2149:beta oxidation
2145:
2073:occurs in the
2019:
2016:
1957:
1954:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1798:phenobarbitone
1768:
1765:
1754:hyperammonemia
1730:hemofiltration
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:ÎĽg/mL or mg/L
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1647:ÎĽg/mL or mg/L
1645:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1565:European Union
1461:
1460:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1417:
1414:
1391:hepatotoxicity
1382:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1371:Encephalopathy
1368:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:Vomiting (12%)
1346:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:Hepatotoxicity
1289:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1256:
1239:
1236:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:Adverse events
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1029:antipsychotics
1003:
1002:Mental illness
1000:
960:anticonvulsant
955:
952:
927:
924:
874:hepatotoxicity
870:teratogenicity
778:
777:
766:
765:
763:
762:
759:
757:
754:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
738:
737:
734:
726:
725:
724:
721:
720:
718:
717:
709:
707:
699:
698:
692:
686:
685:
682:
676:
670:
665:
659:
658:
654:
653:
643:
635:
634:
632:
631:
618:
616:
603:
602:
600:
599:
591:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
571:
569:
563:
562:
560:
559:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540:
539:
531:
529:
523:
522:
520:
519:
511:
509:
503:
502:
500:
499:
491:
489:
483:
482:
480:
479:
471:
469:
463:
462:
460:
459:
451:
449:
443:
442:
440:
439:
431:
429:
418:
417:
415:
414:
406:
404:
398:
397:
395:
394:
391:
383:
382:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
371:Urine (30–50%)
369:
363:
362:
359:
350:
349:
335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
301:
300:
298:
297:
282:
269:
258:
245:
231:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
215:
214:
201:
199:
193:
192:
183:
181:administration
175:
174:
172:
171:
169:
159:
157:
149:
148:
146:
145:
127:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
97:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19462:
19451:
19448:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19438:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19377:
19375:
19365:
19355:
19354:
19351:
19332:
19331:
19327:
19324:
19323:
19320:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19303:
19302:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19279:
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19254:
19251:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19223:Sulfisoxazole
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19154:
19151:
19149:
19146:
19144:
19141:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19131:
19129:
19126:
19124:
19121:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19109:
19106:
19104:
19101:
19099:
19098:Phenobarbital
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18990:
18986:
18984:
18983:Levothyroxine
18981:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18967:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18945:Guggulsterone
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18840:Dicloxacillin
18838:
18836:
18833:
18831:
18828:
18825:
18821:
18818:
18815:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18805:Dexamethasone
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18740:Cephaloridine
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18630:
18629:
18627:
18622:
18616:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18577:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18544:
18543:
18540:
18539:Valproic acid
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18499:Phenobarbital
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18444:
18440:
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18407:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18399:Carbamazepine
18397:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18374:
18373:
18371:
18366:
18360:
18356:
18353:
18346:
18341:
18339:
18334:
18332:
18327:
18326:
18323:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18285:
18284:
18281:
18271:
18268:
18267:
18265:
18261:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18205:
18202:
18196:
18186:
18180:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18159:Valproic acid
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18130:
18127:
18126:Nonsteroidal:
18124:
18123:
18120:
18117:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18069:
18068:
18066:
18062:
18056:
18055:Syringic acid
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18027:Nonsteroidal:
18025:
18024:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17955:Guggulsterone
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17925:
17924:
17922:
17916:
17907:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17890:
17889:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17860:Riligustilide
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17842:Nonsteroidal:
17840:
17839:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17785:
17784:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17771:
17768:
17765:
17761:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17726:
17722:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17533:
17529:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17489:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17438:
17437:Ethandrostate
17435:
17434:
17433:
17430:
17428:
17425:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17397:Allylestrenol
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17379:
17376:
17375:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17362:
17359:
17357:
17354:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17256:
17255:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17231:Pentagestrone
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17162:
17159:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17116:Hydromadinone
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17106:Gestobutanoyl
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16986:Chlormadinone
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16861:
16860:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16776:
16775:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16761:
16755:
16751:
16748:
16741:
16736:
16734:
16729:
16727:
16722:
16721:
16718:
16708:
16707:
16703:
16700:
16694:
16683:
16679:
16678:
16676:
16671:
16665:
16658:
16654:
16653:
16651:
16646:
16640:
16637:
16633:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16603:Niflumic acid
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16579:
16576:
16575:
16573:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16560:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16521:
16519:
16517:
16513:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16496:Glibenclamide
16494:
16493:
16491:
16489:
16485:
16482:
16477:
16471:
16461:
16458:
16457:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16443:
16442:Niflumic acid
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16427:Glibenclamide
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16394:
16392:
16390:
16386:
16383:
16378:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16363:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16325:
16323:
16321:
16317:
16314:
16309:
16303:
16293:
16290:
16289:
16287:
16285:
16281:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16257:
16253:
16250:
16245:
16239:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16223:Grayanotoxins
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16213:Batrachotoxin
16211:
16208:
16204:
16200:
16199:ω-Atracotoxin
16196:
16194:
16191:
16190:
16188:
16186:
16182:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16165:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16150:Buprenorphine
16148:
16145:
16144:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16115:
16114:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16060:
16059:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15935:
15931:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15905:
15901:
15898:
15897:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15883:Valproic acid
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15828:Oxitriptyline
15826:
15824:
15823:Oxcarbazepine
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15813:Licarbazepine
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15768:Carbamazepine
15766:
15764:
15761:
15758:
15757:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15663:
15662:
15659:
15656:
15655:Antianginals:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15648:
15644:
15641:
15636:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15621:
15607:
15604:
15603:
15601:
15599:
15595:
15589:
15588:Norfluoxetine
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15566:
15562:
15559:
15554:
15548:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15522:Niflumic acid
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15496:
15492:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15469:
15468:
15466:
15464:
15460:
15457:
15452:
15443:
15433:
15430:
15425:
15419:
15418:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15374:Levcromakalim
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15342:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15328:
15324:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15270:
15264:
15263:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15169:Acetohexamide
15167:
15162:
15153:
15152:
15150:
15148:
15144:
15141:
15136:
15130:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15102:
15101:
15099:
15097:
15093:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15064:
15063:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15014:Roxithromycin
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14851:
14847:
14846:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14707:Charybdotoxin
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14660:
14656:
14653:
14648:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14633:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14601:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14589:Trimethadione
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14429:Diproteverine
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14384:
14383:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14306:
14298:
14297:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14288:Ruthenium red
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14263:Levetiracetam
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14213:ω-Agatoxin TK
14211:
14208:
14207:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14183:Niflumic acid
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14165:
14164:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14152:
14151:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14134:
14133:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14076:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13804:Levamlodipine
13802:
13800:
13799:Lercanidipine
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13706:
13704:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13688:
13683:
13677:
13674:
13672:
13668:
13664:
13657:
13652:
13650:
13645:
13643:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13624:
13623:
13620:
13614:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13396:
13392:
13385:
13380:
13378:
13373:
13371:
13366:
13365:
13362:
13350:
13349:
13345:
13343:
13342:
13334:
13332:
13331:
13327:
13325:
13324:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13313:
13303:
13300:
13299:
13297:
13295:
13291:
13288:
13284:
13274:
13273:3-Methyl-GABA
13271:
13268:
13267:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13253:Valproic acid
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13228:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13157:
13151:
13145:
13144:3-Methyl-GABA
13142:
13139:
13138:
13135:
13134:Semicarbazide
13132:
13130:
13129:-Allylglycine
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13111:
13110:
13108:
13103:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13088:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13014:
13008:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12956:Ibotenic acid
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12898:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12866:
12857:
12852:
12850:
12845:
12843:
12838:
12837:
12834:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12792:
12782:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12761:
12754:
12747:
12740:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12642:Valproic acid
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12587:Rezvilutamide
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12562:Proxalutamide
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12521:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12509:
12507:
12505:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12403:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12353:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12277:-Bicalutamide
12276:
12271:
12270:Nonsteroidal:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12138:Guggulsterone
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11971:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11776:Nonsteroidal:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11766:
11760:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11728:5α-Androstane
11726:
11724:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11679:
11676:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11544:
11541:
11537:
11536:Ethandrostate
11534:
11533:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11514:
11511:
11510:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11436:Ethylestrenol
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11361:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11204:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11108:
11105:
11101:
11098:
11097:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11084:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10958:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10901:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10582:
10579:
10572:
10567:
10565:
10560:
10558:
10553:
10552:
10549:
10543:
10539:
10534:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10468:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10373:Oxcarbazepine
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10363:Carbamazepine
10361:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10341:
10336:
10334:
10329:
10327:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10275:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10259:Levetiracetam
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10188:Ethoxzolamide
10186:
10184:
10183:Acetazolamide
10181:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10169:CA inhibitors
10166:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10074:
10073:Trimethadione
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10013:
10012:Oxcarbazepine
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10002:Carbamazepine
10000:
9998:
9996:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9902:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9882:
9878:
9877:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9731:
9730:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9719:Phenobarbital
9717:
9715:
9714:Pentobarbital
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9661:
9657:
9650:
9645:
9643:
9638:
9636:
9631:
9630:
9627:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9583:
9575:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9533:
9529:
9523:
9507:
9503:
9497:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9423:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9377:
9373:
9372:
9364:
9348:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9333:
9325:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9295:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9249:
9245:
9244:New Scientist
9241:
9234:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9183:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9152:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9043:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
8999:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8906:
8898:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8762:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8718:
8710:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8677:
8675:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8615:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8525:Retrovirology
8522:
8515:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8423:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8206:
8204:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7989:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7957:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7804:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7783:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7694:(in French).
7693:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7614:
7607:
7605:
7596:
7594:3-540-41356-1
7590:
7586:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7544:
7543:Austria-Codex
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7481:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7400:
7398:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7344:
7342:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7288:
7286:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6919:Critical Care
6916:
6909:
6907:
6899:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6745:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6680:. p. 34.
6679:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5937:(in German).
5936:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:. Editorial.
5204:
5197:
5189:
5185:
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5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
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5154:
5146:
5142:
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5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5093:
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5035:
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5012:
5007:
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4993:
4984:
4979:
4975:
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4939:
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4926:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4839:
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4777:
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4766:
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4702:
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4638:
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4614:
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4608:
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4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4451:. 7 July 2016
4450:
4449:
4448:Health Canada
4444:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4389:
4385:
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4132:
4128:
4125:
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4111:
4108:
4107:
4098:
4095:
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4082:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4039:-subsidised.
4038:
4030:
4029:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:United States
3966:
3962:
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3925:
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3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:Sanofi S.R.L.
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3837:
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3799:
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3764:
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3722:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3659:ECHA InfoCard
3655:
3647:
3643:
3642:DTXSID6023733
3639:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3615:ChEMBL2105613
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
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3596:
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3409:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:Clinical data
3338:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3163:ECHA InfoCard
3159:
3151:
3147:
3146:DTXSID6023733
3143:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:Clinical data
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2821:
2819:
2816:for learning
2815:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Breast cancer
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:West syndrome
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:Schizophrenia
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:Bipolar mania
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2310:February 2024
2301:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2190:mitochondrial
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:Kv7.2 channel
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1851:epileptogenic
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:carbamazepine
1782:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1726:hemoperfusion
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1679:
1676:
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1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:protein bound
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1572:
1570:
1569:United States
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
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1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
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1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:birth defects
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
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1388:
1380:
1377:
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1328:
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1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1288:
1284:
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1279:
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1272:
1269:
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1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:schizophrenia
1016:
1011:
1009:
999:
996:
991:
989:
985:
984:intravenously
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
932:
923:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:, inhibiting
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:contraceptive
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:liver failure
835:
830:
828:
827:intravenously
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:valproic acid
784:
774:
767:
758:
753:
752:
749:
742:
733:
732:
729:
722:
715:
711:
710:
708:
705:
700:
693:
691:
687:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
644:
642:
640:ECHA InfoCard
636:
628:
624:
623:DTXSID6023733
620:
619:
617:
608:
604:
597:
593:
592:
590:
588:
584:
577:
573:
572:
570:
568:
564:
557:
553:
552:
550:
548:
544:
537:
533:
532:
530:
528:
524:
517:
513:
512:
510:
508:
504:
497:
493:
492:
490:
488:
484:
477:
473:
472:
470:
468:
464:
457:
453:
452:
450:
448:
444:
437:
433:
432:
430:
423:
419:
412:
408:
407:
405:
403:
399:
390:
389:
386:
379:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
358:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
283:
280:
270:
268:
259:
256:
246:
243:
233:
232:
230:
228:
224:
219:
211:
206:
203:
202:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
176:
170:
161:
160:
158:
156:
150:
143:
142:Valproic acid
138:
129:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
71:
67:
64:Clinical data
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
41:valproic acid
30:
19:
19425:Hepatotoxins
19328:
19308:Ketoconazole
19305:Antagonists:
19304:
19278:Troglitazone
19253:Tetracycline
19208:Spiroxatrine
19153:Quingestrone
19148:Progesterone
19133:Pregnenolone
19128:Pregnanolone
19118:Pregnanediol
19113:Prednisolone
19038:Mifepristone
18965:
18940:Griseofulvin
18920:Fenbendazole
18905:Famprofazone
18900:Erythromycin
18895:Epothilone B
18880:Eburnamonine
18775:Clotrimazole
18765:Clofenvinfos
18700:Antimycotics
18631:
18594:Okadaic acid
18546:Antagonists:
18545:
18534:Troglitazone
18469:Mifepristone
18464:Methoxychlor
18459:Griseofulvin
18454:Ellagic acid
18434:Cypermethrin
18424:Clotrimazole
18375:
18270:Mifepristone
18254:Progesterone
18249:Pregnenolone
18244:Mifepristone
18129:Darolutamide
18125:
18114:Toripristone
18109:RTI 3021–022
18079:Lilopristone
18074:Aglepristone
18070:
18026:
18005:Telapristone
17926:
17891:
17841:
17800:Drospirenone
17786:
17573:Quingestanol
17548:Norgestimate
17543:Norgesterone
17538:Noretynodrel
17454:Etonogestrel
17380:Progestins:
17377:
17371:Trimegestone
17356:Promegestone
17257:
17246:Proligestone
17186:Melengestrol
17151:Medrogestone
17086:Flumedroxone
17041:Cymegesolate
17031:Clomegestone
16907:
16862:
16856:Quingestrone
16846:Progesterone
16777:
16698:
16697:
16608:Talniflumate
16146:
16135:Tetrodotoxin
16125:Neosaxitoxin
16116:
16061:
16035:Propoxycaine
15970:Dimethocaine
15903:
15899:
15868:Valnoctamide
15798:Fosphenytoin
15759:
15733:Procainamide
15723:Pilsicainide
15678:Disopyramide
15664:
15654:
15502:
15470:
15420:
15334:
15302:Ethosuximide
15287:Cloperastine
15265:
15234:Metahexamide
15229:Glycyclamide
15189:Glibornuride
15154:
15103:
15065:
15044:Thioridazine
14999:Promethazine
14984:Orphenadrine
14974:Ketoconazole
14959:Erythromycin
14848:
14611:
14539:Phensuximide
14519:Ochratoxin A
14459:Ethosuximide
14385:
14307:-selective (
14299:
14209:
14166:
14153:
14135:
14084:ω-Conotoxins
14077:
14027:
14009:Norverapamil
13974:Dexverapamil
13952:
13926:derivatives:
13922:
13919:Vatanidipine
13914:Trombodipine
13879:Palonidipine
13864:Nitrendipine
13819:Mepirodipine
13724:Azelnidipine
13707:
13701:
13618:
13617:
13586:
13582:Valnoctamide
13577:Tucidinostat
13562:Sulforaphane
13507:Parthenolide
13502:Panobinostat
13492:Mocetinostat
13467:Fimepinostat
13447:Citarinostat
13346:
13335:
13328:
13321:
13269:
13238:Valnoctamide
13208:-Cycloserine
13166:
13140:
13112:
13023:
12907:
12781:Testosterone
12567:Pyrilutamide
12519:
12511:
12503:
12468:Lavender oil
12458:Ketoconazole
12423:Enzalutamide
12393:Darolutamide
12327:Bicalutamide
12302:Atraric acid
12274:
12269:
12253:Trimegestone
12208:Promegestone
12173:Mifepristone
12148:Medrogestone
12093:Drospirenone
12048:Clascoterone
11979:
11945:
11889:JNJ-37654032
11884:JNJ-28330835
11879:JNJ-26146900
11775:
11719:
11699:
11684:
11666:Quingestanol
11583:Etonogestrel
11569:
11549:
11522:
11512:
11502:
11487:
11471:Propetandrol
11412:
11401:Oxymetholone
11376:Methasterone
11330:
11324:Tiomesterone
11314:Oxymesterone
11206:
11186:
11107:Norclostebol
11082:
11078:
10987:
10925:Mepitiostane
10920:Epitiostanol
10903:Drostanolone
10854:Androsterone
10810:
10791:+dutasteride
10787:Testosterone
10755:DHEA sulfate
10608:
10446:Paliperidone
10411:Aripiprazole
10383:Valnoctamide
10377:
10249:Fenfluramine
10229:Brivaracetam
10178:Sulfonamides
10176:
10111:
10096:
10093:Phensuximide
10083:Ethosuximide
10078:Succinimides
10076:
10056:
10015:
9995:Carboxamides
9993:
9979:
9973:
9948:
9935:Fosphenytoin
9923:
9884:
9874:
9843:
9837:
9792:
9742:
9727:
9699:Barbexaclone
9694:Barbiturates
9692:
9611:. Retrieved
9586:
9574:
9562:. Retrieved
9548:
9536:. Retrieved
9532:the original
9522:
9510:. Retrieved
9506:the original
9496:
9484:. Retrieved
9475:
9444:. Retrieved
9431:
9422:
9410:. Retrieved
9401:
9392:
9380:. Retrieved
9370:
9363:
9353:17 September
9351:. Retrieved
9331:
9324:
9312:. Retrieved
9303:
9294:
9282:. Retrieved
9273:
9264:
9252:. Retrieved
9243:
9233:
9196:
9192:
9182:
9170:. Retrieved
9161:
9151:
9139:. Retrieved
9130:
9120:
9087:
9083:
9077:
9052:
9048:
9042:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8966:(1): 28–36.
8963:
8959:
8949:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8868:
8864:
8854:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8772:
8768:
8761:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8690:
8686:
8631:(2): e9390.
8628:
8624:
8614:
8579:
8576:HIV Medicine
8575:
8565:
8528:
8524:
8514:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8436:
8432:
8422:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8317:
8313:
8303:
8268:
8264:
8254:
8219:
8215:
8167:
8163:
8153:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8077:
8073:
8067:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8010:(1): 41–52.
8007:
8003:
7997:
7970:
7966:
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7919:
7915:
7903:
7868:
7864:
7854:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7790:
7782:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7654:. Retrieved
7645:
7584:
7578:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7542:
7492:
7488:
7444:
7440:
7430:
7406:
7353:
7349:
7305:
7301:
7272:. Retrieved
7265:the original
7255:(2): 37–49.
7252:
7248:
7235:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7043:
7039:
7029:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6972:(1): 35–39.
6969:
6965:
6959:
6922:
6918:
6897:
6892:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6744:the original
6712:. Retrieved
6677:
6650:. Retrieved
6641:
6632:
6614:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6517:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6460:
6445:
6432:
6419:
6405:cite journal
6380:
6376:
6370:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6286:
6282:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6254:. Medscape.
6245:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6195:dysmorphism.
6193:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6022:
6018:
6012:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5909:
5879:(1): 43–51.
5876:
5872:
5866:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5807:the original
5797:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5730:(1): 17–22.
5727:
5723:
5713:
5683:(1): 26–30.
5680:
5676:
5670:
5658:. Retrieved
5649:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5619:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5456:(1): 78–91.
5453:
5449:
5439:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5376:. Retrieved
5372:the original
5341:
5337:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5216:(2): 78–81.
5213:
5209:
5196:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5091:
5068:. Retrieved
5059:
5050:
5038:. Retrieved
5029:
5020:
5011:10665/345533
5001:
4992:
4983:10665/325771
4973:
4964:
4954:17 September
4952:. Retrieved
4932:
4925:
4890:
4886:
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4860:the original
4855:
4846:
4811:
4807:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4745:The Observer
4744:
4734:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4700:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4670:
4661:
4649:. Retrieved
4640:
4631:
4580:. Retrieved
4571:
4543:. Retrieved
4534:
4506:. Retrieved
4453:. Retrieved
4446:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4383:
4355:
4326:and generics
4262:
4228:
4205:
4169:Apo-Valproic
4130:
4123:
4104:South Africa
4034:
3981:
3843:
3823:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3515:DBSALT000185
3408:Legal status
3402:Legal status
3373:License data
3296:
3019:DBSALT001257
2912:Legal status
2906:Legal status
2877:License data
2824:Formulations
2811:
2804:
2542:Yes (orphan)
2523:Yes (orphan)
2388:glioblastoma
2324:Indications
2307:
2299:
2272:
2243:valeric acid
2232:
2223:valeric acid
2214:
2208:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2151:(>40%): 2
2068:
2049:
1993:
1977:antiandrogen
1974:nonsteroidal
1959:
1931:
1900:
1892:Pharmacology
1835:Ethosuximide
1829:Erythromycin
1770:
1767:Interactions
1723:
1718:
1688:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1592:
1578:
1553:
1546:
1534:
1494:
1488:
1478:
1475:spina bifida
1464:
1455:
1440:
1402:ossification
1399:
1395:pancreatitis
1384:
1357:
1336:Nausea (22%)
1331:
1300:Pancreatitis
1261:
1241:
1229:
1214:
1114:Mental state
1012:
1005:
992:
957:
937:
926:Medical uses
909:
905:valeric acid
878:
846:pancreatitis
831:
809:and prevent
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
770:
587:NIAID ChemDB
354:Elimination
227:Legal status
221:Legal status
123:License data
29:
19293:Zafirlukast
19263:Thiothixene
19243:Terconazole
19193:Simvastatin
19068:Nisoldipine
19063:Nilvadipine
19048:Nicardipine
19018:Metacycline
18845:Dimercaprol
18800:Demecolcine
18760:Clindamycin
18755:Ciglitazone
18705:Artemisinin
18685:Ambrisentan
18589:Nigramide J
18524:Telmisartan
18484:Nicardipine
18394:Benfuracarb
18389:Artemisinin
18263:Antagonists
18089:Onapristone
18064:Antagonists
17835:Spirorenone
17805:Mespirenone
17494:Lynestrenol
17444:Ethisterone
17422:Desogestrel
17402:Altrenogest
17361:Segesterone
17336:Norgestomet
17326:Nomegestrol
17301:Gestadienol
17286:Demegestone
17241:Pentarane A
17061:Edogestrone
17051:Delmadinone
17011:Cismadinone
16901:Trengestone
16831:Dimepregnen
16274:Triamterene
16228:Poneratoxin
16218:Ciguatoxins
16105:Raxatrigine
16100:Ralfinamide
16095:PF-05089771
16090:PF-04531083
16062:Analgesics:
16020:Piperocaine
16005:Meprylcaine
16000:Mepivacaine
15955:Cinchocaine
15934:Ropivacaine
15926:Bupivacaine
15853:Sipatrigine
15838:Pheneturide
15833:Phenacemide
15818:Mephenytoin
15803:Lamotrigine
15783:Elpetrigine
15738:Propafenone
15683:Dronedarone
15259:Tolbutamide
15249:Repaglinide
15244:Nateglinide
15239:Mitiglinide
15219:Glisoxepide
15204:Glimepiride
15194:Glicaramide
15174:Carbutamide
15076:Linopirdine
15059:Vernakalant
15049:Tolterodine
15039:Terfenadine
15029:Tamulotoxin
15024:Solifenacin
14994:PNU-282,987
14969:Haloperidol
14964:Gigactonine
14944:Domperidone
14929:Darifenacin
14894:Bedaquiline
14879:Azaspiracid
14842:Vernakalant
14777:Linopirdine
14737:Dronedarone
14727:Dendrotoxin
14712:Clamikalant
14584:Tolperisone
14579:Tetrandrine
14569:Sipatrigine
14564:Silperisone
14549:Prenylamine
14489:Lidoflazine
14444:Elpetrigine
14354:Mirogabalin
14258:Lamotrigine
14253:Flunarizine
14248:Efonidipine
14238:Cinnarizine
14233:Cilnidipine
14188:NNC 55-0396
14114:Ralfinamide
14061:Fantofarone
14056:Dronedarone
14041:Budiodarone
14036:Brinazarone
13999:Levemopamil
13899:Sornidipine
13894:Sagandipine
13884:Pranidipine
13859:Nisoldipine
13849:Nilvadipine
13839:Niguldipine
13829:Nicardipine
13794:Lemildipine
13779:Iganidipine
13774:Furnidipine
13739:Cronidipine
13734:Clevidipine
13729:Barnidipine
13719:Aranidipine
13527:Resminostat
13522:Quisinostat
13517:Pracinostat
13497:Niacinamide
13487:Martinostat
13412:Abexinostat
13302:Ginkgotoxin
13270:Activators:
13167:Inhibitors:
13141:Activators:
13113:Inhibitors:
13072:Valinomycin
13024:Inhibitors:
12971:NNC 05-2090
12908:Inhibitors:
12886:Transporter
12766:Osteocalcin
12647:Vinclozolin
12632:Thalidomide
12627:Seviteronel
12557:Procymidone
12493:Masofaniten
12448:Inocoterone
12352:bisphenol S
12348:bisphenol F
12344:bisphenol A
12322:BAY-1024767
12297:Apalutamide
12243:Spiroxasone
12238:Spirorenone
12218:Rosterolone
12158:Mespirenone
12103:Edogestrone
12073:Delanterone
12063:Cyproterone
12053:Clometerone
12023:Benorterone
12008:Abiraterone
11973:Antagonists
11904:PF-06260414
11809:BMS-564,929
11733:Alternariol
11625:Lynestrenol
11578:Desogestrel
11461:Norboletone
11451:Metribolone
11396:Oxandrolone
11354:Mestanolone
11319:Penmesterol
11250:Formebolone
11215:Calusterone
11210:Bolasterone
10964:Prostanozol
10935:Mesterolone
10461:Ziprasidone
10456:Risperidone
10440:+fluoxetine
10421:Cariprazine
10368:Lamotrigine
10289:from market
10239:Carisbamate
10234:Cannabidiol
10120:Lamotrigine
10024:Lamotrigine
9975:Fatty acids
9970:Pheneturide
9965:Phenacemide
9940:Mephenytoin
9839:Fatty acids
9820:Stiripentol
9815:Paraldehyde
9779:Nimetazepam
9759:Clorazepate
9704:Metharbital
9238:Thomson H.
7698:: 435–438.
7673:Am. Chem. J
7656:1 September
7371:10453/16875
7274:13 February
7144:: 296–306.
6896:R. Baselt,
6819:(1): 4–29.
6025:(1): 1–10.
5630:14 February
5505:: 553–580.
5235:19 February
4707:5 September
4582:13 February
4545:19 February
4508:10 November
4026:New Zealand
3940:Valpakine (
3898:Deprakine (
3820:Terminology
3719: g·mol
3665:100.002.525
3435:Identifiers
3355:Other names
3346:Trade names
3223: g·mol
3169:100.002.525
2939:Identifiers
2859:Other names
2263:prophylaxis
2143:glucuronide
2044:hepatotoxic
2040:ω-oxidation
2036:β-oxidation
2028:metabolites
1790:lamotrigine
1721:a of 4.9).
1622:Upper limit
1617:Lower limit
1561:neural tube
1487:in utero ("
697: g·mol
646:100.002.525
556:CHEBI:39867
376:Identifiers
190:intravenous
109:MedlinePlus
82:Other names
70:Trade names
19445:Teratogens
19374:Categories
19273:Tianeptine
19238:Tenylidone
19233:Tacrolimus
19178:Rimexolone
19168:Rifampicin
19108:Plicamycin
19093:Paclitaxel
19078:Omeprazole
19058:Nifedipine
19033:Mevastatin
19028:Metyrapone
19008:Lovastatin
19003:Loratadine
18960:Hyperforin
18950:Haloprogin
18915:Felodipine
18890:Enzacamene
18870:Dronabinol
18835:Diclazuril
18814:prasterone
18770:Chloroxine
18745:Cephradine
18715:Bile acids
18529:Tolnaftate
18494:Permethrin
18479:Nevirapine
18474:Nefazodone
18443:prasterone
18404:Carvedilol
18384:Amiodarone
18355:modulators
18119:Zanoterone
18084:Lonaprisan
18071:Steroidal:
18045:Naringenin
18035:Kaempferol
18015:Vilaprisan
17945:Asoprisnil
17927:Steroidal:
17900:ORG-201745
17880:Tanaproget
17775:Trestolone
17712:Nandrolone
17707:Mibolerone
17642:Dienedione
17632:Bolandione
17593:Tosagestin
17568:Oxendolone
17553:Norgestrel
17504:Metynodiol
17474:Gestrinone
17449:Ethynerone
17346:Oxogestone
17211:Mometasone
17101:Gestaclone
17066:Flugestone
17021:Clogestone
16961:Anagestone
16750:modulators
16578:Bumetanide
16516:Activators
16506:Piretanide
16501:Lonidamine
16452:Activators
16437:Mibefradil
16432:Mefloquine
16422:Furosemide
16417:Fluoxetine
16397:Crofelemer
16284:Activators
16207:Versutoxin
16203:Robustoxin
16185:Activators
16170:Safinamide
16120:Conotoxins
16055:Trimecaine
16050:Tetracaine
16025:Prilocaine
16015:Orthocaine
15990:Iontocaine
15985:Hexylcaine
15980:Etidocaine
15921:Benzocaine
15911:Amylocaine
15893:Zonisamide
15888:Valpromide
15858:Topiramate
15848:Rufinamide
15808:Lacosamide
15773:Cenobamate
15728:Prajmaline
15718:Moricizine
15713:Mexiletine
15708:Lorcainide
15693:Flecainide
15658:Ranolazine
15598:Activators
15583:Fluoxetine
15527:Nimesulide
15509:-specific:
15495:Activators
15477:-specific:
15429:-specific:
15409:Rilmakalim
15399:Nicorandil
15359:Cromakalim
15346:-specific:
15327:Activators
15317:Tipepidine
15307:Ifenprodil
15282:Caramiphen
15274:-specific:
15254:Tolazamide
15214:Gliquidone
15199:Gliclazide
15166:-specific:
15119:Retigabine
15114:Flupirtine
15111:-specific:
15096:Activators
15073:-specific:
15054:Vanoxerine
15034:Terodiline
15019:Sertindole
15009:Ranolazine
14874:Astemizole
14864:Amiodarone
14832:Terikalant
14807:Pinokalant
14792:Nifekalant
14787:Maurotoxin
14782:Lolitrem B
14772:Kaliotoxin
14732:Dofetilide
14722:Dalazatide
14717:Conotoxins
14687:Amiodarone
14682:Almokalant
14604:Activators
14594:Valperinol
14574:Terodiline
14514:Naftopidil
14504:Mesuximide
14434:Enpiperate
14414:Cycleanine
14399:Bevantolol
14389:Bencyclane
14379:Pregabalin
14369:PD-299,685
14364:PD-217,014
14359:PD-200,347
14349:Imagabalin
14339:Gabapentin
14329:Atagabalin
14319:Arbaclofen
14278:Mibefradil
14273:Loperamide
14268:Lomerizine
14243:Dotarizine
14223:Benidipine
14203:Zonisamide
14119:Safinamide
14094:Caroverine
14046:Celivarone
13994:Gallopamil
13949:Siratiazem
13939:Iprotiazem
13929:Clentiazem
13909:Tiamdipine
13904:Teludipine
13869:Olradipine
13854:Nimodipine
13844:Niludipine
13834:Nifedipine
13824:Mesudipine
13814:Manidipine
13789:Lacidipine
13784:Isradipine
13769:Flordipine
13764:Felodipine
13759:Elnadipine
13754:Elgodipine
13744:Darodipine
13714:Amlodipine
13602:Valpromide
13567:Trapoxin B
13532:Romidepsin
13472:Givinostat
13462:Entinostat
13432:Belinostat
13263:Vigabatrin
13258:Valpromide
13227:lemon balm
13213:Phenelzine
13195:Gabaculine
13077:Vigabatrin
13042:Evans blue
12986:SKF-89976A
12946:Gabaculine
12921:Arecaidine
12878:modulators
12871:metabolism
12760:-ornithine
12703:gadolinium
12552:Prochloraz
12547:Phenothrin
12527:Nilutamide
12498:Methiocarb
12418:Endosulfan
12383:Cioteronel
12378:Cimetidine
12368:BMS-641988
12363:BMS-570511
12358:BMS-501949
12332:Bisphenols
12287:Antarlides
12263:Zanoterone
12198:Oxendolone
12143:Ludaterone
12133:Galeterone
12083:Dicirenone
11980:Steroidal:
11946:Steroidal:
11939:Vosilasarm
11834:GSK2881078
11789:AC-262,536
11748:Trilostane
11656:Norgestrel
11605:Gestrinone
11573:Δ-Tibolone
11456:Mibolerone
11406:Stanozolol
11359:Metenolone
11136:Trenbolone
11095:Nandrolone
11045:Dienedione
10969:Stenbolone
10930:Mesabolone
10782:Silandrone
10777:Quinbolone
10772:Plomestane
10767:Formestane
10762:Exemestane
10684:Atamestane
10581:modulators
10451:Quetiapine
10436:Olanzapine
10431:Lurasidone
10393:Valpromide
10264:Perampanel
10254:Ganaxolone
10244:Etiracetam
10203:Zonisamide
10198:Topiramate
10148:Retigabine
10130:Zonisamide
10125:Topiramate
10108:Pregabalin
10103:Gabapentin
10088:Mesuximide
10039:Zonisamide
10034:Topiramate
10029:Rufinamide
10019:Lacosamide
9985:Valpromide
9925:Hydantoins
9907:modulators
9859:Vigabatrin
9849:Valpromide
9784:Nitrazepam
9754:Clonazepam
9734:Cenobamate
9729:Carbamates
9669:GABAergics
8911:results".
7679:: 385–395.
7610:Valproate
6652:16 October
6072:(1): 180.
5660:18 January
5554:: 112021.
5405:: 728038.
5070:14 January
5040:14 January
4393:22 October
4361:References
4230:di-ba-dian
3937:Argentina)
3905:Encorate (
3891:Depalept (
3884:Depakine (
3877:Depakine (
3863:Depakene (
3856:Convulex (
3724:3D model (
3712:Molar mass
3595:CHEBI:4667
3555:644VL95AO6
3526:ChemSpider
3470:76584-70-8
3461:CAS Number
3444:IUPAC name
3228:3D model (
3216:Molar mass
3099:CHEBI:9925
3059:5VOM6GYJ0D
3030:ChemSpider
2965:CAS Number
2948:IUPAC name
2428:Moderate.
2213:and the 2-
2071:metabolism
1962:antagonist
1885:Zidovudine
1873:Rifampicin
1847:Mefloquine
1823:Cimetidine
1817:Carbapenem
1761:-carnitine
1750:-carnitine
1738:-carnitine
1557:folic acid
1514:nasal root
1340:Drowsiness
1321:See also:
901:derivative
899:(SCFA), a
834:somnolence
702:3D model (
690:Molar mass
516:614OI1Z5WI
487:ChemSpider
447:IUPHAR/BPS
402:CAS Number
385:IUPAC name
361:9–16 hours
333:Metabolism
19198:Sirolimus
19188:Ritonavir
19183:Riodipine
19173:Rifaximin
19158:Reserpine
19143:Proadifen
19088:Oxatomide
19043:Nafcillin
19013:Meclizine
18875:Droxidopa
18855:Docetaxel
18780:Colforsin
18730:Bumecaine
18720:Bithionol
18632:Agonists:
18609:T-0901317
18584:Meclizine
18514:Reserpine
18504:Phenytoin
18489:Octicizer
18449:Efavirenz
18376:Agonists:
18169:ZM-172406
18164:ZM-150271
18154:LG-121046
18149:LG-120830
18144:LG-100128
18139:LG-100127
18134:LG-001447
18104:ORG-33628
18099:ORG-31806
18094:ORG-31710
18040:LG-120920
18020:ZK-137316
18000:RMI-12936
17995:ORG-33628
17990:ORG-31710
17965:LG-120838
17895:ORG-47241
17885:ZM-182345
17875:RWJ-60130
17870:RWJ-49853
17865:RWJ-26819
17855:LG-100128
17815:Prorenone
17795:Canrenone
17770:Trendione
17647:Dienolone
17622:Bolandiol
17469:Gestodene
17459:Etynodiol
17427:Dienogest
17412:Cingestol
17276:Amadinone
17221:Osaterone
17171:Megestrol
16946:Algestone
16896:Ro 6-3129
16836:Diosgenin
16699:See also:
16598:Mepacrine
16544:Ivacaftor
16460:Carbachol
16343:Ibuprofen
16333:Amiloride
16292:Solnatide
16264:Amiloride
16193:Aconitine
16155:Evenamide
16130:Saxitoxin
16045:Risocaine
15995:Lidocaine
15940:Butacaine
15916:Articaine
15843:Phenytoin
15753:Tocainide
15748:Sparteine
15743:Quinidine
15703:Lorajmine
15698:Lidocaine
15688:Encainide
15673:Aprindine
15414:Sarakalim
15404:Pinacidil
15394:Naminidil
15384:Minoxidil
15379:Mazokalim
15364:Diazoxide
15354:Bimakalim
15349:Aprikalim
15312:Tertiapin
15292:Clozapine
15209:Glipizide
15004:Quinidine
14954:Ergtoxins
14919:Cisapride
14909:BRL-32872
14889:Azimilide
14852:(KCNH2, K
14827:Tedisamil
14812:Quinidine
14802:Paxilline
14767:Inakalant
14762:Ibutilide
14747:Hanatoxin
14702:Bunaftine
14697:Bretylium
14692:Azimilide
14677:Adekalant
14636:Potassium
14618:Bay K8644
14559:Sesamodil
14509:Monatepil
14499:Manoalide
14494:Magnesium
14479:Imepitoin
14469:Fendiline
14449:Ethadione
14439:Eperisone
14419:Dauricine
14394:Berbamine
14305:δ subunit
14109:PD-173212
14024:Verapamil
14014:Ronipamil
14004:Nexopamil
13989:Falipamil
13984:Etripamil
13969:Devapamil
13964:Dagapamil
13944:Nictiazem
13934:Diltiazem
13924:Diltiazem
13874:Oxodipine
13619:See also:
13537:Scriptaid
13442:Capsaicin
13200:Isoniazid
13062:Nigericin
13027:β-Alanine
13001:Tiagabine
12991:SNAP-5114
12916:β-Alanine
12875:transport
12746:-arginine
12731:Estradiol
12711:strontium
12707:magnesium
12695:aluminium
12662:YM-175735
12597:Ro 5-2537
12592:Ro 2-7239
12542:PF-998425
12537:Pentomone
12478:LG-120907
12438:Flutamide
12433:Fenarimol
12373:CH5137291
12312:Bakuchiol
12248:Topterone
12213:Prorenone
12188:Osaterone
12183:Nordinone
12168:Mexrenone
12088:Dienogest
12038:Canrenone
11959:TFM-4AS-1
11899:ORM-11984
11839:GSK-4336A
11829:GLPG-0492
11753:ZM-182345
11600:Gestodene
11588:Etynodiol
11344:Furazabol
11235:Enestebol
11163:Trendione
11124:Oxabolone
11050:Dienolone
11023:Bolandiol
10952:Nisterime
10706:Clostebol
10689:Boldenone
10426:Clozapine
10416:Asenapine
10378:Valproate
10299:Phase III
10287:Withdrawn
10224:Beclamide
10115:Imepitoin
10063:Ethadione
9980:Valproate
9945:Phenytoin
9891:Tiagabine
9881:Progabide
9844:Valproate
9810:Imepitoin
9789:Temazepam
9774:Midazolam
9769:Lorazepam
9739:Felbamate
9724:Primidone
9538:2 January
9314:7 October
9284:7 October
8941:207372333
8871:(1): 12.
8531:(1): 56.
8478:Epilepsia
8351:Neurology
8145:207263036
7916:Neurology
7719:CNS Drugs
7489:CNS Drugs
7294:Chuang DM
7040:Epilepsia
6283:Neurology
5923:BBC, 2017
5761:Epilepsia
5166:: 51–54.
5117:CNS Drugs
4574:. WebMD.
4275:countries
3995:Australia
3933:Valcote (
3926:Stavzor (
3870:Depakin (
3849:Absenor (
3802:valproate
3119:ChEMBL433
2974:1069-66-5
2794:Limited.
2716:tretinoin
2693:tretinoin
2568:Limited.
2551:Limited.
2532:Limited.
2462:Limited.
2445:Limited.
2411:Limited.
2205:Chemistry
2054:, mainly
1863:Primidone
1841:Felbamate
1794:phenytoin
1471:pregnancy
1416:Pregnancy
1406:mydriasis
1310:Pregnancy
1305:Porphyria
1287:porphyria
995:indicated
986:to treat
854:pregnancy
783:Valproate
576:ChEMBL109
367:Excretion
356:half-life
179:Routes of
153:Pregnancy
101:Monograph
95:Drugs.com
33:Valproate
19364:Medicine
19325:See also
19213:SR-12813
19103:Piperine
19083:Orlistat
19053:Nicotine
18925:Fentanyl
18910:Febantel
18885:Ecopipam
18850:Dinaline
18735:Cafestol
18725:Bosentan
18599:PK-11195
18286:See also
18207:Agonists
18030:Apigenin
17985:ORF-9326
17980:ORF-9371
17892:Unknown:
17588:Tigestol
17583:Tibolone
17341:ORG-2058
16881:DU-41165
16876:DU-41164
16771:Agonists
16684:instead.
16659:instead.
16570:Blockers
16562:Unsorted
16488:Blockers
16389:Blockers
16366:Chloride
16328:A-317567
16320:Blockers
16269:Benzamil
16256:Blockers
16085:NKTR-171
16080:GDC-0276
16075:Funapide
16070:DSP-2230
16065:AZD-3161
16030:Procaine
15945:Butamben
15793:Ethotoin
15668:Ajmaline
15647:Blockers
15606:Riluzole
15565:Blockers
15463:Blockers
15369:Emakalim
15147:Blockers
14989:Pimozide
14859:Ajmaline
14659:Blockers
14474:Fostedil
14404:Canadine
14374:Phenibut
14334:Baclofen
14283:NP078585
14228:Bepridil
14066:SR-33805
14019:Tiapamil
13979:Emopamil
13959:Anipamil
13694:Blockers
13482:Kevetrin
13452:Curcumin
13427:Apicidin
13318:See also
12981:Riluzole
12961:Muscimol
12951:Guvacine
12797:See also
12684:Agonists
12657:YM-92088
12622:RU-58841
12617:RU-58642
12612:RU-57073
12607:RU-56187
12602:RU-22930
12532:ONC1-13B
12483:LGD-1331
12408:Dieldrin
12402:p,p’-DDE
12307:AZD-3514
12292:Arabilin
12223:RU-15328
12163:Metogest
12098:DU-41165
11934:S-101479
11914:RU-59063
11869:LGD-4033
11864:LGD-3303
11854:LGD-2226
11844:GSK-8698
11743:Drupanol
11738:Cl-4AS-1
11678:Tibolone
10859:Bolazine
10602:Agonists
10477:Ketamine
10219:Albutoin
10193:Sultiame
9930:Ethotoin
9764:Diazepam
9749:Clobazam
9607:Archived
9603:36383706
9558:Archived
9486:15 April
9480:Archived
9440:Archived
9412:14 April
9406:Archived
9402:DailyMed
9376:Archived
9347:Archived
9308:Archived
9304:DailyMed
9278:Archived
9274:DailyMed
9248:Archived
9225:24348349
9166:Archived
9135:Archived
9112:21544457
9104:23007193
9069:21459656
9026:19318486
8990:19127265
8933:20931299
8897:23898968
8846:43747497
8838:16323176
8789:16294345
8753:13437134
8745:20922525
8709:11239739
8665:20186346
8625:PLOS ONE
8606:27571864
8598:22276680
8557:16168066
8506:23789333
8463:27948702
8455:15613172
8433:Headache
8336:18495806
8295:21975791
8246:30293233
8194:27884042
8137:18303140
8102:74028228
8094:19409030
8059:20044142
8024:22455007
7940:Archived
7936:74543829
7895:20200383
7774:14624229
7739:12269862
7704:13935231
7692:Therapie
7650:Archived
7646:DrugBank
7570:10859160
7509:15740176
7471:29662388
7422:Archived
7388:25958985
7380:16165177
7350:Steroids
7332:23300133
7261:17448293
7227:36893188
7187:PLOS ONE
7168:24148856
7119:26348896
7062:15946343
6986:22180549
6951:16277730
6884:13592043
6876:19656009
6841:15338188
6833:23288091
6798:23031095
6790:12475192
6708:Archived
6704:Medscape
6646:Archived
6622:Archived
6606:38127378
6563:17884759
6525:Archived
6509:19369666
6453:Archived
6397:16108456
6362:23613074
6313:16894099
6256:Archived
6237:20344828
6229:22246336
6190:15491979
6141:38371596
6133:17090909
6098:31324220
6047:19490988
6004:10882750
5917:Archived
5901:33444886
5893:24308788
5858:36426338
5850:19012099
5813:24 April
5789:25499280
5781:11580761
5705:19827846
5697:15032379
5654:Archived
5624:Archived
5570:34463268
5529:24313567
5480:24288035
5431:25114917
5368:27884042
5316:31621892
5265:24 April
5259:Archived
5226:Archived
5222:20830628
5188:11159645
5180:17419829
5145:67999301
5137:12269861
5064:Archived
5060:ClinCalc
5034:Archived
5030:ClinCalc
5000:(2021).
4972:(2019).
4948:Archived
4917:33398088
4856:DrugBank
4838:23407051
4784:14624230
4755:17 April
4749:Archived
4701:BBC News
4681:17 April
4675:Archived
4651:26 April
4645:Archived
4623:Archived
4576:Archived
4539:Archived
4535:DailyMed
4502:Archived
4427:3 August
4421:Archived
4352:Research
4254:(France)
4237:(France)
4117:Malaysia
3982:capsules
3958:Portugal
3919:Epilim (
3912:Epival (
3902:Finland)
3888:Romania)
3860:Austria)
3853:Finland)
3506:DrugBank
3495:23663956
3387:DailyMed
3299:(verify)
3010:DrugBank
2999:16760703
2891:DailyMed
2374:Epilepsy
2247:valerian
2239:analogue
2101:enzymes
2081:enzymes
1989:estrogen
1966:androgen
1879:Warfarin
1595:dementia
1567:and the
1518:philtrum
1362:Bleeding
1352:Weakness
1285:Hepatic
1225:levodopa
1178:Moderate
1161:Moderate
1138:Moderate
1128:unclear.
1107:Very low
1090:Moderate
1073:Moderate
1041:Outcome
954:Epilepsy
940:epilepsy
803:epilepsy
773:(verify)
467:DrugBank
348:over 40%
344:30–50%,
255:Class C1
197:ATC code
186:By mouth
155:category
137:DailyMed
18:Depakote
19313:Sesamin
19298:Zeranol
19228:Suramin
18998:LOE-908
18690:AMI-193
18604:S-07662
18519:TCPOBOP
18414:Chrysin
18050:PRA-910
17850:LG-2527
17825:SC-8109
17758:(e.g.,
17741:RU-2309
17719:(e.g.,
17526:(e.g.,
17486:(e.g.,
17417:Danazol
16338:Aspirin
16160:Menthol
16147:Others:
16117:Toxins:
15960:Cocaine
15485:GAL-021
15105:KCNQ (K
15067:KCNQ (K
14884:AZD1305
14822:Sotalol
14817:ShK-186
14797:Notoxin
14484:JTV-519
14464:Fasudil
14193:ProTx I
14173:ABT-639
14160:SNX-482
14031:AH-1058
14028:Others:
13671:Calcium
13052:Glycine
12941:EF-1502
12753:-lysine
12741:(incl.
12699:calcium
12693:(incl.
12691:Cations
12488:Linuron
12428:EPI-001
12334:(e.g.,
12123:EM-6537
12118:EM-5855
12113:EM-5854
12108:EM-4350
11954:MK-0773
11949:EM-9017
11929:S-40503
11784:ACP-105
11779:198RL26
11644:(e.g.,
11617:(e.g.,
11526:Danazol
11476:RU-2309
11416:Bolenol
10482:Lithium
10112:Others:
10016:Others:
9950:Ureides
9905:Channel
9796:Bromide
9793:Others:
9613:12 July
9512:22 June
9476:TGA eBS
9382:3 March
9216:3848041
9199:: 102.
9172:27 June
9141:27 June
9034:3230087
8981:2634690
8888:3733883
8797:1802132
8656:2826423
8633:Bibcode
8548:1242254
8498:2842127
8414:6808975
8379:1578958
8371:6796902
8286:6540387
8237:6516950
8185:6734130
7988:4185847
7886:2924476
7846:7700266
7838:3927267
7517:9893959
7462:5891791
7323:3565922
7218:9997898
7195:Bibcode
7159:3898270
7110:4607138
7070:7696039
7021:8347126
6942:1297603
6598:3209843
6500:2737185
6353:4511955
6304:1986655
6181:1738809
6089:6642533
6027:Bibcode
5995:1734633
5955:6402356
5746:3126792
5737:2013195
5520:4197852
5471:3899484
5422:4119624
5378:27 July
5359:6734130
5307:6797024
5257:(FDA).
5253:. U.S.
4908:9129103
4866:30 July
4829:3696515
4455:13 July
4294:Uruguay
4217:Chinese
4138:Romania
4075:UK only
4070:tablet.
4037:Pharmac
3944:Brazil)
3895:Israel)
3881:France)
3717:310.410
3682:Formula
3481:PubChem
3427:Rx-only
3424:WARNING
3389::
3221:166.196
3186:Formula
2985:PubChem
2931:Rx-only
2928:WARNING
2893::
2300:updated
2229:History
2131:UGT2B15
2123:UGT1A10
2060:aspirin
2056:albumin
1964:of the
1805:Aspirin
1752:lowers
1746:Acetyl-
1683:ÎĽmol/L
1658:ÎĽmol/L
1589:Elderly
1485:alcohol
1451:Discuss
1013:A 2016
850:suicide
695:144.214
663:Formula
476:DB00313
422:PubChem
411:99-66-1
296:Rx-only
293:WARNING
265::
213:)
207: (
205:N03AG01
168: D
139::
115:a682412
19350:Portal
18820:DHEA-S
18660:AA-861
16841:P1-185
16635:Others
15624:Sodium
15277:Barium
15081:XE-991
14949:E-4031
14899:BeKm-1
14869:AmmTX3
14752:HgeTx1
14742:E-4031
14524:Osthol
14293:TROX-1
14178:ML-218
13155:GABA-T
13091:Enzyme
12976:NO-711
12926:CI-966
12676:GPRC6A
12652:YM-580
12582:RD-162
12473:LG-105
11824:FTBU-1
10470:Others
10282:WHO-EM
10212:Others
10161:Others
9868:Others
9601:
9564:5 June
9446:6 June
9339:
9223:
9213:
9110:
9102:
9067:
9032:
9024:
8988:
8978:
8939:
8931:
8895:
8885:
8844:
8836:
8816:Cancer
8795:
8787:
8769:Cancer
8751:
8743:
8707:
8663:
8653:
8604:
8596:
8555:
8545:
8504:
8496:
8461:
8453:
8412:
8377:
8369:
8334:
8293:
8283:
8244:
8234:
8192:
8182:
8143:
8135:
8100:
8092:
8057:
8022:
7985:
7934:
7893:
7883:
7844:
7836:
7799:
7772:
7747:803106
7745:
7737:
7702:
7591:
7568:
7515:
7507:
7469:
7459:
7414:
7386:
7378:
7330:
7320:
7259:
7225:
7215:
7166:
7156:
7117:
7107:
7068:
7060:
7019:
6984:
6949:
6939:
6882:
6874:
6839:
6831:
6796:
6788:
6753:5 June
6714:5 June
6604:
6596:
6561:
6507:
6497:
6395:
6360:
6350:
6311:
6301:
6262:23 May
6235:
6227:
6188:
6178:
6139:
6131:
6096:
6086:
6045:
6002:
5992:
5953:
5899:
5891:
5856:
5848:
5787:
5779:
5744:
5734:
5703:
5695:
5568:
5527:
5517:
5478:
5468:
5429:
5419:
5366:
5356:
5314:
5304:
5220:
5186:
5178:
5143:
5135:
5098:
4940:
4915:
4905:
4836:
4826:
4782:
4641:GOV.UK
4409:Anvisa
4259:Israel
4227::
4225:pinyin
4219::
4210:Taiwan
4202:Europe
4151:Canada
3909:India)
3874:Italy)
3750:SMILES
3606:ChEMBL
3575:D00304
3421:
3385:
3254:SMILES
3110:ChEMBL
3079:D00710
2925:
2889:
2807:Abbott
2237:as an
2219:propyl
2129:, and
2127:UGT2B7
2119:UGT1A9
2115:UGT1A8
2111:UGT1A6
2107:UGT1A4
2103:UGT1A3
2095:CYP3A5
2093:, and
2091:CYP2C9
2087:CYP2B6
2083:CYP2A6
1996:gonads
1948:, and
1779:, and
1773:CYP2C9
1695:stupor
1691:tremor
1541:autism
1447:merged
1273:Known
1248:cancer
1167:Nausea
920:
821:, and
797:, and
728:SMILES
596:057177
567:ChEMBL
536:D00399
327:80–90%
290:
277:
267:â„ž-only
253:
240:
135:
76:others
18419:CITCO
17960:J1042
17914:SPRMs
17909:Mixed
16669:LGICs
16376:CaCCs
16348:PcTX1
16307:ASICs
15634:VGSCs
14904:BmTx3
14757:HsTx1
14646:VGKCs
13681:VDCCs
13286:Other
13012:VIAAT
12340:BFDGE
12336:BADGE
12282:AA560
11964:YK-11
11874:LY305
11764:SARMs
9472:(PDF)
9254:8 May
9108:S2CID
9030:S2CID
8937:S2CID
8842:S2CID
8793:S2CID
8749:S2CID
8602:S2CID
8502:S2CID
8459:S2CID
8375:S2CID
8141:S2CID
8098:S2CID
7946:4 May
7932:S2CID
7842:S2CID
7743:S2CID
7513:S2CID
7384:S2CID
7268:(PDF)
7245:(PDF)
7066:S2CID
6880:S2CID
6837:S2CID
6794:S2CID
6747:(PDF)
6740:(PDF)
6674:(PDF)
6602:S2CID
6233:S2CID
6137:S2CID
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