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Most of the roof is around 4.5 metres (15 ft) thick but part of it is 7 metres (23 ft) thick as the
Germans began adding to its thickness before the bunker was even completed. Construction required 650,000 cubic yards (500,000 m) of concrete. The design and oversight of the Valentin's
744:
The main conclusion of 'Project Ruby' was that "not any of the bombs tested are suitable for use against massive reinforced concrete." The idea to destroy
Valentin by blasting was abandoned because the blasting would have caused severe damage to the nearby villages of Rekum and Farge including the
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Fortunately for the
British, the two bombs struck and penetrated the 4.5-metre (15 ft) thick west section of the roof. Post–war American analysis suggested the 7-metre (23 ft) thick, east section would have been able to resist even the Grand Slams, although not without significant damage,
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Work on the bunker took place around the clock, with personnel forced to work 12-hour shifts from 7am to 7pm. This resulted in a high death rate amongst the prisoners. However, the identity of only 553 victims, mostly
Frenchmen, has been confirmed. The total number of deaths may be as high as 6,000
653:
roof before exploding. The explosions blew large holes in the remaining thickness of the roof and brought down around 1,000 tons of debris into the chamber below. Workers who were inside the bunker at the time survived, as the bombs did not penetrate the roof before detonating. Another bomb caused
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Operations at
Valentin were intended to commence by late 1944, but was postponed to mid-1945 due in part to a combination of manpower and supply shortages and bombing. It is likely that production would have been limited due to the severe quality control problems experienced with the prefabricated
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The bunker is around 426 metres (1,398 ft) long and 97 metres (318 ft) wide at its widest point; the walls are 4.5 metres (15 ft) thick. The height of the structure is between 22.5 and 27 metres (74 and 89 ft). The roof was constructed using dozens of large, reinforced concrete
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armaments minister) had directed that the sections be made by inland companies and then assembled at the shipyards so as to ease production. However, these companies had little experience in shipbuilding resulting in lengthy re-working to rectify flaws in the sections. Out of the 118 boats
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was a joint Anglo-American affair to investigate the use of penetration bombs against heavily protected concrete targets. The
Valentin-bunker was bombed with inert (non-explosive) loads to protect nearby buildings and civilians, to test things like penetration capability and strength of the
534:, but the expansion of the camp network in the area led to a shortage of personnel. By mid-1944, the camp was commanded by an army captain, Ulrich Wahl, and the prisoners were guarded by a detachment of naval infantry. Only a handful of SS men remained involved in the running of the camp.
669:. These were large ,4,500 lb (2,040 kg), weapons with hard steel casings, rocket-assisted to increase their penetrating power. Sixty were launched but only one hit the target, causing little damage. However, considerable damage was done to installations surrounding the bunker.
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was to be used for leak–tests of the completed U-boats as well as engine starts and other tests. In addition to the 13 assembly bays, the bunker housed workshops and store-rooms for the prefabricated sections, diesel-engines and batteries, and storage tanks for fuel and lubricants.
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complex, with 2,092 prisoners as of March 25, 1945. The camp facility was erected close by at a large naval fuel oil storage facility; some prisoners were accommodated in an empty underground fuel tank. Among the labourers were mainly non–German concentration camp inmates
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The gateway in the western wall could be closed by means of a sliding bomb-proof door which opened to a small canal, a creek and then directly onto the Weser river. Through this, sections of submarine would be delivered by barges and completed submarines could leave.
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Most of the 10,000–12,000 people who built
Valentin were slave workers, who lived in seven camps located between 3 and 8 kilometres (1.9 and 5.0 mi) from the bunker. Some were housed in the nearby Bremen-Farge concentration camp, the largest subcamp of the
214:. The factory was under construction from 1943 to March 1945 using forced labour, but was damaged by air-raids and unfinished by the end of the war. The Valentin factory was the largest fortified U-boat facility in Germany, and was second only to those built at
89:
542:), responsible for the movement of iron and steel girders. A French survivor, Raymond Portefaix, stated that a prisoner's life expectancy fell dramatically on being assigned to one of these detachments. He described the
556:. This German ship was heavily laden with around 5,000 concentration–camp prisoners when she was attacked and sunk by the RAF on 3 May 1945; only 350 prisoners survived. The sinking took place just one day before the
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High maintenance costs forced the German
Defence Ministry to offer the bunker for sale in 2008. Military use finally came to an end on 31 December 2010. Its custodianship was passed to a group called
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The prisoners held at the
Neuengamme concentration camp and its subcamps were evacuated in April 1945, just before the capture of the area by the British army. Many were placed on board the
473:, the final bay, was a dry dock with an 8-metre (26 ft) deep pool of water. The two separated bays could be flooded to give a total water depth of about 20 metres from the bottom of
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a submarine factory was to be built directly on the Weser river between the Bremen suburbs Rekum and Farge. It was intended the facility would be used for the final assembly of
560:, the unconditional surrender of German forces in the Netherlands, Denmark and North-West Germany. It is estimated that more than 6,000 workers died during the building of
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By March 1945, the facility was 90% completed and most of the necessary machine tools had been installed. Production of U-boats was due to begin within two months.
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arches, manufactured on-site and individually lifted into place. The void space around the arches was then filled with concrete to create the large, thick slab.
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shipyard, it would assemble U-boats. Each would be built from eight, large, pre-fabricated sections manufactured in other shipyards such as Bremer Vulkan,
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808:. The "Camp Elder" was Erich Meissner, a German political prisoner (described by another ex–prisoner as a brutal alcoholic), who became mayor of
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Comparative Tests of the
Effectiveness of Large Bombs Against Reinforced Concrete Structures (Anglo-American Bomb Tests – Project Ruby)
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as the names of the Polish and Russian dead were not recorded. The worst work on the site was that of the so-called iron detachments (
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with the intention of developing it as a museum and a memorial. The group currently offers guided tours of the bunker to the public.
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were subjected to explosive-loaded bombs to study aspects of huge explosions on massive concrete buildings. Bombs were carried by
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After completion, the bunker would have had a work–force of around 4,500 slave workers. Under the management of the
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A German plan showing a cross-section of the bunker, including the deep-pool for the testing of completed U-boats
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The factory was abandoned, and four weeks after the bombing, the area was occupied by the British Army's
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Doctor to the Resistance: The Heroic True Story of an American Surgeon and His Family in Occupied Paris
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The Valentin factory was attacked by the RAF on 27 March 1945. The attacking force consisted of twenty
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Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser zu Stätten des Widerstands und der Verfolgung 1933–1945 – Bremen
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849:(Report). Headquarters, Air Proving Ground Command Elgin Field, Florida. 1946. p. 91.
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The partially completed Valentin bunker in 1944 and some of workforce of forced labourers
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A local history guide to pläces of resistance and persecution 1933–1945 – Bremen
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by German shipyards had been dramatically reduced as a result of bombing by the
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1269:. Vol. 179. U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Physical Damage Division. 1947.
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completed, only four were rated fit for combat before the war ended in Europe.
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1108:"Notorious German Third Reich U-boat base Valentin for sale to serious bidder"
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damage to a nearby electricity plant, workshops and a concrete mixing plant.
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Der Bunker, Ein Beispiel nationalsozialistischen Wahns, Bremen-Farge 1943–45
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918:(in German). U-Boot-Bunker Valentin, Documentation and Memorial Association
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After the war, when the machine tools had been removed, further bombing of
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In 1983, a memorial to the workers who built Valentin was erected. Titled
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for short), each carrying out one part of the assembly process. Two bays,
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Free entrance, self guided walking tours, electronic audio guide available
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Edo Meiners was in charge overall; the on-site supervising engineer was
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Valentin Submarine Assembly, Farge, Germany: Date of Survey, July 1947
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Forgotten Hero of Bunker Valentin. Die Geschichte von Harry Callan.
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1164:] (in German), vol. 6, Verlag fĂĽr Akademische Schriften,
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power-station in Farge. In 1960 the bunker was taken over by the
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and it is unlikely that it would have survived repeated hits.
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The Lancasters attacking Valentin each carried a single large
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dry dock to the water-surface at the building's roof-level.
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As a manufacturing facility, it differed from conventional
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The Bunker, An example of national socialistic insanity
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1251:(in German), vol. 2, Bonn: Bernard & Graefe,
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and subterranean bunkers on the uninhabited island of
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Forced labour under German rule during World War II
700:The eastern and southern sides of Valentin (2021)
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437:The bunker was to house 13 assembly bays (called
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2358:Military history of Germany during World War II
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263:One of the roof trusses is lifted into place
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1312:, panorama view of the interior of Valentin
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877:100 Jahre schiffbautechnische Gesellschaft
816:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
713:bomb-shell during impact. The U-boat pen
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629:. The bombers were escorted by ninety RAF
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992:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1152:Edition Falkenberg: Rotenburg/WĂĽmme 2018
760:), it was by Bremen artist Fritz Stein.
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879:(in German). Springer. p. 214.
603:Roof penetrations from the 1945 RAF
354:construction was carried out by the
1306:Panoramas of World War II Landmarks
1249:Geschichte des deutschen U-Bootbaus
1232:] (in German), Bremen: Temmen,
1204:(in German), 28 February 2006: Lost
1201:Uboot-Bunker Valentin, Bremen-Farge
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1510:List of wolfpacks of World War II
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416:Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven
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72:Aerial view of Valentin (2012),
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1106:Boyes, Roger (19 March 2008).
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758:Extermination through labour
334:in Kiel. Under the codename
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1214:: CS1 maint: location (
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106:53.216992°N 8.506275°E
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1064:: 537–41. 30 May 1946
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950:. pp. 616–18.
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1427:Never deployed
1424:
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1276:
1275:External links
1273:
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1244:
1238:
1221:
1195:
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1047:, p. 351.
1028:
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929:
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812:post–war. See
792:
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772:
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681:
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615:Avro Lancaster
602:
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544:Eisenkommandos
540:Eisenkommandos
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441:in German, or
376:
373:
270:Production of
262:
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2266:Rocket U-boat
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2006:Capital ships
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978:
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948:Penguin Books
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888:
886:3-540-64150-5
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404:Bremer Vulkan
398:
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389:
381:
372:
369:
367:
366:Erich Lackner
363:
359:
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351:
347:
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328:Wilhelmshaven
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49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2308:
2284:World War II
2220:Pillenwerfer
2205:Mark 24 mine
2180:Depth charge
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:World War II
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
1840:World War II
1768:
1758:Convoy ONS 5
1748:Convoy PQ 17
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
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1676:
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1571:
1564:
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1529:
1522:
1515:
1487:Erich Raeder
1399:U-boat lists
1387:
1379:
1310:QuickTime VR
1296:
1282:
1266:
1248:
1229:
1225:
1200:
1180:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1083:Beschreibung
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1012:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
942:
932:
920:. Retrieved
910:
876:
870:
858:. Retrieved
813:
801:
796:
764:
762:
753:
751:
743:
714:
710:Project Ruby
709:
705:
703:
689:
671:
667:Disney bombs
660:
656:
647:'Grand Slam'
633:fighters of
626:
619:617 Squadron
612:
561:
552:
548:
543:
539:
536:
529:
522:
514:
503:Labour force
495:
492:Albert Speer
488:
484:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
431:
419:
418:with bunker
411:
401:
397:Project Ruby
396:
392:
370:
361:
355:
352:
348:
343:
335:
331:
323:
322:in Hamburg,
319:
315:
311:
303:
295:
291:
283:
269:
229:Construction
220:
212:World War II
180:
178:
155:Site history
145:Open to
76:solar panels
74:with modern
18:
2200:Leigh light
2185:Elektroboot
2015:World War I
1789:World War I
1743:Convoy SC 7
1677:Steinbrinck
1492:Karl Dönitz
1045:Flower 2004
938:Tooze, Adam
903:Flower 2004
860:15 February
800:These were
747:German Navy
715:Nordsee III
627:Schwanewede
490:sections.
434:on barges.
428:Bremerhaven
375:Planned use
344:Valentin II
314:in Bremen,
284:Nordsee III
223:U-boat pens
218:in France.
196: [
185:Weser River
109: /
84:Coordinates
54:Weser River
42: [
31:Third Reich
2347:Categories
2168:Technology
2138:Courageous
2048:Formidable
2032:Cornwallis
1663:Schlieffen
1614:Pfadfinder
1593:Kreuzotter
1530:Delphin II
1455:Commanders
1386:Operation
1380:Regenbogen
1378:Operation
1183:, Tempus,
1117:27 January
1068:28 January
996:29 January
824:References
739:RAF Marham
719:Heligoland
605:Grand Slam
597:From below
583:From above
553:Cap Arcona
455:periscopes
191:suburb of
134:blockhouse
115: (
93:53°13′01″N
2215:Mousetrap
2154:Royal Oak
2152:HMS
2144:HMS
2136:HMS
2128:HMS
2122:Ark Royal
2120:HMS
2101:HMS
2085:HMS
2069:HMS
2046:HMS
2030:HMS
2024:Britannia
2022:HMS
1763:Black May
1691:Streitaxt
1684:Siegfried
1551:Eisteufel
1502:Wolfpacks
1388:Deadlight
1300:, Relikte
1112:The Times
674:XXX Corps
643:'Tallboy'
475:Takt 13's
439:Taktplatz
316:Elbe XVII
288:Helgoland
168:Materials
96:8°30′23″E
2309:Valentin
2305:Germany
2249:Concepts
2195:Hedgehog
2071:Majestic
2063:Peresvet
1816:Flanders
1769:Bismarck
1712:Weddigen
1705:Vorwärts
1649:Rossbach
1635:Raubgraf
1572:Hartmann
1210:citation
1086:Archived
940:(2006).
922:22 April
851:Archived
771:See also
706:Valentin
680:Post war
635:11 Group
562:Valentin
459:snorkels
432:Valentin
412:Hornisse
393:Valentin
391:Plan of
336:Valentin
312:Hornisse
278:and the
78:at right
29:Part of
2326:Dora II
2294:Lorient
2290:France
2240:Snorkel
2103:Triumph
2095:Suffren
2087:Russell
2055:Gaulois
1847:Regions
1821:Kurland
1698:TĂĽmmler
1670:Seewolf
1600:Leuthen
1586:Kiebitz
1558:Endrass
1537:Dränger
1516:BlĂĽcher
1444:Classes
1347:U-boats
810:Leipzig
729:and US
568:Bombing
479:Takt 13
471:Takt 13
467:Takt 13
463:Takt 12
451:Takt 10
300:Hamburg
296:Elbe II
292:Fink II
272:U-boats
210:during
208:U-boats
187:at the
2321:Dora I
2316:Norway
2225:Q-ship
2130:Barham
2040:Danton
1656:Schill
1642:Rösing
1544:Eisbär
1523:Borkum
1407:German
1255:
1236:
1187:
1168:
1062:Flight
1019:
954:
883:
447:Takt 9
332:Kaspar
320:Wenzel
304:Kilian
189:Bremen
58:Bremen
52:port (
2276:Bases
2235:Sonar
2146:Eagle
1771:chase
1628:Prien
1621:Pfeil
1579:Hecht
1412:Types
1228:[
1160:[
1135:. DE.
854:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
788:Notes
725:from
496:Reich
494:(the
420:Wespe
324:Wespe
216:Brest
204:]
193:Rekum
160:Built
50:]
39:Rekum
2008:sunk
1826:Pola
1726:Wolf
1719:West
1607:Lohs
1253:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1216:link
1185:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1119:2011
1070:2011
1017:ISBN
998:2011
952:ISBN
924:2011
881:ISBN
862:2011
733:and
465:and
449:and
443:Takt
422:and
318:and
308:Kiel
302:and
294:and
179:The
130:Type
1992:33.
1987:32.
1982:31.
1977:30.
1972:29.
1967:27.
1962:26.
1957:25.
1952:24.
1947:23.
1942:22.
1937:21.
1932:20.
1927:19.
1922:18.
1917:14.
1912:13.
1907:12.
1902:11.
1897:10.
1806:III
1565:Hai
1467:FdU
1462:BdU
551:SS
426:in
326:in
306:in
298:in
202:nds
48:nds
2349::
1892:9.
1887:8.
1882:7.
1877:6.
1872:5.
1867:4.
1862:3.
1857:2.
1852:1.
1811:IV
1801:II
1308:,
1288:DE
1212:}}
1208:{{
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1220:.
1218:)
1194:.
1175:.
1121:.
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1072:.
1025:.
1000:.
960:.
926:.
889:.
864:.
756:(
521:(
119:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
