167:
1911:
32:
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364:) of 20 forced labor camps throughout Estonia, some of which existed only briefly, all of them together commonly referred to as the Vaivara camp complex. At first the camp was run by the OT, but after a few weeks Kurt Pannicke took over. When Pannicke took over the Narva subcamp at the end of September, Helmut Schnabel became commander. In autumn 1944, some of the inmates were evacuated by sea to the
454:
in Poland in 1947 and executed. In 1951, the
Soviets tried a number of Estonian auxiliaries. Brenneis was killed at the end of the war. Bodmann committed suicide in May 1945. Pannicke disappeared after the war. Schnabel was sentenced in Germany to 16 years imprisonment in 1968, which was reduced to 6
670:
The United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume I: Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA), 2009, pp. 1491-1510 (20 pages) doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt16gzb17.47 accessed 17
380:
Since the main purpose of the camps was to fully exploit the work capacity of their inmates, no large-scale killings of the able-bodied took place in the camps. Prisoners in the concentration camp had to work in the nearby forest, a quarry, or in
309:
ordered the liquidation of the remaining ghettos in the Baltic states. Subsequently, German occupation authorities met under the auspices of the
Commander of the Security Police and SD in Reval (the German name for the Estonian capital
389:(selections), as were children. The first such selection took place in the autumn of 1943, when 150 Jewish men and women were shot in the nearby woods. A second selection eliminated 300 Jews, most of them suffering from
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352:
was the camp's surgeon. Altogether only 15 Germans served in the camp. Most of the guards were
Estonian and Russian auxiliaries of the 287th and 290th Security Battalions (Schutzmannschaftsbataillone).
423:(30 kilometres (19 mi)). The inmates had to walk for three days in bad winter weather with poor clothing, footwear and food. The columns were also attacked by Soviet aircraft.
1369:
1815:
1510:
1357:
1856:
682:"Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Phase II — The German Occupation of Estonia, 1941 - 1944"
434:. In August and September, as Germans prepared the evacuation of Estonia, the inmates were sent west. As there were not enough ships, they crowded into the camps of
739:
Andrej
Angrick, "Aktion 1005" - Spurenbeseitigung von NS-Massenverbrechen 1942 - 1945: Eine "geheime Reichssache" im Spannungsfeld von Kriegswende und Propaganda,
396:
From
Bodmann's reports, the camp population in the whole complex was 6,982 in October 1943, 9,207 in November 1943, 8,210 in February 1944 and 6,662 in June 1944.
1646:
1936:
1043:
442:. On 19 September 1944, about 2,000 inmates of the Klooga camp were executed and the corpses burned on pyres. Similar mass executions took place at Lagedi.
407:
With the front coming closer in early 1944, the
Vaivara camp was evacuated on 4 and 5 February 1944. A total of 2,466 inmates were marched to the camps at
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years in 1969. However, he was given a life sentence after another trial in 1977. Others were indicted but never tried by German courts.
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In
December 1943, a typhoid epidemic broke out in the camps, resulting in the deaths of 20 per cent of the camp population.
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393:. In twenty more selections, approximately 500 more Jewish prisoners were killed, including a group of children.
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297:. Vaivara was one of the last camps established. It existed from August 1943 to February 1944.
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Beginning in August 1943, a series of concentration camps was established all over
Estonia by
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314:) to plan the establishment of forced labor camps for the oil-shale extraction operations of
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348:. He was assisted by Hstf. Max Dahlmann, Hstf. Kurt Pannicke and Helmut Schnabel.
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579:(two transportation camps from July to August and from August to September.)
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585:(according to Eugenie Gurin-Loov the site is located in nowadays Russia.)
285:. Some 20,000 Jewish prisoners passed through its gates, mostly from the
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extraction. Those prisoners too old or too sick to work were killed in
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The camp was established in the beginning of August 1943 near the
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368:. From there they were distributed to the satellite camps of the
329:. The administrative center of the camp complex was in Vaivara.
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Satellite camps of
Vaivara concentration camp were located in:
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Nazi concentration camp for Jews in Estonia during World War II
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791:, in: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ed.) (2009):
430:, when one in ten of the inmates was selected and shot near
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761:
EESTI JUUTIDE KATASTROOF 1941 = HOLOCAUST OF ESTONIAN JEWS
155:. The concentration camps are marked with a black square.
426:
In July 1944, Bodmann held a strict selection, known as
1899:
337:, in charge. The administrative staff was headed by
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
173:
1967:
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293:, but also from Latvia, Poland, Hungary and the
529:(now in Opolye volost, Kingiseppsky District,
19:"Vaivara" redirects here. For other uses, see
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838:
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794:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
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360:train station. It served as the main camp (
1539:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
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1229:
845:
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
813:Vaivara Concentration Camp in 1943-1944
1968:
712:
370:Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
1224:
1210:Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
826:
713:Ramsey, Winston (21 September 2022).
588:Pankjavitsa (various spellings), now
1139:War crimes investigations and trials
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1151:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
798:Vol. I, Part B, pp. 1491–1509.
607:Putki (in Kose Parish, Viru County)
480:, with branches in Goldfields (now
13:
716:The Nazi Death Camps: Then And Now
484:and Kohtla shale oil factory) and
458:
181:Location of Vaivara within Estonia
14:
2007:
1882:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1156:Estonian International Commission
1022:Nazi occupation and organizations
419:(20 kilometres (12 mi)) and
295:Theresienstadt concentration camp
1921:
1909:
1534:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
767:, 1994, accessed 17 October 2023
649:List of Nazi concentration camps
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30:
41:needs additional citations for
1200:History of the Jews in Estonia
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415:(30 kilometres (19 mi)),
411:(46 kilometres (29 mi)),
1:
776:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
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402:
333:, a former camp commander of
229:August 1943 – 5 February 1944
1550:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
1544:German Earth and Stone Works
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65:"Vaivara concentration camp"
7:
1695:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1166:Righteous Among the Nations
875:Related articles by country
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366:Stutthof concentration camp
300:
10:
2012:
1976:Vaivara concentration camp
1034:Reichskommissariat Ostland
265:was the largest of the 22
153:Reichskommissariat Ostland
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1647:Identification of inmates
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1252:Nazi concentration camps
854:The Holocaust in Estonia
805:, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem.
376:Conditions and prisoners
273:established in occupied
203:Estonian auxiliaries of
21:Vaivara (disambiguation)
1857:Soviet prisoners of war
1589:SS construction brigade
1205:Estonia in World War II
1013:Franz Walter Stahlecker
803:Jewish Camps in Estonia
801:Mark Dworzecki (1970):
151:Concentration camps in
743:via books.google.com,
624:, 1.5 km east of
1981:Generalbezirk Estland
1952:59.36722°N 27.76306°E
1839:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
1757:Schutzhaftlagerführer
1044:Notable collaborators
428:Ten Percent Selection
1794:Prisoner functionary
1601:Politische Abteilung
1556:SS-Totenkopfverbände
1146:Einsatzgruppen trial
759:Eugenia Gurin-Loov.
719:. After the Battle.
558:(in northern Latvia)
498:Ilinurme (either in
50:improve this article
1948: /
1877:Der Ort des Terrors
1826:Political prisoners
1816:Jehovah's Witnesses
1441:Natzweiler-Struthof
1076:Concentration camps
1008:Rudolf Joachim Seck
973:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
819:, pp. 719–738.
544:, with branches in
1957:59.36722; 27.76306
956:Major perpetrators
811:, Meelis Maripuu:
139:Concentration camp
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1721:Arbeit macht frei
1218:
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1130:Sonderaktion 1005
1003:Martin Sandberger
942:Zelig Kalmanovich
935:Prominent victims
817:Estonia 1940-1945
785:Ruth Bettina Birn
726:978-1-3990-7671-5
668:VAIVARA MAIN CAMP
350:Franz von Bodmann
327:Organisation Todt
305:On 21 June 1943,
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217:(until Nov. 1943)
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106:December 2010
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
33:
28:
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1933:
1886:
1837:
1830:
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1704:
1642:Forced labor
1632:Action 14f14
1627:Action 14f13
1567:Subdivisions
1554:
1505:
1109:Jäger Report
1092:
1067:Evald Mikson
963:Hans Aumeier
926:Kalevi-Liiva
865:Main article
816:
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809:Riho Västrik
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696:. Retrieved
689:the original
676:
671:October 2023
663:
622:Agusalu Lake
493:Narva-Jõesuu
486:Kohtla-Nõmme
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331:Hans Aumeier
324:
322:subsidiary.
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283:World War II
262:
261:
215:Hans Aumeier
205:Nazi Germany
127:
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103:
93:
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72:
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1955: /
1811:Homosexuals
1752:Lagerführer
1637:Early camps
1574:Appellplatz
1470:Ravensbrück
1465:Niederhagen
1331:Gross-Rosen
1319:Flossenbürg
1266:Arbeitsdorf
1123:Concealment
1057:Karl Linnas
593: [
590:Panikovichi
523: [
387:Selektionen
342: [
271:labor camps
226:Operational
200:Operated by
1970:Categories
1943:27°45′47″E
1940:59°22′02″N
1806:"Asocials"
1747:Commandant
1453:Neuengamme
1413:Mauthausen
1365:Kaiserwald
1295:Buchenwald
1259:Main camps
1179:Eha Masing
1174:Uku Masing
968:Karl Jäger
778:vol. III,
655:References
637:Viivikonna
421:Goldfields
403:Evacuation
362:Hauptlager
211:Commandant
76:newspapers
1783:Prisoners
1767:Wehrmacht
1740:Personnel
1712:Selection
1688:Muselmann
1559:(Camp SS)
1271:Auschwitz
1114:Judenfrei
890:Lithuania
533:, Russia)
500:Ilistvere
446:Aftermath
383:oil shale
335:Auschwitz
320:IG Farben
1916:Politics
1716:Slogans
1683:Language
1527:Agencies
1511:subcamps
1499:subcamps
1494:Stutthof
1487:subcamps
1475:subcamps
1458:subcamps
1446:subcamps
1434:subcamps
1422:subcamps
1406:subcamps
1401:Majdanek
1394:subcamps
1382:subcamps
1370:subcamps
1358:subcamps
1347:subcamps
1336:subcamps
1324:subcamps
1312:subcamps
1300:subcamps
1288:subcamps
1276:subcamps
698:19 March
643:See also
632:Ülenurme
599:, Russia
550:Paldiski
520:Kerstovo
301:Creation
190:Location
1928:Germany
1902:Portals
1584:Subcamp
1506:Vaivara
1353:Hinzert
1093:Vaivara
910:Ukraine
880:Belarus
789:Vaivara
780:Vaivara
626:Agusalu
603:Petseri
572:Kuremäe
562:Kukruse
546:Laoküla
537:Kiviõli
409:Kiviõli
358:Vaivara
312:Tallinn
277:by the
275:Estonia
263:Vaivara
234:Inmates
133:Vaivara
90:scholar
1676:Yellow
1671:Purple
1651:Badges
1620:Topics
1606:Revier
1546:(DEST)
1518:Warsaw
1307:Dachau
1088:Jägala
1083:Klooga
919:Crimes
905:Russia
900:Poland
895:Norway
885:Latvia
747:
741:p. 681
723:
577:Lagedi
556:Kūdupe
542:Klooga
510:Jägala
504:Illuka
482:Kohtla
473:Auvere
440:Lagedi
436:Klooga
316:Baltöl
253:Killed
248:20,000
92:
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78:
71:
63:
1656:Black
1417:Gusen
1377:Kauen
692:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
616:Sonda
597:]
583:Narva
567:Kunda
527:]
515:Jõhvi
478:Ereda
468:Aseri
432:Ereda
417:Jõhvi
413:Ereda
346:]
318:, an
287:Vilna
97:JSTOR
83:books
1821:Jews
1799:Kapo
1666:Pink
1649:and
1415:and
745:ISBN
721:ISBN
700:2018
611:Saka
548:and
438:and
289:and
279:Nazi
269:and
69:news
502:or
52:by
1972::
1888:KL
787:,
763:,
595:ru
525:ru
372:.
344:de
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