517:. The vehicles, instead of running on a pair of tracks, would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube (permanent magnets in the track, with variable magnets on the vehicle), and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels. He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to 4,000 km/h (2,500 mph) – about five times faster than a jet airliner – if the air was evacuated from the tunnels. To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted.
526:
452:
322:, each car being directly welded, bolted, or otherwise firmly connected to the next, the route calling for no more bending than the flexibility of steel could easily handle. At the end of the line, the train would be moved sideways into the end chamber of the return tube. The railway would have both an inner evacuated tube and an outer tunnel. At cruise depth, the space between would have enough water to float the vacuum tube, softening the ride.
35:
2732:
1089:
597:
303:
departing train down to cruise level. Rising from cruise level, the arriving train would decelerate by compressing the rarefied air ahead of it, which would be vented. Pumps at the stations would make up for losses due to friction or air escaping around the edges of the train, the train itself requiring no motor. This combination of modified (shallow)
302:
could build a tube shuttle system using technologies available at that time. Maglev being poorly developed at the time, he proposed steel wheels. The chamber's door to the tube would be opened, and enough air admitted behind to accelerate the train into the tube. Gravity would further accelerate the
545:. Theoretically, this would incur two orders of magnitude less cost than current rockets. The StarTram proposal would have vehicles reach up to 14,300 to 31,500 km/h (8,900 to 19,600 mph) within a lengthy acceleration tunnel.
273:
wrote about intercontinental vactrain called "organowiec", which moved in a transparent tube at a speed higher than 1,666 km/h (1,035 mph). Later in April 1962, the vactrain appears in the story "Mercenary" by
249:
369:
and New York areas, the commuter version having longer, heavier trains, to be propelled less by air and more by gravity than the intercity version. The New York system was to have three lines, terminating in
573:
To that end, a few companies have been formed, and several interdisciplinary student-led teams are working to advance the technology. SpaceX built an approximately 1-mile-long (1.6 km)
551:
claim to have achieved some work that resulted in a patent on "evacuated tube transport technology" which was granted in 2009. They presented their idea in 2013 on public stage.
401:
and surface transportation. He called underground Very High Speed
Transportation (tube shuttles) his nation's "logical next step". The plans were never taken to the next stage.
631:
537: – a co-inventor of superconducting maglev in the 1960s – began leading an investigation into the prospect of using a maglev vactrain for
2199:
1139:
570:
corridor. The
Hyperloop concept has been explicitly "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and others have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them.
315:
but limit the system to subsonic speeds, hence initial routes of tens or hundreds of miles or kilometers rather than transcontinental distances were proposed.
236:
in the United States in 1904. Goddard subsequently refined the idea in a 1906 short story called "The High-Speed Bet" which was summarized and published in a
2125:
486:
478:
1144:
240:
editorial in 1909 called "The Limit of Rapid
Transit". Esther, his wife, was granted a US patent for the vactrain in 1950, five years after his death.
212:, imagined a submarine pneumatic tube transport system that could propel a passenger capsule at speeds up to 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph) under the
444:. A trip would average 4,800 km/h (3,000 mph) and subject passengers to accelerations up to 1.4 times that of gravity, requiring the use of
513:
1006:
244:
2524:
448:
compartments. Enormous construction costs (estimated as high as US$ 1 trillion) were the primary reason why Salter's proposal was never built.
1115:
2269:
2327:
1436:
1039:
645:
428:
in one hour. The tunnel would be buried to a depth of several hundred feet in solid rock formations. Construction would make use of
1314:
2451:
2276:
1129:
2456:
2366:
674:
2226:
1065:
470:
maglev train, and operate in large tunnels reduced to the pressure altitude of 21,000 m (68,000 ft) at which the
2517:
2487:
500:). The transit tube would remain at least 300 m (1,000 ft) below the ocean surface to avoid water turbulence.
2409:
99:
1370:
919:
118:
71:
2763:
2145:
1176:
2684:
762:
496:
tackled the transoceanic problems with a proposal to float a tube above the ocean floor, anchored with cables (a
233:
397:
Salter pointed out how such a system would help reduce the environmental damage being done to the atmosphere by
162:) speeds with relatively little power—up to 6,400–8,000 km/h (4,000–5,000 mph). This is 5–6 times the
78:
2585:
2510:
2446:
2294:
1352:
56:
188:
that could convey people or cargo through pressurized or evacuated tubes. The early atmospheric railways and
2736:
2321:
2288:
1953:
1429:
2473:
2263:
1358:
1257:
255:
17:
85:
2707:
2425:
2310:
2299:
2249:
1856:
1658:
1013:
534:
371:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2359:
2353:
2347:
1221:
1209:
567:
193:
1134:
982:
2441:
2431:
2419:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2382:
2338:
2316:
2220:
2213:
2206:
1500:
1215:
578:
497:
391:
67:
52:
2758:
2633:
2436:
2397:
2257:
2244:
2181:
1908:
1893:
1422:
1303:
420:
would establish a transcontinental subway service in the United States and provide a commute from
2768:
2595:
2565:
2236:
2137:
1943:
1654:
1320:
610:
491:
45:
1599:
2664:
2304:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
1980:
1903:
1650:
1618:
1614:
1394:
1330:
1199:
563:
387:
1463:
2533:
2023:
2019:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1809:
1793:
1646:
1583:
1523:
1519:
1364:
1112:
734:
582:
383:
326:
1098:
2679:
2669:
2610:
2548:
2031:
2027:
1933:
1852:
1848:
1827:
1823:
1666:
1662:
1325:
1169:
890:
757:
504:
379:
375:
217:
507:
filed a patent application for a vactrain system. He called the company he wanted to form
8:
2645:
2570:
2015:
1680:
1204:
635:
548:
308:
185:
175:
1094:
894:
562:
Alpha paper, proposing and examining a route running from the Los
Angeles region to the
2109:
2041:
1923:
1913:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1241:
1236:
1684:
92:
2010:
1875:
1870:
1782:
1609:
641:
294:
229:
1124:
2674:
2638:
1866:
1676:
1604:
1346:
1226:
898:
854:
844:
824:
814:
794:
784:
346:
319:
286:
282:
266:
2065:
2051:
2046:
1813:
1636:
1587:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1471:
1445:
1162:
1119:
660:
299:
181:
143:
511:, for velocity, silence, and efficiency. However, the concept itself he called
2702:
2620:
2575:
1927:
1898:
1773:
1738:
1720:
1455:
1231:
1040:"Here are the Hyperloop pods competing in Elon Musk's big race later this year"
482:
441:
213:
189:
163:
155:
848:
818:
788:
692:
2752:
2070:
2036:
1995:
1962:
1958:
1917:
1804:
1751:
1569:
1377:
1308:
602:
425:
366:
362:
354:
330:
304:
275:
404:
At the time these reports were published, national prestige was an issue as
2628:
1990:
1985:
1861:
1705:
1692:
1632:
538:
413:
350:
342:
298:(June 11, 1972). He discussed, in detail, the relative ease with which the
205:
451:
1671:
1564:
1267:
574:
421:
358:
254:
built the world's first model of his proposed version of the vactrain at
209:
2502:
440:
rock formations. The tunnel would maintain a partial vacuum to minimize
2605:
2580:
2282:
2114:
1743:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1528:
1476:
1282:
1262:
467:
463:
455:
409:
159:
1113:
Worcester
Polytechnic Institute page discussing Goddard's achievements
903:
878:
2650:
2104:
2000:
1715:
1641:
1533:
1481:
559:
555:
525:
937:
920:"Gerard K. O'Neill, Professor, 69; Led Studies on Physics and Space"
630:
Joseph Giotta (Narrator), Powderhouse
Productions (April 16, 2003).
34:
2694:
2600:
2590:
2557:
2175:
1287:
1277:
542:
471:
433:
398:
338:
334:
1414:
466:
was proposed to leverage the invention of the experimental German
2005:
1799:
437:
2659:
2060:
2056:
1971:
1818:
1710:
1490:
1340:
1335:
1185:
445:
312:
151:
147:
1975:
1967:
1938:
1789:
1785:
1628:
1623:
429:
405:
258:. He later published a vactrain concept in 1914 in the book
1747:
1149:
675:"The SciFi Story Robert H. Goddard Published 100 Years Ago"
596:
1948:
1154:
711:
1066:"Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track"
850:
Trans-Planetary Subway
Systems = A Burgeoning Capability
289:, published a series of elaborate engineering articles.
2126:
Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)
820:
Trans-Planetary Subway
Systems: A Burgeoning Capability
278:, where he mentions Vacuum Tube Transport in passing.
220:) in a short story called "An Express of the Future".
959:
714:[Motion without friction. pre-α] (in Russian)
529:
An image of a proposed system of the
Hyperloop system
592:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
960:"Why ET3? | Evacuated Tube Transport Technologies"
2750:
462:Starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the
292:An interview with Robert Salter appeared in the
281:During the 1970s, a leading vactrain advocate,
158:could permit vactrains to travel at very high (
329:was laid out, with nine stations, one each in
260:Motion without friction (airless electric way)
2518:
1430:
1170:
872:
870:
1063:
2731:
2525:
2511:
1437:
1423:
1177:
1163:
1064:Etherington, Darrell (September 2, 2016).
867:
416:research was hot technology. The American
2532:
902:
558:, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, published the
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
755:
732:
524:
450:
196:) relied on steam power for propulsion.
150:(magnetic levitation) line using partly
1037:
917:
265:In 1955, Polish science-fiction writer
184:of London conceived of and patented an
14:
2751:
843:
813:
783:
2506:
1418:
1158:
980:
876:
1038:Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 18, 2016).
709:
228:The vactrain proper was invented by
166:in Earth's atmosphere at sea level.
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
2488:Proposed high-speed rail by country
1444:
1315:California–Nevada Interstate Maglev
877:Dyson, Freeman J. (February 1993).
693:"Vacuum tube transportation system"
623:
24:
1145:China Plans 1,000 km/h Super Train
918:Daniels, Lee A. (April 29, 1992).
790:The Very High Speed Transit System
25:
2780:
1080:
658:
2730:
2146:List of high-speed railway lines
1087:
981:Oster, Daryl (October 9, 2013).
595:
481:, a founder and chairman of the
408:had been operating its showcase
311:propulsion would consume little
142:) is a proposed design for very-
33:
2685:Vehicular communication systems
1057:
1031:
999:
974:
952:
930:
911:
837:
763:Analog Science Fiction and Fact
520:
485:project, and Japanese engineer
234:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
223:
199:
192:transport systems (such as the
169:
44:needs additional citations for
984:Speedy Travel in a Vacuum Tube
807:
777:
749:
726:
703:
685:
667:
652:
13:
1:
1371:Shanghai–Hangzhou Maglev Line
756:Reynolds, Mack (April 1962).
616:
2155:By countries and territories
1359:Qingyuan Maglev Tourist Line
1258:High Speed Surface Transport
735:"Five Hundred Miles an Hour"
712:"Движение без трения. pre-α"
432:to ensure alignment and use
365:systems were mapped for the
256:Tomsk Polytechnic University
7:
2708:Automated vacuum collection
2160:planned networks in italics
588:
243:In 1909, Russian professor
10:
2785:
1210:Electromagnetic suspension
1184:
1118:February 27, 2016, at the
661:"An Express of the Future"
474:SST was certified to fly.
318:Trains were to require no
194:Dalkey Atmospheric Railway
173:
154:tubes or tunnels. Reduced
131:Train inside a vacuum tube
2726:
2693:
2619:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2483:
2465:
2337:
2235:
2191:
2168:
2154:
2136:
2123:
1884:
1729:
1677:TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)
1542:
1508:
1499:
1462:
1452:
1403:
1387:
1296:
1250:
1216:Electrodynamic suspension
1192:
1125:Vac Trains at Orion's Arm
498:submerged floating tunnel
2634:Alternative fuel vehicle
2076:British Rail Classes 800
879:"Gerard Kitchen O'Neill"
733:Weinberg, Boris (1917).
566:, roughly following the
146:transportation. It is a
2764:Proposed infrastructure
2596:Pulse detonation engine
2566:Adaptive compliant wing
2138:High-speed railway line
1986:NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)
1321:Changsha Maglev Express
739:Popular Science Monthly
611:Beach Pneumatic Transit
581:at its headquarters in
436:probes to melt through
2665:Personal rapid transit
2586:High-altitude platform
1867:TGV Sud-Est (original)
1395:Lathen train collision
1331:Incheon Airport Maglev
1200:Linear induction motor
995:– via Idea City.
648:on September 27, 2011.
632:"Transatlantic Tunnel"
579:pod design competition
564:San Francisco Bay Area
530:
503:On November 18, 1991,
459:
412:for several years and
2534:Emerging technologies
1833:Shinkansen Series 200
1647:Shinkansen Series 500
1520:China Railway CR400AF
1365:Shanghai Maglev Train
1140:Hydrogen Tube Vehicle
583:Hawthorne, California
528:
454:
327:Northeast Megalopolis
2680:Transit Elevated Bus
2611:Supersonic transport
1810:Renfe Class 120, 121
1552:Renfe Class 100, 101
1534:Shinkansen Series L0
1406:Proposals in italics
325:A route through the
218:transatlantic tunnel
53:improve this article
2703:Pneumatic transport
2646:Ground-effect train
2571:Backpack helicopter
2016:Shinkansen series 0
1388:Transport Accidents
1205:Magnetic levitation
895:1993PhT....46b..97D
637:Extreme Engineering
458:as proposed in 2005
309:atmospheric railway
271:The Magellan Nebula
238:Scientific American
186:atmospheric railway
176:Atmospheric railway
1914:China Railway DJJ1
1887:(124–155 mph)
1732:(155–186 mph)
1701:M (Avelia Horizon)
1545:(186–217 mph)
1242:Lift-to-drag ratio
1237:Eddy current brake
1097:has a profile for
1019:on January 1, 2020
924:The New York Times
697:patents.google.com
531:
460:
2746:
2745:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2162:
2132:
2131:
1885:200–249 km/h
1730:250–299 km/h
1543:300–349 km/h
1501:High-speed trains
1412:
1411:
1407:
1309:Birmingham Maglev
1103:
1007:"Hyperloop Alpha"
904:10.1063/1.2808821
845:Salter, Robert M.
817:(February 1978),
815:Salter, Robert M.
785:Salter, Robert M.
710:Weinberg, Boris.
642:Discovery Channel
509:VSE International
505:Gerard K. O'Neill
487:Yoshihiro Kyotani
479:Frank P. Davidson
295:Los Angeles Times
232:as a freshman at
230:Robert H. Goddard
140:vacuum tube train
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2776:
2734:
2733:
2675:Self-driving car
2639:Hydrogen vehicle
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2110:Voyager/Meridian
1778:CR300AF, CR300BF
1711:Thalys PBA, PBKA
1506:
1505:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1347:Northeast Maglev
1227:Magnetic bearing
1179:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1012:. Archived from
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
934:
928:
927:
915:
909:
908:
906:
874:
865:
864:
863:
861:
855:RAND Corporation
841:
835:
834:
833:
831:
825:RAND Corporation
811:
805:
804:
803:
801:
795:RAND Corporation
781:
775:
774:
772:
770:
753:
747:
746:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
707:
701:
700:
689:
683:
682:
671:
665:
664:
656:
650:
649:
644:. Archived from
627:
605:
600:
599:
495:
287:RAND Corporation
283:Robert M. Salter
253:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2759:High-speed rail
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2714:
2689:
2615:
2536:
2531:
2501:
2492:
2479:
2461:
2333:
2231:
2187:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2128:
2119:
2066:Z-TER (Z 21500)
1886:
1880:
1731:
1725:
1637:KTX-Cheongryong
1544:
1538:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1458:
1448:
1446:High-speed rail
1443:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1383:
1326:Chūō Shinkansen
1304:Beijing line S1
1292:
1246:
1188:
1183:
1135:Popular science
1120:Wayback Machine
1109:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
979:
975:
965:
963:
962:. US: ET3. 2013
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
936:
935:
931:
916:
912:
875:
868:
859:
857:
842:
838:
829:
827:
812:
808:
799:
797:
787:(August 1972),
782:
778:
768:
766:
754:
750:
731:
727:
717:
715:
708:
704:
691:
690:
686:
673:
672:
668:
659:Verne, Michel.
657:
653:
629:
628:
624:
619:
601:
594:
591:
554:In August 2013
535:James R. Powell
523:
514:Magnetic Flight
489:
300:U.S. government
247:
226:
202:
182:George Medhurst
178:
172:
144:high-speed rail
132:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2769:Vacuum systems
2766:
2761:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Delivery drone
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:United Kingdom
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:Czech Republic
2363:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1965:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:China Railway
1918:China Railway
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1859:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1780:
1774:China Railway
1762:2A, 2B, 2E, 2G
1752:China Railway
1741:
1739:Avelia Liberty
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1721:Siemens Velaro
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1674:
1669:
1644:
1639:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1570:China Railway
1567:
1562:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1511:(217 mph)
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:rail transport
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Servomechanism
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:External links
1079:
1076:
1075:
1056:
1030:
998:
973:
951:
940:. startram.com
938:"StarTram2010"
929:
910:
866:
836:
806:
776:
748:
725:
702:
684:
666:
651:
621:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
607:
606:
590:
587:
577:track for its
522:
519:
483:Channel Tunnel
477:In the 1980s,
245:Boris Weinberg
225:
222:
214:Atlantic Ocean
201:
198:
190:pneumatic tube
174:Main article:
171:
168:
164:speed of sound
156:air resistance
130:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2781:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2227:United States
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:SBB RABDe 500
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:InterCity 125
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:New Pendolino
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:CRH1A, 1B, 1E
1756:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:II (Sancheon)
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:Eurostar e300
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1509:350 km/h
1507:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1378:UK Ultraspeed
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1015:
1008:
1002:
986:
985:
977:
961:
955:
939:
933:
925:
921:
914:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Physics Today
880:
873:
871:
856:
852:
851:
846:
840:
830:September 28,
826:
822:
821:
816:
810:
800:September 28,
796:
792:
791:
786:
780:
765:
764:
759:
752:
744:
740:
736:
729:
713:
706:
698:
694:
688:
680:
676:
670:
662:
655:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
626:
622:
612:
609:
608:
604:
603:Trains portal
598:
593:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
527:
518:
516:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
493:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
457:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:New York City
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:San Francisco
364:
363:Commuter rail
360:
357:, and two in
356:
355:Massachusetts
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Washington DC
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:gravity train
301:
297:
296:
290:
288:
284:
279:
277:
276:Mack Reynolds
272:
268:
267:Stanisław Lem
263:
261:
257:
251:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2735:
2660:Maglev train
2654:
2629:Airless tire
2472:
2424:
2402:
2365:
2358:
2346:
2326:
2309:
2300:Saudi Arabia
2287:
2275:
2268:
2256:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2180:
2159:
1996:NSB Class 74
1991:NSB Class 73
1929:
1919:
1862:TCDD HT65000
1824:SBB RABe 501
1775:
1753:
1706:TCDD HT80000
1571:
1485:
1472:Conventional
1464:Technologies
1376:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1313:
1272:
1193:Technologies
1130:Rail Journal
1099:
1069:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1014:the original
1001:
989:. Retrieved
983:
976:
964:. Retrieved
954:
942:. Retrieved
932:
923:
913:
886:
882:
858:, retrieved
849:
839:
828:, retrieved
819:
809:
798:, retrieved
789:
779:
767:. Retrieved
761:
751:
742:
738:
728:
718:November 24,
716:. Retrieved
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
654:
646:the original
636:
625:
572:
568:Interstate 5
553:
547:
539:space launch
532:
521:21st century
512:
508:
502:
476:
461:
417:
414:maglev train
403:
396:
388:White Plains
351:Rhode Island
343:Pennsylvania
324:
317:
293:
291:
280:
270:
264:
259:
242:
237:
227:
224:20th century
206:Michel Verne
203:
200:19th century
179:
170:18th century
139:
135:
133:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
18:Vacuum train
2447:Switzerland
2410:Netherlands
2295:South Korea
1588:MTR CRH380A
1268:Launch loop
1049:October 19,
1023:November 3,
769:January 19,
758:"Mercenary"
679:gizmodo.com
490: [
422:Los Angeles
359:Connecticut
269:in a novel
248: [
210:Jules Verne
2753:Categories
2606:Spaceplane
2581:Flying car
2322:Uzbekistan
2289:Kazakhstan
1770:5A, 5E, 5G
1744:China Star
1681:Atlantique
1565:Alstom AGV
1529:Transrapid
1477:Hovertrain
1353:ODU maglev
1283:Transrapid
1263:Inductrack
1070:TechCrunch
991:October 9,
966:October 9,
745:: 705–708.
617:References
468:Transrapid
464:Swissmetro
456:Swissmetro
410:shinkansen
392:St. George
380:Huntington
160:hypersonic
109:April 2018
79:newspapers
68:"Vactrain"
2651:Hyperloop
2549:Transport
2474:Australia
2264:Indonesia
2250:Hong Kong
2200:Argentina
2105:Talgo XXI
2001:Pendolino
1716:THSR 700T
1482:Hyperloop
1100:Vactrain
1044:The Verge
944:April 28,
889:(2): 98.
560:Hyperloop
556:Elon Musk
541:, dubbed
533:In 2001,
446:gimballed
418:Planetran
384:Elizabeth
208:, son of
204:In 1888,
180:In 1799,
152:evacuated
2695:Pipeline
2655:Vactrain
2601:Scramjet
2591:Jet pack
2426:Portugal
2311:Thailand
2192:Americas
1904:Adelante
1871:La Poste
1828:RABe 503
1486:Vactrain
1454:Part of
1288:SCMaglev
1278:StarTram
1273:Vactrain
1222:Guideway
1150:Cargocap
1116:Archived
1102:(Q58181)
847:(1978),
589:See also
575:subscale
543:StarTram
472:Concorde
434:tungsten
399:aviation
376:Paterson
347:New York
339:Delaware
335:Maryland
320:couplers
136:vactrain
2670:Platoon
2466:Oceania
2388:Germany
2378:Finland
2373:Denmark
2360:Croatia
2354:Belgium
2348:Austria
2328:Vietnam
2176:Morocco
2006:Railjet
1981:Javelin
1800:KTX-Eum
1610:ETR 400
1605:ETR 500
1524:CR400BF
1513:or more
1251:Systems
1095:Scholia
891:Bibcode
438:igneous
372:Babylon
93:scholar
2558:Aerial
2541:Fields
2452:Turkey
2442:Sweden
2432:Russia
2420:Poland
2415:Norway
2404:Latvia
2393:Greece
2383:France
2339:Europe
2317:Turkey
2305:Taiwan
2221:Mexico
2214:Canada
2207:Brazil
2169:Africa
2061:SJ X40
2057:X 2000
2052:SCB-40
2042:Re 460
2011:Regina
1934:CR200J
1930:Fuxing
1899:ACS-64
1819:Sapsan
1776:Fuxing
1689:Duplex
1685:Réseau
1491:Maglev
1341:M-Bahn
1336:Linimo
1186:Maglev
860:May 9,
430:lasers
390:, and
313:energy
148:maglev
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2437:Spain
2398:Italy
2283:Japan
2258:India
2245:China
2182:Egypt
2071:Sokol
2047:SC-44
1976:ICE L
1968:ICE T
1944:HHP-8
1939:ER200
1920:Hexie
1894:Acela
1857:E7/W7
1796:(ICx)
1754:Hexie
1672:AVRIL
1659:E5/H5
1655:N700S
1642:Oaris
1629:KTX-I
1624:ICE 3
1576:CRH2C
1572:Hexie
1297:Lines
1218:(EDS)
1212:(EMS)
1017:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
494:]
406:Japan
252:]
100:JSTOR
86:books
2737:List
2621:Land
2277:Iraq
2270:Iran
2237:Asia
1954:ICNG
1924:CRH6
1876:V250
1748:DJF2
1651:N700
1619:e320
1600:380D
1596:380C
1592:380B
1584:380A
1051:2016
1025:2019
993:2017
987:. US
968:2017
946:2011
862:2021
832:2011
802:2011
771:2015
720:2015
442:drag
307:and
138:(or
72:news
2100:810
2096:807
2092:805
2088:803
2084:802
2080:801
2024:400
2020:100
1963:225
1949:IC4
1909:APT
1845:800
1841:700
1837:300
1814:130
1783:ICE
1697:2N2
1693:POS
1560:103
1556:102
899:doi
549:ET3
424:to
285:of
216:(a
55:by
2755::
2653:/
2115:X3
2098:,
2094:,
2090:,
2086:,
2082:,
2078:,
2059:,
2032:E4
2030:,
2028:E1
2026:,
2022:,
2018:,
1974:,
1972:TD
1970:,
1961:,
1926:,
1916:,
1869:,
1855:,
1853:E3
1851:,
1849:E2
1847:,
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1826:,
1812:,
1792:,
1788:,
1772:,
1768:,
1766:3A
1764:,
1760:,
1750:,
1746:,
1699:,
1695:,
1691:,
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
1667:E8
1665:,
1663:E6
1661:,
1657:,
1653:,
1649:,
1635:,
1631:,
1617:;
1598:,
1594:,
1590:,
1586:/
1582:,
1580:3C
1578:,
1558:,
1554:,
1522:,
1068:.
1042:.
922:.
897:.
887:46
885:.
881:.
869:^
853:,
823:,
793:,
760:.
743:90
741:.
737:.
695:.
677:.
640:.
634:.
585:.
492:ja
394:.
386:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
361:.
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
262:.
250:ru
134:A
2526:e
2519:t
2512:v
1794:4
1790:2
1786:1
1484:/
1438:e
1431:t
1424:v
1178:e
1171:t
1164:v
1106:.
1072:.
1053:.
1027:.
970:.
948:.
926:.
907:.
901::
893::
773:.
722:.
699:.
681:.
663:.
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
