686:, Jenner's own translation of "smallpox of the cow". That term lent its name to the whole idea of vaccination. When it was realized that the virus used in smallpox vaccination was not, or was no longer, the same as cowpox virus, the name 'vaccinia' was used for the virus in smallpox vaccine. (See OED.) Vaccine potency and efficacy prior to the invention of refrigerated methods of transportation was unreliable. The vaccine would be rendered impotent by heat and sunlight, and the method of drying samples on quills and shipping them to countries in need often resulted in an inactive vaccine. Another method employed was the "arm to arm" method. This involved vaccinating an individual then transferring it to another as soon as the infectious pustule forms, then to another, etc. This method was used as a form of living transportation of the vaccine, and usually employed orphans as carriers. However, this method was problematic due to the possibility of spreading other blood diseases, such as hepatitis and syphilis, as was the case in 1861, when 41 Italian children contracted syphilis after being vaccinated by the "arm to arm" method.
45:
509:
prevent progeny formation when single virus particles infected host chick embryo cells, could still produce viable progeny viruses when host cells were infected by two or more of these inactivated viruses; that is, MR could occur. Kim and Sharp demonstrated MR of vaccinia virus after treatment with UV-light, nitrogen mustard, and X-rays or gamma rays. Michod et al. reviewed numerous examples of MR in different viruses, and suggested that MR is a common form of sexual interaction in viruses that provides the advantage of recombinational repair of genome damages.
766:(CDC) reported that a woman in Washington had contracted vaccinia virus infection after digital vaginal contact with her boyfriend, a military member who had recently been vaccinated for smallpox. The woman had a history of childhood eczema, but she had not been symptomatic as an adult. The CDC indicated that it was aware of four similar cases in the preceding 12 months of vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a recent military vaccinee. Further cases—also in patients with a history of eczema—occurred in 2012.
76:
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membrane, while the CEV and EEV are both surrounded by two membrane layers and the IEV has three envelopes. The IMV is the most abundant infectious form and is thought to be responsible for spread between hosts. On the other hand, the CEV is believed to play a role in cell-to-cell spread and the EEV
1105:
Carroll, Darin S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Li, Yu; Sammons, Scott; Olson, Victoria; Frace, Michael; Nakazawa, Yoshinori; Czerny, Claus Peter; Tryland, Morten; Kolodziejek, Jolanta; Nowotny, Norbert; Olsen-Rasmussen, Melissa; Khristova, Marina; Govil, Dhwani; Karem, Kevin; Damon, Inger K.; Meyer, Hermann
508:
Vaccinia virus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation (MR). MR is the process by which two, or more, virus genomes containing otherwise lethal damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable virus genome. Abel found that vaccinia viruses exposed to doses of UV light sufficient to
714:
A paper published in 1915 by
Fredrick W. Twort, a student of Willian Bulloch, is considered to be the beginning of modern phage research. He was attempting to grow vaccinia virus on agar media in the absence of living cells when he noted that many colonies of contaminating micrococci grew up and
594:
infection. For this reason, vaccinia virus was, and still is, being used as a live-virus vaccine against smallpox. Unlike vaccines that use weakened forms of the virus being vaccinated against, the vaccinia virus vaccine cannot cause a smallpox infection because it does not contain the smallpox
734:
In March 2007, a 2-year-old
Indiana boy and his mother contracted a life-threatening vaccinia infection from the boy's father. The boy developed the telltale rash over 80 percent of his body after coming into close contact with his father, who was vaccinated for smallpox before being deployed
1663:
Warren, Luigi; Manos, Philip D.; Ahfeldt, Tim; Loh, Yuin-Han; Li, Hu; Lau, Frank; Ebina, Wataru; Mandal, Pankaj K.; Smith, Zachary D.; Meissner, Alexander; Daley, George Q.; Brack, Andrew S.; Collins, James J.; Cowan, Chad; Schlaeger, Thorsten M.; Rossi, Derrick J. (2010).
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appeared mucoid, watery or glassy, and this transformation could be induced in other colonies by inoculation of the fresh colony with material from the watery colony. Using a microscope, he observed that bacteria had degenerated into small granules that stained red with
495:: intracellular mature virion (IMV), the intracellular enveloped virion (IEV), the cell-associated enveloped virion (CEV) and the extracellular enveloped virion (EEV). Although the issue remains contentious, the prevailing view is that the IMV consists of a single
1829:
2674:
2662:
2647:
1440:
Sharp DG, Kim KS (July 1966). "Multiplicity reactivation and radiation survival of aggregated vaccinia virus. Calculation of plaque titer based on MR and particle aggregation seen in the electron microscope".
443:; historically the two were often considered to be one and the same. The precise origin of vaccinia virus is unknown due to the lack of record-keeping, as the virus was repeatedly cultivated and
1017:
Johnson, L.; Gupta, A. K.; Ghafoor, A.; Akin, D.; Bashir, R. (2006). "Characterization of vaccinia virus particles using microscale silicon cantilever resonators and atomic force microscopy".
1944:"Early smallpox vaccine manufacturing in the United States: Introduction of the "animal vaccine" in 1870, establishment of "vaccine farms", and the beginnings of the vaccine industry"
1738:
Rao, Agam K.; Petersen, B. W.; Whitehill, F.; Razeq, J. H.; Isaacs, S. N.; Merchlinsky, M. J.; Campos-Outcalt, D.; Morgan, R. L.; Damon, I.; Sánchez, P. J.; Bell, B. P. (2022-06-03).
1807:
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1616:"The E3L and K3L vaccinia virus gene products stimulate translation through inhibition of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase by different mechanisms"
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virus. However, certain complications and/or vaccine adverse effects occasionally arise. The chance of this happening is significantly increased in people who are
451:
virus (the causative agent of smallpox) were all derived from a common ancestral virus. There is also speculation that vaccinia virus was originally isolated from
782:
to develop heat stable vaccine in powdered form. Used as the basis for vaccine production during the World Health
Organization Smallpox Eradication Campaign (SEC)
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2497:"Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: A transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes"
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In addition to the morbidity of uncomplicated primary vaccination, transfer of infection to other sites by scratching, and post-vaccinial
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Vaccinia virus infection is typically very mild and often does not cause symptoms in healthy individuals, although it may cause rash and
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showed that the smallpox vaccines being used in the 20th century and cowpox virus were not the same, but were immunologically related.
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599:. Approximately 1 to 2 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated could die as a result of life-threatening reactions to the
2281:"Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccinee—San Diego, California, 2012"
2609:
1799:
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834:(also known as MVA): a highly attenuated (not virulent) strain created by passaging vaccinia virus several hundred times in
796:. Used in the SEC, it was replaced in 2008 by ACAM2000 (see below), produced by Acambis. It was produced as preparations of
558:) is another protein encoded by Vaccinia. E3L also inhibits PKR activation, and is also able to bind to double stranded RNA.
3558:
851:
sick and therefore may be safer to use in humans who have weaker immune systems due to being very young, very old, having
455:, and analysis of DNA from an early (1902) sample of smallpox vaccine showed that it was 99.7% similar to horsepox virus.
2756:
1666:"Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA"
2087:
1268:
Schrick, Livia; Tausch, Simon H; Dabrowski, P. Wojciech; Damaso, Clarissa R; Esparza, José; Nitsche, Andreas (2017).
2162:"Household transmission of vaccinia virus from contact with a military smallpox vaccinee—Illinois and Indiana, 2007"
1740:"Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination | Smallpox | CDC"
2958:
2581:
1525:
Kim KS, Sharp DG (January 1968). "Multiplicity reactivation of gamma- and x-irradiated
Vaccinia virus in L cells".
53:
3686:
3280:
2204:
3295:
2028:
3512:
368:(smallpox of the cow). However, the origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time, especially after
739:. The United States military resumed smallpox vaccinations in 2002. The child acquired the infection due to
658:, as a vector for expression of foreign genes within a host, in order to generate an immune response. Other
447:
in research laboratories for many decades. The most common notion is that vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and
3724:
3578:
3524:
2495:
Rubins, K. H.; Hensley, L. E.; Bell, G. W.; Wang, C; Lefkowitz, E. J.; Brown, P. O.; Relman, D. A. (2008).
607:
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75:
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2948:
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1739:
1713:
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759:. On April 19, 2007, he was sent home with no after effects except for possible scarring of the skin.
719:. He concluded that "...it might almost be considered as an acute infectious disease of micrococci."
3714:
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774:
This is a list of some of the well-characterized vaccinia strains used for research and vaccination.
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331:
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488:
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was subsequently recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that
2234:"Vaccinia Virus Infection After Sexual Contact with a Military Smallpox Vaccinee—Washington, 2010"
590:. Immune responses generated from a vaccinia virus infection protects the person against a lethal
376:
demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox, and
3529:
3199:
2861:
1311:"Vaccinia Virus DNA Replication Occurs in Endoplasmic Reticulum-enclosed Cytoplasmic Mini-Nuclei"
861:
CV-1: an attenuated strain developed in the United States and used there in the late 1960s- 1970s
645:
212:
1229:
3673:
3595:
2953:
2919:
2416:"Vulvar vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a military smallpox vaccinee—Alaska, 2006"
2656:
693:
In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C. Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of pig
491:. During its replication cycle, VV produces four infectious forms which differ in their outer
3420:
3385:
3308:
356:
had been an endemic human disease that had a 30% fatality rate. In 1796, the
British doctor
3655:
3482:
3123:
3113:
2827:
2508:
1854:
Vanderplasschen, A.; Pastoret, P.-P. (December 2003). "The Uses of
Poxviruses as Vectors".
1576:
Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
1534:
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880:
422:
412:
261:
70:
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8:
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2983:
2678:
2415:
2333:
2280:
1405:
ABEL P (August 1962). "Multiplicity reactivation and marker rescue with vaccinia virus".
687:
347:
334:(WHO) used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977. Although
297:
2512:
1538:
1123:
816:: The current strain in use in the US, produced by Acambis. ACAM2000 was derived from a
3275:
3164:
3154:
3018:
2881:
2846:
2816:
2531:
2496:
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2451:
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2020:
1976:
1943:
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1550:
1150:
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736:
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124:
19:
This article is about the virus related to smallpox vaccines. For the plant genus, see
3563:
2683:
1905:
1640:
1615:
1502:
1477:
707:
1950s US smallpox vaccine, produced by the
National Drug Company in Philadelphia from
629:
stockpiled 192.5 million doses of the new vaccine (see list of common strains below).
408:, other complications of vaccinia infections may be divided into the following types:
364:
virus would also confer immunity to the deadly smallpox. Jenner referred to cowpox as
3709:
3642:
3507:
3351:
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1981:
1963:
1909:
1871:
1769:
1695:
1645:
1593:
1558:
1507:
1478:"Multiplicity reactivation of vaccinia virus particles treated with nitrogen mustard"
1458:
1454:
1422:
1418:
1384:
1358:
1340:
1335:
1310:
1291:
1237:
1210:
1178:
1155:
1137:
1074:"The Immunological Relationship of the Virus of Spontaneous Cowpox to Vaccinia Virus"
1049:
997:
756:
723:
596:
531:
417:
373:
248:
2334:"Notice to Readers: Newly Licensed Smallpox Vaccine to Replace Old Smallpox Vaccine"
1631:
3647:
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3219:
3000:
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2743:
2729:
2526:
2516:
2473:
2463:
2389:
2294:
2126:
2012:
1971:
1955:
1942:
Esparza, José; Lederman, Seth; Nitsche, Andreas; Damaso, Clarissa R. (2020-06-19).
1901:
1863:
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1627:
1585:
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1489:
1450:
1414:
1374:
1330:
1322:
1281:
1145:
1127:
1085:
1026:
848:
603:. The rate of myopericarditis with ACAM2000 is 5.7 per 1,000 of primary vaccinees.
546:
428:
327:
202:
1959:
934:
670:
The original vaccine for smallpox, and the origin of the idea of vaccination, was
500:
is thought to be important for long range dissemination within the host organism.
3411:
3086:
3007:
2694:
2521:
1589:
1379:
1362:
1132:
845:
468:
136:
44:
2410:
2275:
2228:
2156:
743:, which is a known risk factor for vaccinia infection. The boy was treated with
3618:
3369:
3340:
3313:
3290:
3103:
2866:
2779:
1681:
1493:
779:
697:
622:
476:
444:
282:
2016:
1201:
Huygelen C (1996). "Jenner's cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology".
1030:
3703:
3448:
3346:
3169:
3060:
2805:
2205:"SIGA's Smallpox Drug Candidate Administered to Critically Ill Human Patient"
1967:
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789:
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369:
357:
172:
2097:
3498:
3330:
3253:
3243:
3190:
3150:
3141:
2989:
2540:
2487:
2452:"Use of Reporter Genes in the Generation of Vaccinia Virus-Derived Vectors"
2431:
2403:
2308:
2251:
2179:
2140:
2131:
1985:
1875:
1773:
1755:
1699:
1597:
1426:
1388:
1344:
1295:
1159:
821:
804:
716:
480:
405:
372:
developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century.
343:
112:
100:
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2394:
2377:
1913:
1649:
1562:
1511:
1462:
1326:
1214:
3627:
3487:
1286:
1269:
841:
752:
600:
554:
496:
2639:
2593:
2078:
Waldor, Matthew K.; Friedman, David I.; Adhya, Sankar Lal, eds. (2005).
2024:
578:
3517:
3473:
3130:
3049:
2928:
1554:
825:
703:
659:
562:
522:
160:
148:
56:
2208:
1363:"The formation and function of extracellular enveloped Vaccinia virus"
1046:
Jenner's
Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin
3438:
3401:
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2871:
2795:
2724:
2700:
2468:
2449:
748:
472:
464:
323:
319:
307:
20:
3589:
2080:
Phages : their role in bacterial pathogenesis and biotechnology
2000:
1546:
3612:
3079:
3074:
3069:
2933:
1308:
1172:
852:
813:
788:(also known as "Wyeth"): the vaccine strain previously used in the
778:
Lister (also known as
Elstree): the English vaccine strain used by
655:
618:
614:
591:
385:
353:
289:
2705:
1108:"Chasing Jenner's Vaccine: Revisiting Cowpox Virus Classification"
858:
LC16m8: an attenuated strain developed and currently used in Japan
3454:
3425:
3194:
3174:
2995:
2908:
2898:
1309:
Tolonen N, Doglio L, Schleich S, Krijnse Locker J (1 July 2001).
835:
817:
633:
611:
566:
518:
484:
448:
27:
2744:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
2450:
Al Ali, S; Baldanta, S; Fernández-Escobar, M; Guerra, S (2016).
644:(EMA) in 2013. This strain has been used in vaccines during the
3660:
3098:
2856:
2836:
2666:
2651:
2567:
838:
785:
740:
694:
671:
483:. Therefore, the large genome is required for encoding various
440:
361:
315:
303:
63:
2207:(Press release). SIGA Technologies. 2007-03-17. Archived from
2783:
800:
793:
679:
587:
541:
452:
285:
87:
1941:
1267:
3239:
3091:
1892:(1999). "Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis".
1614:
Davies MV, Chang HW, Jacobs BL, Kaufman RJ (1 March 1993).
1173:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
439:
Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes
311:
342:
virus is still studied widely by scientists as a tool for
1737:
1236:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders.
621:
which can be produced quickly upon need. Manufactured by
300:
1998:
1613:
690:
introduced a method for vaccine production from calves.
487:
and proteins involved in viral DNA replication and gene
399:
388:, and the cowpox strains found in Great Britain are the
1853:
1714:"Side Effects of Smallpox Vaccination | Smallpox | CDC"
1357:
1104:
1016:
1999:
Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA (September 1913).
1575:
1270:"An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox"
844:. Unlike some other vaccinia strains it does not make
517:
Vaccinia contains within its genome genes for several
2494:
2113:"Allan Watt Downie. September 1901 – 26 January 1988"
2001:"Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia"
1662:
943:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2629:
2565:
2371:
2118:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1830:"European public assessment report summary: Imvanex"
2610:"The mystery virus that protects against monkeypox"
2050:"Tube for smallpox vaccine with two sealed needles"
1175:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
755:(ST-246), a (then) experimental drug developed by
360:proved that an infection with the relatively mild
582:Site of a vaccinia injection, several days later.
545:(eIF-2alpha). K3L protein inhibits the action of
326:. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern
3701:
2554:. National Center for Biotechnology Information
2110:
1992:
1929:Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox
2054:Thackray Museum of Medicine Collections Online
1361:, Vanderplasschen A, Law M (1 December 2002).
1221:
901:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
899:Taxonomical species names were updated by the
3554:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
2764:
1609:
1607:
1227:
1067:
1065:
662:are also used as live recombinant vaccines.
503:
2378:"Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis"
1744:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1196:
1194:
310:in length, which encodes approximately 250
3357:Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
2771:
2757:
2590:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2412:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2277:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2230:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2158:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1604:
1200:
1098:
764:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
627:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
43:
2530:
2520:
2477:
2467:
2393:
2298:
2130:
1975:
1763:
1689:
1639:
1501:
1378:
1334:
1285:
1149:
1131:
1089:
1078:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
1062:
425:(vaccinia gangrenosum, vaccinia necrosum)
2111:Tyrrell, D. A. J.; McCarthy, K. (1990).
1797:
1656:
1524:
1475:
1439:
1191:
702:
577:
3028:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
2152:
2150:
1400:
1398:
991:
3702:
1926:
1404:
1232:. In Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (eds.).
1166:
1071:
985:
3594:
3593:
2752:
2586:Emergency Preparedness & Response
2566:Condit RC, Moussatche N, Traktman P.
2286:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2269:
2239:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2222:
2167:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1888:
1043:
561:B18R is a protein which serves as an
400:Classification of vaccinia infections
3559:Post-vaccination follicular eruption
2147:
1395:
810:EM63: Russian strain used in the SEC
322:, with a mass of approximately 5–10
2607:
1800:"FDA approves new smallpox vaccine"
1798:Heilprin, John (1 September 2007).
573:
13:
3720:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
3228:
2364:
1476:Kim KS, Sharp DG (February 1967).
1209:(5): 479–536, discussion 537–538.
949:from the original on 8 August 2022
521:that give the virus resistance to
512:
14:
3736:
2625:
2552:"Vaccinia virus, complete genome"
2348:from the original on May 20, 2022
769:
318:are roughly 360 Ă— 270 Ă— 250
3574:Viral-associated trichodysplasia
2959:Modified varicella-like syndrome
2782:, symptoms and signs related to
1810:from the original on 26 May 2018
1019:Sensors and Actuators B Chemical
824:. It is produced in cultures of
74:
3281:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
2438:from the original on 2021-06-28
2344:(8): 207–8. February 29, 2008.
2326:
2315:from the original on 2021-03-09
2258:from the original on 2021-04-23
2197:
2186:from the original on 2021-03-10
2104:
2082:. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
2071:
2060:from the original on 2024-05-29
2042:
2031:from the original on 2022-03-31
1935:
1931:. New York: Grove/Atlantic Inc.
1920:
1882:
1847:
1822:
1791:
1780:from the original on 2022-08-08
1731:
1720:from the original on 2022-05-26
1706:
1632:10.1128/JVI.67.3.1688-1692.1993
1569:
1518:
1469:
1433:
1351:
1302:
1274:New England Journal of Medicine
1261:
1250:from the original on 2009-06-01
1048:. Heinemann Educational Books.
870:Connaught Laboratories (Canada)
729:
606:On September 1, 2007, the U.S.
3296:Verrucae palmares et plantares
2568:"The Vaccinia Virion: 3D Tour"
1228:Henderson DA, Moss B (1999) .
1203:Verh. K. Acad. Geneeskd. Belg.
1037:
1010:
992:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
961:
927:
893:
549:, an activator of interferons.
542:eukaryotic initiation factor 2
338:no longer exists in the wild,
1:
3513:Hand, foot, and mouth disease
3008:Cytomegalic inclusion disease
1960:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.037
1906:10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00207-2
996:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
920:
807:and treated with antibiotics.
3525:Foot-and-mouth disease virus
2522:10.1371/journal.pone.0002628
2420:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2338:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
1927:Tucker, Jonathan B. (2001).
1832:. 2018-09-17. Archived from
1590:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1455:10.1016/0042-6822(66)90211-X
1419:10.1016/0042-6822(62)90150-2
1380:10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-2915
1133:10.1371/journal.pone.0023086
994:Sherris Medical Microbiology
654:is also used in recombinant
640:strain, was approved by the
608:Food and Drug Administration
463:Poxviruses are unique among
7:
3569:Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
3460:Congenital rubella syndrome
3205:Molluscum contagiosum virus
2372:Gubser C, Hué S, Kellam P,
874:
458:
384:is most closely related to
10:
3741:
2949:Disseminated herpes zoster
2887:Herpetic gingivostomatitis
1682:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.012
1494:10.1128/JVI.1.1.45-49.1967
745:intravenous immunoglobulin
665:
25:
18:
3602:
3546:
3496:
3471:
3436:
3409:
3400:
3367:
3328:
3304:
3217:
3183:
3160:Bovine papular stomatitis
3139:
3058:
3047:
3016:
2971:
2917:
2895:
2825:
2814:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2715:
2633:
1031:10.1016/j.snb.2005.08.047
682:term used for Cowpox was
642:European Medicines Agency
504:Multiplicity reactivation
434:
332:World Health Organization
257:
247:
242:
223:Vaccinia virus Copenhagen
199:
194:
69:
51:
42:
35:
3579:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
3380:Merkel cell polyomavirus
3266:Laryngeal papillomatosis
2852:Herpes simplex keratitis
1868:10.2174/1566523034578168
935:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
886:
832:Modified vaccinia Ankara
638:Modified vaccinia Ankara
636:, which is based on the
314:. The dimensions of the
26:Not to be confused with
3530:Boston exanthem disease
3200:Yaba monkey tumor virus
2882:Herpetiform esophagitis
2862:Neonatal herpes simplex
2017:10.1093/infdis/13.2.294
1230:"Smallpox and Vaccinia"
1044:Baxby, Derrick (1981).
646:2022 monkeypox outbreak
281:) is a large, complex,
213:Rabbitpox virus Utrecht
2954:Zoster-associated pain
2132:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0004
1756:10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1
969:"Taxon Details | ICTV"
910:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
711:
583:
187:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
37:Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
3386:Merkel cell carcinoma
3309:Bovine papillomavirus
2395:10.1099/vir.0.19565-0
1327:10.1091/mbc.12.7.2031
1177:. Saunders Elsevier.
820:of a Dryvax virus by
706:
610:(FDA) licensed a new
581:
218:Vaccinia virus Ankara
3483:Alphavirus infection
3347:Erythema infectiosum
3124:Progressive vaccinia
3114:Generalized vaccinia
2939:Herpes zoster oticus
2279:(CDC) (March 2013).
1856:Current Gene Therapy
1287:10.1056/NEJMc1707600
881:B13R (virus protein)
632:A smallpox vaccine,
565:inhibitor in one of
535:) is a protein with
423:Progressive vaccinia
413:Generalized vaccinia
262:Progressive vaccinia
71:Virus classification
3725:Genetic engineering
2984:Human herpesvirus 6
2513:2008PLoSO...3.2628R
1539:1968RadR...33...30K
1124:2011PLoSO...623086C
1072:Downie, AW (1939).
903:in June 2024, with
822:plaque purification
688:Henry Austin Martin
392:closely related to
348:genetic engineering
3462:("German measles")
3276:Bowenoid papulosis
2847:Herpes gladiatorum
2716:External resources
1373:(Pt 12): 2915–31.
737:United States Army
712:
584:
306:approximately 190
126:Nucleocytoviricota
16:Strain of poxvirus
3697:
3696:
3596:Taxon identifiers
3587:
3586:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3508:Coxsackie A virus
3488:Chikungunya fever
3396:
3395:
3352:Reticulocytopenia
3324:
3323:
3213:
3212:
3119:Eczema vaccinatum
3043:
3042:
2996:Exanthema subitum
2967:
2966:
2944:Ophthalmic zoster
2909:B virus infection
2877:Eczema herpeticum
2739:
2738:
1954:(30): 4773–4779.
1804:Houston Chronicle
1578:Infect Genet Evol
1280:(15): 1491–1492.
1243:978-0-7216-7443-8
1184:978-0-7216-2921-6
1106:(8 August 2011).
1055:978-0-435-54057-9
1003:978-0-8385-8529-0
757:SIGA Technologies
724:Allan Watt Downie
684:Variolae vaccinae
597:immunocompromised
479:, outside of the
418:Eczema vaccinatum
374:Allan Watt Downie
366:variolae vaccinae
292:family. It has a
288:belonging to the
267:
266:
237:Medical condition
235:
234:
228:Vaccinia virus WR
3732:
3715:Chordopoxvirinae
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3591:
3590:
3407:
3406:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3220:Papillomaviridae
3056:
3055:
3033:Kaposi's sarcoma
3001:Roseola vaccinia
2922:
2902:
2857:Herpetic sycosis
2842:Herpetic whitlow
2830:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2608:Gorvett, Zaria.
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2469:10.3390/v8050134
2446:
2444:
2443:
2407:
2397:
2376:(January 2004).
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2302:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1626:(3): 1688–1692.
1611:
1602:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1135:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1008:
1007:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
931:
914:
897:
735:overseas by the
574:Use as a vaccine
569:'s technologies.
557:
534:
429:Roseola vaccinia
328:smallpox vaccine
240:
239:
203:Buffalopox virus
79:
78:
47:
33:
32:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3564:LipschĂĽtz ulcer
3534:
3492:
3467:
3432:
3412:Paramyxoviridae
3392:
3363:
3320:
3300:
3229:
3209:
3179:
3155:Milker's nodule
3135:
3087:Monkeypox virus
3039:
3012:
2963:
2918:
2913:
2896:
2891:
2826:
2786:
2780:Skin infections
2777:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2711:
2710:
2642:
2628:
2614:
2612:
2599:
2597:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2441:
2439:
2367:
2365:Further reading
2362:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2155:
2148:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1887:
1883:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1750:(22): 734–742.
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1661:
1657:
1612:
1605:
1574:
1570:
1547:10.2307/3572239
1523:
1519:
1474:
1470:
1438:
1434:
1403:
1396:
1356:
1352:
1315:Mol. Biol. Cell
1307:
1303:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1222:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1103:
1099:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1015:
1011:
1004:
990:
986:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
933:
932:
928:
923:
918:
917:
898:
894:
889:
877:
864:Western Reserve
846:immunodeficient
772:
732:
674:, described by
668:
576:
553:
539:to the protein
530:
515:
513:Host resistance
506:
461:
437:
402:
298:double-stranded
238:
208:Cantagalo virus
195:Member viruses
190:
138:Pokkesviricetes
73:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3639:
3634:Vaccinia virus
3624:
3608:
3606:
3604:Vaccinia virus
3600:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3504:
3502:
3499:Picornaviridae
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3375:
3373:
3370:Polyomaviridae
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3341:Parvovirus B19
3336:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:Equine sarcoid
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3291:Pigmented wart
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Butcher's wart
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3249:Heck's disease
3246:
3236:
3234:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3104:Vaccinia virus
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Genital herpes
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Herpes simplex
2833:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2671:
2659:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:Classification
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2623:
2622:
2605:
2578:
2563:
2546:
2545:
2492:
2447:
2414:(CDC) (2007).
2408:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2325:
2268:
2246:(25): 773–75.
2232:(CDC) (2010).
2221:
2196:
2174:(19): 478–81.
2160:(CDC) (2007).
2146:
2103:
2088:
2070:
2041:
2011:(2): 294–300.
1991:
1934:
1919:
1900:(4): 301–307.
1881:
1862:(6): 583–595.
1846:
1821:
1790:
1730:
1716:. 2017-07-12.
1705:
1676:(5): 618–630.
1670:Cell Stem Cell
1655:
1603:
1584:(3): 267–285.
1568:
1517:
1468:
1432:
1394:
1350:
1321:(7): 2031–46.
1301:
1260:
1242:
1220:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1097:
1084:(2): 158–176.
1061:
1054:
1036:
1025:(1): 189–197.
1009:
1002:
984:
960:
925:
924:
922:
919:
916:
915:
907:being renamed
905:Vaccinia virus
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
829:
811:
808:
792:, produced by
783:
780:Leslie Collier
771:
770:Common strains
768:
731:
728:
698:tissue culture
667:
664:
623:Sanofi Pasteur
575:
572:
571:
570:
559:
550:
514:
511:
505:
502:
460:
457:
436:
433:
432:
431:
426:
420:
415:
401:
398:
271:vaccinia virus
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
98:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
61:Vaccinia virus
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3737:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:Rubella virus
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:Matonaviridae
3435:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Verruca plana
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Herpes zoster
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2810:
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2806:Herpesviridae
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2352:September 17,
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677:
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489:transcription
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467:because they
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370:Louis Pasteur
367:
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358:Edward Jenner
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174:Orthopoxvirus
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3331:Parvoviridae
3329:
3254:Genital wart
3244:plantar wart
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3191:Yatapoxvirus
3165:Pseudocowpox
3151:Farmyard pox
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3048:
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2990:Roseolovirus
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2621:</ref>
2613:. Retrieved
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2594:the original
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2556:. Retrieved
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1994:
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1947:
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1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
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1205:(in Dutch).
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951:. Retrieved
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909:
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805:freeze-dried
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730:2000–present
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717:Giemsa stain
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471:only in the
462:
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406:encephalitis
403:
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344:gene therapy
339:
335:
330:, which the
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274:
270:
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186:
185:
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161:
150:Chitovirales
149:
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114:Bamfordvirae
113:
102:Varidnaviria
101:
94:
84:(unranked):
60:
36:
3628:Wikispecies
3474:Togaviridae
2382:J Gen Virol
2056:. 474.058.
1533:(1): 30–6.
1527:Radiat. Res
1488:(1): 45–9.
973:ictv.global
953:17 December
842:fibroblasts
753:Tecovirimat
625:, the U.S.
601:vaccination
523:interferons
497:lipoprotein
465:DNA viruses
3704:Categories
3518:Herpangina
3131:Buffalopox
3050:Poxviridae
2929:Chickenpox
2600:2007-07-26
2582:"Smallpox"
2573:2007-07-26
2558:2007-07-25
2462:(5): 134.
2442:2017-09-17
2319:2017-09-17
2262:2017-09-17
2215:2018-07-20
2190:2017-09-17
2125:: 98–112.
2064:2024-05-29
2035:2019-09-11
1840:2014-05-19
1784:2022-08-08
1724:2022-05-25
1254:2017-09-17
978:2024-08-30
937:Poxviridae
921:References
867:Copenhagen
826:Vero cells
803:which was
660:poxviruses
563:interferon
162:Poxviridae
57:micrograph
3547:Ungrouped
3402:RNA virus
3092:Monkeypox
2872:Cold sore
2796:DNA virus
2725:eMedicine
2706:111852003
2701:SNOMED CT
2005:J Inf Dis
1968:0264-410X
1142:1932-6203
749:cidofovir
722:In 1939
493:membranes
477:host cell
473:cytoplasm
469:replicate
283:enveloped
249:Specialty
181:Species:
109:Kingdom:
21:Vaccinium
3710:Vaccinia
3674:11461153
3619:Q1986297
3613:Wikidata
3109:Vaccinia
3080:Alastrim
3075:Smallpox
2730:med/2356
2541:18612436
2501:PLOS ONE
2488:27213433
2436:Archived
2432:17476203
2404:14718625
2374:Smith GL
2346:Archived
2313:Archived
2309:23446513
2256:Archived
2252:20592687
2184:Archived
2180:17510612
2141:11622284
2098:57557385
2058:Archived
2029:Archived
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1986:32473878
1890:Baxby, D
1876:14683453
1808:Archived
1778:Archived
1774:35653347
1718:Archived
1700:20888316
1620:J. Virol
1598:18295550
1482:J. Virol
1443:Virology
1427:13858909
1407:Virology
1389:12466468
1359:Smith GL
1345:11452001
1296:29020595
1248:Archived
1234:Vaccines
1160:21858000
1112:PLOS ONE
947:Archived
875:See also
853:HIV/AIDS
814:ACAM2000
709:vaccinia
656:vaccines
652:Vaccinia
619:smallpox
617:against
615:ACAM2000
592:smallpox
537:homology
519:proteins
459:Virology
445:passaged
394:vaccinia
386:horsepox
382:vaccinia
378:vaccinia
354:Smallpox
340:vaccinia
336:smallpox
290:poxvirus
253:Virology
243:Vaccinia
157:Family:
121:Phylum:
3455:Rubella
3426:Measles
3195:Tanapox
3175:Sealpox
3070:Variola
2899:B virus
2784:viruses
2695:D014615
2670:: B08.0
2615:26 July
2532:2440811
2509:Bibcode
2479:4885089
2456:Viruses
2300:4604863
1977:7294234
1948:Vaccine
1914:9987167
1894:Vaccine
1765:9169520
1691:3656821
1650:8094759
1563:5634978
1555:3572239
1535:Bibcode
1512:5623957
1463:5922451
1215:9027132
1151:3152555
1120:Bibcode
1091:2065307
836:chicken
695:corneal
666:History
634:Imvanex
612:vaccine
567:Moderna
485:enzymes
481:nucleus
475:of the
449:variola
169:Genus:
145:Order:
133:Class:
64:virions
28:vaccine
3661:540221
3099:Cowpox
3061:Ortho.
3019:Gamma.
2817:Alpha.
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786:Dryvax
751:, and
741:eczema
672:Cowpox
555:P21605
532:P18378
453:horses
441:cowpox
435:Origin
362:cowpox
316:virion
304:genome
294:linear
3687:10245
3669:IRMNG
3648:7F865
3259:giant
3184:Other
3142:Para.
2974:Beta.
2684:051.0
2021:JSTOR
1551:JSTOR
1336:55651
887:Notes
818:clone
801:lymph
794:Wyeth
680:Latin
588:fever
552:E3L (
529:K3L (
390:least
312:genes
286:virus
258:Types
95:Realm
88:Virus
3682:NCBI
3240:Wart
2690:MeSH
2679:9-CM
2657:1E73
2617:2022
2537:PMID
2484:PMID
2428:PMID
2400:PMID
2354:2017
2305:PMID
2248:PMID
2176:PMID
2137:PMID
2094:OCLC
2084:ISBN
1982:PMID
1964:ISSN
1910:PMID
1872:PMID
1816:2018
1770:PMID
1696:PMID
1646:PMID
1594:PMID
1559:PMID
1508:PMID
1459:PMID
1423:PMID
1385:PMID
1341:PMID
1292:PMID
1238:ISBN
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1179:ISBN
1156:PMID
1138:ISSN
1050:ISBN
998:ISBN
955:2018
849:mice
798:calf
346:and
275:VACV
269:The
3656:EoL
3643:CoL
3421:MeV
3231:HPV
3170:Orf
2920:VZV
2828:HSV
2675:ICD
2663:ICD
2648:ICD
2527:PMC
2517:doi
2474:PMC
2464:doi
2390:doi
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2127:doi
2013:doi
1972:PMC
1956:doi
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