Urbanization - Knowledge

320: 4644:"Article: "Urban Food Waste generation: challenges and opportunities" Journal: Int. J. of Environment and Waste Management, 2009 Vol.3 No.1/2 pp.4 - 21 Abstract: Greater economic activity and a wider economic gap between rural and urban areas is leading to accelerated urbanisation and the generation of 35% more Urban Food Waste (UFW) from 2007 to 2025. Besides landfilling, this paper examines the advantages of introducing onsite composting and anaerobic digestion for the environmental recycling of UFW and the lowering of handling cost. For Asia and Africa, these solutions for UFW could reduce the mass of MSW by 43% and 55%, respectively, thus help there cities manage almost all of their MSW. For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends. - Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research" 1969:

vegetation is completely removed immediately in order to make it easier and less expensive for construction to occur, thereby obliterating any native species in that area. Habitat fragmentation can filter species with limited dispersal capacity. For example, aquatic insects are found to have lower species richness in urban landscapes. The more urbanized the surrounding of habitat is, the fewer species can reach the habitat. Other times, such as with birds, urbanization may allow for an increase in richness when organisms are able to adapt to the new environment. This can be seen in species that may find food while scavenging developed areas or vegetation that has been added after urbanization has occurred i.e. planted trees in city areas

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affect individuals by creating perceived insecurity. Perceived insecurity can be due problems with the physical environment, such as issues with personal safety, or problems with the social environment, such as a loss of positive self-concepts from negative events. Increased stress is a common individual psychological stressor that accompanies urbanization and is thought to be due to perceived insecurity. Changes in social organization, a consequence of urbanization, are thought to lead to reduced social support, increased violence, and overcrowding. It is these factors that are thought to contribute to increased stress.

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and severity of asthma among these populations. Links have been found between exposure to traffic-related air pollution and allergic diseases. Children living in poor, urban areas in the United States now have an increased risk of morbidity due to asthma in comparison to other low-income children in the United States. In addition, children with croup living in urban areas have higher hazard ratios for asthma than similar children living in rural areas. Researchers suggest that this difference in hazard ratios is due to the higher levels of air pollution and exposure to environmental allergens found in urban areas.

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Perceiving that resources are nearby for physical activity increases the likelihood that residents of all communities will meet the guidelines and recommendations for appropriate physical activity. Specific to rural residents, the safety of outdoor developed spaces and convenient availability to recreational facilities matters most when making decisions on increasing physical activity. In order to combat the levels of inactivity in rural residents, more convenient recreational features, such as the ones discussed in this paragraph, need to be implemented into rural communities and societies.

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spaces in rural areas, like parks and trails, suggest that there is lower walkability in these areas in comparison to urban areas. Many residents in rural settings have to travel long distances to utilize exercise facilities, taking up too much time in the day and deterring residents from using recreational facilities to obtain physical activity. Additionally, residents of rural communities are traveling further for work, decreasing the amount of time that can be spent on leisure physical activity and significantly decreases the opportunity to partake in active transportation to work.

778:(published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, stated "Urban development in our period was a gigantic process of class segregation, which pushed the new labouring poor into great morasses of misery outside the centres of government, business, and the newly specialized residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European division into a 'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period." This is probably caused by the south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other pollutants down, making the western edges of towns better than the eastern ones. 133: 1944:

apparent concern. To address these concerns, local governments sought solutions with the lowest economic impacts which meant implementing technical solutions at the very last stage of the process. Current waste management reflects these economically motivated solutions, such as incineration or unregulated landfills. Yet, a growing increase for addressing other areas of life cycle consumption has occurred from initial stage reduction to heat recovery and recycling of materials. For example, concerns for mass consumption and

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cutting down on transport costs, creating new job opportunities, providing education and housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals and families to make use of their closeness to workplaces and diversity. While cities have more varied markets and goods than rural areas, facility congestion, domination of one group, high overhead and rental costs, and the inconvenience of trips across them frequently combine to make marketplace competition harsher in cities than in rural areas.

33: 1768: 2371:...the most important class conflict in the poor countries of the world today is not between labour and capital. Nor is it between foreign and national interests. It is between rural classes and urban classes. The rural sector contains most of the poverty and most of the low-cost sources of potential advance; but the urban sector contains most of the articulateness, organization, and power. So the urban classes have been able to win most of the rounds of the struggle with the countryside... 2271: 46: 740: 8872: 8067: 328: 2218: 494: 2282: 1965:, but rather breaks it apart with things like roads and railways This change may affect a species ability to sustain life by separating it from the environment in which it is able to easily access food, and find areas that they may hide from predation With proper planning and management, fragmentation can be avoided by adding corridors that aid in the connection of areas and allow for easier movement around urbanized regions. 1780: 67: 829: 7733: 2579: 547: 8861: 583:

reduce the time and expense of commuting and transportation. Conditions like density, proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition are elements of an urban environment that deemed beneficial. However, there are also harmful social phenomena that arise: alienation, stress, increased cost of living, and mass marginalization that are connected to an urban way of living.

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instead absorbed by buildings and asphalt; leading to higher surface temperatures. Vehicles, factories, and heating and cooling units in factories and homes release even more heat. As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than other areas near them. Urban heat islands also make the soil drier and absorb less carbon dioxide from emissions.

1940:. Landfills are the third leading cause of the release of methane, causing a concern on its impact to our ozone and on the health of individuals. Accumulation of food waste causes increased fermentation, which increases the risk of rodent and bug migration. An increase in migration of disease vectors creates greater potential of disease spreading to humans. 1846:

resources, especially in countries already facing food insecurity due to changing environmental conditions. The mix of changing environmental conditions and the growing population of urban regions, according to UN experts, will strain basic sanitation systems and health care, and potentially cause a humanitarian and environmental disaster.

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without those features. Having a variety of destinations close to where people live, increases the use of active transportation, such as walking and biking. Active transportation is also enhanced in urban communities where there is easy access to public transportation due to residents walking or biking to transportation stops.

1830:, Stewart Brand argues that the effects of urbanization are primarily positive for the environment. First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls immediately to replacement rate and keeps falling, reducing environmental stresses caused by population growth. Secondly, emigration from rural areas reduces destructive 270:. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns), or as an increase in that condition over time. Therefore, urbanization can be quantified either in terms of the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the 2297:. In-migration refers to migration from former colonies and similar places. The fact that many immigrants settle in impoverished city centres led to the notion of the "peripheralization of the core", which simply describes that people who used to be at the periphery of the former empires now live right in the centre. 380:, the proportion of the population living in cities with more than 20,000 people jumped from 17% in 1801 to 54% in 1891. Moreover, and adopting a broader definition of urbanization, while the urbanized population in England and Wales represented 72% of the total in 1891, for other countries the figure was 37% in 6964:(2006) 32#4 pp 582–597, identifies a loss of influence by such writers as Lewis Mumford, Robert Caro, and Sam Warner, a continuation of the emphasis on narrow, modern time periods, and a general decline in the importance of the field. Comments by Timothy Gilfoyle and Carl Abbott contest the latter conclusion. 5093: 2438:

techniques are implemented to create a transition into developing environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable cities. Additionally, a more well-rounded approach articulates the importance to promote participation of non-state actors, which could include businesses, research and non-profit

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reasons. Examples can be seen in many ancient cities; although with exploration came the collision of nations, which meant that many invaded cities took on the desired planned characteristics of their occupiers. Many ancient organic cities experienced redevelopment for military and economic purposes,

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can be thought of as factors that affect the individual and factors that affect the larger social group. At the macro, social group level, changes related to urbanization are thought to contribute to social disintegration and disorganization. These macro factors contribute to social disparities which

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Barriers such as geographic isolation, busy and unsafe roads, and social stigmas lead to decreased physical activity in rural environments. Faster speed limits on rural roads prohibits the ability to have bike lanes, sidewalks, footpaths, and shoulders along the side of the roads. Less developed open

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Data shows that there is an increase in crime in urbanized areas. Some factors include per capita income, income inequality, and overall population size. There is also a smaller association between unemployment rate, police expenditures and crime. The presence of crime also has the ability to produce

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suffer "disproportionately from disease, injury, premature death, and the combination of ill-health and poverty entrenches disadvantage over time." Many of the urban poor have difficulty accessing health services due to their inability to pay for them; so they resort to less qualified and unregulated

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make dangerous toxins. They live best in nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich places which include the oceans contaminated by the aforementioned chemicals. In these ideal conditions, they choke surface water, blocking sunlight and nutrients from other life forms. Overgrowth of algal blooms makes water worse

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has led to less politically powerful groups, such as farmers, losing or forfeiting their land, resulting in obligatory migration into cities. In China, where land acquisition measures are forceful, there has been far more extensive and rapid urbanization (54%) than in India (36%), where peasants form

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In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city to seek their fortune and alter their social position. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are more concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is

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Historically, crime and urbanization have gone hand in hand. The simplest explanation is that areas with a higher population density are surrounded by greater availability of goods. Committing crimes in urbanized areas is also more feasible. Modernization has led to more crime as well, as the modern

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Urbanization has also been associated with an increased risk of asthma as well. Throughout the world, as communities transition from rural to more urban societies, the number of people affected by asthma increases. The odds of reduced rates of hospitalization and death from asthmas has decreased for

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have become a growing concern over the years. An urban heat island is formed when industrial areas absorb and retain heat. Much of the solar energy reaching rural areas is used to evaporate water from plants and soil. In cities, there are less vegetation and exposed soil. Most of the sun's energy is

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Urbanization also creates opportunities for women that are not available in rural areas. This creates a gender-related transformation where women are engaged in paid employment and have access to education. This may cause fertility to decline. However, women are sometimes still at a disadvantage due

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Thai farmers are seen as poor, stupid, and unhealthy. As young people flee the farms, the values and knowledge of rice farming and the countryside are fading, including the tradition of long kek, helping neighbours plant, harvest, or build a house. We are losing what we call Thai-ness, the values of

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In low and middle income countries many factors contribute to the high numbers of people with asthma. Similar to areas in the United States with increasing urbanization, people living in growing cities in low income countries experience high exposure to air pollution, which increases the prevalence

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is a conurbation instead of a city. Its total population of 20 million (over 20% national population) make it a primate city, but Quezon City (2.7 million), the largest municipality in Greater Manila, and Manila (1.6 million), the capital, are normal cities instead. A conurbation's dominance can be

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When the residential area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization. A number of researchers and writers suggest that suburbanization has gone so far to form new points of concentration outside the downtown both in developed and developing countries such as India. This networked, poly-centric

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Neighbourhoods and communities with nearby fitness venues, a common feature of urbanization, have residents that partake in increased amounts of physical activity. Communities with sidewalks, street lights, and traffic signals have residents participating in more physical activity than communities

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Despite the increase in access to health services that usually accompanies urbanization, the rise in population density negatively affects air quality ultimately mitigating the positive value of health resources as more children and young adults develop asthma due to high pollution rates. However,

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Depending on the various factors, such as level of urbanization, both increases or decreases in "species richness" can be seen. This means that urbanization may be detrimental to one species but also help facilitate the growth of others. In instances of housing and building development, many times

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produced by humans. This helps to lessen the harmful effects of greenhouse gases. But it also makes the ocean more acidic. A drop in pH the prevents the proper formation of calcium carbonate, which sea creatures need to build or keep shells or skeletons. This is especially true for many species of

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Urban problems, along with developments in their facilities, are also fuelling suburb development trends in less developed nations, though the trend for core cities in said nations tends to continue to become ever denser. Development of cities is often viewed negatively, but there are positives in

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However, in Thailand, urbanization has also resulted in massive increases in problems such as obesity. Shifting from a rural environment to an urbanized community also caused a transition to a diet that was mainly carbohydrate-based to a diet higher in fat and sugar, consequently causing a rise in

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Urbanization occurs either organically or planned as a result of individual, collective and state action. Living in a city can be culturally and economically beneficial since it can provide greater opportunities for access to the labour market, better education, housing, and safety conditions, and

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and manufactures on a small scale. Due to the primitive and relatively stagnant state of agriculture throughout this period, the ratio of rural to urban population remained at a fixed equilibrium. However, a significant increase in the percentage of the global urban population can be traced in the

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Although urbanization tends to produce more negative effects, one positive effect that urbanization has impacted is an increase in physical activity in comparison to rural areas. Residents of rural areas and communities in the United States have higher rates of obesity and engage in less physical

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Urbanization has also been linked to the spread of communicable diseases, which can spread more rapidly in the favourable environment with more people living in a smaller area. Such diseases can be respiratory infections and gastrointestinal infections. Other infections could be infections, which

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When cities don't plan for increases in population it drives up house and land prices, creating rich (ghettos) and poor ghettos. "You get a very unequal society and that inequality is manifested where people live, in our neighbourhoods, and it means there can be less capacity for empathy and less

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However, existing infrastructure and city planning practices are not sustainable. In July 2013 a report issued by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs warned that with 2.4 billion more people by 2050, the amount of food produced will have to increase by 70%, straining food

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In a New York Times article concerning the acute migration away from farming in Thailand, life as a farmer was described as "hot and exhausting". "Everyone says the farmer works the hardest but gets the least amount of money". In an effort to counter this impression, the Agriculture Department of

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into villages many thousands of years ago. Village culture is characterized by common bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behaviour, whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behaviour. This unprecedented movement of people is

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Waste management systems vary on all scales from global to local and can also be influenced by lifestyle. Waste management was not a primary concern until after the Industrial Revolution. As urban areas continued to grow along with the human population, proper management of solid waste became an

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Cities offer a larger variety of services, including specialist services not found in rural areas. These services require workers, resulting in more numerous and varied job opportunities. Elderly people may be forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater to their

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arises through slum development, anarchic construction, water scarcity, the absence of financial structures, the absence of basic structures, the absence of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, sidewalks, signs, markets, schools, etc., can sometimes hinder the productivity of certain cities.

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In a study comparing different regions in the United States, opinions across all areas were shared that environmental characteristics like access to sidewalks, safe roads, recreational facilities, and enjoyable scenery are positively associated with participation in leisure physical activity.

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activity than urban residents. Rural residents consume a higher percent of fat calories and are less likely to meet the guidelines for physical activity and more likely to be physically inactive. In comparison to regions within the United States, the west has the lowest prevalence of physical

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more crime. These areas have less social cohesion and therefore less social control. This is evident in the geographical regions that crime occurs in. As most crime tends to cluster in city centres, the further the distance from the centre of the city, the lower the occurrence of crimes are.

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In many developing countries where economies are growing, the growth is often random and based on a small number of industries. Youths in these nations lack access to financial services and business advisory services, cannot get credit to start a business, and have no entrepreneurial skills.

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has occurred, with cities losing population to rural areas, and is particularly common for richer families. This has been possible because of improved communications and has been caused by factors such as the fear of crime and poor urban environments. It has contributed to the phenomenon of

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Food deserts in developed countries often correspond to areas with a high-density of fast food chains and convenience stores that offer little to no fresh food. Urbanization has been shown to be associated with the consumption of less fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and a higher

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will be urbanized. This is predicted to generate artificial scarcities of land, lack of drinking water, playgrounds and so on for most urban dwellers. The predicted urban population growth is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and

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with the "potential to use resources much less or more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems." However, current urbanization trends have shown that massive urbanization has led to unsustainable ways of living. Developing

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media has raised greater awareness of the income gap between the rich and the poor. This leads to feelings of deprivation, which in turn can lead to crime. In some regions where urbanization happens in wealthier areas, a rise in property crime and a decrease in violent crime is seen.

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or whether cities simply attract those who are more productive. Urban geographers have shown that there exists a large productivity gain due to locating in dense agglomerations. It is thus possible that agents locate in cities in order to benefit from these agglomeration effects.

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Feely, Richard A.; Alin, Simone R.; Newton, Jan; Sabine, Christopher L.; Warner, Mark; Devol, Allan; Krembs, Christopher; Maloy, Carol (August 2010). "The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary".

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Migration is also a factor that can increase crime in urbanized areas. People from one area are displaced and forced to move into an urbanized society. Here they are in a new environment with new norms and social values. This can lead to less social cohesion and more crime.

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Yasin, Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nawaz; Chaudhary, M. Aslam (22 July 2019). "Catechizing the Environmental-Impression of Urbanization, Financial Development, and Political Institutions: A Circumstance of Ecological Footprints in 110 Developed and Less-Developed Countries".

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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (30 August 2019). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".

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Ponte, Eduardo Vieira; Cruz, Alvaro A.; Athanazio, Rodrigo; Carvalho-Pinto, Regina; Fernandes, Frederico L. A.; Barreto, Mauricio L.; Stelmach, Rafael (1 February 2018). "Urbanization is associated with increased asthma morbidity and mortality in Brazil".

171:, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It can also mean population growth in urban areas instead of rural ones. It is predominantly the process by which 2467:. Walkable communities have a 38% higher average GDP per capita than less walkable urban metros (Leinberger, Lynch). By combining economic, environmental, and social sustainability, cities will become equitable, resilient, and more appealing than 2056:. Nearly 23.5 million people in the United States lack access to supermarkets within one mile of their home. Several studies suggest that long distances to a grocery store are associated with higher rates of obesity and other health disparities. 5106:

Features such as footpaths, rivers and canals already offer green corridors in many urban areas. Greenspace that is not suitable breeding habitat for many species may still serve to improve permeability, and therefore movement, between breeding

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also known as urban food waste. Food waste is the disposal of food products that can no longer be used due to unused products, expiration, or spoilage. The increase of food waste can raise environmental concerns such as increase production of

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in the late 18th century, this relationship was finally broken and an unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the 19th century, both through continued migration from the countryside and due to the tremendous

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forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades, mushrooming cities to sizes unthinkable only a century ago. As a result, the world urban population growth curve has up till recently followed a quadratic-hyperbolic pattern.

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Furthermore, urbanization improves environmental eminence through superior facilities and standards in urban areas as compared to rural areas. Lastly, urbanization curbs pollution emissions by increasing innovations. In his 2009 book

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obesity. City life, especially in modern urban slums of the developing world, is certainly hardly immune to pestilence or climatic disturbances such as floods, yet continues to strongly attract migrants. Examples of this were the

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Therefore, they cannot seize opportunities in these industries. Making sure adolescents have access to excellent schools and infrastructure to work in such industries and improve schools is compulsory to promote a fair society.

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consumption of processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Poor access to healthy food and high intakes of fat, sugar and salt are associated with a greater risk for obesity, diabetes and related chronic disease. Overall,

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measured by output, wealth, and especially population, each expressed as a percentage of the entire country's. Greater Seoul is one conurbation that dominates South Korea. It is home to 50% of the entire national population.

2324:, a phenomenon in which the rate of urbanization grows more rapidly than the rate of economic development, leading to high unemployment and high demand for resources. In the 1980s, this was attempted to be tackled with the 587:, which is happening in the cities of the largest developing countries, may be regarded as an attempt to balance these harmful aspects of urban life while still allowing access to the large extent of shared resources. 781:

Similar problems now affect less developed countries, as rapid development of cities makes inequality worse. The drive to grow quickly and be efficient can lead to less fair urban development. Think tanks such as the

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Jitnarin, Nattinee; Kosulwat, Vongsvat; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa; Boonpraderm, Atitada; Haddock, Christopher K.; Poston, Walker S. C.; Jitnarin, Nattinee; Kosulwat, Vongsvat; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa (21 January 2010).

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children and young adults in urbanized municipalities in Brazil. This finding indicates that urbanization may have a negative impact on population health particularly affecting people's susceptibility to asthma.

790:. In many cases, the rural-urban unskilled migrant workers are attracted by economic opportunities in cities. Unfortunately, they cannot find a job and or pay for houses in urban areas and have to live in slums. 730:

Though Greater Busan-Ulsan (15%, 8 million) and Greater Osaka (14%, 18 million) dominate their respective countries, their populations are moving to their even more dominant rivals, Seoul and Tokyo respectively.

680:) to oppose such efforts. Obligatory and unplanned migration often results in the rapid growth of slums. This is also similar to areas of violent conflict, where people are driven off their land due to violence. 598:

is a contributing factor to urbanization. In rural areas, often on small family farms or collective farms in villages, it has historically been difficult to access manufactured goods, though the relative overall

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have moved to the forefront of the urban consumers' priorities. Aside from environmental concerns (e.g. climate change effects), other urban concerns for waste management are public health and land access.

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Using the Gall-Peters Projection it is estimated that come 2015 the worlds urban population is set to exceed 4 billion, most of this growth is expected in Africa and Asia and China to be 50% urbanized.

718:(s) of a country can get more benefits from the same things cities offer, attracting the rural population and urban and suburban populations from other cities. Dominant conurbations are quite often 2077:, Colorado found that, in addition to minorities, the affected neighbourhoods also had a high proportion of children and new births. In children, urbanization is associated with a lower risk of 2886: 2529:

Presently, most countries in the world are urbanized, with the global urbanization average numbering 56.2% in 2020. However, there are great differences between some regions; the nations of

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new roads carved through the cities, and new parcels of land were cordoned off serving various planned purposes giving cities distinctive geometric designs. UN agencies prefer to see

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health needs. Varied and high-quality educational opportunities are another factor in urban migration, as well as the opportunity to join, develop, and seek out social communities.

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have proposed policies that encourage labour-intensive to make use of the migration of less skilled workers. One problem these migrant workers are involved with is the growth of

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Unfortunately, this phenomenon affects even the largest cities in the world; in 2018, 300,000 were recorded in the world, housing around 40% of the world's urban population.

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at which the urban proportion of the population is increasing. Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental challenges, which provide an opportunity for

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and other pollutants in the air onto the ground. These chemicals are washed directly into rivers, streams, and oceans, making water worse and damaging ecosystems in them.

1869:, polluted water created by rainfall on impervious surfaces, is a common effect of urbanization. Precipitation from rooftops, roads, parking lots and sidewalks flows to 661:

These are the costs of participating in the urban economy. Your increased income is canceled out by increased expenditure. In the end, you have even less left for food.

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The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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redevelopment schemes, mean that new arrivals in cities no longer necessarily settle in the centre. In some developed regions, the reverse effect, originally called

7762: 2118:), can cause DNA methylation of CpG sites in immune cells, which increases children's risk of developing asthma. Studies have shown a positive correlation between 603:

is very subjective, and may certainly surpass that of the city. Farm living has always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of

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Many people move into cities for economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the very high recent urbanization rates in places like China and India.

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pro-poor urbanization will require labour-intensive growth, supported by labour protection, flexible land use regulation and investments in basic services.'

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Shelley, L. I. (1981). Crime and modernization: The impact of industrialization and urbanization on crime. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

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Food deserts in the United States are most commonly found in low-income and predominately African American neighbourhoods. One study on food deserts in

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Lundkvist, E.; Landin, J.; Karlsson, F. (2002). "Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden".

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Different forms of urbanization can be classified depending on the style of architecture and planning methods as well as the historic growth of areas.

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Most of the urban poor in developing countries unable to find work can spend their lives in insecure, poorly paid jobs. According to research by the

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Global urbanization map showing the percentage of urbanization and the biggest global population centres per country in 2018, based on UN estimates.

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Adhikari, Bijaya K.; Barrington, Suzelle; Martinez, José (October 2006). "Predicted growth of world urban food waste and methane production".

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Urbanization can have a large effect on biodiversity by causing a division of habitats and thereby alienation of species, a process known as

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also speaks of the environmental benefits of increasing the urbanization level in "Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet",.

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to their unequal position in the labour market, their inability to secure assets independently from male relatives and exposure to violence.

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in water bodies is another effect large populations in cities have on the environment. When rain occurs in these large cities, it filters CO

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urban planning, as well as emission control, can lessen the effects of traffic-related air pollution on allergic diseases such as asthma.

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which were experiencing a boom in commerce, trade, and industry. Growing trade around the world also allowed cereals to be imported from

54:, a city of 14.5 million people, is one of the 8 adjacent metropolises located in the largest single agglomeration on Earth, ringing the 4391: 319: 6048:

Bruinsma, G. J. (2007). Urbanization and urban crime: Dutch geographical and environmental research. Crime and Justice, 35(1), 453-502.

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Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie; Cohen, Deborah; Hunter, Gerald; Zenk, Shannon N.; Huang, Christina; Beckman, Robin; Dubowitz, Tamara (2014).

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Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India."

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from the Earth's atmosphere as emissions increase with the rise in urban development. In fact, the ocean absorbs a quarter of the CO

458:, the year 2007 witnessed the turning point when more than 50% of the world population were living in cities, for the first time in 8885: 8880: 8600: 8224: 7192: 6196:

REIS, JARED P.; BOWLES, HEATHER R.; AINSWORTH, BARBARA E.; DUBOSE, KATRINA D.; SMITH, SHARON; LADITKA, JAMES N. (1 December 2004).

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Cruz, Álvaro A.; Stelmach, Rafael; Ponte, Eduardo V. (1 June 2017). "Asthma prevalence and severity in low-resource communities".

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population of approximately 18.5 million and with the smallest area under the metropolitan of comparable cities in the world.

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urbanization traditionally exhibited a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown area, the so-called

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Urban health levels are on average better in comparison to rural areas. However, residents in poor urban areas such as slums and

8605: 7554: 2320:

and experience extreme poverty. The inability of countries to provide adequate housing for these rural migrants is related to

656:

has negatively affected the economy of small and middle-sized farms and strongly reduced the size of the rural labour market.

8864: 8620: 8298: 5035: 3387: 3013: 2979: 1717: 76: 3560: 8715: 8563: 4949:"The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities" 2567:) of very lowly urbanized countries exist, as seen on the map here. These labeled countries are among the least urbanized. 991: 113: 3869: 2172:. Metropolitan and large urban areas across all regions have the highest prevalence of physical activity among residents. 351:

in a rural context, and small centres of populations in the towns where economic activity consisted primarily of trade at

8568: 8214: 8199: 7417: 4891:

Bai, Xuemei; McPhearson, Timon; Cleugh, Helen; Nagendra, Harini; Tong, Xin; Zhu, Tong; Zhu, Yong-Guan (17 October 2017).

4261:. Environmental Research Center papers, no. 11. Ibaraki, Japan: Environmental Research Center, The University of Tsukuba. 1118: 1038: 80: 7050: 6416:"'Crowded suburbs' and 'killer cities': a brief review of the relationship between urban environments and mental health" 8665: 8479: 8469: 8390: 8313: 7769: 5119:

McKinney, Michael L. (29 January 2008). "Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals".

4353: 2662: 2412: 1712: 1626: 1068: 142: 6134:"Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults From Rural and Urban Areas of the United States: Findings From NHANES (2005-2008)" 8890: 8499: 8484: 8318: 8266: 3166: 2945:. Vol. 3, no. 2. Cornerstone, The Official Journal of the World Coal Industry. pp. 4–7. Archived from 2854: 2762: 2257: 1568: 1473: 533: 3895: 1898:

Eutrophication is a process which causes low levels of oxygen in water and algal blooms that may harm aquatic life.

8546: 8360: 8251: 8241: 7078: 6909: 5809:

Carlsten, Christopher; Rider, Christopher F. (1 April 2017). "Traffic-related air pollution and allergic disease".

4449: 2419:

etc.) which can be planned before urbanization takes place, or afterwards to revitalize an area and create greater

1927:

Rapid growth of communities creates new challenges in the developed world and one such challenge is an increase in

3036:

Gries, T.; Grundmann, R. (2018). "Fertility and modernization: the role of urbanization in developing countries".

190:

of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the

8680: 8429: 8407: 8365: 8335: 8288: 8171: 8154: 8137: 8113: 7829: 7668: 6974: 3593:"Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Thai Adults: Results of the National Thai Food Consumption Survey" 2516: 1803: 1513: 1276: 858: 360: 288: 4291:"Heating Up: Study Shows Rapid Urbanization in China Warming the Regional Climate Faster than Other Urban Areas" 2919: 591:

also through the ports or banking systems, commonly located in cities, that foreign money flows into a country.

8921: 8385: 8380: 7267: 4141: 3936: 3291: 2424: 2336: 2239: 783: 578:

is an example of the early American grid system of development. The grid is enforced even on uneven topography.

515: 347:

until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the vast majority of the population who were engaged in

7020: 5295: 5278: 758: 468:

in June 2016 published urbanization data from the time period 3700 BC to 2000 AD, the data was used to make a

8551: 8489: 8040: 5401:"Quantification of urbanization in relation to chronic diseases in developing countries: a systematic review" 2849:. McGranahan, Gordon, Satterthwaite, David. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. 2498: 2492: 2235: 1748: 1198: 511: 454:

as well. At the turn of the 20th century, just 15% of the world population lived in cities. According to the

6948: 6686: 5968:

Prunicki, Mary; Stell, Laurel; Dinakarpandian, Deendayal; de Planell-Saguer, Mariangels; Lucas, Richard W.;

4736: 4273: 3948:

Todaro, Michael P. (1969). "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries".

2044:

patterns. It can have mixed effects on health patterns, alleviating some problems, and accentuating others.

8147: 6371:

Luciano (2016). "Perceived insecurity, mental health and urbanization: Results from a multicentric study".

4524: 4001: 3069: 2521: 1286: 1138: 1113: 908: 8700: 4413:

Ramesh, R; Lakshmi, A; Purvaja, R; Costanzo, S.D; Kelsey, R.H; Hawkey, J; Datta, A; Dennison, W.C (2013).

4334:

Jiang, Leiwen; Hoepf Young, Malea; Hardee, Karen (2008). "Population, Urbanization, And The Environment".

4218: 2130:. Furthermore, any amount of exposure to high levels of air pollution have shown long term effects on the 691:

People in cities are more productive than in rural areas. An important question is whether this is due to

8518: 8402: 8159: 7817: 6555:

Davis, Kingsley; Hertz Golden, Hilda (1954). "Urbanization and the Development of Pre-Industrial Areas".

6057:

Malik, A. A. (2016). Urbanization and Crime: A Relational Analysis. J. HUMAN. & Soc. Scl., 21, 68-69.

4800: 3495: 1397: 1148: 267: 6993: 5862:"Urban residence, neighborhood poverty, race/ethnicity, and asthma morbidity among children on Medicaid" 5450:"Moving Beyond "Food Deserts": Reorienting United States Policies to Reduce Disparities in Diet Quality" 5238:"Environmental determinants of diving beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) in an urban landscape" 4075: 2439:

organizations and, most importantly, local citizens. Smart Growth and New Urbanism's principles include

182:

Although the two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be distinguished from

7412: 6076:

Umstattd Meyer, M. Renée; Moore, Justin B.; Abildso, Christiaan; Edwards, Michael B.; Gamble, Abigail;

3671: 1796: 1153: 1003: 692: 8788: 8740: 8635: 8528: 8412: 7912: 7633: 7407: 7317: 6744: 5311:"In crowded Hlaing Tharyar township, slums sit next to gated communites (sic) | Coconuts Yangon" 5170:

Sidemo-Holm, William; Ekroos, Johan; Reina García, Santiago; Söderström, Bo; Hedblom, Marcus (2022).

4831: 3284:"The Urbanization and Political Development of the World System: A comparative quantitative analysis" 2354:

form of concentration is considered by some emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously

1528: 1493: 1453: 1106: 1073: 923: 476:

during the time period. The origins and spread of urban centres around the world were also mapped by

396: 336: 17: 8695: 4554: 3356: 1903:

overall and disrupts the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO

8916: 8793: 8748: 8650: 8375: 8191: 5172:"Urbanization causes biotic homogenization of woodland bird communities at multiple spatial scales" 4182: 3699:"Geographic Clustering and Productivity: An Instrumental Variable Approach for Classical Composers" 2757: 1998: 1874: 1523: 1143: 1078: 1015: 121: 6252:"Understanding Barriers and Facilitators to Healthy Eating and Active Living in Rural Communities" 8931: 8840: 8778: 8181: 8045: 7938: 7658: 7327: 5860:

Keet, Corinne A.; Matsui, Elizabeth C.; McCormack, Meredith C.; Peng, Roger D. (September 2017).

4290: 3517: 3179: 2782: 2697: 2647: 2228: 1919:

molluscs and coral. However, some species have been able to thrive in a more acidic environment.

1553: 1508: 1128: 551: 504: 348: 331:

A global map illustrating the first onset and spread of urban centres around the world, based on.

294:

Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human

2114:), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres (PM 8783: 8610: 7900: 7883: 7643: 7532: 7504: 7389: 6915:

Hays, Samuel P (1993). "From the History of the City to the History of the Urbanized Society".

3351: 2742: 1826: 1691: 1178: 369: 6314:

Sallis, James F.; Floyd, Myron F.; Rodríguez, Daniel A.; Saelens, Brian E. (7 February 2012).

3698: 8911: 8166: 7945: 7683: 7474: 7464: 7449: 7307: 7249: 6859: 5617: 4861:

Venkateswaran, Sandhya (1994). "Managing Waste: Ecological, Economic and Social Dimensions".

4643: 4383: 2752: 2747: 2456: 2316:

Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities can offer, but often settle in

1958: 1937: 1661: 1503: 1369: 1281: 978: 364: 5974:"Exposure to NO2, CO, and PM2.5 is linked to regional DNA methylation differences in asthma" 8768: 8536: 8176: 8142: 8132: 8050: 7878: 7858: 7673: 7648: 7071: 5648: 5249: 5128: 4960: 4685: 4489: 4191: 3775: 3435: 3372: 3222: 3078: 2715: 2652: 2416: 2391: 2305: 1203: 936: 633: 555: 284: 5008:"Nest Survival Relative to Patch Size in a Highly Fragmented Shortgrass Prairie Landscape" 4909: 4892: 2394:, is based on an advance plan, which can be prepared for military, aesthetic, economic or 1885:

in the drains is typically untreated and flows to nearby streams, rivers or coastal bays.

770:

out of the market, including officials and employees of the local districts. For example,

8: 8830: 8823: 8763: 8660: 8655: 8330: 7868: 7851: 7713: 7332: 7014: 5969: 3313: 2657: 2617: 2017: 1899: 1831: 1538: 1483: 1448: 1374: 1301: 1251: 1246: 1231: 888: 6622:

Sridhar, K. S. (2007). "Density gradients and their determinants: Evidence from India".

6250:

Seguin, Rebecca; Connor, Leah; Nelson, Miriam; LaCroix, Andrea; Eldridge, Galen (2014).

6198:"Nonoccupational Physical Activity by Degree of Urbanization and U.S. Geographic Region" 5652: 5253: 5132: 4964: 4689: 4493: 4195: 3779: 3439: 3226: 3082: 1993:

In the developing world, urbanization does not translate into a significant increase in

8845: 8803: 8798: 8758: 8710: 8474: 8370: 8246: 7986: 7933: 7893: 7612: 6932: 6883: 6635: 6572: 6483: 6456: 6396: 6348: 6315: 6286: 6251: 6214: 6197: 6166: 6133: 6106: 6081: 6008: 5973: 5945: 5912: 5888: 5861: 5842: 5788: 5737: 5677: 5636: 5589: 5562: 5561:

Cooksey-Stowers, Kristen; Schwartz, Marlene B.; Brownell, Kelly D. (14 November 2017).

5538: 5513: 5484: 5449: 5425: 5400: 5344: 5198: 5171: 5152: 5027: 4983: 4948: 4870: 4767: 4717: 4613: 4123: 4044: 3798: 3765: 3756: 3751: 3619: 3592: 3464: 3423: 3264: 2622: 2452: 2404: 2010: 1772: 1533: 1409: 1171: 953: 893: 863: 810: 637: 271: 179:

are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.

6506:

Rautio, Nina; Filatova, Svetlana; Lehtiniemi, Heli; Miettunen, Jouko (February 2018).

6331: 6316:"Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease" 4934:

Urbanization, habitat loss, biodiversity decline: solution pathways to break the cycle

3820: 2946: 2815: 671:

Particularly in the developing world, conflict over land rights due to the effects of

628:

Thailand is seeking to promote the impression that farming is "honorable and secure".

194:

number of people living in those areas. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the

8926: 8720: 8595: 8541: 8340: 8325: 8071: 7873: 7807: 7802: 7755: 7698: 7607: 7479: 7432: 7427: 7217: 7172: 7026: 6936: 6887: 6769: 6712: 6576: 6537: 6529: 6488: 6437: 6388: 6353: 6335: 6291: 6273: 6227: 6219: 6171: 6153: 6149: 6111: 6013: 5995: 5950: 5932: 5893: 5834: 5826: 5780: 5772: 5729: 5721: 5682: 5664: 5594: 5543: 5489: 5471: 5430: 5366: 5203: 5144: 4988: 4914: 4759: 4709: 4701: 4605: 4505: 4127: 4115: 4048: 3803: 3624: 3469: 3451: 3383: 3268: 3256: 3248: 3162: 3009: 2975: 2860: 2850: 2672: 2464: 2387: 2290: 1854: 1421: 1344: 1337: 1291: 1158: 948: 943: 853: 400: 251: 84: 55: 6400: 5846: 5741: 5156: 5031: 4771: 4721: 4617: 4601: 3286:. In Peter Turchin; Leonid Grinin; Victor C. de Munck; and Andrey Korotayev (eds.). 8675: 8670: 8645: 8444: 8417: 7950: 7863: 7841: 7797: 7792: 7718: 7663: 7617: 7587: 7524: 7494: 7274: 7039: 6988: 6924: 6875: 6866:

Armus, Diego; Lear, John (1998). "The trajectory of Latin American urban history".

6783: 6631: 6564: 6519: 6478: 6468: 6427: 6380: 6343: 6327: 6281: 6263: 6209: 6161: 6145: 6101: 6093: 6003: 5985: 5940: 5924: 5883: 5873: 5818: 5792: 5764: 5713: 5672: 5656: 5584: 5574: 5533: 5525: 5479: 5461: 5420: 5412: 5356: 5290: 5257: 5193: 5183: 5136: 5019: 4978: 4968: 4904: 4751: 4693: 4597: 4497: 4259:

Variations in the urban heat island intensity affected by geographical environments

4199: 4107: 4036: 3980: 3859: 3793: 3783: 3718: 3710: 3614: 3604: 3459: 3443: 3288:

History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies

3238: 3230: 3143:

History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies

3121:

History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies

3086: 3045: 2730: 2687: 2682: 2607: 2472: 2321: 2310: 1681: 1578: 1518: 1404: 1357: 1306: 1266: 1241: 1226: 1208: 1183: 1123: 1008: 958: 451: 432: 307: 280: 195: 138: 132: 8082: 6651:"Shifts in U.S. housing demand will likely lead to the re-urbanization of America" 5007: 3672:"Urbanization, gender and urban poverty:Paid work and unpaid carework in the city" 2423:

within a region. Concepts of control of the urban expansion are considered in the

2110:

Exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO

287:

in the face of increased urbanization is at the centre of international policy in

8808: 8725: 8705: 8685: 8585: 8434: 7981: 7812: 7597: 7509: 7299: 7284: 7202: 7095: 7064: 7044: 6508:"Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review" 6097: 5822: 5768: 5621: 5563:"Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States" 5529: 5466: 4973: 4586:"Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development" 4277: 4245: 4225: 3932: 3827: 3150: 3128: 3114: 3003: 2969: 2642: 2386:

Urbanization can be planned urbanization or organic. Planned urbanization, i.e.:

2348: 2061: 1994: 1466: 1426: 1296: 1261: 1193: 1133: 1061: 998: 898: 649: 600: 584: 465: 199: 160: 5928: 3864: 2592: 8835: 8730: 8630: 8558: 8345: 8018: 8013: 7998: 7955: 7888: 7693: 7653: 7399: 7379: 7207: 7140: 6928: 6879: 5878: 5262: 5237: 4501: 4239:"Climate change and rapid urban expansion in Africa threaten children’s lives." 4204: 4177: 4111: 4040: 3844: 3788: 2561: 2546: 2448: 2400: 2358:(Garreau, 1991), network city (Batten, 1995), postmodern city (Dear, 2000), or 2329: 2078: 2025: 1907:

is produced. This makes the ocean more acidic, a process called acidification.

1888: 1835: 1784: 1588: 1488: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1188: 883: 723: 566: 477: 455: 416: 352: 295: 275: 211: 6787: 5990: 5416: 5140: 4755: 3714: 3525: 3091: 3064: 2202:

people who live in cities have a 20% increased chance of developing depression

95: 8905: 8818: 8773: 8753: 8575: 8350: 8023: 8008: 7905: 7836: 7737: 7708: 7678: 7602: 7592: 7582: 7577: 7422: 7374: 7150: 7030: 6743:(Report). The George Washington University School of Business. Archived from 6533: 6524: 6507: 6384: 6339: 6277: 6223: 6157: 6077: 5999: 5936: 5830: 5776: 5725: 5668: 5475: 5148: 4918: 4893:"Linking Urbanization and the Environment: Conceptual and Empirical Advances" 4763: 4705: 4697: 4609: 4509: 4119: 3455: 3252: 3158: 3154: 3136: 3132: 2864: 2692: 2677: 2667: 2584: 2444: 2443:, mixed-use development, comfortable high-density design, land conservation, 2193: 2094:

need a vector to spread to humans. An example of this could be dengue fever.

2006: 1767: 1603: 1093: 1088: 1083: 841: 771: 767: 672: 459: 447: 440: 424: 412: 389: 344: 303: 299: 255: 247: 243: 239: 6473: 5967: 5361: 3234: 2068:

levels increase sharply with national income and the degree of urbanization.

8511: 8494: 8454: 8439: 8127: 8035: 7976: 7688: 7572: 7469: 7454: 7347: 7289: 7262: 7239: 6541: 6492: 6441: 6392: 6357: 6295: 6231: 6175: 6115: 6017: 5954: 5897: 5838: 5784: 5733: 5686: 5637:"How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases" 5598: 5579: 5547: 5493: 5434: 5370: 5207: 4992: 4713: 3807: 3628: 3589: 3473: 3260: 3107:

Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.

2702: 2598: 2557: 2502: 2468: 2435: 2431: 2395: 2270: 1962: 1945: 1866: 1839: 1636: 1598: 1583: 1414: 1379: 1324: 1043: 903: 744: 739: 719: 709: 595: 428: 223: 183: 6268: 6132:

Befort, Christie A.; Nazir, Niaman; Perri, Michael G. (1 September 2012).

4258: 3447: 3314:"Industrial Revolution | Definition, History, Dates, Summary, & Facts" 2943:"Urbanization, City Growth, and the New United Nations Development Agenda" 666:– Madhura Swaminathan, economist at Kolkata's Indian Statistical Institute 45: 8625: 8580: 8449: 8422: 8030: 7991: 7824: 7514: 7499: 7384: 7352: 7337: 7312: 7257: 7234: 7187: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7135: 7108: 5660: 4316: 3985: 3968: 3424:"Spatializing 6,000 years of global urbanization from 3700 BC to AD 2000" 3378:. In Spence, Michael; Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (eds.). 2550: 2534: 2460: 2440: 2408: 2065: 2053: 2033: 1878: 1870: 1558: 1256: 1236: 873: 715: 653: 436: 420: 340: 259: 32: 6896:

Cities and economic development: from the dawn of history to the present

6772:(1965). "Control of urban expansion: the Lincoln, Nebraska experience". 3243: 306:. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of 8690: 7703: 7638: 7489: 7439: 7279: 7212: 7177: 7103: 7003: 6960:

McShane, Clay. "The State of the Art in North American Urban History,"

6899: 6675:

Varshney, A. (ed.) 1993. "Beyond Urban Bias", p. 5. London: Frank Cass.

5614:

Urban food deserts: An exploration of northern neighbourhoods in Denver

5169: 4874: 3723: 3419: 2612: 2479: 2420: 2301: 2242: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2082: 2029: 1986: 1928: 1882: 1608: 1364: 868: 518: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 408: 404: 235: 168: 164: 6731: 5717: 5345:"Urbanization and health in developing countries: a systematic review" 5188: 4166:

Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities that can save the planet by Alex Steffen

4027:

Nowak, J. (1997). "Neighborhood Initiative and the Regional Economy".

3609: 2285:

Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006.

622:– Iam Thongdee, Professor of Humanities, Mahidol University in Bangkok 8813: 8459: 8003: 7846: 7459: 7367: 7229: 7224: 7145: 7130: 6827:"UN: How has the world's urban population changed from 1950 to 2020?" 5911:

Lin, Sheng-Chieh; Lin, Hui-Wen; Chiang, Bor-Luen (1 September 2017).

3049: 2542: 2430:

As population continues to grow and urbanize at unprecedented rates,

2355: 1676: 1631: 1593: 1543: 1478: 1384: 848: 818: 677: 327: 263: 231: 227: 219: 215: 51: 6432: 6415: 4735:

Adhikari, Bijaya K.; Barrington, Suzelle F.; Martinez, Jose (2009).

3350:. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Pests. 3283: 3161:, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. 3139:, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. 2911: 2217: 558:, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centres in 493: 7928: 7778: 7564: 7484: 7357: 7182: 7113: 7035: 6568: 6039:

Gumus, E. (2004). Crime in urban areas: An empirical investigation.

5972:; Balmes, John R.; Zhou, Xiaoying; Paglino, Tara (5 January 2018). 5514:"Distance to Store, Food Prices, and Obesity in Urban Food Deserts" 5023: 3770: 2961: 2538: 2525:

Map with circled African and Asian belts of non-urbanized countries

2475: 2041: 1048: 752: 641: 575: 7017:– City lights can provide a simple, visual measure of urbanization 5399:

Allender S, Foster C, Hutchinson L, Arambepola C (November 2008).

5398: 8640: 8590: 6794: 6505: 6075: 5567:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4932:

Elmqvist, Thomas; Zipperer, Wayne; Güneralp, Burak (2016). "10".

4270: 3896:"Blowing in the wind: why do so many cities have poor east ends?" 3845:"Ulsan, South Korea: A Global and Nested 'Great' Industrial City" 3487: 2720: 2281: 2037: 1961:. Habitat fragmentation does not destroy the habitat, as seen in 1933: 828: 748: 604: 571: 385: 373: 66: 5702: 3750:

Di Clemente, Riccardo; Strano, Emanuele; Batty, Michael (2021).

8464: 7444: 7342: 7120: 6596:. Overseas Development Institute. November 2008. Archived from 5560: 3346:

Christopher Watson (1993). K.B. Wildey; Wm H. Robinson (eds.).

2632: 2553: 2530: 2074: 2002: 1686: 1666: 1573: 1563: 1271: 546: 395:

As labourers were freed up from working the land due to higher

381: 117: 109: 101: 72: 5006:

Skagen, Susan K.; Yackel Adams, Amy A.; Adams, Rod D. (2005).

2545:

are predominantly urbanized. Meanwhile, two large belts (from

2447:, and economic diversity. Mixed-use communities work to fight 766:

As cities develop, costs will skyrocket. This often takes the

617:

being kind, helping each other, having mercy and gratefulness.

210:

Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including

7125: 5511: 4176:

Luqman, Muhammad; Rayner, Peter J.; Gurney, Kevin R. (2023).

3005:

Urbanization in the Global South: Perspectives and Challenges

2725: 2627: 2359: 1696: 1641: 1033: 787: 645: 608: 473: 469: 377: 4412: 4071: 3281: 2968:

Dutt, A.K.; Noble, A.G.; Venugopal, G.; Subbiah, S. (2006).

7971: 7747: 7362: 7087: 7053:, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 6313: 4890: 4737:"Urban Food Waste generation: challenges and opportunities" 2564: 2317: 1671: 918: 913: 878: 762:

Gross domestic product per capita and level of urbanization

559: 204: 176: 172: 4734: 4675: 4142:"Urbanization: An Environmental Force to Be Reckoned With" 3643:"Early Death Assured in India Where 900 Million Go Hungry" 611:

or pestilence, survival may become extremely problematic.

7056: 6249: 6195: 5296:

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2

4744:

International Journal of Environment and Waste Management

4323:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 6 June 2018. 2967: 2200:

A 2004 study of 4.4 million Swedish residents found that

1997:. Rapid urbanization has led to increased mortality from 648:, and other urban social problems. In the United States, 4931: 4280:. Epa.gov (17 November 2010). Retrieved on 7 April 2014. 3211: 435:, which facilitated commutes of longer distances to the 141:

is the largest city in Vietnam with a population in the

6738:: Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America's Largest Metros 5859: 5448:

Block, Jason P.; Subramanian, S. V. (8 December 2015).

5220: 5005: 2995: 2313:

experienced by some parts of the industrialized world.

2013:

vary depending on the particular disease and location.

450:

and, since the 1950s, it has begun to take hold in the

6591:"Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets" 4333: 3749: 2024:

While urbanization is associated with improvements in

7023:: research group, University of Paris-Diderot, France 4478: 3635: 2847:

Urbanisation, rural-urban migration and urban poverty

2168:

and the south has the highest prevalence of physical

4525:"Understanding Ocean Acidification | NOAA Fisheries" 3926:

Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets

2971:

Challenges to Asian Urbanization in the 21st Century

2574: 2510: 8112: 7006:, Website of the United Nations Population Division 4096: 3371:Annez, Patricia Clarke; Buckley, Robert M. (2009). 3207: 3205: 5811:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5757:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 5090:"Habitat fragmentation – Practical considerations" 4354:"About Eutrophication | World Resources Institute" 4175: 3345: 6732:Christopher B. Leinberger; Patrick Lynch (2014). 6554: 5754: 2482:use, and segregates the population economically. 8903: 6131: 6086:Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 5616:(Thesis). 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The contaminated 1832:subsistence farming 1539:Ocean acidification 1449:Unexploded ordnance 1370:Advertising clutter 1302:Post-consumer waste 1247:Foam food container 1232:Biodegradable waste 889:Global distillation 8846:Waste minimization 8804:Mitigation banking 8799:Industrial ecology 8759:Cleaner production 8711:Resource depletion 8247:Corporate behavior 8205:animal agriculture 7987:Soil contamination 7934:Subdivision (land) 7894:Watertable control 7613:Urban homesteading 7538:throughout history 4529:fisheries.noaa.gov 3757:Scientific Reports 3565:The New York Times 3528:on 30 October 2021 2623:Division of labour 2527: 2453:affordable housing 2405:Landscape planners 2287: 2276: 1855:Urban heat islands 1785:Ecology portal 1410:Herbicidal warfare 954:Introduced species 894:Indoor air quality 864:Chlorofluorocarbon 764: 756: 638:2007 Jakarta flood 580: 564: 333: 325: 104:, the capital and 38: 8899: 8898: 8721:Water degradation 8596:Ecological crisis 8542:biodiversity loss 8341:Industrialisation 8326:Genetic pollution 8172:Impact assessment 8080: 8079: 7874:Landscape ecology 7745: 7744: 7738:Cities portal 7699:Urban heat island 7608:Urban exploration 7480:Linear settlement 7428:Public open space 7268:direct-controlled 7218:Abandoned village 7173:Metropolitan area 6975:Library resources 6208:(12): 2093–2098. 6078:Baskin, Monica L. 5718:10.1111/crj.12530 5189:10.1111/gcb.16350 5182:(21): 6152–6164. 4561:. 30 April 2018. 4559:Smithsonian Ocean 3610:10.3390/nu2010060 3389:978-0-8213-7573-0 3221:(6456): 897–902. 3184:Our World in Data 3015:978-1-000-42636-6 2981:978-1-4020-2531-0 2816:"Urbanization in" 2673:Urban exploration 2465:localized economy 2388:planned community 2326:urban bias theory 2289:In cities of the 2268: 2267: 2260: 2159:Physical activity 1850:Urban heat island 1821: 1820: 1756: 1755: 1422:Nuclear holocaust 1345:Urban heat island 1159:Radioactive waste 944:Biological hazard 854:Air quality index 650:industrialization 544: 543: 536: 417:refrigerated meat 401:industrial cities 252:industrialization 122:metropolitan area 85:metropolitan area 79:, and the eighth 56:Pearl River Delta 16:(Redirected from 8939: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8862: 8696:Phosphorus cycle 8676:Land consumption 8671:Land degradation 8646:Freshwater cycle 8445:Overexploitation 8418:marine pollution 8225:cocoa production 8107: 8100: 8093: 8084: 8083: 8069: 8068: 7951:Land (economics) 7864:Land reclamation 7842:Land consumption 7772: 7765: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7719:Zero-carbon city 7664:Sustainable city 7618:Unitary urbanism 7588:Urban morphology 7525:Urban population 7495:Bicycle-friendly 7275:Independent city 7250:Urban government 7208:Shrinking cities 7081: 7074: 7067: 7058: 7057: 7040:Andrey Korotayev 6940: 6891: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6742: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6653:. Nwitimes.com. 6646: 6640: 6639: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6603:on 27 March 2009 6602: 6595: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6527: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6476: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6311: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6271: 6247: 6236: 6235: 6217: 6193: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6109: 6073: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6011: 5993: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5881: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5582: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5469: 5460:(12): e1001914. 5445: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5364: 5340: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5248:(7): 2343–2359. 5233: 5227: 5226: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5191: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5121:Urban Ecosystems 5116: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4976: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4741: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4648:inderscience.com 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4000:Brand, Stewart. 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3849: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3773: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3612: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3556: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3524:. Archived from 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3398: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3246: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3176: 3170: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3077:(9): 1351–1360. 3060: 3054: 3053: 3050:10.1002/jid.3104 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2779: 2731:Urban revolution 2688:Urban morphology 2683:Urban metabolism 2608:Back to the land 2601: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2463:, and promote a 2459:to lower use of 2377: 2322:overurbanization 2311:shrinking cities 2263: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2220: 2212: 2203: 1989: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1770: 1702: 1701: 1405:Chemical warfare 1307:Waste management 1267:Industrial waste 1242:Electronic waste 1227:Advertising mail 1209:Phytoremediation 1184:Land degradation 1124:Depleted uranium 1009:Overillumination 959:Invasive species 831: 821: 806: 805: 735:Economic effects 667: 623: 539: 532: 528: 525: 519: 496: 488: 452:developing world 308:hunter-gatherers 281:urban resilience 196:developing world 139:Ho Chi Minh City 135: 98: 69: 48: 21: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8917:Human migration 8902: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8850: 8809:Organic farming 8735: 8726:Water pollution 8706:Ozone depletion 8686:Loss and damage 8586:Desertification 8523: 8435:Overconsumption 8356:cleaning agents 8257:Energy industry 8220:meat production 8186: 8116: 8111: 8081: 8076: 8057: 7982:Soil compaction 7960: 7917: 7813:Land management 7781: 7776: 7746: 7741: 7732: 7730: 7723: 7622: 7598:Urban sociology 7559: 7519: 7510:Pedestrian zone 7394: 7328:Cheapest cities 7300:Urban economics 7294: 7285:Autonomous city 7244: 7203:Suburbanization 7096:Urban geography 7090: 7085: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6894:Bairoch, Paul. 6862: 6856: 6854:Further reading 6851: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6730: 6726: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6647: 6643: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6553: 6549: 6504: 6500: 6453: 6449: 6433:10.1071/NB07024 6412: 6408: 6369: 6365: 6312: 6303: 6248: 6239: 6194: 6183: 6130: 6123: 6074: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 5966: 5962: 5909: 5905: 5858: 5854: 5807: 5800: 5753: 5749: 5701: 5694: 5633: 5629: 5610: 5606: 5559: 5555: 5510: 5501: 5446: 5442: 5397: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5341: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5275: 5271: 5234: 5230: 5219: 5215: 5168: 5164: 5117: 5113: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5004: 5000: 4959:(4): e0154613. 4945: 4941: 4930: 4926: 4889: 4882: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4674: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4390:. 3 June 2013. 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4278:Wayback Machine 4269: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4246:Wayback Machine 4236: 4232: 4226:Wayback Machine 4217: 4213: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4074:. UNFPA. 2014. 4070: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3998: 3994: 3965: 3961: 3946: 3942: 3933:Wayback Machine 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828:Wayback Machine 3819: 3815: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3674:. UNFPA. 2012. 3670: 3669: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3428:Scientific Data 3422:(7 June 2016). 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3357:10.1.1.522.7409 3344: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3276: 3210: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3151:Wayback Machine 3129:Wayback Machine 3115:Wayback Machine 3104: 3100: 3061: 3057: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2949:on 27 June 2015 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2857: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2739: 2712: 2707: 2643:Human migration 2597: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2488: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2364:suburban flight 2351: 2349:Suburbanization 2345: 2343:Suburbanization 2291:developed world 2264: 2253: 2247: 2244: 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148: 147: 146: 136: 127: 126: 125: 99: 90: 89: 88: 83:, with a total 70: 61: 60: 59: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8945: 8935: 8934: 8932:Urban planning 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8867: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8836:Sustainability 8833: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8731:Water scarcity 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8666:Nitrogen cycle 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8631:Forest dieback 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8559:Climate change 8556: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8376:nanotechnology 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8196: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8160:on marine life 8152: 8151: 8150: 8148:list of issues 8140: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8019:Infrastructure 8014:Urban planning 8011: 8006: 8001: 7999:Overpopulation 7996: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7968: 7966: 7965:Related fields 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7956:Customary land 7953: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7889:Leopold matrix 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7694:Urban forestry 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7654:Green urbanism 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7634:Climate change 7630: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7425: 7423:Urban planners 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7400:Urban planning 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7380:Municipal bond 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7141:Satellite city 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7007: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969:External links 6967: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6953:Lees, Andrew. 6951: 6941: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6874:(3): 291–301. 6858:Main article: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6818: 6793: 6770:Lovelace, E.H. 6761: 6724: 6677: 6668: 6641: 6614: 6582: 6569:10.1086/449673 6547: 6498: 6447: 6406: 6363: 6326:(5): 729–737. 6301: 6237: 6181: 6144:(4): 392–397. 6121: 6092:(5): E11–E20. 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 5960: 5903: 5872:(3): 822–827. 5852: 5798: 5763:(3): 188–193. 5747: 5712:(2): 410–417. 5692: 5627: 5604: 5553: 5524:(5): 587–595. 5499: 5440: 5388: 5328: 5302: 5269: 5228: 5213: 5162: 5127:(2): 161–176. 5111: 5081: 5049: 5024:10.1676/04-038 4998: 4939: 4924: 4903:(1): 215–240. 4880: 4853: 4822: 4792: 4727: 4684:(5): 421–433. 4665: 4635: 4576: 4546: 4515: 4488:(4): 442–449. 4471: 4438: 4405: 4375: 4345: 4326: 4308: 4282: 4263: 4250: 4230: 4211: 4168: 4159: 4133: 4106:(2): 621–649. 4089: 4063: 4054: 4019: 3992: 3959: 3940: 3917: 3886: 3858:(8–20): 8–20. 3835: 3813: 3742: 3689: 3660: 3634: 3582: 3548: 3539: 3509: 3492:urban.yale.edu 3479: 3420:Seto, Karen C. 3410: 3388: 3363: 3335: 3305: 3274: 3201: 3171: 3098: 3055: 3044:(3): 493–506. 3028: 3014: 2994: 2980: 2960: 2933: 2912:"Urbanization" 2900: 2870: 2855: 2837: 2807: 2783:"Urbanization" 2773: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2588: 2572: 2569: 2515:Main article: 2512: 2509: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2486:Water scarcity 2484: 2449:gentrification 2383: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2330:Michael Lipton 2266: 2265: 2224: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2208:Changing forms 2206: 2189: 2186: 2160: 2157: 2143: 2140: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2049: 2046: 2032:and access to 2026:public hygiene 1978: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1954: 1951: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1892: 1889:Eutrophication 1863: 1860: 1851: 1848: 1836:slash and burn 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1775: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718:Law by country 1715: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589:Surface runoff 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1489:Eutrophication 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:Scorched earth 1441: 1440: 1439: 1437:Nuclear winter 1434: 1432:Nuclear famine 1429: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Bioremediation 1186: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119:Bioremediation 1116: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069:Transportation 1065: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1016:Radio spectrum 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 995: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 962: 961: 951: 946: 940: 935: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:Global dimming 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 845: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 824: 823: 815: 814: 803: 800: 736: 733: 724:Greater Manila 701: 698: 660: 658: 615: 613: 542: 541: 500: 498: 491: 485: 482: 478:archaeologists 316: 313: 276:sustainability 212:urban planning 137: 130: 129: 128: 100: 93: 92: 91: 71: 64: 63: 62: 50: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8944: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8868: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8819:Reforestation 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8774:Cultured meat 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:Birth control 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:Deforestation 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8351:Manufacturing 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8299:nuclear power 8297: 8295: 8294:fracking (US) 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8073: 8070:Categories: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8024:Urban renewal 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8009:Deforestation 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7906:Built-up area 7904: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7837:Land grabbing 7835: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7740: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709:Urban prairie 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679:Urban ecology 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7603:Anti-urbanism 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593:Urban culture 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7583:Urban studies 7581: 7579: 7578:Urban warfare 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Urban renewal 7373: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7151:Commuter town 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:Lewis Mumford 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6900:online review 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6782:(4): 348–52. 6781: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6734:Foot Traffic 6728: 6720: 6714: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6630:(3): 314–44. 6629: 6625: 6618: 6599: 6592: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6518:(1): 92–103. 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6426:(12): 222–7. 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6379:(6): 252–61. 6378: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6126: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5923:(35): e7667. 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:PLOS Medicine 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411:(6): 938–51. 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3987: 3982: 3979:(2): 139–60. 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709:(1): 94–110. 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3206: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3167:5-484-01002-0 3164: 3160: 3159:Leonid Grinin 3156: 3155:Peter Turchin 3152: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3137:Leonid Grinin 3134: 3133:Peter Turchin 3130: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2888: 2884: 2883:The Economist 2880: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2856:9781784311377 2852: 2848: 2841: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Urban studies 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2678:Urban history 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2668:Urban ecology 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2585:Cities portal 2575: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2518: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:social equity 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2378: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2262: 2259: 2251: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2225:This section 2223: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2198: 2195: 2194:mental health 2188:Mental health 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2121: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007:heart disease 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1920: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873:, instead of 1872: 1868: 1862:Water quality 1859: 1856: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1838:agriculture. 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:Water quality 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380:Traffic signs 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287:Nanomaterials 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1149:Radioactivity 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1094:Soundproofing 1092: 1090: 1089:Noise control 1087: 1085: 1084:Noise barrier 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 988: 987: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 960: 957: 956: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 938: 933: 932: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 843: 838: 837: 830: 826: 825: 822: 817: 816: 812: 808: 807: 799: 795: 791: 789: 785: 779: 777: 773: 772:Eric Hobsbawm 769: 768:working class 760: 754: 750: 746: 741: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 714:The dominant 711: 707: 697: 694: 689: 685: 681: 679: 674: 673:globalization 668: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 629: 624: 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