876:
slavery." In the letters to
Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Seljuk rule. It was believed that originally that Urban wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. Urban II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity " (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks.
57:
541:
820:
you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!"
7374:
796:, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is Urban II's own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading. Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to Urban's actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has Urban saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the Christians to fight and reclaim their land.
803:... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the
6112:
4016:
4028:
7386:
6101:
751:
825:
884:. Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that Urban felt threatened by the Seljuk conquests in Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the Christian world into a unified defense against them.
819:
When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in
875:
is the lesser emphasis on
Jerusalem itself, which Urban only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to sayâhave sold her and her churches into abominable
738:
Though the
Council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, Urban II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the Council to a broader audience. The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him. Urban II's sermon
941:
there. According to
Chevedden, Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that
879:
It is still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that Urban wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the
792:(dated either 1089 or 1096â1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the
946:
conducted by Pope Victor III due to the granting of an indulgence. This campaign, Erdmann argues, was considered a success because of the elevation of the see of Pisa in 1092 in which Urban acknowledges the recent "triumph" of the Pisans over
Saracen forces.
678:. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of
807:; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the
758:
There exists no exact transcription of the speech that Urban delivered at the
Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another. All versions of the speech except that by
657:
Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of
Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate
384:(1096â99). He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the
563:
Urban took up the policies of Pope
Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended
866:
Urban II's own letter to the
Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches. One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk,
769:(written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101.
987:
of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's
843:
All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.
4788:
4625:
7162:
1716:
Quotes from Urban II's letters taken from "Crusades, Idea and
Reality, 1095â1274"; Documents of Medieval History 4; eds. Louise and Johnathan Riley-Smith, London 1981, 37â40.
690:
to spread the knowledge of Christian faith and promote the ideas of the reform movement, contributing to the mass phenomenon of spirituality at the end of the 11th century.
1807:
Chevedden, Paul E. (2011). "The View of the Crusades from Rome and Damascus: The Geo-Strategic and Historical Perspectives of Pope Urban II and ĘżAlÄŤ ibn ᚏÄhir al-SulamÄŤ".
776:
As a better means of evaluating Urban's true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the
7051:
4380:
859:
in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy
6148:
5795:
7358:
7353:
4410:
1129:
5715:
1150:
4813:
983:), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Roger I virtually became a
914:
Urban was involved in Iberia from the very beginning of his time as pontiff. Of his involvements in Iberia there were two main engagements, namely the:
6702:
6182:
3964:
7077:
5280:
2280:
7152:
4066:
5601:
7501:
6462:
6189:
5993:
5780:
4783:
4120:
6141:
4663:
7516:
6735:
6228:
5332:
5075:
4613:
3833:
2020:
Gabriele, Matthew (11 December 2012). "The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope Urban II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest".
839:
Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope Urban's speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.
642:
was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV. He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of
7117:
6416:
5988:
5017:
4920:
5953:
5815:
4733:
942:
wished to travel east from Spain. A similar line is taken by Erdmann, who views the conflict in Iberia as being premeditated by the
7511:
7451:
6870:
4328:
56:
7436:
6134:
5900:
4994:
3827:
2256:
6564:
6506:
4228:
4223:
1601:
2233:
7491:
5932:
5880:
4512:
3892:
2209:
2141:
2065:
929:
Granting of an indulgence to Catalan nobles to "endeavor with all your help to restore the state of the city of Tarragona."
6374:
6270:
5870:
5606:
4124:
4059:
919:
7471:
7426:
7236:
7134:
7021:
5910:
5740:
4648:
4395:
3994:
7456:
7446:
7274:
6576:
6327:
5569:
5066:
4675:
4400:
3970:
2122:
2084:
419:
Urban, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. In 1050, he begun his studies at the nearby
6406:
5552:
5154:
4801:
4635:
4086:
2160:
2103:
1966:
1442:
1387:
7486:
7177:
6657:
6547:
6066:
5614:
5367:
5312:
5177:
4912:
4908:
4653:
4438:
4385:
537:
and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed Clement III in his place.
2276:
6672:
6596:
6216:
6194:
6075:
5417:
5392:
5357:
5352:
5317:
5197:
4796:
4680:
4270:
4233:
4116:
4096:
4052:
2345:
1926:
743:, and the eastern churches generally, from the domination of the Seljuks. This was the speech that triggered the
6911:
6530:
6177:
6169:
6157:
6013:
5725:
5412:
5382:
5362:
5302:
5092:
4808:
4346:
4338:
4250:
4111:
4091:
2399:
923:
7431:
1464:
The synod took place on 1â7 March 1095; the Pope stayed in Piacenza until the second week in April: P. JaffĂŠ,
540:
7206:
6785:
6760:
6369:
5387:
5377:
4703:
4574:
4472:
4169:
1056:
7246:
6765:
6755:
6211:
5968:
5939:
5922:
5830:
5442:
5407:
5397:
4975:
4956:
4818:
4569:
4482:
3988:
2270:
2012:
Crozet, R. (1937). "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergĂŠ de France (1095â1096)" :
804:
526:
1593:
7476:
7211:
6581:
6354:
5978:
4728:
4596:
4465:
3817:
303:
135:
7466:
7220:
6245:
5895:
5693:
5347:
4999:
4965:
4924:
2394:
732:
69:
7279:
6981:
6292:
6085:
6031:
5702:
5652:
5342:
5297:
4405:
2374:
899:
420:
377:
209:
7481:
7112:
6687:
6204:
6115:
6051:
5973:
5944:
5564:
5559:
5437:
5337:
5322:
5307:
5149:
4970:
4860:
4778:
4602:
4579:
4530:
4203:
728:
607:
432:
129:
17:
6730:
6586:
6313:
6036:
5668:
5629:
5596:
5042:
5022:
4890:
4768:
4718:
4497:
4298:
4238:
2379:
2260:
1051:
943:
675:
589:
557:
489:
7411:
7201:
7087:
6800:
6105:
6046:
6041:
5675:
5481:
5402:
5327:
5207:
4885:
4773:
4713:
4390:
4278:
4032:
2266:
2169:
Somerville, Robert (1970). "The French Councils of Pope Urban II: Some Basic ConsidĂŠrations,"
1726:
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1940). "Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy".
1690:
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1940). "Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy".
1377:
980:
463:, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as Victor III, Odo was
361:
7461:
7416:
7097:
7082:
6795:
6652:
6559:
6359:
6342:
6255:
6199:
5810:
5637:
5062:
4843:
4708:
4554:
4260:
4198:
4157:
4142:
3808:
1976:
Celli-Fraentzel, Anna (January 1932). "Contemporary Reports on the Mediaeval Roman Climate".
647:
534:
7147:
1021:
7421:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7256:
7183:
7026:
6986:
6805:
6707:
6682:
6621:
6426:
6401:
6337:
5214:
5183:
5080:
4961:
4875:
4755:
4658:
4375:
4370:
4293:
4243:
4174:
4152:
1857:
888:
881:
739:
proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the
671:
643:
507:
501:
497:
464:
373:
2225:
2177:
Somerville, Robert (1974). "The Council of Clermont (1095), and Latin Christian Society".
1661:
1644:
8:
7378:
7102:
7092:
7041:
6899:
6885:
6745:
6487:
6250:
6003:
5905:
5698:
5682:
5202:
5112:
4563:
4507:
4455:
4356:
4318:
3673:
3056:
2338:
2239:
833:
760:
724:
720:
715:
asking for help against the Turkish tribes who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine
705:
687:
619:
346:
205:
7390:
7167:
6936:
6860:
6828:
6647:
6616:
6453:
6441:
6302:
6240:
6023:
5840:
4698:
4690:
4433:
4134:
4101:
3952:
3946:
3841:
3693:
3688:
3653:
3522:
3502:
3422:
3321:
3296:
3286:
3186:
3171:
2695:
2423:
2416:
2186:
2037:
2001:
1993:
1824:
1735:
1699:
1277:
1230:
1041:
1031:
892:
712:
683:
679:
667:
651:
603:
549:
523:
449:
in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom Gregory VII nominated as
6956:
1434:
From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642â1100
891:
from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies. His restoration there was supported by
7506:
7441:
7336:
7241:
7016:
7002:
6976:
6961:
6865:
6850:
6780:
6770:
6639:
6571:
6472:
6436:
6332:
5983:
5219:
4544:
4424:
4191:
4147:
4027:
3860:
3793:
3788:
3708:
3703:
3678:
3612:
3587:
3567:
3527:
3477:
3442:
3397:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3326:
3311:
3271:
3256:
3226:
3151:
3131:
3091:
2976:
2830:
2775:
2629:
2205:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2041:
2005:
1962:
1438:
1383:
1269:
1222:
1046:
976:
960:
868:
709:
623:
593:
511:
493:
393:
234:
887:
The most important effect of the First Crusade for Urban himself was the removal of
7226:
7031:
7011:
6931:
6916:
6815:
6717:
6591:
6431:
6389:
6384:
6364:
6347:
6260:
5845:
5619:
5581:
5539:
5467:
5462:
5429:
5236:
5169:
5132:
5127:
5107:
5102:
5027:
4880:
4870:
4830:
4361:
4179:
4162:
3847:
3783:
3758:
3738:
3713:
3698:
3668:
3607:
3602:
3552:
3482:
3472:
3452:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3357:
3316:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3231:
3221:
3181:
3126:
3101:
3076:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3016:
2915:
2895:
2885:
2850:
2785:
2780:
2760:
2720:
2660:
2599:
2584:
2579:
2514:
2499:
2474:
2464:
2029:
1985:
1816:
1594:"Pope Urban II and Jerusalem: a re-examination of his letters on the First Crusade"
1261:
1214:
1036:
956:
639:
631:
627:
442:
428:
179:
5085:
763:
were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the
7284:
7251:
7195:
7189:
7046:
6951:
6855:
6667:
6161:
6126:
6080:
5963:
5820:
5785:
5591:
5586:
5511:
5506:
5447:
5372:
5122:
5052:
4584:
4525:
4075:
3886:
3853:
3773:
3683:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3562:
3497:
3462:
3447:
3382:
3372:
3347:
3301:
3281:
3246:
3236:
3216:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3166:
3161:
3111:
3096:
3021:
3001:
2981:
2966:
2961:
2941:
2905:
2890:
2810:
2795:
2790:
2755:
2745:
2730:
2690:
2680:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2509:
2454:
2358:
2315:
2298:
2289:
2199:
1956:
1432:
1418:
1026:
903:
770:
765:
663:
611:
553:
530:
456:
369:
338:
257:
116:
106:
80:
1250:"Crusade Creationism "versus" Pope Urban Ii's Conceptualization of the Crusades"
7496:
7347:
7172:
6966:
6941:
6905:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6823:
6677:
6662:
6601:
6477:
6467:
6223:
5998:
5927:
5775:
5710:
5496:
5486:
5472:
5457:
5137:
5032:
4916:
4895:
4429:
4308:
4283:
4255:
4186:
4020:
3976:
3958:
3927:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3733:
3663:
3597:
3547:
3537:
3517:
3492:
3437:
3432:
3402:
3377:
3306:
3291:
3276:
3211:
3156:
3146:
3121:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2880:
2865:
2800:
2765:
2735:
2705:
2700:
2685:
2619:
2594:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2539:
2459:
2449:
2331:
2323:
872:
808:
315:
48:
6540:
2033:
7405:
7231:
7157:
7123:
7107:
7067:
6750:
6501:
6411:
6396:
6318:
5890:
5850:
5735:
5657:
5642:
5491:
5452:
5258:
5142:
4939:
4608:
4323:
3768:
3748:
3723:
3592:
3557:
3532:
3487:
3467:
3392:
3387:
3367:
3176:
3136:
3116:
3106:
3011:
2920:
2875:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2770:
2750:
2740:
2715:
2675:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2589:
2544:
2504:
2489:
2469:
2411:
2369:
1820:
1273:
1226:
1005:
964:
829:
699:
460:
408:
404:
403:
in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was
385:
381:
274:
1665:
1648:
7341:
7216:
7072:
7036:
6775:
6697:
6541:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6265:
5865:
5800:
5730:
5720:
5647:
5547:
5516:
5292:
5241:
5009:
4951:
4848:
4619:
4536:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4288:
4215:
3982:
3798:
3778:
3763:
3743:
3728:
3718:
3577:
3572:
3512:
3507:
3457:
3141:
3086:
3081:
3036:
3026:
2925:
2900:
2870:
2805:
2725:
2650:
2564:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2479:
2052:(The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.
989:
984:
654:
and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome.
581:
446:
342:
230:
36:
1662:
Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech
1645:
Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech
7142:
6971:
6946:
6921:
6894:
6881:
6790:
6692:
6379:
6061:
5917:
5790:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5745:
5047:
4982:
4838:
4763:
4741:
4589:
4351:
4313:
3753:
3633:
3628:
3582:
3206:
3071:
3066:
2971:
2910:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2710:
2534:
2484:
2439:
934:
785:
659:
424:
400:
365:
290:
2190:
1828:
1739:
1703:
1281:
1249:
618:
in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and
349:
which ignited the series of Christian military expeditions known as the
6926:
6511:
5755:
5750:
5574:
5501:
5117:
5037:
4668:
3867:
3542:
3061:
3046:
2860:
2835:
2670:
2574:
2494:
2444:
2386:
1997:
1265:
1234:
1202:
860:
602:
tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of
1930:
5860:
5855:
5825:
5521:
5284:
5268:
5253:
5097:
4987:
4865:
4855:
4723:
4502:
2604:
1009:
1001:
848:
789:
740:
598:
577:
545:
472:
389:
2058:
The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Northern Conquest
1989:
1218:
902:, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was
799:
The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of Urban II:
731:. All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the
360:, and was a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of
345:
from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the
7385:
6740:
6494:
6482:
6100:
6008:
5835:
4934:
4303:
2406:
968:
777:
744:
716:
519:
451:
350:
4044:
1627:
H.E.J. Cowdrey, "Pope Urban II's Preaching of the First Crusade,"
6997:
6611:
6233:
5805:
4643:
4517:
4460:
781:
708:, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the
615:
614:
against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at
468:
2134:
Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse
441:. He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the
7163:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
6606:
6516:
6421:
5958:
5263:
5248:
5192:
5159:
972:
585:
573:
357:
201:
824:
773:
may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106.
6056:
5224:
5188:
938:
793:
635:
565:
2244:
Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (
1409:, ed. David d'Avray, (Cambridge University Press, 2014), 47.
1110:
522:"Clement III". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the
5229:
4948:
2354:
2305:
1508:
1407:
Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History, 860â1600
750:
569:
515:
269:
226:
544:
A 19th-century stained-glass depiction of Urban receiving
506:
From the outset, Urban had to reckon with the presence of
7052:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
1330:
1320:
1318:
467:
by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other
1182:
396:, Pope Urban II died before he could receive this news.
1883:
1746:
1568:
1342:
1293:
1291:
1170:
Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. p. 641
898:
Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the
704:
Urban II's movement took its first public shape at the
1907:
1532:
1520:
1315:
1303:
955:
Urban received vital support in his conflict with the
646:, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with
7083:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
1895:
1671:
1471:
1758:
1602:
Journal of Religious History, Literature and Culture
1544:
1354:
1288:
1161:(11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 789â792.
1556:
1483:
376:, infighting of various Christian nations, and the
6156:
2117:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
364:. Before his papacy, Urban was the grand prior of
2226:Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade
1639:
1637:
735:or in the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du-Port.
638:helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The
610:, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of
7403:
7153:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
2353:
1643:Fulcher of Chartres' account of Urban's speech,
1203:"The Speech of Pope Urban II. At Clermont, 1095"
1975:
1781:(Volume 151 ed.). p. Columns 7 and 8.
1116:
1107:: "Urban II, Pope (c. 1035â1099, r. 1088â1099)"
1105:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia
788:(dated October 1096); and one to the counts of
1634:
1179:Kleinhenz, Ch. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
584:supported him in renewed declarations against
6142:
4060:
2339:
1660:Robert the Monk's account of Urban's speech,
979:the freedom to appoint bishops (the right of
66: late 12th-century â early 13th-century
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1088 to 1099
2247:Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters
2245:
1468:, editio secunda, I (Leipzig 1885), p. 677.
1382:, Cambridge University Press, p. 291,
7168:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
7118:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
6149:
6135:
5989:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
4067:
4053:
2346:
2332:
2197:
2176:
2131:
1877:Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina
1794:Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina
1779:Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina
754:Urban at Clermont (14th-century miniature)
329: â 29 July 1099), otherwise known as
55:
2150:
1879:(Volume 151 ed.). p. Column 63.
1806:
1796:(Volume 151 ed.). p. Column 20.
1587:
1585:
1583:
1336:
1247:
1149:Theodore Freylinghuysen Collier (1911). "
847:It is disputed whether the famous slogan
483:
2019:
1375:
1348:
823:
749:
539:
2093:
2074:
1961:(in German). Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann.
1913:
1901:
1841:
1725:
1689:
1324:
1309:
670:over his doubly bigamous marriage with
14:
7404:
4448:
2112:
1954:
1764:
1752:
1677:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1489:
1477:
1430:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1297:
1188:
7502:Cardinals created by Pope Gregory VII
6130:
4048:
2327:
2257:Literature by and about Pope Urban II
1200:
2055:
1927:"Patron Saints Index: Pope Urban II"
1889:
630:, which occurred later that year at
7022:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
4074:
2201:Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza
1850:
1366:
723:met, attended by numerous Italian,
380:. In 1095 he started preaching the
24:
6577:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1140:New York: Robert Appleton Company.
780:(dated December 1095); one to the
529:over papal authority. Despite the
414:
25:
7528:
2234:Urban's call for the 1095 crusade
2219:
1874:
1844:The Origin of the Idea of Crusade
1791:
1776:
7384:
7372:
6703:Fourth Council of Constantinople
6658:Second Council of Constantinople
6111:
6110:
6099:
6067:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
5615:Criticism of the Catholic Church
4026:
4015:
4014:
2267:Works by and about Pope Urban II
2048:Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960).
693:
7517:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
7512:Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII
7452:Christians of the First Crusade
6673:Third Council of Constantinople
6597:First Council of Constantinople
4234:First seven ecumenical councils
2171:Annuarium historiae conciliorum
2153:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
2151:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004).
1948:
1919:
1868:
1835:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1719:
1710:
1683:
1654:
1621:
1495:
1458:
1424:
1412:
1403:Philip I of France and Bertrade
1396:
1241:
933:Urban here gave support to the
784:(dated September 1096); one to
533:, Gregory had backed the rebel
378:Turkish invasions into Anatolia
7437:People from Marne (department)
6912:Dissolution of the monasteries
6178:History of the Catholic Church
4809:Separation of church and state
2179:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
2079:. Cambridge University Press.
1728:The Catholic Historical Review
1692:The Catholic Historical Review
1503:The Crusades â An Encyclopedia
1379:Henry IV of Germany, 1056â1106
1207:The American Historical Review
1194:
1173:
1164:
1143:
1128:Richard Urban Butler (1912). "
1122:
1098:
1068:
399:He also set up the modern-day
13:
1:
6786:Fourth Council of the Lateran
6761:Second Council of the Lateran
6370:Apostles in the New Testament
1862:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1201:Munro, Dana Carleton (1906).
1092:
1057:Cardinals created by Urban II
995:
435:
323:
157:
62:
7492:Benedictine beatified people
6900:Catholic Counter-Reformation
6766:Third Council of the Lateran
6756:First Council of the Lateran
6212:Catholic ecumenical councils
2271:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek
2113:Peters, Edward, ed. (1971).
2077:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily
1666:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
1649:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
1466:Regesta pontificum Romanorum
1153:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
1062:
851:or "It is the will of God" (
828:Pope Urban II preaching the
682:.) Urban further authorised
606:, countess of Tuscany, with
61:Pope Urban II depicted in a
7:
2277:Publications about Urban II
2198:Somerville, Robert (2011).
2094:McBrien, Robert P. (2000).
2050:Pope Urban II and Canon Law
1958:Papst Urban II. (1088â1099)
1248:Chevedden, Paul E. (2013).
1015:
356:Pope Urban was a native of
141:Legate in Germany (1084â85)
136:Cardinal-Bishop of Velletri
10:
7533:
7472:Christian critics of Islam
7427:11th-century French people
6246:History of the Roman Curia
6106:Catholic Church portal
2204:. OUP Oxford. p. 10.
1664:(available as part of the
1647:(available as part of the
697:
487:
388:resulted in occupation of
70:National Library of France
7457:Diplomats of the Holy See
7447:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
7367:
7267:
7133:
7060:
6995:
6982:European wars of religion
6879:
6814:
6716:
6638:
6529:
6452:
6312:
6301:
6293:Eastern Catholic Churches
6168:
6094:
6032:Aid to the Church in Need
6022:
5879:
5692:
5653:Vatican Television Center
5628:
5538:
5428:
5298:Eastern Catholic Churches
5279:
5168:
5061:
5008:
4933:
4904:
4829:
4754:
4689:
4634:
4553:
4423:
4337:
4269:
4214:
4133:
4110:
4082:
4010:
3937:
3877:
3816:
3807:
3621:
3335:
2934:
2638:
2432:
2365:
2312:
2303:
2295:
2288:
2228:from Medieval Sourcebook.
2060:(2 ed.). Routledge.
2034:10.1017/S0009640712001904
1846:. Princeton. p. 293.
1631:, 55 (1970), pp. 185â187.
1501:Blumenthal, Utah-Renata.
1437:. Routledge. p. 42.
1431:MĂźller, Annalena (2021).
950:
924:Primate over all Hispania
648:King William II
478:
421:cathedral school of Reims
372:. As pope, he dealt with
302:
280:
263:
253:
245:
240:
216:
190:
185:
172:
164:
153:
148:
122:
112:
102:
94:
86:
76:
54:
47:
34:
7113:Mary of the Divine Heart
6736:Clash against the empire
6688:Second Council of Nicaea
6582:Old St. Peter's Basilica
5974:Communion and Liberation
5438:Eastern Catholic liturgy
4603:Mystici Corporis Christi
4531:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
2273:(German Digital Library)
2132:Rubenstein, Jay (2011).
2075:Matthew, Donald (1992).
1821:10.1163/187783711X588132
909:
433:cardinal-bishop of Ostia
304:Other popes named Urban
130:Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia
7487:French beatified people
7379:Vatican City portal
6731:Investiture Controversy
6587:First Council of Nicaea
4789:Philosophy of canon law
4719:Mariology of the saints
4299:Investiture Controversy
3828:During the Roman Empire
2261:German National Library
1955:Becker, Alfons (1988).
1858:"Auctores antiquissimi"
1376:Robinson, I.S. (2003),
1155:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1052:Investiture Controversy
975:. In return he granted
944:Mahdia campaign of 1087
558:Investiture Controversy
490:Investiture Controversy
455:(possible successors).
7391:Catholicism portal
7202:Second Vatican Council
7088:Our Lady of La Salette
6895:Protestant Reformation
6882:Protestant Reformation
6801:Second Council of Lyon
6190:Ecclesiastical history
6042:Catholic Charities USA
5676:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
5664:Vatican Polyglot Press
4714:Mariology of the popes
4352:Protestant Reformation
4033:Catholic Church Portal
3893:Conflicts with the HRE
2290:Catholic Church titles
2246:
1842:Erdmann, Carl (1977).
1592:Strack, Georg (2016).
845:
836:
822:
813:
755:
560:
484:Struggle for authority
423:. He was prior of the
337:, was the head of the
319:
68:miniature, now at the
7098:First Vatican Council
6796:First Council of Lyon
6560:Constantine the Great
6256:Christian monasticism
5796:Good Shepherd Sisters
5638:Holy See Press Office
4876:Doctors of the Church
4709:Immaculate Conception
4664:Anointing of the Sick
4199:History of the papacy
3809:History of the papacy
2056:Loud, Graham (2013).
1517:, pp. xvi, 1â15.
1134:Catholic Encyclopedia
841:
827:
817:
801:
753:
733:cathedral of Clermont
543:
7275:Sexual abuse scandal
7184:Mit brennender Sorge
7027:Age of Enlightenment
6806:Bernard of Clairvaux
6683:Byzantine Iconoclasm
6622:Council of Chalcedon
6402:Council of Jerusalem
6271:Role in civilization
6251:Religious institutes
6183:By country or region
5669:L'Osservatore Romano
5607:Role in civilisation
5333:Croatian and Serbian
5081:Episcopal conference
5043:St. Peter's Basilica
4401:Sexual abuse scandal
4357:Catholic Reformation
3971:Revolutionary Papacy
3965:Age of Enlightenment
1875:Migne, Jaques-Paul.
1864:. Scriptores: 7.751.
1792:Migne, Jaques-Paul.
1777:Migne, Jaques-Paul.
1117:Celli-Fraentzel 1932
882:Great Schism of 1054
672:Bertrade de Montfort
502:Bertrade de Montfort
498:Anselm of Canterbury
374:Antipope Clement III
7103:Papal infallibility
7093:Our Lady of Lourdes
7042:Shimabara Rebellion
6886:Counter-Reformation
6004:Neocatechumenal Way
5969:Charismatic Renewal
5683:Annuario Pontificio
5281:Particular churches
4957:Ecumenical councils
4729:Perpetual virginity
4564:Communitas perfecta
4508:Sermon on the Mount
3818:Antiquity and Early
3622:17thâ21st centuries
3336:13thâ16th centuries
2279:in the OPAC of the
2016:179 (1937) 271â310.
1892:, pp. 231â232.
834:Council of Clermont
761:Fulcher of Chartres
721:Council of Clermont
706:Council of Piacenza
688:Robert of Arbrissel
684:itinerant preachers
362:Châtillon-sur-Marne
347:Council of Clermont
206:County of Champagne
7477:11th-century popes
7432:House of Châtillon
7148:Our Lady of FĂĄtima
6937:Ignatius of Loyola
6861:Catherine of Siena
6829:Pope Boniface VIII
6648:Benedict of Nursia
6617:Council of Ephesus
6454:Ante-Nicene period
6407:Split with Judaism
6241:Crusading movement
5841:Premonstratensians
4224:Ante-Nicene period
4102:Lists of Catholics
3953:Reformation Papacy
3947:Renaissance Papacy
3889:(1012â1044 / 1048)
3842:Ostrogothic Papacy
2935:9thâ12th centuries
2096:Lives of the Popes
1933:on 6 December 2008
1266:10.1111/hisn.12000
1191:, p. 1:24â90.
1042:Concordat of Worms
1032:Beauvais Cathedral
1022:House of Châtillon
893:Matilda of Tuscany
863:motto afterwards.
837:
815:Robert continued:
756:
713:Alexios I Komnenos
622:, the daughter of
594:clerical marriages
561:
7467:Benedictine popes
7399:
7398:
7359:COVID-19 pandemic
7337:Pope Benedict XVI
7242:Pope John Paul II
7017:Pope Benedict XIV
7003:French Revolution
6987:Thirty Years' War
6977:Robert Bellarmine
6962:John of the Cross
6866:Pope Alexander VI
6851:Council of Vienne
6781:Francis of Assisi
6771:Pope Innocent III
6640:Early Middle Ages
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6572:Arian controversy
6525:
6524:
6473:Apostolic Fathers
6124:
6123:
5534:
5533:
4927:
4750:
4749:
4442:
4419:
4418:
4411:COVID-19 pandemic
4381:French Revolution
4371:Thirty Years' War
4279:Islamic conquests
4192:Apostolic fathers
4127:
4042:
4041:
4006:
4005:
3898:Wandering Papacy
3861:Saeculum obscurum
3834:Under Constantine
2639:5thâ8th centuries
2433:1stâ4th centuries
2417:papal resignation
2322:
2321:
2313:Succeeded by
2211:978-0-19-925859-8
2143:978-0-465-01929-8
2115:The First Crusade
2098:. HarperCollins.
2067:978-0-582-04529-3
1755:, pp. 33â34.
1577:, pp. 15â16.
1130:Pope Bl. Urban II
1047:Gregorian Reforms
961:Holy Roman Empire
959:, Romans and the
935:crusades in Spain
922:to the status of
918:Elevation of the
900:fall of Jerusalem
869:Guibert of Nogent
809:Kingdom of Heaven
710:Byzantine Emperor
512:bishop of Ravenna
494:Gregorian Reforms
443:Gregorian reforms
411:on 14 July 1881.
341:and ruler of the
309:
308:
235:Holy Roman Empire
224:(aged 63â64)
210:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
7524:
7389:
7388:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7354:Patriarch Kirill
7227:Pope John Paul I
7032:Anti-clericalism
7012:Pope Innocent XI
6932:Society of Jesus
6917:Council of Trent
6871:Age of Discovery
6816:Late Middle Ages
6718:High Middle Ages
6708:EastâWest Schism
6592:Pope Sylvester I
6538:
6537:
6527:
6526:
6437:General epistles
6432:Pauline epistles
6365:John the Baptist
6348:Great Commission
6310:
6309:
6261:Catholic culture
6151:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6114:
6113:
6104:
6103:
5846:Redemptoristines
5694:Religious orders
5620:Anti-Catholicism
5570:Church buildings
5430:Catholic liturgy
5170:Consecrated life
5028:Apostolic Palace
4995:Synod of Bishops
4931:
4930:
4907:
4513:Ten Commandments
4446:
4445:
4428:
4329:Age of Discovery
4163:Great Commission
4131:
4130:
4115:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4030:
4018:
4017:
3938:Early Modern and
3848:Byzantine Papacy
3814:
3813:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2296:Preceded by
2286:
2285:
2253:
2249:
2215:
2194:
2166:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2090:
2071:
2045:
2014:Revue historique
2009:
1972:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:. Archived from
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1658:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1598:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:, pp. 2â10.
1536:
1530:
1529:, pp. 1â15.
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1037:Milo of Nanteuil
957:Byzantine Empire
889:Clement III
640:Empress Adelaide
596:(partly via the
590:lay investitures
445:, especially as
440:
437:
431:later named him
429:Pope Gregory VII
331:Odo of Châtillon
328:
325:
223:
186:Personal details
173:Created cardinal
159:
123:Previous post(s)
67:
64:
59:
32:
31:
21:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7482:Beatified popes
7402:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7363:
7285:World Youth Day
7263:
7252:World Youth Day
7196:Pacem in terris
7190:Pope John XXIII
7129:
7056:
7047:Edict of Nantes
7005:
7001:
6991:
6957:Teresa of Ăvila
6952:Tridentine Mass
6888:
6884:
6875:
6856:Knights Templar
6810:
6712:
6668:Gregorian chant
6626:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6533:
6521:
6448:
6317:
6305:
6297:
6164:
6162:Catholic Church
6155:
6125:
6120:
6098:
6090:
6069:
6052:Relief Services
6018:
5964:Catholic Action
5954:Military orders
5891:Confraternities
5883:of the faithful
5882:
5875:
5697:
5688:
5624:
5530:
5424:
5283:
5275:
5208:Prior, Prioress
5164:
5057:
5053:Vatican Museums
5004:
4937:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4825:
4779:Social teaching
4746:
4685:
4630:
4585:One true church
4549:
4526:Sixtine Vulgate
4522:Official Bible
4436:
4432:
4427:
4415:
4333:
4265:
4210:
4180:Petrine primacy
4123:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4078:
4076:Catholic Church
4073:
4043:
4038:
4002:
3985:(1929âpresent)
3939:
3933:
3887:Tusculan Papacy
3879:
3873:
3854:Frankish Papacy
3819:
3803:
3617:
3331:
2930:
2634:
2428:
2361:
2359:Catholic Church
2352:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2281:Regesta Imperii
2240:"Pope Urban II"
2238:
2222:
2212:
2173:2 (1970) 56â65.
2163:
2144:
2136:. Basic Books.
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
1990:10.2307/2848328
1969:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1419:Orderic Vitalis
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:, p. 1112.
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1246:
1242:
1219:10.2307/1834642
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1074:Alternatively,
1073:
1069:
1065:
1027:House of Natoli
1018:
1000:Pope Urban was
998:
981:lay investiture
953:
912:
904:Pope Paschal II
771:Robert the Monk
766:Gesta Francorum
702:
696:
664:excommunication
554:William the Red
531:Walk to Canossa
504:
488:Main articles:
486:
481:
475:in March 1088.
459:, the abbot of
438:
417:
415:Bishop of Ostia
370:bishop of Ostia
339:Catholic Church
326:
298:
287:Papal vestments
272:
268:
258:Catholic Church
225:
221:
212:
199:
197:
196:
177:
144:
81:Catholic Church
72:
65:
43:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7530:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7381:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7282:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7173:Lateran Treaty
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7008:
7006:
6998:Baroque period
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6967:Peter Canisius
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6942:Francis Xavier
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6906:Exsurge Domine
6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6846:Pope Clement V
6843:
6842:
6841:
6839:Avignon Papacy
6834:Western Schism
6831:
6826:
6824:Thomas Aquinas
6820:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6678:Saint Boniface
6675:
6670:
6665:
6663:Pope Gregory I
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6602:Biblical canon
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6556:
6554:
6535:
6531:Late antiquity
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6478:Pope Clement I
6468:Church Fathers
6465:
6459:
6457:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6324:
6322:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6229:Biblical canon
6224:Catholic Bible
6221:
6220:
6219:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:Legion of Mary
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5928:Lay Carmelites
5925:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5887:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:Conceptionists
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5711:Assumptionists
5707:
5705:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:Syro-Malankara
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:Italo-Albanian
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5072:
5070:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5033:Lateran Treaty
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4959:
4954:
4945:
4943:
4928:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Moral theology
4766:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:Pope Gregory I
4281:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:Biblical canon
4253:
4251:Late antiquity
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4187:Church fathers
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4121:Ecclesiastical
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3980:
3977:Roman Question
3974:
3968:
3967:(c. 1640â1740)
3962:
3959:Baroque Papacy
3956:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3928:Western Schism
3925:
3922:Avignon Papacy
3919:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3868:Crescentii era
3865:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3824:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:Alexander VIII
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Anastasius III
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:External links
2218:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2195:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2124:978-0812210170
2123:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2086:978-0521269117
2085:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2046:
2028:(4): 796â814.
2022:Church History
2017:
2010:
1973:
1967:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1918:
1916:, p. 192.
1906:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1849:
1834:
1815:(2): 270â271.
1799:
1784:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1734:(4): 462â466.
1718:
1709:
1698:(4): 459â466.
1682:
1680:, p. xix.
1670:
1653:
1633:
1620:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1505:. pp. 263â265.
1494:
1482:
1480:, p. xiv.
1470:
1457:
1443:
1423:
1411:
1395:
1388:
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 796.
1341:
1337:Kleinhenz 2004
1329:
1327:, p. 190.
1314:
1312:, p. 182.
1302:
1287:
1240:
1213:(2): 231â242.
1193:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1142:
1121:
1109:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1014:
997:
994:
952:
949:
931:
930:
927:
911:
908:
873:Baldric of Dol
849:"God wills it"
805:Holy Sepulchre
698:Main article:
695:
692:
676:Count of Anjou
674:, wife of the
548:, exiled from
546:St Anselm
535:Duke of Swabia
485:
482:
480:
477:
425:abbey of Cluny
416:
413:
335:Otho de Lagery
307:
306:
300:
299:
297:
296:
293:
288:
284:
282:
278:
277:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
238:
237:
218:
214:
213:
200:
194:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
139:
133:
126:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
52:
51:
49:Bishop of Rome
45:
44:
41:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7529:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7412:Pope Urban II
7410:
7409:
7407:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Mother Teresa
7230:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7158:Pope Pius XII
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7124:Rerum novarum
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7108:Pope Leo XIII
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:United States
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:Pope Pius VII
7066:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6751:Scholasticism
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Pope Urban II
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6502:Justin Martyr
6500:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:New Testament
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Commissioning
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:Apostolic Age
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6205:Papal primacy
6203:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6117:
6109:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Home Missions
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5940:Saint Francis
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Saint Dominic
5921:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:Bethlehemites
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5658:Vatican Radio
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:Vatican Media
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:List of popes
4936:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Mother of God
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:People of God
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:Infallibility
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Body and soul
4471:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Enlightenment
4374:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:Protestantism
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Scholasticism
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Schism (1378)
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Schism (1054)
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4009:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:High and Late
3876:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Benedict XIII
3692:
3690:
3689:Innocent XIII
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Alexander VII
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Innocent VIII
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Callixtus III
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Boniface VIII
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Celestine III
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Alexander III
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Anastasius IV
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Sylvester III
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Benedict VIII
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Anastasius II
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:Pope emeritus
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:List of popes
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:9781135948801
2158:
2155:. Routledge.
2154:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2105:9780060653040
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:(1): 96â106.
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1968:9783777288024
1964:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1904:, p. 28.
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1767:, p. 34.
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1553:, p. 23.
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1446:
1444:9781000436297
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1389:9780521545907
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1363:, p. 33.
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:Gabriele 2012
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1300:, p. 16.
1299:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:The Historian
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Urban (popes)
1146:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1119:, p. 97.
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:Pope Leo XIII
1003:
993:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
945:
940:
936:
928:
925:
921:
920:See of Toledo
917:
916:
915:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
877:
874:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
844:
840:
835:
831:
830:First Crusade
826:
821:
816:
812:
810:
806:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
767:
762:
752:
748:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
727:, and French
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
701:
700:First Crusade
694:First Crusade
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Prince Conrad
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:Henry IV
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:, the former
509:
503:
499:
495:
491:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Monte Cassino
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
409:Pope Leo XIII
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
386:First Crusade
383:
382:First Crusade
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
321:
317:
313:
312:Pope Urban II
305:
301:
294:
292:
289:
286:
285:
283:
279:
276:
275:Pope Leo XIII
271:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
228:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
193:
189:
184:
181:
175:
171:
167:
163:
156:
152:
147:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:12 March 1088
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
58:
53:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7462:French popes
7417:1030s births
7346:
7342:Pope Francis
7268:21st century
7217:Pope Paul VI
7194:
7182:
7135:20th century
7122:
7073:Pope Pius IX
7061:19th century
7037:Pope Pius VI
6904:
6776:Latin Empire
6746:Universities
6725:
6698:Pope Leo III
6565:Christianity
6550:state church
6542:Great Church
6343:Resurrection
6306:(30â325/476)
6303:Early Church
6288:Latin Church
6283:Papal States
6278:Vatican City
6086:Universities
5918:Third orders
5881:Associations
5871:Visitandines
5866:Trinitarians
5816:Mercedarians
5801:Hieronymites
5746:Camaldoleses
5731:Benedictines
5721:Augustinians
5681:
5674:
5667:
5648:Vatican News
5602:Distinctions
5408:Syro-Malabar
5293:Latin Church
5215:Grand master
5113:Metropolitan
5010:Vatican City
4905:Organisation
4784:Philosophers
4649:Confirmation
4626:In canon law
4620:Subsistit in
4618:
4614:Three states
4601:
4562:
4555:Ecclesiology
4537:Nova Vulgata
4535:
4493:Original sin
4488:Nicene Creed
4478:Divine grace
4437:
4319:Universities
4289:Papal States
4216:Great Church
4158:Resurrection
4135:Early Church
4031:
4019:
3989:World War II
3983:Vatican City
3859:
3830:(until 493)
3794:Benedict XVI
3789:John Paul II
3709:Clement XIII
3704:Benedict XIV
3679:Innocent XII
3613:Clement VIII
3588:Gregory XIII
3568:Marcellus II
3528:Alexander VI
3478:Innocent VII
3443:Benedict XII
3398:Nicholas III
3363:Alexander IV
3353:Celestine IV
3343:Honorius III
3327:Innocent III
3312:Gregory VIII
3272:Celestine II
3257:Callixtus II
3241:
3227:Alexander II
3152:Sylvester II
3132:Benedict VII
3092:Stephen VIII
2977:Benedict III
2831:Adeodatus II
2776:Boniface III
2630:Anastasius I
2304:
2243:
2200:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2152:
2133:
2114:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2049:
2025:
2021:
2013:
1981:
1977:
1957:
1949:Bibliography
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1921:
1914:McBrien 2000
1909:
1902:Matthew 1992
1897:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1673:
1656:
1628:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1600:
1570:
1565:, p. 2.
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1492:, p. 1.
1485:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1433:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1378:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1325:McBrien 2000
1310:McBrien 2000
1305:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1012:on 29 July.
999:
990:Hohenstaufen
954:
937:against the
932:
913:
897:
886:
878:
865:
857:Dieu le veut
856:
852:
846:
842:
838:
818:
814:
802:
798:
775:
764:
757:
737:
703:
656:
634:; her large
608:Welf II
597:
562:
505:
450:
418:
398:
355:
343:Papal States
334:
330:
311:
310:
267:14 July 1881
254:Venerated in
231:Papal States
222:(1099-07-29)
220:29 July 1099
168:20 July 1085
165:Consecration
98:29 July 1099
95:Papacy ended
87:Papacy began
37:Pope Blessed
29:
7422:1099 deaths
7348:Laudato si'
7143:Pope Pius X
6972:Philip Neri
6947:Pope Pius V
6922:Thomas More
6791:Inquisition
6693:Charlemagne
6653:Monasticism
6463:Persecution
6355:Holy Spirit
6338:Crucifixion
6217:First seven
6076:Health care
6062:Pax Christi
6014:Schoenstatt
5979:Sant'Egidio
5811:Legionaries
5791:Franciscans
5766:Cistercians
5761:Carthusians
5716:Annonciades
5575:Altarpieces
5468:West Syriac
5463:East Syriac
5443:Alexandrian
5067:Holy orders
5048:Swiss Guard
4988:Dicasteries
4983:Roman Curia
4881:Evangelists
4839:Holy Family
4774:Personalism
4764:Natural law
4742:Josephology
4676:Holy orders
4314:Inquisition
4271:Middle Ages
4261:Monasticism
4229:Constantine
4153:Crucifixion
3997:(1945â1991)
3991:(1939â1945)
3979:(1870â1929)
3973:(1775â1848)
3961:(1585â1689)
3955:(1534â1585)
3949:(1417â1534)
3930:(1378â1417)
3924:(1309â1378)
3916:, 1228â1304
3910:, 1262â1297
3904:, 1257â1281
3895:(1048â1257)
3880:Middle Ages
3820:Middle Ages
3784:John Paul I
3759:Benedict XV
3739:Gregory XVI
3714:Clement XIV
3699:Clement XII
3669:Innocent XI
3608:Innocent IX
3603:Gregory XIV
3553:Clement VII
3483:Gregory XII
3473:Boniface IX
3453:Innocent VI
3428:Benedict XI
3418:Celestine V
3413:Nicholas IV
3408:Honorius IV
3358:Innocent IV
3317:Clement III
3267:Innocent II
3262:Honorius II
3252:Gelasius II
3232:Gregory VII
3222:Nicholas II
3182:Benedict IX
3127:Benedict VI
3102:Agapetus II
3077:Stephen VII
3052:Sergius III
3042:Benedict IV
3032:Theodore II
3017:Boniface VI
2916:Stephen III
2896:Gregory III
2886:Constantine
2851:Benedict II
2786:Adeodatus I
2781:Boniface IV
2761:Pelagius II
2721:Boniface II
2661:Celestine I
2600:Sylvester I
2585:Marcellus I
2580:Marcellinus
2515:Callixtus I
2500:Eleutherius
2475:Telesphorus
2465:Alexander I
2387:Papal names
1765:Peters 1971
1753:Peters 1971
1678:Peters 1971
1575:Peters 1971
1563:Peters 1971
1551:Peters 1971
1539:Peters 1971
1527:Peters 1971
1515:Peters 1971
1490:Peters 1971
1478:Peters 1971
1361:Peters 1971
1298:Peters 1971
1260:(1): 1â46.
1189:Becker 1988
1004:in 1881 by
786:Vallombrosa
668:King Philip
660:Hugh of Die
624:Count Roger
439: 1080
401:Roman Curia
327: 1035
291:Papal tiara
180:Gregory VII
103:Predecessor
7406:Categories
7221:coronation
6927:Pope Leo X
6512:Tertullian
6442:Revelation
6417:Background
5831:Oratorians
5786:Dominicans
5756:Carmelites
5751:Camillians
5699:institutes
5512:Tridentine
5448:Antiochian
5368:Macedonian
5313:Belarusian
5203:Provincial
5118:Archbishop
5038:Roman Rota
5000:Properties
4925:By country
4921:Precedence
4886:Confessors
4866:Archangels
4856:Patriarchs
4756:Philosophy
4734:Veneration
4699:Assumption
4669:Last rites
4636:Sacraments
4580:Four marks
4391:Vatican II
4339:Modern era
4175:Succession
3940:Modern Era
3870:(974â1012)
3774:John XXIII
3684:Clement XI
3659:Clement IX
3649:Innocent X
3644:Urban VIII
3639:Gregory XV
3563:Julius III
3498:Nicholas V
3463:Gregory XI
3448:Clement VI
3383:Innocent V
3373:Clement IV
3348:Gregory IX
3302:Lucius III
3282:Eugene III
3247:Paschal II
3237:Victor III
3217:Stephen IX
3202:Damasus II
3197:Clement II
3192:Gregory VI
3167:Sergius IV
3162:John XVIII
3112:Benedict V
3097:Marinus II
3022:Stephen VI
3002:Adrian III
2982:Nicholas I
2967:Sergius II
2962:Gregory IV
2942:Stephen IV
2906:Stephen II
2891:Gregory II
2811:Theodore I
2796:Honorius I
2791:Boniface V
2756:Benedict I
2746:Pelagius I
2731:Agapetus I
2691:Gelasius I
2681:Simplicius
2666:Sixtus III
2656:Boniface I
2646:Innocent I
2510:Zephyrinus
2424:Pope-elect
2400:non-extant
2316:Paschal II
2299:Victor III
1609:(1): 51â70
1093:References
996:Veneration
861:propaganda
855:in Latin,
725:Burgundian
457:Desiderius
320:Urbanus II
281:Attributes
154:Ordination
117:Paschal II
107:Victor III
7237:Communism
7207:Ecumenism
6553:(380â451)
6545:(180â451)
6534:(313â476)
6456:(100â325)
6072:See also:
6024:Charities
5933:Discalced
5861:Trappists
5856:Theatines
5826:Olivetans
5771:Clarisses
5741:Blue nuns
5726:Basilians
5703:societies
5611:See also:
5497:Mozarabic
5487:Ambrosian
5473:Malankara
5458:Byzantine
5418:Ukrainian
5393:Ruthenian
5358:Hungarian
5343:Ethiopian
5318:Bulgarian
5285:sui iuris
5269:Postulant
5178:Religious
5133:Auxiliary
5128:Coadjutor
5098:Patriarch
4966:Cardinals
4913:Canon law
4909:Hierarchy
4891:Disciples
4814:Relations
4802:Evolution
4793:See also:
4738:See also:
4691:Mariology
4681:Matrimony
4654:Eucharist
4575:Ecumenism
4503:Salvation
4439:Catechism
4434:Tradition
4396:Communism
4244:Chalcedon
3864:(904â964)
3856:(756â857)
3850:(537â752)
3844:(493â537)
3836:(312â337)
3734:Pius VIII
3664:Clement X
3598:Urban VII
3548:Adrian VI
3538:Julius II
3518:Sixtus IV
3493:Eugene IV
3438:John XXII
3433:Clement V
3403:Martin IV
3378:Gregory X
3307:Urban III
3292:Adrian IV
3277:Lucius II
3212:Victor II
3157:John XVII
3147:Gregory V
3122:John XIII
3007:Stephen V
2997:Marinus I
2992:John VIII
2987:Adrian II
2957:Valentine
2952:Eugene II
2947:Paschal I
2881:Sisinnius
2866:Sergius I
2801:Severinus
2766:Gregory I
2736:Silverius
2706:Hormisdas
2701:Symmachus
2686:Felix III
2620:Damasus I
2595:Miltiades
2570:Eutychian
2560:Dionysius
2555:Sixtus II
2550:Stephen I
2540:Cornelius
2460:Evaristus
2455:Clement I
2450:Anacletus
2380:canonised
2375:graphical
2263:catalogue
2185:: 55â90.
2042:170734222
2006:161324202
1937:22 August
1890:Loud 2013
1274:0018-2370
1227:0002-8762
1063:Footnotes
1010:feast day
1008:with his
1002:beatified
963:from the
853:deus vult
790:Catalonia
782:Bolognese
741:Holy Land
620:Maximilla
599:cullagium
578:Benevento
556:amid the
514:who held
473:Terracina
405:beatified
392:from the
390:Jerusalem
264:Beatified
246:Feast day
241:Sainthood
138:(1080â88)
132:(1078â88)
113:Successor
7507:Crusades
7442:Cluniacs
7247:HIV/AIDS
6741:Crusades
6495:Irenaeus
6488:Ignatius
6483:Polycarp
6333:Ministry
6321:(30â100)
6195:Timeline
6116:Category
6009:Opus Dei
5994:Scouting
5984:Focolare
5851:Servites
5836:Piarists
5781:Crosiers
5517:Anglican
5453:Armenian
5383:Romanian
5373:Maronite
5348:Georgian
5338:Eritrean
5323:Chaldean
5308:Armenian
5303:Albanian
5184:Superior
5143:Emeritus
5123:Diocesan
4976:Advisers
4935:Holy See
4861:Prophets
4819:Politics
4590:Catholic
4570:Councils
4425:Theology
4304:Crusades
4239:Nicaea I
4170:Apostles
4148:Ministry
4117:Timeline
4097:Glossary
4021:Category
3995:Cold War
3769:Pius XII
3749:Leo XIII
3724:Pius VII
3593:Sixtus V
3558:Paul III
3533:Pius III
3488:Martin V
3468:Urban VI
3393:John XXI
3388:Adrian V
3368:Urban IV
3242:Urban II
3177:John XIX
3137:John XIV
3117:Leo VIII
3107:John XII
3012:Formosus
2921:Adrian I
2876:John VII
2826:Vitalian
2821:Eugene I
2816:Martin I
2771:Sabinian
2751:John III
2741:Vigilius
2716:Felix IV
2676:Hilarius
2625:Siricius
2615:Liberius
2610:Julius I
2590:Eusebius
2545:Lucius I
2505:Victor I
2490:Anicetus
2470:Sixtus I
2407:Antipope
2310:1088â99
2191:23563638
1978:Speculum
1829:23072750
1740:25013850
1704:25013850
1282:24455961
1016:See also
969:Campania
926:in 1088
745:Crusades
717:Anatolia
686:such as
568:held in
520:antipope
471:held in
469:prelates
452:papabile
394:Fatimids
351:Crusades
273:by
42:Urban II
18:Urban II
7212:Judaism
6612:Vulgate
6422:Gospels
6397:Stephen
6314:Origins
6234:Vulgate
6170:General
6160:of the
6158:History
6081:Schools
6037:Caritas
5945:Secular
5911:Workers
5806:Jesuits
5592:Museums
5587:Library
5565:Writers
5560:Artists
5540:Culture
5507:Paul VI
5388:Russian
5378:Melkite
5220:Brother
5198:General
5138:Titular
5108:Primate
5086:Eparchy
5076:Diocese
5023:Outline
4962:College
4952:Francis
4896:Virgins
4871:Martyrs
4797:Science
4704:History
4659:Penance
4644:Baptism
4545:Worship
4518:Vulgate
4466:Kingdom
4461:Trinity
4449:General
4204:Primacy
4112:History
4092:Outline
3914:Perugia
3908:Orvieto
3902:Viterbo
3799:Francis
3779:Paul VI
3764:Pius XI
3744:Pius IX
3729:Leo XII
3719:Pius VI
3578:Pius IV
3573:Paul IV
3513:Paul II
3508:Pius II
3458:Urban V
3142:John XV
3087:Leo VII
3082:John XI
3037:John IX
3027:Romanus
2926:Leo III
2901:Zachary
2871:John VI
2806:John IV
2726:John II
2651:Zosimus
2565:Felix I
2530:Anterus
2525:Pontian
2520:Urban I
2480:Hyginus
2357:of the
2269:in the
2259:in the
1998:2848328
1629:History
1613:7 March
1450:6 March
1235:1834642
992:heirs.
977:Roger I
832:at the
778:Flemish
729:bishops
652:England
616:Cremona
604:Matilda
550:England
524:emperor
518:as the
508:Guibert
465:elected
249:29 July
198:c. 1035
7178:Nazism
7000:to the
6607:Jerome
6517:Origen
6200:Papacy
5959:Fimcap
5901:Marian
5821:Minims
5553:Marian
5403:Syriac
5398:Slovak
5328:Coptic
5264:Oblate
5259:Master
5254:Novice
5249:Hermit
5237:Sister
5193:Abbess
5160:Deacon
5155:Priest
5150:Parish
5093:Bishop
5063:Polity
4849:Joseph
4831:Saints
4498:Saints
4386:Nazism
3754:Pius X
3634:Paul V
3629:Leo XI
3583:Pius V
3207:Leo IX
3072:Leo VI
3067:John X
2972:Leo IV
2911:Paul I
2856:John V
2846:Leo II
2841:Agatho
2711:John I
2535:Fabian
2485:Pius I
2395:extant
2391:Tombs
2208:
2189:
2159:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2083:
2064:
2040:
2004:
1996:
1965:
1827:
1809:Oriens
1738:
1702:
1441:
1386:
1280:
1272:
1233:
1225:
1132:". In
985:legate
973:Sicily
965:Norman
951:Sicily
871:, and
719:. The
644:Anselm
628:Sicily
586:simony
580:, and
574:Amalfi
566:synods
500:, and
479:Papacy
447:legate
427:, and
358:France
202:Lagery
149:Orders
77:Church
7497:Popes
7280:Islam
6548:Roman
6507:Canon
6380:Peter
6328:Jesus
6057:CIDSE
5906:Youth
5630:Media
5597:Music
5522:Zaire
5502:Roman
5492:Braga
5482:Latin
5353:Greek
5225:Friar
5189:Abbot
5103:Major
5018:Index
4917:Laity
4483:Dogma
4430:Bible
4406:Islam
4362:Trent
4143:Jesus
4125:Legal
4087:Index
3543:Leo X
3062:Lando
3047:Leo V
2861:Conon
2836:Donus
2671:Leo I
2575:Caius
2495:Soter
2445:Linus
2440:Peter
2355:Popes
2187:JSTOR
2038:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1994:JSTOR
1825:JSTOR
1736:JSTOR
1700:JSTOR
1597:(PDF)
1278:JSTOR
1231:JSTOR
1084:Eudes
1082:, or
939:Moors
910:Spain
794:Moors
680:Louis
636:dowry
582:Troia
366:Cluny
316:Latin
295:Staff
7330:2023
7325:2019
7320:2016
7315:2013
7310:2011
7305:2008
7300:2005
7295:2002
7290:2000
7257:1995
6427:Acts
6390:Paul
6385:John
6360:Mary
5582:Folk
5230:Monk
4971:List
4949:Pope
4844:Mary
2605:Mark
2306:Pope
2206:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2062:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1939:2008
1615:2022
1452:2023
1439:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1270:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1076:Otto
971:and
632:Pisa
570:Rome
516:Rome
368:and
270:Rome
227:Rome
217:Died
191:Born
176:1073
160:1068
6316:and
6266:Art
5896:Lay
5548:Art
5242:Nun
4964:of
4456:God
2030:doi
1986:doi
1817:doi
1262:doi
1215:doi
1159:27.
1138:15.
1080:Odo
967:of
666:of
662:'s
650:of
626:of
552:by
407:by
333:or
195:Odo
178:by
7408::
5701:,
5191:,
2242:.
2183:12
2181:.
2036:.
2026:81
2024:.
2000:.
1992:.
1980:.
1860:.
1823:.
1813:39
1811:.
1732:25
1730:.
1696:25
1694:.
1668:).
1651:).
1636:^
1605:.
1599:.
1582:^
1405:,
1368:^
1317:^
1290:^
1276:.
1268:.
1258:75
1256:.
1252:.
1229:.
1221:.
1211:11
1209:.
1205:.
1157:.
1136:.
1078:,
906:.
895:.
747:.
592:,
588:,
576:,
572:,
496:,
492:,
436:c.
353:.
324:c.
322:;
318::
233:,
229:,
208:,
204:,
158:c.
63:c.
7223:)
7219:(
6150:e
6143:t
6136:v
5696:,
5180::
5069:)
5065:(
4942:)
4938:(
4068:e
4061:t
4054:v
2347:e
2340:t
2333:v
2252:.
2250:)
2214:.
2193:.
2165:.
2146:.
2127:.
2108:.
2089:.
2070:.
2044:.
2032::
2008:.
1988::
1982:7
1971:.
1941:.
1831:.
1819::
1742:.
1706:.
1617:.
1607:2
1454:.
1421:.
1393:.
1284:.
1264::
1237:.
1217::
1086:.
811:.
314:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(crop).png)