797:
pump inhibitors, if they have not been started earlier, are recommended in those in whom high risk signs for bleeding are found. It is also recommended that people with high risk signs are kept in hospital for at least 72 hours. Blood transfusions are not generally recommended to correct anemia, but blood transfusions are recommended if the person is not stable (cardiovascular system instability). Oral iron can be used, but this can lead to problems with compliance, tolerance, darkening stools which may mask evidence of rebleeding and tends to be slow, especially if used in conjunction with proton pump inhibitors.
519:. A positive aspirate is more helpful than a negative aspirate (If the aspirate is positive, an upper gastrointestinal bleed is likely; if the aspirate is negative, the source of a gastrointestinal bleed is probably, but not certainly, lower). A smaller study found a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 55%, somewhat opposite results from Witting. The accuracy of the aspirate is improved by using the Gastroccult test.
526:(Hematest reagent tablets and Bili-Labstix) or guaiac (Hemoccult and Gastroccult). There is some evidence that orthotolidine-based tests more sensitive than specific, the Hemoccult test's sensitivity reduced by the acidic environment; and the Gastroccult test be the most accurate. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value have been reported as follows:
777:
40:
315:
796:
before endoscopy can decrease the amount of blood in the stomach and thus improve the operators view. This erythromycin treatment may lead to a small decrease in the need for a blood transfusion, but the overall balance of how effective erythromycin is compared to potential risks is not clear. Proton
654:
medications are often given in the emergent setting before an endoscopy and may reduce the need for an endoscopic haemotstatic treatment. Proton pump inhibitors decrease gastric acid production. There is insufficient evidence to determine if proton pump inhibitors decrease death rates, re-bleeding
865:
Barkun, AN; Almadi, M; Kuipers, EJ; Laine, L; Sung, J; Tse, F; Leontiadis, GI; Abraham, NS; Calvet, X; Chan, FKL; Douketis, J; Enns, R; Gralnek, IM; Jairath, V; Jensen, D; Lau, J; Lip, GYH; Loffroy, R; Maluf-Filho, F; Meltzer, AC; Reddy, N; Saltzman, JR; Marshall, JK; Bardou, M (22 October 2019).
591:
Holman used simulated gastric specimens and found the
Hemoccult test to have significant problems with non-specificity and false-positive results, whereas the Gastroccult test was very accurate. Holman found that by 120 seconds after the developer was applied, the Hemoccult test was positive on
1602:
Barkun, Alan N.; Almadi, Majid; Kuipers, Ernst J.; Laine, Loren; Sung, Joseph; Tse, Frances; Leontiadis, Grigorios I.; Abraham, Neena S.; Calvet, Xavier; Chan, Francis K.L.; Douketis, James; Enns, Robert; Gralnek, Ian M.; Jairath, Vipul; Jensen, Dennis; Lau, James; Lip, Gregory Y.H.; Loffroy,
675:
are believed to be equivalent for peptic ulcer bleeding. In people with a confirmed peptic ulcer, proton pump inhibitors do not reduce death rates, later bleeding events, or need for surgery. They may decrease signs of bleeding at endoscopy however. In those with less severe disease and where
480:
603:
bleeding score found 16% of people presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleed had
Glasgow-Blatchford score of "0", considered low. Among these people there were no deaths or interventions needed and they were able to be effectively treated in an outpatient setting.
206:
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding affects around 50 to 150 people per 100,000 a year. It represents over 50% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding. A 1995 UK study found an estimated mortality risk of 11% in those admitted to hospital for gastrointestinal bleeding.
809:
Depending on its severity, upper gastrointestinal bleeding may carry an estimated mortality risk of 11%. However, survival has improved to about 2 percent, likely as a result of improvements in medical therapy and endoscopic control of bleeding.
1044:
Graber CJ, et al. (2007). "A Stitch in Time — A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease was admitted to the hospital with a several-month history of fevers, chills, and fatigue".
655:
events, or the need for surgical interventions. After the initial resuscitation has been completed, treatment is instigated to limit the likelihood of re-bleeds and correct any anemia that the bleeding may have caused. Those with a
231:(maroon-coloured stool) if the hemorrhage is severe. The presentation of bleeding depends on the amount and location of hemorrhage. A person with upper gastrointestinal bleeding may also present with complications of
499:
The strongest predictors of an upper gastrointestinal bleed are black stool, age <50 years, and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio 30 or more. The diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is assumed when
2099:
2084:
2001:
Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M; Magder; Heins; Mattu; Granja; Baumgarten (2004). "Usefulness and validity of diagnostic nasogastric aspiration in patients without hematemesis".
637:
The predictive values cited are based on the prevalences of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the corresponding studies. A clinical calculator can be used to generate predictive values for other prevalences.
1191:
Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M; Magder; Heins; Mattu; Granja; Baumgarten (2006). "ED predictors of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in patients without hematemesis".
1080:
Sierra J, Kalangos A, Faidutti B, Christenson JT; Kalangos; Faidutti; Christenson (2003). "Aorto-enteric fistula is a serious complication to aortic surgery. Modern trends in diagnosis and therapy".
450:. Fistulae are usually secondary to prior vascular surgery and usually occur at the proximal anastomosis at the third or fourth portion of the duodenum where it is retroperitoneal and near the aorta.
1411:
Stanley AJ, Ashley D, Dalton HR, et al. (January 2009). "Outpatient management of patients with low-risk upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage: multicentre validation and prospective evaluation".
650:
beginning with airway management and fluid resuscitation using either intravenous fluids and or blood. A number of medications may improve outcomes depending on the source of the bleeding.
511:
can help determine the location (source) of bleeding and help understand the best initial diagnostic and treatment plan. Nasogastric aspirate has a sensitivity of 42%, specificity 91%,
522:
Determining whether blood is in gastric contents, either vomited or aspirated specimens, may be a challenge when determining the source of the hemorrhage. Slide tests are based on
3021:
1958:
Cai, Jennifer X.; Saltzman, John R. (July 2018). "Initial
Assessment, Risk Stratification, and Early Management of Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage".
1015:
2057:
349:
There are many causes for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Causes are usually anatomically divided into their location in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
1865:
Villanueva, CĂ ndid; Colomo, Alan; Bosch, Alba; ConcepciĂłn, Mar; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Aracil, Carles; Graupera, Isabel; Poca, MarĂa; et al. (2013).
1244:
Ernst AA, Haynes ML, Nick TG, Weiss SJ; Haynes; Nick; Weiss (1999). "Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal bleeding".
2199:
2703:
2037:
1804:
1370:
1279:
1227:
1172:
1115:
1384:
Holman JS, Shwed JA; Shwed (1992). "Influence of sucralfate on the detection of occult blood in simulated gastric fluid by two screening tests".
515:
64%, positive predictive value 92% and overall accuracy of 66% in differentiating upper gastrointestinal bleeding from bleeding distal to the
737:
196:
2298:
1603:
Romaric; Maluf-Filho, Fauze; Meltzer, Andrew C.; Reddy, Nageshwar; Saltzman, John R.; Marshall, John K.; Bardou, Marc (22 October 2019).
1129:
Cendan JC, Thomas JB, Seeger JM; Thomas Jb; Seeger (2004). "Twenty-one cases of aortoenteric fistula: lessons for the general surgeon".
2337:
826:. In the absence of hematemesis, 40% to 50% of people in the emergency department with gastrointestinal bleeding have an upper source.
3492:
1300:
Cuellar RE, Gavaler JS, Alexander JA, et al. (1990). "Gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. The value of a nasogastric aspirate".
2192:
764:
greater than 7 to 8 g/dL and only moderate bleeding. If the INR is greater than 1.5 to 1.8 correction with fresh frozen plasma,
1909:
AdĂŁo, Diego; Gois, Aecio FT; Pacheco, Rafael L; Pimentel, Carolina FMG; Riera, Rachel (2023-02-01). Cochrane Gut Group (ed.).
2565:
1605:"Management of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Guideline Recommendations From the International Consensus Group"
868:"Management of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Guideline Recommendations From the International Consensus Group"
2477:
2217:
356:
or non-variceal sources of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, as the two have different treatment algorithms and prognosis.
466:
1023:
2778:
2185:
3450:
3297:
1545:
Kanno, Takeshi; Yuan, Yuhong; Tse, Frances; Howden, Colin W.; Moayyedi, Paul; Leontiadis, Grigorios I. (2022-01-07).
1503:
Jairath, V; Barkun, AN (October 2011). "The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding".
3195:
3336:
2948:
2436:
2431:
2308:
835:
420:
2000:
1190:
3190:
3146:
3040:
2862:
2461:
3401:
3247:
1547:"Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
3497:
3156:
2675:
2283:
1079:
106:
784:
Upper endoscopy within 24 hours is the recommended treatment. The benefits versus risks of placing a
688:
while recommended for variceal bleeding have not been found to be of general use for non-variceal bleeds.
680:
might be effective to reduce mortality, but the evidence for this is weak. But the evidence is promising.
2370:
1335:
Rosenthal P, Thompson J, Singh M; Thompson; Singh (1984). "Detection of occult blood in gastric juice".
2736:
2665:
2266:
483:
3009:
2965:
2918:
2724:
2342:
729:
512:
102:
3355:
3035:
2670:
2628:
2441:
2316:
2303:
2273:
2244:
2114:
728:
may be used for the prevention of re-bleeding. If bleeding continues then balloon tamponade with a
656:
822:
with gastrointestinal bleeding have an upper source. The diagnosis is easier when the people have
3280:
3057:
2798:
2590:
2249:
1454:
456:
303:
3360:
3084:
3067:
2451:
2327:
2278:
2239:
2209:
840:
736:
may be used in an attempt to mechanically compress the varices. This may then be followed by a
508:
447:
387:
220:
77:
2154:
203:, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment.
3292:
3211:
3200:
3161:
3089:
2392:
2031:
1798:
1364:
1273:
1221:
1166:
1109:
713:
651:
443:
425:
188:
3331:
3275:
3096:
2992:
2575:
2570:
2404:
2322:
2288:
1698:
Bennett, Cathy; Klingenberg, Sarah Louise; Langholz, Ebbe; Gluud, Lise Lotte (2014-11-21).
819:
801:
Iron is increasingly used in these cases to improve patient outcomes and void blood usage.
668:
255:
672:
199:
for variceal bleeding) may be used. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for
8:
3425:
3235:
3128:
3111:
3072:
3045:
2997:
2840:
2817:
2810:
2759:
2731:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2560:
2177:
2103:
765:
753:
283:
248:
130:
3437:
3302:
3285:
3270:
3257:
3240:
3106:
2741:
2633:
2605:
2539:
2365:
2261:
2226:
1983:
1935:
1910:
1786:
1732:
1699:
1631:
1604:
1579:
1546:
1436:
1154:
992:
967:
965:
894:
867:
600:
516:
369:
353:
244:
240:
145:
68:
2108:
2015:
1827:
Cat, TB; Liu-DeRyke, X (September 2010). "Medical management of variceal hemorrhage".
1424:
1257:
1093:
3487:
3415:
3396:
2769:
2125:
2019:
1975:
1940:
1888:
1844:
1778:
1773:
1756:
1737:
1719:
1680:
1636:
1584:
1566:
1520:
1428:
1393:
1352:
1348:
1317:
1261:
1243:
1209:
1146:
1097:
1062:
997:
945:
899:
379:
180:
176:
172:
56:
1987:
1790:
1158:
3462:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3229:
3101:
3029:
2847:
2754:
2749:
2679:
2638:
2446:
2411:
2165:
2011:
1967:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1878:
1836:
1768:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1670:
1626:
1616:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1512:
1440:
1420:
1344:
1309:
1253:
1201:
1138:
1089:
1054:
987:
979:
935:
889:
879:
789:
785:
327:
61:
187:
is recommended within 24 hours and bleeding can be stopped by various techniques.
3420:
3350:
3216:
3151:
3116:
2987:
2852:
2788:
2690:
2609:
2600:
2550:
2490:
2375:
2352:
2119:
2061:
677:
460:
415:
192:
141:
1840:
1313:
676:
endoscopy is rapidly available, they are of less immediate clinical importance.
51:
with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
3457:
3372:
2926:
2899:
2764:
2699:
2695:
2585:
2555:
2130:
1971:
1516:
1205:
1142:
983:
760:. Some evidence supports holding off on blood transfusions in those who have a
733:
438:
405:
269:, in order to determine the severity of bleeding and the timing of intervention
153:
149:
48:
2093:
1911:"Erythromycin prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage"
1128:
3481:
3390:
3343:
3136:
3079:
3062:
2974:
2719:
2546:
2421:
2387:
2332:
2054:
1723:
1570:
1334:
845:
721:
717:
709:
647:
523:
487:
400:
3265:
3177:
3050:
2953:
2904:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2793:
2618:
2534:
2426:
2416:
2382:
2023:
1979:
1944:
1892:
1848:
1782:
1741:
1684:
1640:
1588:
1524:
1432:
1299:
1213:
1150:
1101:
1066:
1001:
949:
903:
793:
757:
681:
299:
228:
137:
85:
1883:
1866:
1397:
1356:
1321:
1265:
1058:
3445:
3207:
3185:
3016:
2936:
2580:
2481:
2234:
2149:
823:
705:
501:
374:
266:
216:
73:
2076:
1757:"Systematic review: tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
966:
British
Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee (October 2002).
359:
The causes for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage include the following:
319:
3221:
2894:
2872:
2517:
2456:
1675:
1658:
940:
923:
798:
761:
701:
685:
236:
165:
161:
157:
1016:"Are SSRIs associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults?"
700:
is preferred in people with cirrhosis. Medications typically includes
3171:
3141:
3004:
2982:
2835:
2686:
2660:
2522:
2512:
2399:
2360:
2293:
2160:
1621:
884:
749:
410:
363:
287:
259:
184:
110:
2805:
2783:
2495:
788:
in those with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are not well known.
725:
432:
118:
1867:"Transfusion Strategies for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
1754:
1659:"Proton Pump Inhibitors for Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
479:
129:. Depending on the amount of the blood loss, symptoms may include
2857:
2623:
2527:
2499:
697:
394:
323:
272:
200:
114:
334:
A number of medications increase the risk of bleeding including
290:
in order to determine if the bleeding is from a variceal source.
279:
examination, in order to determine possible causes of hemorrhage
215:
Persons with upper gastrointestinal bleeding often present with
3323:
2941:
2827:
2088:
1864:
1697:
776:
335:
295:
276:
232:
224:
126:
81:
2773:
2503:
968:"Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: guidelines"
748:
If large amounts of pack red blood cells are used additional
712:
to reduce portal pressures. This is typically in addition to
613:
Hemoglobin level >12.9 g/dL (men) or >11.9 g/dL (women)
343:
339:
122:
171:
Significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a
2207:
1043:
667:
Based on evidence from people with other health problems
314:
1601:
1383:
864:
1908:
608:
Score is equal to "0" if the following are all present:
39:
961:
959:
16:
Bleeding of the esophagus, stomach, or upper intestine
1755:
Gluud, LL; Klingenberg, SL, Langholz, SE (May 2008).
1700:"Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
924:"Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
530:
Determining whether blood is in the gastric aspirate
152:. The initial assessment includes measurement of the
2066:
346:
double the rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
326:
with overlying clot. Pathology was consistent with
1960:
Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy Clinics of North America
1505:
Gastrointestinal
Endoscopy Clinics of North America
1410:
956:
659:less than 2 may not require admission to hospital.
1544:
1502:
628:No past or present liver disease or heart failure
352:People are usually stratified into having either
136:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by
3479:
1826:
109:, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the
33:Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastrorrhagia
1860:
1858:
1656:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1829:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
780:The above ulcer seen after endoscopic clipping
453:Hematobilia, or bleeding from the biliary tree
2193:
738:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
622:Blood urea nitrogen level <18.2 mg/dL
2299:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2036:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1855:
1803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1171:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1114:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
720:for the varices. If this is sufficient then
1957:
1704:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1657:Serpico, M; Riscinti, M (6 December 2019).
1551:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1467:
1239:
1237:
1122:
1073:
921:
2338:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2200:
2186:
1951:
1761:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1652:
1650:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1037:
696:For initial fluid replacement colloids or
616:Systolic blood pressure >109 mm Hg
38:
1934:
1882:
1772:
1731:
1674:
1630:
1620:
1578:
1186:
1184:
1182:
991:
939:
917:
915:
913:
893:
883:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1595:
1234:
1082:Cardiovascular Surgery (London, England)
775:
478:
313:
195:may also be useful. Procedures (such as
1915:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1647:
1447:
1286:
632:
88:(maroon-coloured stool) in severe cases
3480:
1179:
910:
858:
818:About 75% of people presenting to the
262:concentrates on the following things:
3322:
2566:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2181:
1904:
1902:
1811:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
494:
210:
47:Endoscopic image of a posterior wall
922:Beyda, R; Johari, D (22 July 2019).
691:
1455:"Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score"
467:superior mesenteric artery syndrome
13:
1899:
1531:
756:should be administered to prevent
14:
3509:
3451:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3298:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
2048:
2016:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.09.002
743:
504:(vomiting of blood) is observed.
288:stigmata of chronic liver disease
3493:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
3196:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1774:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03638.x
1349:10.1097/00004836-198404000-00004
662:
2437:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2432:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2309:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
1994:
1871:New England Journal of Medicine
1748:
1691:
1404:
1377:
1328:
836:Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
813:
421:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
95:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
25:Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
3191:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3041:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2863:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1927:10.1002/14651858.CD013176.pub2
1716:10.1002/14651858.CD006640.pub3
1563:10.1002/14651858.CD005415.pub4
1008:
1:
3248:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1425:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61769-9
1302:Archives of Internal Medicine
1258:10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90021-9
1094:10.1016/S0967-2109(03)00004-8
851:
792:to empty the stomach such as
771:
3157:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2676:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2284:Esophageal motility disorder
1137:(7): 583–7, discussion 587.
804:
641:
599:A scoring system called the
474:
294:Laboratory findings include
107:upper gastrointestinal tract
7:
1841:10.1016/j.ccell.2010.02.004
1663:Academic Emergency Medicine
1609:Annals of Internal Medicine
1314:10.1001/archinte.150.7.1381
928:Academic Emergency Medicine
872:Annals of Internal Medicine
829:
148:, and rarer causes such as
121:. Blood may be observed in
10:
3514:
3142:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2666:Functional colonic disease
2462:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1972:10.1016/j.giec.2018.02.001
1517:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.001
1206:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.11.005
1143:10.1177/000313480407000704
984:10.1136/gut.51.suppl_4.iv1
3436:
3315:
3256:
3170:
3127:
2973:
2964:
2917:
2871:
2826:
2712:
2599:
2489:
2476:
2351:
2343:Acute esophageal necrosis
2225:
2216:
2140:
2070:
730:Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
549:Negative predictive value
544:Positive predictive value
513:negative predictive value
309:
103:gastrointestinal bleeding
67:
55:
46:
37:
29:
24:
2442:Gastric dumping syndrome
2317:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2304:Diffuse esophageal spasm
768:may decrease mortality.
657:Glasgow Blatchford score
646:The initial focus is on
366:causes (gastrorrhagia):
3058:Alcoholic liver disease
2591:Bile acid malabsorption
2535:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
459:, or bleeding from the
457:Hemosuccus pancreaticus
304:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3068:Hepatic encephalopathy
2452:Buried bumper syndrome
2383:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2267:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2210:human digestive system
1337:J. Clin. Gastroenterol
841:Forrest classification
781:
491:
448:aorto-enteric fistulae
331:
221:coffee ground vomiting
189:Proton pump inhibitors
125:or in altered form as
78:coffee ground vomiting
3293:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3162:Porcelain gallbladder
2274:Zenker's diverticulum
1884:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801
1059:10.1056/NEJMcps062601
779:
652:Proton pump inhibitor
573:Physician assessment
482:
444:Vascular malformation
317:
3097:Hepatorenal syndrome
3036:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2993:Autoimmune hepatitis
2818:Intestinal adhesions
2576:Short bowel syndrome
2405:Functional dyspepsia
2323:Esophageal stricture
2289:Nutcracker esophagus
1131:The American Surgeon
1020:Global Family Doctor
820:emergency department
704:or if not available
633:Bayesian calculation
625:No melena or syncope
619:Pulse <100/minute
551:(prevalence of 39%)
509:nasogastric aspirate
256:physical examination
3498:Medical emergencies
3236:Choledocholithiasis
3107:Metabolic disorders
3073:Acute liver failure
3046:Portal hypertension
2998:Alcoholic hepatitis
2841:Radiation proctitis
2760:Mesenteric ischemia
2732:Gastroenterocolitis
2561:Blind loop syndrome
2371:Ménétrier's disease
2279:Barrett's esophagus
766:prothrombin complex
754:fresh frozen plasma
546:(prevalence of 39%)
531:
490:with visible vessel
426:Dieulafoy's lesions
284:portal hypertension
249:shortness of breath
183:, may be required.
3411:Undefined location
3402:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3303:Pancreatic fistula
3286:Pancreatic abscess
3241:Biliary dyskinesia
3212:Mirizzi's syndrome
2713:Large and/or small
2393:Dieulafoy's lesion
2262:Boerhaave syndrome
2141:External resources
2060:2021-08-27 at the
1676:10.1111/acem.13899
978:(Suppl 4): iv1–6.
941:10.1111/acem.13835
782:
714:endoscopic banding
601:Glasgow-Blatchford
529:
517:ligament of Treitz
495:Diagnostic testing
492:
388:Mallory-Weiss tear
370:Esophageal varices
332:
302:, and an elevated
211:Signs and symptoms
146:esophageal varices
76:(vomiting blood),
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3311:
3310:
2913:
2912:
2770:Bowel obstruction
2472:
2471:
2175:
2174:
934:(10): 1181–1182.
790:Prokinetic agents
692:Variceal bleeding
596:control samples.
589:
588:
384:Esophageal ulcers
380:Esophageal cancer
318:Gastric ulcer in
258:performed by the
181:blood transfusion
177:Fluid replacement
173:medical emergency
164:to determine the
92:
91:
19:Medical condition
3505:
3463:Pneumoperitoneum
3320:
3319:
3230:Common bile duct
3112:Wilson's disease
3102:Peliosis hepatis
2971:
2970:
2848:Proctalgia fugax
2755:Abdominal angina
2680:Ogilvie syndrome
2629:Pseudomembranous
2487:
2486:
2447:Gastric volvulus
2412:Pyloric stenosis
2223:
2222:
2208:Diseases of the
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2068:
2067:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2027:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1710:(11): CD006640.
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1622:10.7326/M19-1795
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
963:
954:
953:
943:
919:
908:
907:
897:
887:
885:10.7326/M19-1795
862:
786:nasogastric tube
532:
528:
328:gastric lymphoma
191:are often used.
142:gastric erosions
62:Gastroenterology
42:
22:
21:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3432:
3421:Internal hernia
3307:
3252:
3217:Biliary fistula
3175:
3166:
3152:Adenomyomatosis
3147:Cholesterolosis
3123:
3117:Hemochromatosis
2988:Viral hepatitis
2960:
2909:
2867:
2853:Rectal prolapse
2822:
2789:Fecal impaction
2779:Intussusception
2742:Crohn's disease
2708:
2691:Toxic megacolon
2603:
2601:Large intestine
2595:
2540:Curling's ulcer
2493:
2491:Small intestine
2480:
2468:
2376:Gastroenteritis
2347:
2212:
2206:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2136:
2135:
2079:
2062:Wayback Machine
2051:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2028:
1999:
1995:
1956:
1952:
1921:(2): CD013176.
1907:
1900:
1863:
1856:
1825:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1753:
1749:
1696:
1692:
1655:
1648:
1615:(11): 805–822.
1600:
1596:
1557:(1): CD005415.
1543:
1532:
1501:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1409:
1405:
1382:
1378:
1362:
1361:
1333:
1329:
1298:
1287:
1271:
1270:
1242:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1189:
1180:
1164:
1163:
1127:
1123:
1107:
1106:
1078:
1074:
1053:(10): 1029–34.
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1009:
964:
957:
920:
911:
878:(11): 805–822.
863:
859:
854:
832:
816:
807:
774:
746:
694:
678:Tranexamic acid
665:
644:
635:
550:
545:
497:
486:image of small
477:
461:pancreatic duct
416:Gastric varices
312:
282:Assessment for
213:
193:Tranexamic acid
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:Hemoperitoneum
3455:
3454:
3453:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2927:Blood in stool
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:Anal dysplasia
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2767:
2765:Angiodysplasia
2762:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:Diverticulosis
2696:Diverticulitis
2693:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:Milroy disease
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Tropical sprue
2553:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2484:
2478:Lower GI tract
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2218:Upper GI tract
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2096:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:Classification
2065:
2064:
2050:
2049:External links
2047:
2044:
2043:
1993:
1966:(3): 261–275.
1950:
1898:
1854:
1810:
1747:
1690:
1669:(4): 336–338.
1646:
1594:
1530:
1466:
1446:
1419:(9657): 42–7.
1403:
1376:
1327:
1285:
1246:Am J Emerg Med
1233:
1194:Am J Emerg Med
1178:
1121:
1072:
1036:
1007:
955:
909:
856:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
831:
828:
815:
812:
806:
803:
773:
770:
758:coagulopathies
745:
744:Blood products
742:
734:Minnesota tube
693:
690:
664:
661:
643:
640:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
553:
552:
547:
542:
539:
536:
496:
493:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
463:
454:
451:
441:
439:Duodenal ulcer
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
406:Gastric cancer
403:
392:
391:
390:
385:
382:
377:
372:
311:
308:
292:
291:
280:
270:
212:
209:
154:blood pressure
150:gastric cancer
90:
89:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
49:duodenal ulcer
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3510:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:Diaphragmatic
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Cholecystitis
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:Liver abscess
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:Liver failure
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:Enterocolitis
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:Malabsorption
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Gastroparesis
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Cushing ulcer
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Megaesophagus
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:(4): 525–32.
2009:
2005:
2004:Ann Emerg Med
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:(3): 381–93.
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(4): 657–70.
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
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1473:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1442:
1438:
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1426:
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1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:(2): 119–21.
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:(7): 1381–4.
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
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1240:
1238:
1229:
1223:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1168:
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1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
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1125:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1026:on 2011-07-11
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
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947:
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918:
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914:
905:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
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869:
861:
857:
847:
846:Rockall score
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
825:
821:
811:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
778:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:beta blockers
719:
718:sclerotherapy
715:
711:
710:nitroglycerin
707:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
663:Peptic ulcers
660:
658:
653:
649:
648:resuscitation
639:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
605:
602:
597:
595:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
548:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
527:
525:
524:orthotolidine
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
489:
488:gastric ulcer
485:
481:
468:
464:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Gastric ulcer
399:
398:
396:
393:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
362:
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350:
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341:
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329:
325:
321:
316:
307:
305:
301:
297:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
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268:
265:
264:
263:
261:
257:
252:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:, as well as
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
160:, as well as
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:peptic ulcers
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3410:
3389:
3266:Pancreatitis
3228:
3178:biliary tree
3051:Nutmeg liver
3028:
2954:Hematochezia
2931:
2905:Pruritus ani
2890:Anal abscess
2885:Anal fistula
2881:Anal fissure
2794:Constipation
2748:
2619:Appendicitis
2427:Gastroptosis
2417:Achlorhydria
2256:
2245:Eosinophilic
2159:
2148:
2124:
2113:
2098:
2083:
2032:cite journal
2007:
2003:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1918:
1914:
1877:(1): 11–21.
1874:
1870:
1832:
1828:
1799:cite journal
1767:(9): 752–8.
1764:
1760:
1750:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1666:
1662:
1612:
1608:
1597:
1554:
1550:
1508:
1504:
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1392:(7): 625–7.
1389:
1385:
1379:
1365:cite journal
1340:
1336:
1330:
1305:
1301:
1274:cite journal
1249:
1245:
1222:cite journal
1200:(3): 280–5.
1197:
1193:
1167:cite journal
1134:
1130:
1124:
1110:cite journal
1088:(3): 185–8.
1085:
1081:
1075:
1050:
1047:N Engl J Med
1046:
1039:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1019:
1010:
975:
971:
931:
927:
875:
871:
860:
817:
814:Epidemiology
808:
794:erythromycin
783:
747:
695:
682:Somatostatin
666:
645:
636:
607:
606:
598:
593:
590:
556:Gastroccult
521:
506:
498:
446:, including
358:
351:
348:
333:
300:coagulopathy
293:
253:
235:, including
229:hematochezia
214:
205:
170:
135:
98:
94:
93:
86:hematochezia
3446:Peritonitis
3208:Cholestasis
3186:Cholangitis
3129:Gallbladder
3017:Fatty liver
2937:Hematemesis
2919:GI bleeding
2725:Necrotizing
2654:Lymphocytic
2649:Collagenous
2644:Microscopic
2581:Steatorrhea
2482:Enteropathy
2328:Inlet patch
2250:Herpetiform
2235:Esophagitis
2150:MedlinePlus
1252:(1): 70–2.
824:hematemesis
706:vasopressin
669:crystalloid
541:Specificity
538:Sensitivity
502:hematemesis
375:Esophagitis
267:Vital signs
217:hematemesis
162:blood tests
127:black stool
74:Hematemesis
30:Other names
3482:Categories
3438:Peritoneal
3416:Incisional
3337:Congenital
3281:Hereditary
3258:Pancreatic
3222:Haemobilia
2895:Hemorrhoid
2873:Anal canal
2811:Infectious
2799:Functional
2634:Ulcerative
2518:Duodenitis
2457:Gastrinoma
2126:DiseasesDB
2055:Patient.uk
1460:2009-01-24
1386:Clin Pharm
1030:2010-11-24
852:References
799:Parenteral
772:Procedures
762:hemoglobin
702:octreotide
686:octreotide
484:Endoscopic
364:Esophageal
237:chest pain
166:hemoglobin
158:heart rate
3426:Richter's
3383:Spigelian
3378:Obturator
3368:Umbilical
3201:Ascending
3172:Bile duct
3005:Cirrhosis
2983:Hepatitis
2966:Accessory
2836:Proctitis
2687:Megacolon
2661:Dysentery
2571:Whipple's
2523:Jejunitis
2513:Enteritis
2400:Dyspepsia
2361:Gastritis
2294:Achalasia
2227:Esophagus
2161:eMedicine
1724:1469-493X
1571:1469-493X
805:Prognosis
750:platelets
642:Treatment
475:Diagnosis
411:Gastritis
273:Abdominal
260:physician
185:Endoscopy
111:esophagus
57:Specialty
3488:Bleeding
3356:Indirect
3351:Inguinal
3085:Pyogenic
3030:Vascular
2806:Diarrhea
2784:Volvulus
2750:Vascular
2689: /
2678: /
2639:Ischemic
2606:Appendix
2496:Duodenum
2366:Atrophic
2240:Candidal
2166:med/3565
2058:Archived
2024:15039700
1988:49377957
1980:29933774
1945:36723439
1893:23281973
1849:20691388
1791:24594884
1783:18248659
1742:25414987
1685:31808973
1641:31634917
1589:34995368
1525:21944416
1433:19091393
1214:16635697
1159:29517032
1151:15279179
1102:12704326
1067:17804848
1002:12208839
950:31329328
904:31634917
830:See also
726:nitrates
673:colloids
435:causes:
433:Duodenal
397:causes:
354:variceal
119:duodenum
69:Symptoms
3397:Petit's
3373:Femoral
3276:Chronic
3090:Amoebic
2858:Anismus
2624:Colitis
2551:Coeliac
2528:Ileitis
2500:Jejunum
2353:Stomach
2257:Rupture
2120:D006471
1936:9891197
1733:6599825
1632:7233308
1580:8741303
1441:1738579
1398:1617913
1357:6715849
1322:2196022
1266:9928705
993:1867732
895:7233308
698:albumin
535:Finding
465:Severe
395:Gastric
324:stomach
245:fatigue
241:syncope
201:surgery
115:stomach
105:in the
3391:Lumbar
3361:Direct
3344:Hiatus
3324:Hernia
3176:Other
2942:Melena
2828:Rectum
2311:(GERD)
2155:003133
2022:
1986:
1978:
1943:
1933:
1891:
1847:
1789:
1781:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1683:
1639:
1629:
1587:
1577:
1569:
1523:
1439:
1431:
1413:Lancet
1396:
1355:
1320:
1264:
1212:
1157:
1149:
1100:
1065:
1000:
990:
948:
902:
892:
336:NSAIDs
320:antrum
310:Causes
296:anemia
277:rectal
233:anemia
225:melena
82:melena
3316:Other
3271:Acute
3022:MASLD
2975:Liver
2949:Lower
2932:Upper
2774:Ileus
2610:Colon
2504:Ileum
2319:(LPR)
2131:19317
2109:578.9
2094:K92.2
1984:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1437:S2CID
1155:S2CID
344:SSRIs
340:SSRIs
227:, or
131:shock
123:vomit
117:, or
101:) is
2704:SCAD
2115:MeSH
2104:9-CM
2038:link
2020:PMID
1976:PMID
1941:PMID
1919:2023
1889:PMID
1845:PMID
1805:link
1779:PMID
1738:PMID
1720:ISSN
1708:2014
1681:PMID
1637:PMID
1585:PMID
1567:ISSN
1521:PMID
1429:PMID
1394:PMID
1371:link
1353:PMID
1318:PMID
1280:link
1262:PMID
1228:link
1210:PMID
1173:link
1147:PMID
1116:link
1098:PMID
1063:PMID
998:PMID
946:PMID
900:PMID
752:and
724:and
708:and
684:and
671:and
585:20%
568:96%
338:and
286:and
275:and
254:The
247:and
197:TIPS
156:and
99:UGIB
3010:PBC
2737:IBD
2671:IBS
2100:ICD
2085:ICD
2012:doi
1968:doi
1931:PMC
1923:doi
1879:doi
1875:368
1837:doi
1769:doi
1728:PMC
1712:doi
1671:doi
1627:PMC
1617:doi
1613:171
1575:PMC
1559:doi
1513:doi
1421:doi
1417:373
1345:doi
1310:doi
1306:150
1254:doi
1202:doi
1139:doi
1090:doi
1055:doi
1051:357
988:PMC
980:doi
972:Gut
936:doi
890:PMC
880:doi
876:171
732:or
716:or
594:all
582:53%
579:55%
576:79%
565:77%
562:82%
559:95%
322:of
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