343:
692:
818:
248:
984:
960:
72:
996:
452:
972:
52:
746:
near the middle cable-car station, at the top cable car station, and near the Great Siege
Tunnels. As of 2012 there were from 200 to 250 macaques, all of them living in the nature reserve. It is forbidden to feed the monkeys, but these rules have not always been followed. As a result, some of them
354:
Gibraltar has a typical
Mediterranean climate, moderated by the sea that almost surrounds the peninsula. Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wet. Temperatures range from 13.4 to 24.2 °C (56.1 to 75.6 °F). Annual rainfall is about 768 millimetres (30.2 in). The
845:, provides a temporary home for many species of migratory birds that stop to rest and feed before continuing migration for their crossing over the sea and desert. In spring, they return to replenish before continuing their journeys to
497:). Both are native to the region, but the Aleppo pine is particularly common in dry, limestone regions. There was a drought in the 1990s when many of the introduced trees died, although the Aleppo pine fared better than others.
359:
clouds provide condensation that keeps the vegetation green even in the dry season. These clouds form when moisture-laden easterly winds are forced upward by the cliffs of
Gibraltar, and often form a cap over the Rock.
314:
had decommissioned from military use. Its purpose is to preserve the wildlife and natural and historical sites, while providing access to the public. The flora and fauna of the nature reserve are protected by the
322:
The nature reserve was last extended in 2013 when it was renamed the
Gibraltar Nature Reserve to reflect its wider scope outside the Upper Rock. The protected area now covers the
1843:
747:
have become aggressive and dependent on food from humans. In 2008 the government ordered a group of macaques to be culled that had taken to scavenging in the town centre.
1838:
668:
1597:
1421:
1833:
396:
on the North Front. It is possible that some of the last
Neanderthals may have made the caves of Gibraltar their home before they died out 30,000 years ago.
1325:
676:
178:
463:
between 1779 and 1783. Trees today mostly produce berries that are eaten by birds, who presumably dropped their seeds on the rock. The most common is the
1321:
535:
1602:
743:
380:
in 45 AD, and many sources have mentioned it since. It has become an important tourist attraction. Concerts are held in its main chamber.
224:
135:
1551:
2017:
721:
2012:
2022:
17:
1051:
738:. The best-known residents are the Barbary macaques that make the reserve their home. Gibraltar has a reintroduced population of
1463:
759:. This last is a small, subterranean reptile that has no legs and no eyes. The most common lizard is the small green or brown
1500:
1452:
1394:
1373:
1352:
311:
223:
that covers over 40% of the territory's land area. It was established as the Upper Rock Nature
Reserve in 1993 under the
672:
1997:
1544:
1425:
1510:
1807:
959:
892:
are conspicuous, as are dragonflies crossing the strait. 33 species of butterfly have been observed, including the
1797:
267:, formed about 200 million years ago. From the crest of the rock there is a dramatic view of the area, including
412:
41:
713:
696:
403:
manages conservation of the historical sites and their development as tourist attractions. These include the
232:
1537:
717:
216:
105:
2007:
1915:
1705:
983:
929:
263:
peninsula that rises to a height of 426 metres (1,398 ft) above sea level. The Rock is part of the
1612:
1317:
812:
428:
995:
1670:
416:
408:
385:
323:
295:
287:. It is an area of considerable natural beauty and one of the main tourist attractions in Gibraltar.
93:
2002:
1992:
1792:
1582:
460:
400:
327:
97:
742:, the only wild primate species in Europe, the famous Rock apes. The macaques may be found at the
1950:
1894:
1889:
1725:
1710:
1058:
559:
509:
182:
938:
centipede is also notable. Both the spider and the centipede have venomous but not fatal bites.
459:
In the past, the Upper Rock was tree-covered. Most of the trees were felled for fuel during the
1971:
1940:
1761:
1751:
865:
634:
527:
424:
404:
1490:
1442:
1384:
1342:
342:
1935:
1920:
1787:
1730:
1363:
934:
901:
788:
575:
393:
373:
1945:
1910:
1884:
1802:
1771:
1756:
1587:
1404:
971:
917:
893:
780:
683:
is a very rare species found only on
Gibraltar that was thought for a while to be extinct.
583:
523:
432:
276:
8:
1869:
1592:
861:
830:
764:
760:
700:
664:
624:
579:
563:
436:
291:
284:
1062:
255:
Originally named the Upper Rock Nature
Reserve, it was limited to the upper part of the
1766:
1700:
1680:
792:
392:
skull was one of the first to be found. Neanderthal skulls have also been found at the
376:, with its many stalagmites and stalactites. St. Michael's Cave was first mentioned by
247:
1930:
1812:
1655:
1625:
1496:
1448:
1390:
1369:
1348:
873:
842:
822:
784:
691:
680:
543:
473:
381:
347:
256:
89:
57:
1470:
1386:
The Attack of the Killer
Rhododendrons: My Obsessive Quest to Seek Out Alien Species
1859:
1720:
1715:
1675:
1640:
925:
921:
909:
897:
776:
620:
571:
501:
493:
316:
272:
264:
1879:
1864:
1695:
1665:
905:
739:
735:
731:
616:
597:
547:
369:
872:
that cross the Strait annually, and because it supports breeding populations of
1966:
1630:
1620:
1002:
948:
889:
877:
868:
because it is a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, for an estimated 250,000
846:
838:
817:
646:
555:
440:
420:
377:
307:
236:
228:
212:
209:
113:
504:, or dense Mediterranean scrub, is mostly made up of tall bushes that include
1986:
1874:
1735:
1650:
772:
768:
756:
612:
505:
356:
150:
137:
1660:
869:
841:
during the passage periods. The vegetation on the Rock, unique in southern
800:
650:
567:
539:
331:
290:
The Upper Rock area of the nature reserve can be reached by road or by the
101:
1469:. The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society. Archived from
755:
There are five species of lizard in the nature reserve, six snakes and an
1925:
1685:
1645:
1577:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
913:
796:
531:
483:) are also found. Trees have been planted along the paths, including the
389:
306:
The reserve was established in 1993 to protect the area of land that the
77:
71:
451:
655:
642:
592:
551:
484:
1529:
1020:
1690:
1562:
850:
638:
587:
558:
are also found in parts of the maquis. Understory plants include the
500:
Gibraltar has more than six hundred species of flowering plants. The
260:
220:
123:
109:
76:
The nature reserve is coloured in the light shaded area, facing the
51:
834:
825:
breeds on the Rock of
Gibraltar and nowhere else on mainland Europe
660:
608:
604:
251:
Map of the former Upper Rock Nature Reserve (north is to the left).
727:
629:
513:
280:
1281:
1635:
854:
518:
479:
231:) and was last extended in 2013. It is known for its semi-wild
1269:
1140:
1052:"Nature Conservation Area (Upper Rock) Designation Order 1993"
1257:
1199:
1197:
1184:
1182:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
464:
268:
61:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1509:
1293:
1033:
888:
There are many insects in the reserve. In the late summer,
419:. Other military sites that are open to the public are the
192:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1167:
1104:
574:. The firebreaks in the maquis are home to plants such as
368:
The nature reserve contains many of Gibraltar's important
1123:
1080:
928:. The most notable spider is the large, black and hairy
346:
Levant cloud forming against the eastern cliffs of the
1344:
Issues in Environmental Geology: A British Perspective
1245:
1233:
1403:
1287:
1157:
1155:
179:
Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society
1322:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1092:
1221:
1152:
1984:
1440:
1263:
912:. Moths that may be seen at times include the
225:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1545:
1461:
1299:
1275:
1215:
1203:
1188:
1134:
1086:
607:in the reserve, low scrub that includes wild
1340:
1173:
1146:
1117:
722:List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar
641:. The many cliffs around the reserve harbor
60:, within the nature reserve looking towards
1552:
1538:
1464:"A Guide to The Upper Rock Nature Reserve"
1341:Bennett, Matthew R.; Doyle, Peter (1998).
1046:
1044:
1042:
829:The Rock of Gibraltar, at the head of the
849:, journeys which may take them as far as
1462:Perez, Charles; Bensusan, Keith (2005).
816:
690:
450:
341:
246:
235:, and is an important resting point for
1559:
1488:
1382:
1251:
1239:
1039:
771:are also common. Rarer lizards are the
14:
1985:
1441:Inkson, Clare; Minnaert, Lynn (2012).
1420:Hogan, C. Michael (19 December 2008).
1361:
1315:
1161:
1098:
965:Northern peak of the Rock of Gibraltar
363:
1533:
1419:
1328:from the original on 12 November 2012
1316:Balter, Michael (22 September 2009).
1227:
27:Protected nature reserve in Gibraltar
2018:Protected areas established in 1993
1444:Tourism Management: An Introduction
1424:. GlobalTwitcher AB. Archived from
860:The Rock has been identified as an
24:
1422:"Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus"
526:, and smaller bushes that include
56:View north along the spine of the
25:
2034:
2013:Important Bird Areas of Gibraltar
663:. Distinctive plants include the
2023:1993 establishments in Gibraltar
994:
982:
970:
958:
883:
70:
50:
44:V (protected landscape/seascape)
1034:Upper Rock Nature Reserve - GTG
1318:"When Darwin Met a Neandertal"
372:sites including caves such as
301:
233:population of Barbary macaques
13:
1:
1009:
714:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
1362:Bryant, Sue (January 2007).
718:List of mammals of Gibraltar
7:
1916:Cathedral Square, Gibraltar
1844:Gibraltar City Fire Brigade
1511:"Upper Rock Nature Reserve"
930:Gibraltar funnel-web spider
750:
703:, on the Rock of Gibraltar.
413:Princess Caroline's Battery
242:
10:
2039:
1405:"GI001: Rock of Gibraltar"
1368:. New Holland Publishers.
1264:Inkson & Minnaert 2012
941:
932:. The fast and aggressive
813:List of birds of Gibraltar
810:
711:
707:
337:
217:British Overseas Territory
106:British Overseas Territory
1959:
1903:
1852:
1839:Windmill Hill (HM Prison)
1821:
1780:
1744:
1611:
1570:
1300:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1276:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1216:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1204:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1189:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1135:Perez & Bensusan 2005
1087:Perez & Bensusan 2005
989:View of the African coast
767:and the mainly nocturnal
603:There are small areas of
409:Napier of Magdala Battery
324:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
296:Gibraltar Botanic Gardens
206:Upper Rock Nature Reserve
188:
174:
166:
129:
119:
94:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
85:
69:
49:
39:
34:
18:Upper Rock Nature Reserve
1998:Environment of Gibraltar
1829:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
1793:Ocean Village, Gibraltar
1706:Lower St. Michael's Cave
1489:Simonis, Damien (2009).
1407:. Birdlife International
1288:GI001: Rock of Gibraltar
1174:Bennett & Doyle 1998
1147:Bennett & Doyle 1998
1118:Bennett & Doyle 1998
806:
686:
461:Great Siege of Gibraltar
446:
401:Gibraltar Heritage Trust
202:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
193:https://naturereserve.gi
35:Gibraltar Nature Reserve
1895:Williams Way, Gibraltar
1059:Government of Gibraltar
560:intermediate periwinkle
510:Mediterranean buckthorn
429:Princess Anne's Battery
183:Government of Gibraltar
170:1993 (extended in 2013)
1972:Middle Hill, Gibraltar
1941:Grand Casemates Square
1671:Goat's Hair Twin Caves
1515:Gibraltar Travel Guide
1383:Chilton, Glen (2012).
1347:. Geological Society.
866:BirdLife International
826:
704:
635:shrubby scorpion vetch
528:shrubby scorpion vetch
456:
417:Parson's Lodge Battery
388:was made in 1848. The
351:
252:
1936:Grand Casemates Gates
1808:Queensway Quay Marina
1598:Little Bay, Gibraltar
1447:. SAGE Publications.
935:Scolopendra cingulata
820:
789:southern smooth snake
779:. Snakes include the
699:feeding her young at
694:
576:paper-white narcissus
454:
411:, Heritage Centre at
386:Neanderthal discovery
345:
250:
229:strict nature reserve
1951:Prince Edward's Gate
1946:Landport (Gibraltar)
1911:Streets in Gibraltar
1890:Lord Airey's Shelter
1885:World War II Tunnels
1803:Rosia Bay, Gibraltar
1798:Ocean Village Marina
1781:Harbours and Marinas
1757:North Front Cemetery
1726:Pete's Paradise Cave
952:on Wikimedia Commons
949:Animals of Gibraltar
918:hummingbird hawkmoth
837:, which accumulates
781:horseshoe whip snake
726:Mammals include the
584:giant Tangier fennel
477:) and nettle trees (
433:World War II Tunnels
259:, a long and narrow
151:36.14528°N 5.34306°W
1904:Streets and Squares
1870:Great Siege Tunnels
1834:Primary Care Centre
1762:St. Jago's Cemetery
1752:Jews' Gate Cemetery
862:Important Bird Area
765:Algerian sand racer
761:Iberian wall lizard
701:Mediterranean Steps
673:Gibraltar saxifrage
669:Gibraltar chickweed
665:Gibraltar candytuft
625:cut-leaved lavender
491:) and Aleppo pine (
455:Gibraltar candytuft
437:Great Siege Tunnels
425:Devil's Gap Battery
364:Tourist attractions
312:Ministry of Defence
292:Gibraltar Cable Car
285:Strait of Gibraltar
175:Governing body
147: /
2008:Parks in Gibraltar
1921:Devil's Tower Road
1767:Trafalgar Cemetery
1731:St. Michael's Cave
1149:, p. 111-112.
874:Barbary partridges
827:
793:false smooth snake
705:
457:
394:Devil's Tower Cave
374:St. Michael's Cave
352:
253:
156:36.14528; -5.34306
1980:
1979:
1931:Flat Bastion Road
1813:Gibraltar Harbour
1772:Witham's Cemetery
1502:978-1-74179-000-9
1495:. Lonely Planet.
1454:978-1-84860-870-2
1396:978-1-4434-1147-9
1389:. HarperCollins.
1375:978-1-84537-636-9
1354:978-1-86239-014-0
977:A Barbary macaque
833:, is a prominent
823:Barbary partridge
785:Montpellier snake
681:Gibraltar campion
544:shrubby germander
474:Ceratonia siliqua
407:, 100 Ton Gun at
348:Rock of Gibraltar
257:Rock of Gibraltar
198:
197:
181:on behalf of the
120:Nearest city
90:Rock of Gibraltar
58:Rock of Gibraltar
16:(Redirected from
2030:
1860:Admiralty Tunnel
1822:Public Amenities
1565:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1428:on 19 April 2012
1416:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1379:
1358:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1278:, p. 13-14.
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1061:. Archived from
1056:
1048:
1037:
1031:
998:
986:
974:
962:
926:cream-spot tiger
922:striped hawkmoth
910:striped grayling
898:two-tailed pasha
890:praying mantises
777:ocellated lizard
740:Barbary macaques
621:toothed lavender
494:Pinus halepensis
405:O'Hara's Battery
332:Europa Foreshore
317:law of Gibraltar
273:Bay of Gibraltar
265:Betic Cordillera
227:'s category Ia (
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
102:Europa Foreshore
74:
54:
32:
31:
21:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2003:Nature reserves
1993:IUCN Category V
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1955:
1899:
1880:Landport Tunnel
1865:Dudley Ward Way
1848:
1817:
1776:
1740:
1701:Leonora's Caves
1681:Holy Boy's Cave
1666:Glen Rocky Cave
1607:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1455:
1431:
1429:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1376:
1355:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:on 3 March 2016
1065:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1021:
1012:
1005:
999:
990:
987:
978:
975:
966:
963:
944:
906:Spanish festoon
886:
878:lesser kestrels
839:migrating birds
815:
809:
753:
736:mouse-eared bat
732:European rabbit
724:
710:
697:Barbary macaque
689:
677:Gibraltar thyme
617:white asparagus
598:mallow bindweed
580:common asphodel
564:Butcher’s broom
548:felty germander
449:
370:natural history
366:
340:
304:
245:
237:migrating birds
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
81:
65:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:Coaling Island
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Forbes' Quarry
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Bennett's Cave
1623:
1621:Beefsteak Cave
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1476:on 10 May 2013
1459:
1453:
1438:
1417:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1338:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1266:, p. 264.
1256:
1254:, p. 171.
1244:
1242:, p. 766.
1232:
1220:
1208:
1193:
1178:
1176:, p. 112.
1166:
1151:
1139:
1122:
1120:, p. 109.
1103:
1091:
1079:
1038:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:Charles V Wall
1000:
993:
991:
988:
981:
979:
976:
969:
967:
964:
957:
954:
953:
943:
940:
885:
882:
847:Western Europe
811:Main article:
808:
805:
752:
749:
709:
706:
688:
685:
647:dwarf fan palm
588:wild gladiolus
556:dwarf fan palm
448:
445:
441:Charles V Wall
421:Moorish Castle
382:Forbes' Quarry
378:Pomponius Mela
365:
362:
339:
336:
308:United Kingdom
303:
300:
294:, next to the
244:
241:
213:nature reserve
204:(formerly the
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
114:United Kingdom
87:
83:
82:
75:
67:
66:
55:
47:
46:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Keightley Way
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1736:Vanguard Cave
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Monkey's Cave
1719:
1717:
1716:Martin's Cave
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Gorham's Cave
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Fig Tree Cave
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Collin's Cave
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1603:Western Beach
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Eastern Beach
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1365:Costa Del Sol
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1302:, p. 14.
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1101:, p. 65.
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
955:
951:
950:
946:
945:
939:
937:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:Invertebrates
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
819:
814:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:Turkish gecko
770:
769:Moorish gecko
766:
763:. The larger
762:
758:
757:amphisbaenian
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
719:
715:
702:
698:
693:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:esparto grass
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Bear's breech
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
453:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
384:is where the
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
358:
349:
344:
335:
333:
329:
328:Windmill Hill
325:
320:
318:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:Windmill Hill
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
73:
68:
63:
59:
53:
48:
43:
42:IUCN category
38:
33:
30:
19:
1828:
1711:Mammoth Cave
1696:Judge's Cave
1661:Genista Cave
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1491:
1478:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1443:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1409:. Retrieved
1385:
1364:
1343:
1330:. Retrieved
1308:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1252:Chilton 2012
1247:
1240:Simonis 2009
1235:
1223:
1218:, p. 9.
1211:
1206:, p. 7.
1191:, p. 8.
1169:
1142:
1137:, p. 3.
1094:
1089:, p. 4.
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1014:
1013:
947:
933:
887:
859:
828:
801:ladder snake
754:
725:
661:wild parsley
654:
651:sweet alison
628:
602:
591:
568:Italian arum
540:wild jasmine
517:
499:
492:
488:
478:
472:
469:Olea europea
468:
458:
398:
367:
353:
321:
305:
289:
254:
205:
201:
199:
29:
1926:Europa Road
1686:Hyaena Cave
1646:Coptic Cave
1631:Bray's Cave
1578:Catalan Bay
1162:Balter 2009
1099:Bryant 2007
1072:12 February
1001:Top of the
914:burnet moth
902:swallowtail
797:grass snake
532:spiny broom
489:Pinus pinea
390:Gibraltar 1
302:Designation
283:across the
271:across the
167:Established
154: /
130:Coordinates
78:Alboran Sea
1987:Categories
1788:Marina Bay
1745:Cemeteries
1560:Places in
1520:12 October
1480:12 October
1432:12 October
1411:12 October
1332:17 October
1228:Hogan 2008
1010:References
712:See also:
656:Biscutella
643:joint pine
639:germanders
627:, teline,
593:Galactites
552:bay laurel
506:wild olive
485:stone pine
471:). Carob (
277:Jebel Musa
142:05°20′35″W
139:36°08′43″N
1691:Ibex Cave
1588:Sandy Bay
1563:Gibraltar
1015:Citations
894:Cleopatra
851:Greenland
744:Ape's Den
524:terebinth
261:limestone
221:Gibraltar
210:protected
124:Gibraltar
110:Gibraltar
1593:Camp Bay
1326:Archived
835:headland
775:and the
751:Reptiles
667:, white
609:rosemary
605:garrigue
554:and the
415:and the
357:Levanter
330:and the
243:Location
86:Location
1853:Tunnels
1571:Beaches
1309:Sources
942:Gallery
870:raptors
728:red fox
708:Mammals
695:Female
630:Prasium
514:lentisc
338:Climate
281:Morocco
215:in the
208:) is a
189:Website
1636:Cave S
1499:
1451:
1393:
1372:
1351:
855:Russia
843:Iberia
831:Strait
720:, and
679:. The
550:. The
536:teline
519:Osyris
502:maquis
480:Celtis
1960:Areas
1613:Caves
1492:Spain
1474:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
807:Birds
687:Fauna
465:olive
447:Flora
269:Spain
62:Spain
1522:2012
1497:ISBN
1482:2012
1449:ISBN
1434:2012
1413:2012
1391:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1334:2012
1074:2014
924:and
908:and
876:and
821:The
799:and
734:and
675:and
659:and
637:and
596:and
570:and
546:and
522:and
439:and
399:The
275:and
200:The
100:and
864:by
853:or
310:'s
279:of
219:of
108:of
1989::
1513:.
1324:.
1320:.
1196:^
1181:^
1154:^
1125:^
1106:^
1057:.
1041:^
1022:^
920:,
916:,
904:,
900:,
896:,
880:.
857:.
803:.
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
730:,
716:,
671:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
633:,
623:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
600:.
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
566:,
562:,
542:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
443:.
435:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
334:.
326:,
319:.
298:.
239:.
112:,
104:,
96:,
92:,
1553:e
1546:t
1539:v
1524:.
1505:.
1484:.
1457:.
1436:.
1415:.
1399:.
1378:.
1357:.
1336:.
1290:.
1230:.
1164:.
1076:.
1036:.
487:(
467:(
350:.
80:.
64:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
