2062:
2493:
2383:
1953:, a major mountain-building event which would escalate further in the Late Paleozoic. Franconia and Saxothuringia collided with Laurussia near the end of the Early Devonian, pinching out the easternmost Rheic Ocean. The rest of the Armorican terranes followed, and by the end of the Devonian they were fully connected with Laurussia. This sequence of rifting and collision events led to the successive creation and destruction of several small seaways, including the Rheno-Hercynian, Saxo-Thuringian, and Galicia-Moldanubian oceans. Their sediments were eventually compressed and completely buried as Gondwana fully collided with Laurussia in the Carboniferous.
1823:
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2400:
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2434:
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2127:
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particularly during the
Pragian, and that the overall diversity of nektonic taxa did not increase significantly during the Devonian compared to during other geologic periods, and was in fact higher during the intervals spanning from the Wenlock to the Lochkovian and from the Carboniferous to the Permian. The study's authors instead attribute the increased overall diversity of nekton in the Devonian to a broader, gradual trend of nektonic diversification across the entire Palaeozoic.
2332:
2453:
6608:
2684:
1553:
2823:". William Lonsdale stated that in December 1837 he had suggested the existence of a stratum between the Silurian and Carboniferous ones: "Mr. Austen's communication read December 1837 ... . It was immediately after the reading of that paper ... that I formed the opinion relative to the limestones of Devonshire being of the age of the old red sandstone; and which I afterwards suggested first to Mr. Murchison and then to Prof. Sedgwick".
2738:
2211:
1158:
1967:
1740:, but by the Late Devonian the tectonic situation had relaxed and much of South America was covered by shallow seas. These south polar seas hosted a distinctive brachiopod fauna, the Malvinokaffric Realm, which extended eastward to marginal areas now equivalent to South Africa and Antarctica. Malvinokaffric faunas even managed to approach the South Pole via a tongue of Panthalassa which extended into the
1379:
127:
2819:". Sedgwick and Murchison acknowledged William Lonsdale's role in proposing, on the basis of fossil evidence, the existence of a Devonian stratum between those of the Silurian and Carboniferous periods: "Again, Mr. Lonsdale, after an extensive examination of the fossils of South Devon, had pronounced them, more than a year since, to form
1913:. The closure of the Rheic Ocean began in the Devonian and continued into the Carboniferous. As the ocean narrowed, endemic marine faunas of Gondwana and Laurussia combined into a single tropical fauna. The history of the western Rheic Ocean is a subject of debate, but there is good evidence that Rheic oceanic crust experienced intense
2700:" mass extinctions in Earth's history. The Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community, and selectively affected shallow warm-water organisms rather than cool-water organisms. The most important group to be affected by this extinction event were the reef-builders of the great Devonian reef systems.
1370:. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop such essential characteristics as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time.
1811:), together as a unified continent, detached from the northeastern sector of Gondwana. Nevertheless, they remained close enough to Gondwana that their Devonian fossils were more closely related to Australian species than to north Asian species. Other Asian terranes remained attached to Gondwana, including
3463:
Estimates of oxygen levels during this period suggest that they were unprecedentedly low during the
Givetian and Frasnian periods. At the same time, plant diversification was at its most rapid, changing the character of the landscape and contributing, via soils, soluble nutrients, and decaying plant
2181:, which was possibly the fruiting body of an enormous fungus, rolled liverwort mat, or another organism of uncertain affinities that stood more than 8 metres (26 ft) tall, and towered over the low, carpet-like vegetation during the early part of the Devonian. Also, the first possible fossils of
2078:
by many researchers. However, other researchers have questioned whether this revolution existed at all; a 2018 study found that although the proportion of biodiversity constituted by nekton increased across the boundary between the
Silurian and Devonian, it decreased across the span of the Devonian,
1857:
Siberia was located just north of the equator as the largest landmass in the
Northern Hemisphere. At the beginning of the Devonian, Siberia was inverted (upside down) relative to its modern orientation. Later in the period it moved northwards and began to twist clockwise, though it was not near its
2362:
Primitive arthropods co-evolved with this diversified terrestrial vegetation structure. The evolving co-dependence of insects and seed plants that characterized a recognizably modern world had its genesis in the Late
Devonian Epoch. The development of soils and plant root systems probably led to
2016:
make their first appearance in the Early
Devonian as well; their radiation, along with that of ammonoids, has been attributed by some authors to increased environmental stress resulting from decreasing oxygen levels in the deeper parts of the water column. Among vertebrates, jawless armored fish
2295:
age, cladoxylopsid trees formed the first forests in Earth history. By the end of the
Devonian, the first seed-forming plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of many plant groups and growth forms has been referred to as the Devonian Explosion or the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution.
1422:
levels dropped steeply throughout the
Devonian Period. The newly evolved forests drew carbon out of the atmosphere, which were then buried into sediments. This may be reflected by a Mid-Devonian cooling of around 5 °C (9 °F). The Late Devonian warmed to levels equivalent to the Early
1671:, which extended into the Carboniferous. Mountain building could also be found in the far northeastern extent of the continent, as minor tropical island arcs and detached Baltic terranes re-join the continent. Deformed remnants of these mountains can still be found on Ellesmere Island and
2715:, and all of the ostracoderms and placoderms. Land plants as well as freshwater species, such as our tetrapod ancestors, were relatively unaffected by the Late Devonian extinction event (there is a counterargument that the Devonian extinctions nearly wiped out the tetrapods).
2492:
1854:. Kazakhstania was a volcanically active region during the Devonian, as it continued to assimilate smaller island arcs. The island arcs of the region, such as the Balkhash-West Junggar Arc, exhibited biological endemism as a consequence of their location.
1695:
Gondwana was by far the largest continent on the planet. It was completely south of the equator, although the northeastern sector (now
Australia) did reach tropical latitudes. The southwestern sector (now South America) was located to the far south, with
1406:
may have existed during the Early and Middle
Devonian. The temperature gradient from the equator to the poles was not as large as it is today. The weather was also very arid, mostly along the equator where it was the driest. Reconstruction of tropical
1632:) characteristic of drought conditions. The abundance of red sandstone on continental land also lends Laurussia the name "the Old Red Continent". For much of the Devonian, the majority of western Laurussia (North America) was covered by subtropical
1795:. Although the western Paleo-Tethys Ocean had existed since the Cambrian, the eastern part only began to rift apart as late as the Silurian. This process accelerated in the Devonian. The eastern branch of the Paleo-Tethys was fully opened when
5188:
1427:
concentrations, continental weathering increases (as predicted by warmer temperatures); further, a range of evidence, such as plant distribution, points to a Late Devonian warming. The climate would have affected the dominant organisms in
1949:. These continental blocks, collectively known as the Armorican Terrane Assemblage, split away from Gondwana in the Silurian and drifted towards Laurussia through the Devonian. Their collision with Laurussia leads to the beginning of the
1576:(modern day northern and eastern Europe). The tectonic effects of this collision continued into the Devonian, producing a string of mountain ranges along the southeastern coast of the continent. In present-day eastern North America, the
3464:
matter, to anoxia in all water systems. The co-occurrence of these global events may explain the evolution of air-breathing adaptations in at least two lobe-finned groups, contributing directly to the rise of the tetrapod stem group.
1842:(now northwesternmost China) were located westward and continued to drift northwards, powering over older oceanic crust in the process. Further west was a small ocean (the Turkestan Ocean), followed by the larger microcontinents of
2272:
evolved. Most of these plants had true roots and leaves, and many were quite tall. The earliest-known trees appeared in the Middle Devonian. These included a lineage of lycopods and another arborescent, woody vascular plant, the
1878:, flood basalts which may have contributed to the Late Devonian Mass Extinction. The last major round of volcanism, the Yakutsk Large Igneous Province, continued into the Carboniferous to produce extensive kimberlite deposits.
2073:
marine life driven by the abundance of planktonic microorganisms in the free water column as well as high ecological competition in benthic habitats, which were extremely saturated; this diversification has been labeled the
2189:
takes the form of trace fossils in shallow lagoon environments within a marine carbonate platform/shelf during the Middle Devonian, although these traces have been questioned and an interpretation as fish feeding traces
1177:, a county in southwestern England, where a controversial argument in the 1830s over the age and structure of the rocks found throughout the county was resolved by adding the Devonian Period to the geological timescale.
2695:
is not a single event, but rather is a series of pulsed extinctions at the Givetian-Frasnian boundary, the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, and the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. Together, these are considered one of the
1440:
sponges taking the dominant role in cooler times. The warming at the end of the Devonian may even have contributed to the extinction of the stromatoporoids. At the terminus of the Devonian, Earth rapidly cooled into an
3531:
Joachimski, M. M.; Breisig, S.; Buggisch, W. F.; Talent, J. A.; Mawson, R.; Gereke, M.; Morrow, J. R.; Day, J.; Weddige, K. (July 2009). "Devonian climate and reef evolution: Insights from oxygen isotopes in apatite".
1084:, which started about 375 Ma, severely affected marine life, killing off most of the reef systems, most of the jawless fish, half of all placoderms, and nearly all trilobites save for a few species of the order
2025:. Armored placoderms were numerous during the early ages of the Devonian Period and became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (
1924:
The closure of the eastern part of the Rheic Ocean is associated with the assemblage of central and southern Europe. In the early Paleozoic, much of Europe was still attached to Gondwana, including the terranes of
1603:
Most of Laurussia was located south of the equator, but in the Devonian it moved northwards and began to rotate counterclockwise towards its modern position. While the most northern parts of the continent (such as
4614:
Joachimski, M.M.; Breisig, S.; Buggisch, W.; Talent, J.A.; Mawson, R.; Gereke, M.; Morrow, J.R.; Day, J.; Weddige, K. (July 2009). "Devonian climate and reef evolution: Insights from oxygen isotopes in apatite".
1227:
that took place during the period. Older literature on the Anglo-Welsh basin divides it into the Downtonian, Dittonian, Breconian, and Farlovian stages, the latter three of which are placed in the Devonian.
2382:
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1263:
and between geographic regions. For example, during the Early Devonian, arid conditions were prevalent through much of the world including Siberia, Australia, North America, and China, but Africa and
5169:
5714:
5326:
Becker, R. T.; Marshall, J. E. A.; Da Silva, A. -C.; Agterberg, F. P.; Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (1 January 2020), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
2874:
Kaufmann, B.; Trapp, E.; Mezger, K. (2004). "The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Kellwasser horizons: A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt(Kellerwald, Germany)".
1366:
fishes began to decline in diversity in freshwater and marine environments partly due to drastic environmental changes and partly due to the increasing competition, predation, and diversity of
4401:"Ecological change during the early Emsian (Devonian) in the Tafilalt (Morocco), the origin of the Ammonoidea, and the first African pyrgocystid edrioasteroids, machaerids and phyllocarids"
5170:"Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England"
2601:
2039:, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time has led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fishes" in popular culture.
4113:"Influence of atrypid morphological shape on Devonian episkeletobiont assemblages from the lower Genshaw formation of the Traverse Group of Michigan: A geometric morphometric approach"
2526:
4984:
Zhang, Ying-ying; Xue, Jin-Zhuang; Liu, Le; Wang, De-ming (2016). "Periodicity of reproductive growth in lycopsids: An example from the Upper Devonian of Zhejiang Province, China".
2982:
5863:
2399:
1655:
In the Early and Middle Devonian, the west coast of Laurussia was a passive margin with broad coastal waters, deep silty embayments, river deltas and estuaries, found today in
2638:
1667:
reached the steep slope of the continental shelf and began to uplift deep water deposits. This minor collision sparked the start of a mountain-building episode called the
2622:
2470:
2012:
became commonplace in deep water and outer shelf environments. The first ammonites also appeared during or slightly before the early Devonian Period around 400 Ma.
5051:
3664:"Sequence stratigraphic hierarchy of the Upper Devonian Foreknobs Formation, central Appalachian Basin, USA: Evidence for transitional greenhouse to icehouse conditions"
2909:
Algeo, T. J. (1998). "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events".
3213:
2118:. Microbial reefs dominated under the warmer conditions of the early and late Devonian, while coral-stromatoporoid reefs dominated during the cooler middle Devonian.
2586:
2433:
5988:
4400:
2815:
Sedgwick and Murchison coined the term "Devonian system" in 1840: "We propose therefore, for the future, to designate these groups collectively by the name
2722:
suggested in 1969 that the Devonian extinction events were caused by an asteroid impact. However, while there were Late Devonian collision events (see the
2230:
did not have true roots or leaves like extant plants, although vascular tissue is observed in many of those plants. Some of the early land plants such as
2291:, which gave them physical rigidity and improved the effectiveness of their vascular system while giving them resistance to pathogens and herbivores. In
2343:
4941:
1418:
implies an average value of 30 °C (86 °F) in the Early Devonian. Early Devonian mean annual surface temperatures were approximately 16 °C. CO
1219:
In 19th-century texts the Devonian has been called the "Old Red Age", after the red and brown terrestrial deposits known in the United Kingdom as the
4285:
4117:
4066:
3952:
3668:
3482:
3273:"On the physical structure of Devonshire, and on the subdivisions and geological relations of its older stratified deposits, etc. Part I and Part II"
4494:
Klug, Christian; Kröger, Björn; Kiessling, Wolfgang; Mullins, Gary L.; Servais, Thomas; Frýda, Jiří; Korn, Dieter; Turner, Susan (26 October 2010).
2099:-secreting organisms that can erect wave-resistant structures near sea level. Although modern reefs are constructed mainly by corals and calcareous
5205:
4209:"Dead or alive? Brachiopods and other shells as substrates for endo- and sclerobiont activity in the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Barrandian"
3735:
2452:
1800:
2061:
1223:
in which early fossil discoveries were found. Another common term is "Age of the Fishes", referring to the evolution of several major groups of
1934:
4329:"An updated look at the taxonomy, stratigraphy, and palaeoecology of the Devonian bivalve genus Ontario Clarke, 1904 (Cardiolidae, Bivalvia)"
1839:
5568:"Periodic oceanic euxinia and terrestrial fluxes linked to astronomical forcing during the Late Devonian Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction"
4831:
Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L.; Decombeix, Anne-Laure; Schwendemann, Andrew; Serbet, Rudolph; Escapa, Ignacio; Krings, Michael (2010).
5821:
1889:
and their vicinities). Though certainly close to Siberia in the Devonian, the precise location of Amuria is uncertain due to contradictory
1322:. Ammonoids during this time period were simple and differed little from their nautiloid counterparts. These ammonoids belong to the order
5282:"The earliest record of terrestrial animals in Gondwana: A scorpion from the Famennian (Late Devonian) Witpoort Formation of South Africa"
1858:
modern location. Siberia approached the eastern edge of Laurussia as the Devonian progressed, but it was still separated by a seaway, the
5513:"Paleogeography and paleoenvironments of the Late Devonian Kellwasser event: A review of its sedimentological and geochemical expression"
4399:
Klug, Christian; Kroeger, Bjoern; Korn, Dieter; Ruecklin, Martin; Schemm-Gregory, Mena; De Baets, Kenneth; Mapes, Royal H. (April 2008).
3406:
1509:
were present east of Laurussia and north of Gondwana, corresponding to parts of Europe and Asia. The Devonian Period was a time of great
1390:, 382.7 to 372.2 Ma, during which the first forests took shape on land. The first tetrapods appeared in the fossil record in the ensuing
5566:
Lu, Man; Lu, YueHan; Ikejiri, Takehitio; Sun, Dayang; Carroll, Richard; Blair, Elliot H.; Algeo, Thomas J.; Sun, Yongge (15 May 2021).
5981:
5870:
4034:
2367:
and sediment deposition. The rapid evolution of a terrestrial ecosystem that contained copious animals opened the way for the first
1394:
subdivision, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian, 358.9 Ma.
4279:
Zatoń, Michał; Borszcz, Tomasz; Berkowski, Błażej; Rakociński, Michał; Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Zhuravlev, Andrey V. (15 April 2015).
4161:"Devonian–Carboniferous brachiopod zonation in the Tarim Basin, northwest China: implications for biostratigraphy and biogeography"
2331:
1201:
951:
585:
528:
3948:"Conodont and carbon isotope stratigraphy near the Frasnian/Famennian (Devonian) boundary at Wulankeshun, Junggar Basin, NW China"
3045:
2718:
The reasons for the Late Devonian extinctions are still unknown, and all explanations remain speculative. Canadian paleontologist
2246:
axes with terminal sporangia and were generally very short-statured, and grew hardly more than a few centimetres tall. Fossils of
1901:
The Rheic Ocean, which separated Laurussia from Gondwana, was wide at the start of the Devonian, having formed after the drift of
1747:
The northern rim of Gondwana was mostly a passive margin, hosting extensive marine deposits in areas such as northwest Africa and
3478:"Stratigraphic and oxygen isotope evidence for My-scale glaciation driving eustasy in the Early–Middle Devonian greenhouse world"
2548:
3575:
5059:
5347:
5221:"The Silurian–Devonian terrestrial revolution: Diversity patterns and sampling bias of the vascular plant macrofossil record"
5219:
Capel, Elliot; Cleal, Christopher J.; Xue, Jinzhuang; Monnet, Claude; Servais, Thomas; Cascales-Miñana, Borja (August 2022).
4240:"Unusual shallow water Devonian coral community from Queensland and its recent analogues from the inshore Great Barrier Reef"
3755:
3638:
3125:
2697:
1874:
was shaken by volcanism in the Early and Middle Devonian, while Late Devonian magmatism was magnified further to produce the
1644:
United States. Devonian reefs also extended along the southeast edge of Laurussia, a coastline now corresponding to southern
2654:
5974:
3334:
1200:
that define the start and end of the Devonian Period are well identified, the exact dates are uncertain. According to the
1137:. The Devonian experienced several major mountain-building events as Laurussia and Gondwana approached; these include the
3534:
3872:
2145:
and algal mats of the Silurian were joined early in the period by primitive rooted plants that created the first stable
2033:) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of cartilaginous fish,
471:
4281:"Paleoecology and sedimentary environment of the Late Devonian coral biostrome from the Central Devonian Field, Russia"
3255:
3170:
2763:
2227:
5678:, Understanding Late Devonian And Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events, vol. 20, Elsevier, pp. 5–36,
3569:
Nardin, E.; Godderis, Yves; Donnadieu, Yannick; Le Hir, Guillaume; Blakey, R. C.; Puceat, E.; Aretz, M. (1 May 2011).
1636:
which hosted a diverse ecosystem of reefs and marine life. Devonian marine deposits are particularly prevalent in the
5764:
5691:
5495:
5451:
4044:
3361:
845:
3946:
Wang, Z. H.; Becker, R. T.; Aboussalam, Z. S.; Hartenfels, S.; Joachimski, Michael M.; Gong, Y. M. (15 April 2016).
3476:
Elrick, Maya; Berkyová, Stana; Klapper, Gilbert; Sharp, Zachary; Joachimski, Michael M.; Frýda, Jiří (15 May 2009).
1834:
While the South China-Annamia continent was the newest addition to the Asian microcontinents, it was not the first.
2845:"A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications"
2165:(although arthropods appeared on land much earlier than in the Early Devonian and the existence of fossils such as
1283:
The Devonian Period is formally broken into Early, Middle and Late subdivisions. The rocks corresponding to those
974:, also became well-established early in this period, after beginning their colonization of land at least from the
1729:
1691:
The Early-Middle Devonian world, with major continents Gondwana (Go), Euramerica/Laurussia (Eu), and Siberia (Si)
1905:
away from Gondwana. It steadily shrunk as the period continued, as the two major continents approached near the
950:) appeared. This rapid evolution and colonization process, which had begun during the Silurian, is known as the
2095:, once extended 350 km (220 mi), fringing a Devonian continent. Reefs are generally built by various
1787:
Several island microcontinents (which would later coalesce into modern day Asia) stretched over a low-latitude
1178:
666:
17:
5511:
Carmichael, Sarah K.; Waters, Johnny A.; Königshof, Peter; Suttner, Thomas J.; Kido, Erika (1 December 2019).
1862:. Although Siberia's margins were generally tectonically stable and ecologically productive, rifting and deep
740:
5715:"Impact resilience: Ecological recovery of a carbonate factory in the wake of the Late Devonian impact event"
2088:
1975:
1751:. The eastern margin, though warmer than the west, was equally active. Numerous mountain building events and
1442:
5474:
1493:. The second-largest continent, Laurussia, was northwest of Gondwana, and corresponds to much of modern-day
5625:"The global Hangenberg Crisis (Devonian–Carboniferous transition): review of a first-order mass extinction"
4495:
4238:
Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Baird, Andrew M.; Bridge, Tom; Jakubowicz, Michał; Daniell, James (4 February 2021).
2754: – State park in Indiana, United States. One of the largest exposed Devonian fossil beds in the world.
2751:
1612:) established tropical conditions, most of the continent was located within the natural dry zone along the
4280:
4112:
3477:
2021:) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and
6647:
5997:
5327:
3902:
3618:
2371:
to seek terrestrial living. By the end of the Devonian, arthropods were solidly established on the land.
574:
1822:
1641:
1193:
over the naming of the period. Murchison and Sedgwick won the debate and named it the Devonian System.
5671:
5512:
5082:
4061:
3947:
3791:
3662:
McClung, Wilson S.; Eriksson, Kenneth A.; Terry Jr., Dennis O.; Cuffey, Clifford A. (1 October 2013).
1980:
Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas continued to be dominated by conodonts,
1457:
The Devonian world involved many continents and ocean basins of various sizes. The largest continent,
908:
6652:
1687:
1259:
that were warm and moderately humid. In fact the climate in the Devonian differed greatly during its
35:
5281:
5856:
2797:
2692:
2678:
2319:
1791:
to the north of Gondwana. They were separated from the southern continent by an oceanic basin: the
1637:
1081:
475:
2287:
were able to grow to large size on dry land because they had evolved the ability to biosynthesize
6270:
6265:
4786:
Graham, Linda E.; Cook, Martha E.; Hanson, David T.; Pigg, Kathleen B.; Graham, James M. (2010).
4656:
3995:
3246:
The great Devonian controversy: The shaping of scientific knowledge among gentlemanly specialists
1446:
1408:
1213:
1089:
5829:
5011:
Gonez, Paul; Gerrienne, Philippe (2010). "A new definition and a lectotypification of the genus
4652:"The walking dead: Blender as a tool for paleontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids"
4328:
3956:. Ecosystem evolution in deep time: evidence from the rich Palaeozoic fossil records of China.
904:
637:
5167:
4111:
Bose, Rituparna; Schneider, Chris L.; Leighton, Lindsey R.; Polly, P. David (1 October 2011).
3303:
3272:
2133:, a large fungus, initially thought to be a marine alga, from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
1271:. In the Late Devonian, by contrast, arid conditions were less prevalent across the world and
988:, reached substantial diversity during this time, leading the Devonian to often be dubbed the
5286:
5225:
5199:
5055:
3898:
2703:
Amongst the severely affected marine groups were the brachiopods, trilobites, ammonites, and
2243:
1581:
1284:
859:
619:
5583:
5378:
4628:
3547:
2936:
2844:
1536:
as well as wide swathes east of Gondwana and west of Laurussia. Other minor oceans were the
1524:
Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical
5726:
5579:
5524:
5390:
5295:
5234:
4950:
4897:
4886:
Niedźwiedzki (2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early middle Devonian period of Poland".
4760:
4665:
4624:
4412:
4294:
4126:
4007:
3803:
3677:
3543:
3491:
3381:
3356:. Memoir for 1:50,000 geological sheet (England and Wales) (3rd ed.). pp. 18–19.
3071:
2883:
2768:
1816:
1633:
1382:
Map of Earth as it appeared 370 million years ago during the late Devonian, Fammenian stage
947:
4599:
4582:
4060:
Corradini, Carlo; Corriga, Maria G.; Pondrelli, Monica; Suttner, Thomas J. (1 July 2020).
3401:
3040:
2393:, one of the largest armoured fish ever to roam the planet, lived during the Late Devonian
2042:
1287:
are referred to as belonging to the Lower, Middle and Upper parts of the Devonian System.
1092:, which occurred at around 359 Ma, further impacted the ecosystems and completed the
8:
6601:
5805:
4837:
is not a rolled-up liverwort mat: Comment on the paper by Graham et al.(AJB 97: 268–275)"
2998:
2757:
2723:
2304:
1946:
1847:
1709:
1613:
1533:
1462:
1260:
1118:
1000:
131:
Map of Earth as it appeared 400 million years ago during the Early Devonian, Emsian stage
5730:
5672:"Chapter 2Toward understanding Late Devonian global events: few answers, many questions"
5528:
5394:
5299:
5238:
4954:
4901:
4764:
4669:
4416:
4298:
4130:
4062:"Conodonts across the Silurian/Devonian boundary in the Carnic Alps (Austria and Italy)"
4011:
3807:
3681:
3495:
3075:
2887:
5742:
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5605:
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1585:
1537:
1182:
1134:
1051:
1004:
897:
5683:
4772:
4374:
3903:"The country rocks of Devonian magmatism in the North Patagonian Massif and Chaitenia"
3894:
2175:). By far the largest land organism at the beginning of this period was the enigmatic
1311:, which lasted until the Middle Devonian began, 393.3 Ma. During this time, the first
1204:, the Devonian extends from the end of the Silurian 419.2 Ma, to the beginning of the
1145:
in Europe. These early collisions preceded the formation of the single supercontinent
512:
6642:
6399:
6363:
5780:
5746:
5687:
5670:
Racki, Grzegorz (1 January 2005), Over, D. J.; Morrow, J. R.; Wignall, P. B. (eds.),
5656:
5644:
5609:
5597:
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5414:
5406:
5357:
5343:
5266:
5150:
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5128:
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4693:
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4352:
4265:
4186:
4160:
4083:
4040:
3969:
3845:
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3819:
3751:
3648:
3634:
3592:
3570:
3454:
3357:
3251:
3166:
3121:
3099:
3087:
2983:"The Devonian/Carboniferous boundary stratotype section (La Serre, France) revisited"
2955:
1930:
1733:
1625:
1597:
1272:
1268:
1220:
1190:
881:
609:
30:
This article is about the geological period. For the residents of the UK county, see
5536:
5426:
5247:
5220:
5036:
3815:
2137:
By the Devonian Period, life was well underway in its colonization of the land. The
1012:
6493:
6368:
6337:
6134:
5734:
5679:
5636:
5587:
5532:
5398:
5335:
5303:
5252:
5242:
5180:
5140:
5024:
4993:
4958:
4925:
4905:
4888:
4858:
4848:
4803:
4768:
4727:
4673:
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4480:
4458:
4424:
4420:
4340:
4302:
4251:
4174:
4134:
4075:
4015:
3961:
3926:
3916:
3811:
3743:
3685:
3626:
3584:
3551:
3499:
3444:
3396:
3079:
3035:
2994:
2918:
2891:
2856:
2312:
2111:
2051:
1950:
1609:
1437:
1231:
The Devonian has also erroneously been characterised as a "greenhouse age", due to
1142:
1031:
993:
855:
801:
788:
Relatively steady around 189 m, gradually falling to 120 m through period
450:
5402:
5109:
4962:
3187:
1616:, which (as nowadays) is a result of the convergence of two great air-masses, the
6593:
6589:
6585:
6462:
6358:
6296:
6191:
6160:
6129:
5623:
Kaiser, Sandra Isabella; Aretz, Markus; Becker, Ralph Thomas (11 November 2015).
4997:
4306:
4138:
4079:
3965:
3690:
3663:
3503:
3354:
Geology of the South Wales Coalfield Part II, the country around Abergavenny
2743:
2420:
1881:
Similar volcanic activity also affected the nearby microcontinent of Amuria (now
1577:
1510:
1502:
1436:
would have been the main reef-forming organisms in warm periods, with corals and
1351:
1138:
1107:
1028:
331:
54:
6618:
4939:
Lucas (2015). "Thinopus and a Critical Review of Devonian Tetrapod Footprints".
3062:
Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes".
2256:
tissue. By the Middle Devonian, shrub-like forests of primitive plants existed:
2236:
likely spread by vegetative growth and spores. The earliest land plants such as
1741:
1675:. Many of the Devonian collisions in Laurussia produce both mountain chains and
6612:
6431:
6301:
6196:
6165:
5892:
5592:
5567:
4636:
4534:"The Palaeozoic colonization of the water column and the rise of global nekton"
4344:
4256:
4239:
3907:
3555:
3433:"Devonian climate change, breathing, and the origin of the tetrapod stem group"
3146:
2510:
2308:
2274:
2257:
2248:
2185:
appeared around 416 Ma, in the Early Devonian. Evidence for the earliest
2158:
2026:
1890:
1676:
1668:
1296:
1240:
1111:
1020:
1016:
931:
930:
which covered the continents. By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of
730:
660:
322:
5966:
5257:
4732:
4715:
3747:
2860:
2707:, and the world saw the disappearance of an estimated 96% of vertebrates like
6636:
6332:
6322:
6291:
6254:
6186:
6155:
5648:
5601:
5544:
5410:
4747:
Hueber, Francis M. (2001). "Rotted wood-alga fungus: The history and life of
4685:
4087:
4019:
3973:
3921:
3880:
3823:
3596:
3141:
3113:
2726:), little evidence supports the existence of a large enough Devonian crater.
2719:
2687:
The Late Devonian is characterised by three episodes of extinction ("Late D")
2608:
2505:
2441:
2279:
2269:
2232:
2126:
2107:
1993:
1851:
1705:
1589:
1494:
1486:
1466:
1433:
1367:
1264:
1244:
1232:
1209:
1205:
1186:
889:
873:
866:
755:
742:
681:
668:
340:
313:
85:
5461:
4208:
3083:
2821:
a group intermediate between those of the Carboniferous and Silurian systems
6623:
6554:
6404:
6327:
5418:
5154:
4917:
4872:
4817:
4567:
4549:
4472:
3458:
3091:
2956:"The global stratotype section and point of the Silurian-Devonian boundary"
2922:
2776:
2712:
2660:
2516:
2500:
2476:
2405:
2389:
2284:
2177:
2167:
2035:
2030:
2004:(animals, their resemblance to flowers notwithstanding) were abundant, and
1918:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1843:
1323:
1035:
919:
714:
432:
5813:
5772:
5738:
5308:
2349:
Bark (possibly from a cladoxylopsid) from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
2214:
The Devonian Period marks the beginning of extensive land colonization by
6549:
6418:
6394:
6239:
6034:
5441:
3792:"Late Devonian paleogeography in the framework of global plate tectonics"
3449:
2409:
2300:
2261:
2104:
2055:
2022:
2018:
1788:
1621:
1617:
1593:
1541:
1529:
1319:
1130:
1126:
1100:
955:
927:
870:
645:
60:
5488:
When the invasion of land failed: The legacy of the Devonian extinctions
5184:
4909:
4853:
4832:
4808:
4787:
2311:
may have dropped. This may have cooled the climate and led to a massive
1596:. As the Caledonian Orogeny wound down in the later part of the period,
6544:
6504:
6447:
6347:
6244:
6118:
6018:
5908:
5168:
Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024).
4863:
3931:
3214:"How do you have a mass extinction without an increase in extinctions?"
2737:
2683:
2629:
2577:
2412:
2368:
2192:
2013:
1989:
1985:
1914:
1859:
1756:
1701:
1664:
1565:
1552:
1478:
1335:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1039:
985:
975:
915:
641:
348:
105:
70:
6607:
5443:
The Late Devonian mass extinction : the Frasnian/Famennian crisis
2911:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2252:, about 400 million years old, represent the oldest known plants with
2210:
1560:(Euramerica) and its constituents, superimposed onto modern coastlines
6559:
6509:
6483:
6442:
6389:
6234:
6210:
6091:
6081:
6070:
5950:
5212:
3588:
2704:
2632:
from the Devonian of Michigan (largest tube diameter is 0.75 mm)
2555:
2540:
2480:
2460:
2416:
2238:
2219:
2171:
suggest that amphibious arthropods may have appeared as early as the
2162:
2096:
2092:
2047:
2005:
1942:
1882:
1808:
1760:
1721:
1605:
1569:
1557:
1514:
1474:
1391:
1327:
1122:
1069:
996:
959:
885:
863:
390:
283:
110:
5640:
4463:
4446:
1338:
molluscs would dominate the marine fauna until the beginning of the
1326:, which in later epochs evolved to new ammonoid orders, for example
1157:
1050:, though they were not fully established for life on land until the
6519:
6514:
6478:
6378:
6311:
6175:
6144:
6105:
6055:
6029:
6005:
5945:
5934:
5929:
5028:
4677:
4651:
4583:"Geological evolution of the Kimberley region of Western Australia"
4581:
Tyler, Ian M.; Hocking, Roger M.; Haines, Peter W. (1 March 2012).
4178:
2895:
2843:
Parry, S. F.; Noble, S. R.; Crowley, Q. G.; Wellman, C. H. (2011).
2708:
2613:
2572:
2292:
2186:
2172:
2154:
2142:
2009:
1902:
1886:
1812:
1764:
1713:
1672:
1629:
1518:
1458:
1412:
1387:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1339:
1114:
1085:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1024:
971:
967:
963:
923:
877:
726:
710:
383:
376:
369:
293:
100:
95:
75:
65:
5848:
5624:
5116:. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
2046:
The Devonian period saw the development of early sharks, armoured
6533:
6473:
6223:
6060:
6044:
5913:
5837:
5129:"The origin and evolution of lignin biosynthesis: Tansley review"
4830:
2536:
2364:
2001:
1981:
1966:
1938:
1910:
1906:
1827:
1804:
1752:
1737:
1717:
1649:
1645:
1573:
1506:
1415:
1403:
1378:
1304:
1256:
1248:
1236:
1197:
1162:
1146:
1097:
1065:
876:, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding
355:
126:
115:
90:
5510:
4059:
3994:
Franke, Wolfgang; Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H. (2017).
3283:
2103:, Devonian reefs were either microbial reefs built up mostly by
1402:
The Devonian was a relatively warm period, although significant
6569:
6452:
6086:
5918:
5789:
5325:
4613:
4278:
3530:
2664:
2576:
from the Middle Devonian of Ohio – view of colony encrusting a
2288:
2182:
2115:
2070:
1926:
1697:
1660:
1498:
1470:
1308:
1252:
734:
362:
5083:"Fossil from a forest that gave Earth its breath of fresh air"
3945:
3661:
1564:
By the early Devonian, the continent Laurussia (also known as
1125:
to the east. Major tectonic events include the closure of the
828:
5475:
After a Mass Extinction, Only the Small Survive | Carl Zimmer
4714:
Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011).
4237:
3893:
3568:
3380:
Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.C.; Gibbard, P.L.; Fan, J.-X. (2013).
3314:
2648:
which served as a host substrate for a colony of hederelloids
2483:
2222:
not yet present, large forests grew and shaped the landscape.
2215:
2100:
1997:
1826:
World map at 400 Ma (Early Devonian), showing continents and
1748:
1725:
1656:
1482:
1174:
1166:
1008:
912:
893:
656:
31:
4532:
Whalen, Christopher D.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (18 July 2018).
3021:"Decision on the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary stratotype"
1584:. Further east, the collision also extended the rise of the
27:
Fourth period of the Paleozoic Era 419–359 million years ago
3742:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–158,
3161:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
3019:
Paproth, Eva; Feist, Raimund; Flajs, Gerd (December 1991).
2645:
2595:, an orthid brachiopod from the Middle Devonian of New York
2514:
that was an early marine tetrapodomorph, and the placoderm
2424:
2337:
Lycopod axis (branch) from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
2265:
2253:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2069:
The Devonian saw significant expansion in the diversity of
1759:
intrusions affected areas equivalent to modern day eastern
1712:
of many smaller land masses and island arcs. These include
1568:) was fully formed through the collision of the continents
1525:
1490:
1429:
1235:: most of the early Devonian-age discoveries came from the
1224:
981:
943:
939:
935:
837:
822:
816:
807:
4493:
4110:
3475:
1600:
facilitated a cluster of granite intrusions in Scotland.
2842:
1628:
sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidised iron (
1423:
Devonian; while there is no corresponding increase in CO
718:(discovered to have biostratigraphic issues as of 2006).
4716:"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"
4398:
3571:"Modeling the early Paleozoic long-term climatic trend"
2783:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1003:
almost every known aquatic environment. In the oceans,
5792:. International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). 2004
4375:"Palaeos Paleozoic: Devonian: The Devonian Period – 1"
3304:"Notes on the age of limestones from south Devonshire"
3379:
2110:
or coral-stromatoporoid reefs built up by coral-like
846:
819:
4785:
3734:
Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H., eds. (2016),
2733:
1169:
played an early role in defining the Devonian Period
834:
813:
804:
5218:
4106:
4104:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
2873:
2760: – System that relates geologic strata to time
1303:Stage 419.2 to 410.8 Ma, which was followed by the
900:, where rocks from this period were first studied.
810:
143:
4580:
3993:
3625:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 534–545.
3310:. Second series. Vol. 5 part II. p. 724.
3279:. Second series. Vol. 5 part II. p. 701.
3271:Sedgwick, Adam; Murchison, Roderick Impey (1840).
3243:
3061:
1251:as part of the supercontinent of Euramerica where
1133:from Gondwana, and the resulting expansion of the
5622:
5052:"Analyzing the World's Oldest Woody Plant Fossil"
4286:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4118:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4067:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3953:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3669:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3483:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3382:"The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
3320:
3289:
3270:
3230:
3160:
3018:
2616:coral, Kashong Shale, Middle Devonian of New York
1299:lasted from 419.2 to 393.3 Ma. It began with the
1255:signatures of widespread reefs indicate tropical
6634:
5629:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
4713:
4650:Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (July 2014).
4101:
3517:
3308:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
3277:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
1976:Evolution of fish § Devonian: Age of fishes
1970:Spindle diagram for the evolution of vertebrates
1815:(western Indochina), Tibet, and the rest of the
1663:. In the Late Devonian, an approaching volcanic
1121:to the north, and the medium-sized continent of
5996:
5712:
4983:
4320:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3655:
2954:Chlupáč, Ivo; Hladil, Jindrich (January 2000).
2087:A now-dry barrier reef, located in present-day
5676:Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy
5565:
5379:"Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record"
5377:Raup, D. M.; Sepkoski, J. J. (19 March 1982).
5321:
5319:
5010:
4070:. Global Events impacting COnodont evolution.
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3621:. In Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.).
2357:
1011:became more numerous than in the Silurian and
5982:
5864:
4649:
3879:. Northern Arizona University. Archived from
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3617:Rosa, Eduardo L. M.; Isbell, John L. (2021).
2953:
1896:
1528:organisms lived. The enormous "world ocean",
527:Subdivision of the Devonian according to the
5376:
5204:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4885:
4531:
3901:; Rapela, Carlos W.; Quezada, Paulo (2018).
3770:
3733:
3335:"Paleobiology: The Late Paleozoic: Devonian"
3188:"Fossil tracks record 'oldest land-walkers'"
2902:
2299:The 'greening' of the continents acted as a
1386:Finally, the Late Devonian started with the
5316:
5127:Weng, Jing-Ke; Chapple, Clint (July 2010).
5126:
4326:
2943:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
2867:
2672:
1704:. The northwestern edge of Gondwana was an
1080:were still common during the Devonian. The
825:
534:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
5989:
5975:
5871:
5857:
5049:
3996:"The Palaeozoic Variscan oceans revisited"
3873:"Devonian Paleogeography, Southwestern US"
3698:
3616:
2960:CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
2855:(4). London: Geological Society: 863–872.
1830:with modern continent borders superimposed
1652:, and other mid-latitude areas of Europe.
1141:in North America and the beginning of the
1019:, which include the ancestors of all four-
5591:
5307:
5256:
5246:
5144:
5112:. In Basu, Saikat; Cleveland, C. (eds.).
4862:
4852:
4807:
4731:
4598:
4557:
4462:
4333:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
4255:
3930:
3920:
3887:
3689:
3448:
3400:
3165:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3039:
2486:that lived from the Mid to Late Devonian.
942:, and by the end of the period the first
4039:(3rd ed.). John Wiley. p. 14.
3301:
3250:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3154:
2682:
2209:
2125:
2060:
2041:
1965:
1821:
1783:, which fully opened during the Devonian
1774:
1732:. These collisions were associated with
1686:
1551:
1377:
1202:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1156:
952:Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution
5490:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5446:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5043:
5017:International Journal of Plant Sciences
4707:
3789:
3375:
3373:
3351:
3332:
3241:
2199:
1909:in the early stages of the assembly of
1362:387.7 Ma. During this time the jawless
1307:from 410.8 to 407.6 Ma and then by the
14:
6635:
5485:
5439:
4746:
4444:
4372:
4206:
4159:Chen, Zhong-Qiang (2 September 2023).
4032:
3576:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3412:from the original on 13 September 2015
3341:. Estrella Mountain Community College.
3211:
2980:
1708:for much of the Devonian, and saw the
1679:, which are frequently fossiliferous.
1354:comprised two subdivisions: first the
911:occurred during the Devonian, as free-
892:period at 358.9 Ma. It is named after
888:), to the beginning of the succeeding
524:
5970:
5852:
5669:
5107:
5080:
4938:
4788:"Rolled liverwort mats explain major
4753:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4327:Nagel-Myers, Judith (5 August 2021).
3897:; Calderón, Mauricio; Fanning, Mark;
3430:
3112:
2908:
2464:from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
2446:from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin
1779:The earth at 380 Ma, centered on the
1513:activity, as the major continents of
1117:to the south, the small continent of
5279:
4158:
3370:
2836:
2781: – Extinct species of trilobite
2644:Devonian spiriferid brachiopod from
2363:changes in the speed and pattern of
2121:
502:
484:
461:
440:
422:
6588:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
5878:
5814:"Devonian chronostratigraphy scale"
5572:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4792:features: Response to commentaries"
4617:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3535:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3437:Integrative and Comparative Biology
24:
6592:= megaannum (millions years ago);
5340:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00022-x
5328:"Chapter 22 - The Devonian Period"
5194:from the original on 9 March 2024.
4538:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3870:
3631:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00063-1
3431:Clack, Jennifer (13 August 2007).
2764:List of Early Devonian land plants
1937:(the western Mediterranean area),
1921:under Mexico and Central America.
1461:, was located entirely within the
1247:, which at the time straddled the
25:
6664:
6596:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
5757:
5177:Journal of the Geological Society
5050:MacPherson, C. (28 August 2019).
4720:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3740:Earth History and Palaeogeography
3231:Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2004)
3120:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman.
3051:from the original on 9 June 2020.
2849:Journal of the Geological Society
1770:
1485:, as well as minor components of
1452:
1034:as their more robust and muscled
6617:
6606:
5146:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03327.x
4512:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x
4496:"The Devonian nekton revolution"
3212:Newitz, Annalee (13 June 2013).
3185:
3118:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2999:10.1127/0078-0421/2009/0043-0195
2736:
2653:
2637:
2621:
2600:
2585:
2563:
2547:
2525:
2491:
2469:
2451:
2432:
2398:
2381:
2342:
2330:
1161:The rocks of Lummaton Quarry in
800:
125:
58:
5706:
5663:
5616:
5559:
5537:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.102984
5504:
5479:
5468:
5433:
5370:
5273:
5248:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104085
5161:
5120:
5101:
5074:
5004:
4977:
4932:
4879:
4833:"The enigmatic Devonian fossil
4824:
4779:
4740:
4643:
4607:
4600:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i1/029
4574:
4525:
4487:
4438:
4392:
4373:Kazlev, M. Alan (28 May 1998).
4366:
4272:
4231:
4200:
4152:
4053:
4026:
3987:
3939:
3864:
3838:
3816:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103129
3610:
3562:
3469:
3424:
3402:10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
3345:
3326:
3321:Gradstein, Ogg & Smith 2004
3295:
3264:
3235:
3224:
3205:
3179:
3134:
3041:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i4/004
2981:Kaiser, Sandra (1 April 2009).
2809:
1961:
1572:(modern day North America) and
1465:. It corresponds to modern day
1445:, marking the beginning of the
1278:
5806:"Examples of Devonian Fossils"
5785:– site introduces the Devonian
5334:, Elsevier, pp. 733–810,
5081:Smith, Lewis (19 April 2007).
3106:
3055:
3012:
2974:
2947:
2929:
2458:Tooth of the lobe-finned fish
2249:Armoricaphyton chateaupannense
2065:Diorama of a Devonian seafloor
1870:during the Late Devonian. The
1501:. Various smaller continents,
1179:The Great Devonian Controversy
421:
13:
1:
6035:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
5684:10.1016/s0920-5446(05)80002-0
5403:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501
4963:10.1080/10420940.2015.1063491
4773:10.1016/s0034-6667(01)00058-6
4405:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
3790:Golonka, Jan (1 March 2020).
3290:Sedgwick & Murchison 1840
2829:
2533:Melocrinites nodosus spinosus
2149:and harbored arthropods like
2056:tetrapod transitional species
1624:. In these near-deserts, the
1358:, which then gave way to the
1181:was a lengthy debate between
780:Atmospheric and climatic data
4998:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.07.002
4445:Dalton, Rex (January 2006).
4307:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.021
4139:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.004
4080:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.023
3966:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.029
3691:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.020
3504:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.008
3333:Farabee, Michael J. (2006).
2752:Falls of the Ohio State Park
2539:from the Middle Devonian of
1866:impacted the continent with
1547:
7:
5998:Geological history of Earth
5517:Global and Planetary Change
3796:Global and Planetary Change
3619:"Late Paleozoic Glaciation"
2987:Newsletters on Stratigraphy
2729:
2358:Animals and the first soils
2218:. With large land-dwelling
1682:
785:Sea level above present day
525:
278:
10:
6669:
6271:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
6266:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
6030:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
5713:Rendall; Tapanila (2020).
5593:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116839
5486:McGhee, George R. (2013).
5440:McGhee, George R. (1996).
5108:Hogan, C. Michael (2010).
4841:American Journal of Botany
4796:American Journal of Botany
4637:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.028
4345:10.1007/s12549-021-00491-2
4257:10.1007/s00338-020-02048-9
3606:– via Research Gate.
3556:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.028
3302:Lonsdale, William (1840).
3163:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
2676:
2570:The common tabulate coral
2374:
2305:atmospheric concentrations
2203:
2131:Prototaxites milwaukeensis
2076:Devonian Nekton Revolution
2008:were still fairly common.
1973:
1897:Closure of the Rheic Ocean
1397:
1315:appeared, descending from
1212:, at the beginning of the
1173:The period is named after
1152:
53:419.2 ± 3.2 – 358.9 ± 0.4
29:
6583:
6568:
6555:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
6532:
6492:
6461:
6430:
6417:
6405:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
6377:
6346:
6310:
6279:
6253:
6222:
6209:
6174:
6143:
6117:
6104:
6069:
6043:
6017:
6004:
5886:
4733:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
3748:10.1017/9781316225523.009
3147:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2861:10.1144/0016-76492010-043
2558:from the Devonian of Ohio
1724:, which now form much of
922:) began to spread across
784:
779:
771:
722:
706:Upper boundary definition
705:
697:
652:
634:Lower boundary definition
633:
625:
615:
605:
600:
592:
580:
570:
565:
557:
549:
544:
141:
136:
124:
50:
45:
36:Devonian (disambiguation)
6550:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
6395:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
6240:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
6092:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
6082:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
5332:Geologic Time Scale 2020
4425:10.1127/pala/283/2008/83
4036:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4020:10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.005
3922:10.5027/andgeoV45n3-3117
3242:Rudwick, M.S.J. (1985).
2803:
2798:Category:Devonian plants
2693:Late Devonian extinction
2679:Late Devonian extinction
2673:Late Devonian extinction
2609:Pleurodictyum americanum
2320:Late Devonian extinction
2082:
1556:Continental boundary of
1082:Late Devonian extinction
1027:), began diverging from
476:Late Devonian extinction
146:
6545:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
6510:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
6505:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
6448:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
6338:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
6245:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
6056:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
5584:2021E&PSL.56216839L
4657:Journal of Paleontology
4629:2009E&PSL.284..599J
4213:Bulletin of Geosciences
3850:Encyclopedia Britannica
3623:Encyclopedia of Geology
3548:2009E&PSL.284..599J
3339:The Online Biology Book
3084:10.1126/science.1161648
2593:Tropidoleptus carinatus
2520:in a painting from 1905
2242:consisted of leafless,
1984:, diverse and abundant
1956:
1580:continued to raise the
1532:, occupied much of the
1447:Late Paleozoic icehouse
1409:sea surface temperature
1214:Mississippian subperiod
1149:in the Late Paleozoic.
1090:end-Devonian extinction
1042:gradually evolved into
269:−360 —
259:−365 —
249:−370 —
239:−375 —
229:−380 —
219:−385 —
209:−390 —
199:−395 —
189:−400 —
179:−405 —
169:−410 —
159:−415 —
149:−420 —
6515:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
6484:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
6443:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
6390:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
6235:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
6061:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
4550:10.1098/rspb.2018.0883
4207:Michal, Mergl (2021).
4033:Benton, M. J. (2005).
3352:Barclay, W.J. (1989).
2923:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195
2876:The Journal of Geology
2785:, a Devonian trilobite
2688:
2663:, an 8-meter genus of
2223:
2134:
2066:
2058:
1971:
1831:
1807:equivalent to most of
1784:
1692:
1561:
1521:drew closer together.
1383:
1216:of the Carboniferous.
1170:
905:evolutionary radiation
903:The first significant
34:. For other uses, see
6520:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
6479:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
6400:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
6087:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
5790:"Geologic Time Scale"
5739:10.2110/palo.2019.001
5309:10.5733/afin.054.0206
5287:African Invertebrates
5226:Earth-Science Reviews
5114:Encyclopedia of Earth
5056:Canadian Light Source
2772:(with link directory)
2686:
2228:Early Devonian plants
2213:
2196:) has been advanced.
2129:
2064:
2045:
1969:
1825:
1778:
1690:
1582:Appalachian Mountains
1555:
1381:
1160:
1110:was dominated by the
948:pteridospermatophytes
646:Monograptus uniformis
6560:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
6453:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
6333:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
6323:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
5893:Lower/Early Devonian
5775:on 11 February 2010.
2941:www.stratigraphy.org
2769:List of fossil sites
2200:The greening of land
1586:Caledonian Mountains
1129:, the separation of
1005:cartilaginous fishes
926:, forming extensive
715:Siphonodella sulcata
455:Famennian glaciation
6615: •
6604: •
6602:Geologic time scale
6364:Middle (458–470 Ma)
6328:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
6297:Middle (383–393 Ma)
6192:Middle (237–247 Ma)
6161:Middle (164–174 Ma)
5900:Upper/Late Devonian
5832:on 28 October 2007.
5731:2020Palai..35...12R
5529:2019GPC...18302984C
5395:1982Sci...215.1501R
5389:(4539): 1501–1503.
5300:2013AfrIn..54..373G
5280:Gess, R.W. (2013).
5239:2022ESRv..23104085C
5185:10.1144/jgs2023-204
4955:2015Ichno..22..136L
4910:10.1038/nature08623
4902:2010Natur.463...43N
4854:10.3732/ajb.1000047
4809:10.3732/ajb.1000172
4765:2001RPaPa.116..123H
4670:2014JPal...88..735G
4447:"Hooked on fossils"
4417:2008PalAA.283...83K
4299:2015PPP...424...61Z
4131:2011PPP...310..427B
4012:2017GondR..48..257F
3808:2020GPC...18603129G
3682:2013PPP...387..104M
3496:2009PPP...276..170E
3076:2008Sci...322...64H
2888:2004JG....112..495K
2758:Geologic time scale
2724:Alamo bolide impact
2535:, a spiny, stalked
2029:) and bony fishes (
1614:Tropic of Capricorn
1534:Northern Hemisphere
1463:Southern Hemisphere
772:Upper GSSP ratified
752: /
723:Upper boundary GSSP
698:Lower GSSP ratified
682:49.8550°N 13.7920°E
678: /
653:Lower boundary GSSP
626:Time span formality
6648:Geological periods
6613:Geology portal
6474:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
6369:Early (470–485 Ma)
6302:Early (393–419 Ma)
6197:Early (247–252 Ma)
6166:Early (174–201 Ma)
6135:Early (100–145 Ma)
6130:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
5258:20.500.12210/76731
4166:Geological Journal
3583:(5–6): 1181–1192.
3450:10.1093/icb/icm055
2937:"Chart/Time Scale"
2689:
2554:Enrolled phacopid
2506:lobe-finned fishes
2277:and progymnosperm
2224:
2206:Devonian explosion
2135:
2067:
2059:
2052:lobe-finned fishes
1972:
1872:Altai-Sayan region
1832:
1785:
1781:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
1767:, and Antarctica.
1700:situated near the
1693:
1562:
1538:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
1384:
1275:were more common.
1273:temperate climates
1183:Roderick Murchison
1171:
1135:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
1052:Late Carboniferous
1023:vertebrates (i.e.
1007:such as primitive
898:South West England
756:43.5555°N 3.3573°E
616:Stratigraphic unit
606:Chronological unit
593:Time scale(s) used
496:shrubs & trees
6630:
6629:
6528:
6527:
6494:Paleoproterozoic
6413:
6412:
6359:Late (444–458 Ma)
6292:Late (359–383 Ma)
6205:
6204:
6187:Late (201–237 Ma)
6156:Late (145–164 Ma)
6100:
6099:
6021:(present–2.58 Ma)
6009:(present–66.0 Ma)
5964:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5349:978-0-12-824360-2
4457:(7074): 262–263.
4000:Gondwana Research
3899:Pankhurst, Robert
3883:on 15 April 2010.
3846:"Devonian Period"
3757:978-1-316-22552-3
3640:978-0-08-102909-1
3127:978-1-4058-8118-0
2917:(1365): 113–130.
2122:Terrestrial biota
2114:and tabulate and
1734:volcanic activity
1626:Old Red Sandstone
1598:orogenic collapse
1269:temperate climate
1221:Old Red Sandstone
1191:Henry De la Beche
1088:. The subsequent
946:-bearing plants (
882:million years ago
792:
791:
566:Usage information
539:
538:
520:
519:
501:
500:
483:
482:
460:
459:
439:
438:
16:(Redirected from
6660:
6653:Geology of Devon
6624:World portal
6622:
6621:
6611:
6610:
6573:
6537:
6497:
6466:
6463:Mesoproterozoic
6435:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6382:
6351:
6315:
6284:
6258:
6227:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6179:
6148:
6122:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6074:
6048:
6022:
6015:
6014:
6010:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5968:
5967:
5889:
5888:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5833:
5828:. Archived from
5817:
5809:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5784:
5776:
5771:. Archived from
5751:
5750:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5595:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5483:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5323:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5195:
5193:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5062:on 14 April 2021
5058:. Archived from
5047:
5041:
5040:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4949:(3–4): 136–154.
4936:
4930:
4929:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4856:
4847:(7): 1074–1078.
4828:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4802:(7): 1079–1086.
4783:
4777:
4776:
4759:(1–2): 123–159.
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4623:(3–4): 599–609.
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4466:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4173:(3–4): 431–458.
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4125:(3–4): 427–441.
4108:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3924:
3895:Hervé, Francisco
3891:
3885:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3787:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3731:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3589:10.1130/B30364.1
3566:
3560:
3559:
3542:(3–4): 599–609.
3528:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3490:(1–4): 170–181.
3473:
3467:
3466:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3186:Amos, Jonathan.
3183:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3116:(3 April 2008).
3110:
3104:
3103:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2840:
2824:
2813:
2784:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2657:
2641:
2625:
2604:
2589:
2567:
2551:
2529:
2495:
2473:
2455:
2436:
2402:
2385:
2346:
2334:
2313:extinction event
1988:, the enigmatic
1951:Variscan Orogeny
1610:Ellesmere Island
1334:. This class of
1143:Variscan Orogeny
1103:and placoderms.
1061:, a subclass of
1032:lobe-finned fish
958:, predominantly
880:period at 419.2
850:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
767:
766:
764:
763:
762:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
693:
692:
690:
689:
688:
687:49.8550; 13.7920
683:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
508:
503:
490:
485:
472:Kellwasser event
467:
462:
451:Hangenberg event
446:
441:
428:
423:
343:
334:
325:
306:
286:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
129:
120:
57:
43:
42:
21:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6605:
6597:
6579:
6571:
6564:
6535:
6524:
6495:
6488:
6464:
6457:
6433:
6432:Neoproterozoic
6422:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
6421:
6420:
6419:Proterozoic Eon
6409:
6380:
6373:
6349:
6342:
6313:
6306:
6282:
6275:
6256:
6249:
6225:
6213:
6212:
6201:
6177:
6170:
6146:
6139:
6120:
6108:
6107:
6096:
6072:
6065:
6046:
6039:
6020:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5939:
5923:
5897:Middle Devonian
5882:
5880:Devonian Period
5877:
5836:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5795:
5793:
5788:
5781:"Devonian life"
5779:
5763:
5760:
5755:
5754:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5668:
5664:
5641:10.1144/sp423.9
5621:
5617:
5564:
5560:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5469:
5454:
5438:
5434:
5375:
5371:
5362:
5360:
5350:
5324:
5317:
5278:
5274:
5217:
5213:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5133:New Phytologist
5125:
5121:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5044:
5009:
5005:
4982:
4978:
4937:
4933:
4896:(7277): 43–48.
4884:
4880:
4829:
4825:
4784:
4780:
4745:
4741:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4648:
4644:
4612:
4608:
4579:
4575:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4492:
4488:
4464:10.1038/439262a
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4411:(4–6): 83–U58.
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4277:
4273:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4109:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4031:
4027:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3944:
3940:
3892:
3888:
3877:jan.ucc.nau.edu
3871:Blakey, Ron C.
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3852:. geochronology
3844:
3843:
3839:
3788:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3732:
3699:
3660:
3656:
3641:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3567:
3563:
3529:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3474:
3470:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3350:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3159:
3155:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3111:
3107:
3070:(5898): 64–68.
3060:
3056:
3048:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2868:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:Devonian system
2814:
2810:
2806:
2782:
2744:Devonian portal
2742:
2735:
2732:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2628:SEM image of a
2626:
2617:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2543:
2530:
2521:
2496:
2487:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2428:
2421:Cleveland Shale
2403:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2338:
2335:
2208:
2202:
2124:
2112:stromatoporoids
2089:Kimberley Basin
2085:
1978:
1964:
1959:
1899:
1773:
1685:
1677:foreland basins
1578:Acadian Orogeny
1550:
1503:microcontinents
1455:
1426:
1421:
1400:
1352:Middle Devonian
1346:Middle Devonian
1281:
1155:
1139:Acadian Orogeny
1108:palaeogeography
1017:Tetrapodomorphs
1013:Late Ordovician
954:. The earliest
932:vascular plants
856:geologic period
848:
833:
803:
799:
761:43.5555; 3.3573
760:
758:
754:
751:
746:
743:
741:
739:
738:
737:
686:
684:
680:
677:
672:
669:
667:
665:
664:
663:
540:
535:
533:
516:
515:
506:
497:
495:
488:
479:
465:
456:
454:
444:
435:
426:
419:
418:
414:
413:
409:
408:
404:
403:
399:
398:
394:
393:
387:
386:
380:
379:
373:
372:
366:
365:
359:
358:
352:
351:
345:
344:
339:
336:
335:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
317:
309:
308:
302:
298:
297:
289:
288:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
132:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
52:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6666:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6628:
6627:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6425:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6255:Carboniferous
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6073:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6047:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6012:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5786:
5783:. UC Berkeley.
5777:
5769:Devonian Times
5759:
5758:External links
5756:
5753:
5752:
5705:
5692:
5662:
5635:(1): 387–437.
5615:
5558:
5503:
5496:
5478:
5467:
5452:
5432:
5369:
5348:
5315:
5294:(2): 373–379.
5272:
5211:
5160:
5139:(2): 273–285.
5119:
5100:
5073:
5042:
5029:10.1086/648988
5023:(2): 199–215.
5003:
4976:
4931:
4878:
4823:
4778:
4751:Dawson 1859".
4739:
4726:(3): 489–501.
4706:
4678:10.1666/13-088
4664:(4): 735–746.
4642:
4606:
4593:(1): 298–306.
4573:
4524:
4506:(4): 465–477.
4486:
4437:
4391:
4365:
4339:(3): 541–555.
4319:
4271:
4250:(2): 417–431.
4230:
4199:
4179:10.1002/gj.967
4151:
4100:
4052:
4045:
4025:
3986:
3938:
3915:(3): 301–317.
3908:Andean Geology
3886:
3863:
3837:
3769:
3756:
3697:
3654:
3639:
3609:
3561:
3516:
3468:
3443:(4): 510–523.
3423:
3395:(3): 199–204.
3369:
3362:
3344:
3325:
3313:
3294:
3292:, p. 690.
3282:
3263:
3257:978-0226731025
3256:
3234:
3223:
3204:
3178:
3172:978-0521786737
3171:
3153:
3150:(Online). n.d.
3133:
3126:
3105:
3054:
3034:(4): 331–336.
3011:
2993:(2): 195–205.
2973:
2946:
2928:
2901:
2896:10.1086/421077
2882:(4): 495–501.
2866:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2731:
2728:
2677:Main article:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2511:Eusthenopteron
2497:
2490:
2488:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2309:carbon dioxide
2275:cladoxylopsids
2270:progymnosperms
2204:Main article:
2201:
2198:
2159:trigonotarbids
2123:
2120:
2084:
2081:
2054:including the
2027:Chondrichthyes
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1898:
1895:
1772:
1771:Asian terranes
1769:
1684:
1681:
1669:Antler orogeny
1549:
1546:
1454:
1453:Paleogeography
1451:
1438:stromatoporoid
1424:
1419:
1399:
1396:
1376:
1375:
1348:
1347:
1297:Early Devonian
1293:
1292:
1291:Early Devonian
1280:
1277:
1241:western Europe
1208:358.9 Ma – in
1154:
1151:
1112:supercontinent
1076:and the great
790:
789:
786:
782:
781:
777:
776:
773:
769:
768:
731:Montagne Noire
724:
720:
719:
707:
703:
702:
699:
695:
694:
661:Czech Republic
654:
650:
649:
635:
631:
630:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
612:
607:
603:
602:
598:
597:
596:ICS Time Scale
594:
590:
589:
582:
581:Regional usage
578:
577:
572:
571:Celestial body
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:Name formality
547:
546:
542:
541:
537:
536:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:Hunsrück fauna
511:
509:
499:
498:
493:
491:
481:
480:
470:
468:
458:
457:
449:
447:
437:
436:
431:
429:
420:
416:
415:
411:
410:
406:
405:
401:
400:
396:
395:
389:
388:
382:
381:
375:
374:
368:
367:
361:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
338:
337:
329:
328:
320:
319:
311:
310:
300:
299:
291:
290:
280:
279:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
26:
18:Upper Devonian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6665:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6567:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6531:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
6429:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6211:Paleozoic Era
6208:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:(66.0–145 Ma)
6116:
6113:
6111:
6109:(66.0–252 Ma)
6103:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5980:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5869:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5843:
5842:Age of Fishes
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5695:
5693:9780444521279
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5497:9780231160568
5493:
5489:
5482:
5476:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5453:0-231-07504-9
5449:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5201:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:(1883): 1–9.
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4046:9781405144490
4042:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3363:0-11-884408-3
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:Digby McLaren
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:Eastmanosteus
2439:Lower jaw of
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:planktivorous
2407:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:tracheophytes
2282:
2281:
2280:Archaeopteris
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:Drepanophycus
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2116:rugose corals
2113:
2109:
2108:cyanobacteria
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:of northwest
2090:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:microconchids
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:Saxothuringia
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1891:paleomagnetic
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:flood basalts
1865:
1864:mantle plumes
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:active margin
1703:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Great Britain
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:North America
1492:
1488:
1487:North America
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:South America
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1374:Late Devonian
1373:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:South America
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:North America
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:sampling bias
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:North America
1207:
1206:Carboniferous
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:Adam Sedgwick
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:Age of Fishes
987:
984:, especially
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:pteridophytes
917:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:Carboniferous
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
851:-nee-ən, deh-
842:
797:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:Age of Fishes
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
532:
531:, as of 2021.
530:
523:
514:
510:
505:
504:
492:
487:
486:
477:
473:
469:
464:
463:
452:
448:
443:
442:
434:
430:
425:
424:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
342:
333:
324:
316:
315:
314:Carboniferous
307:
305:
296:
295:
287:
285:
145:
140:
135:
128:
123:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6598:
6534:Archean Eon
6496:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
6381:(485–539 Ma)
6350:(444–485 Ma)
6314:(419–444 Ma)
6283:(359–419 Ma)
6280:
6257:(299–359 Ma)
6226:(252–299 Ma)
6214:(252–539 Ma)
6178:(201–252 Ma)
6147:(145–201 Ma)
6106:Mesozoic Era
6006:Cenozoic Era
5879:
5841:
5830:the original
5825:
5796:19 September
5794:. Retrieved
5773:the original
5768:
5725:(1): 12–21.
5722:
5718:
5708:
5697:, retrieved
5675:
5665:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5575:
5571:
5561:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5487:
5481:
5470:
5442:
5435:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5361:, retrieved
5331:
5291:
5285:
5275:
5230:
5224:
5214:
5200:cite journal
5176:
5163:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5113:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5086:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5060:the original
5045:
5020:
5016:
5015:Lang 1937".
5012:
5006:
4992:(1): 12–20.
4989:
4985:
4979:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4844:
4840:
4835:Prototaxites
4834:
4826:
4799:
4795:
4790:Prototaxites
4789:
4781:
4756:
4752:
4749:Prototaxites
4748:
4742:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4661:
4655:
4645:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4503:
4499:
4489:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4408:
4404:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4336:
4332:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4290:
4284:
4274:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4219:(4): 401–429
4216:
4212:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4170:
4164:
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4122:
4116:
4091:. Retrieved
4071:
4065:
4055:
4035:
4028:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3957:
3951:
3941:
3912:
3906:
3889:
3881:the original
3876:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3849:
3840:
3799:
3795:
3761:, retrieved
3739:
3673:
3667:
3657:
3622:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3580:
3574:
3564:
3539:
3533:
3507:. Retrieved
3487:
3481:
3471:
3462:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3392:
3388:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3328:
3316:
3307:
3297:
3285:
3276:
3266:
3245:
3237:
3226:
3218:The Atlantic
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3191:
3181:
3162:
3156:
3145:
3136:
3117:
3108:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2990:
2986:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2959:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2778:Phacops rana
2777:
2771:
2717:
2702:
2690:
2661:Prototaxites
2607:
2592:
2571:
2532:
2517:Bothriolepis
2515:
2509:
2508:, including
2501:Cladoselache
2499:
2479:, a diverse
2477:Bothriolepis
2459:
2440:
2406:Titanichthys
2390:Dunkleosteus
2388:
2361:
2316:
2298:
2278:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2191:
2178:Prototaxites
2176:
2168:Protichnites
2166:
2141:forests and
2136:
2130:
2086:
2075:
2068:
2050:and various
2036:Cladoselache
2034:
2031:Osteichthyes
2019:ostracoderms
2000:. Lily-like
1979:
1962:Marine biota
1935:Palaeo-Adria
1923:
1919:metamorphism
1900:
1880:
1876:Vilyuy Traps
1856:
1844:Kazakhstania
1833:
1793:Paleo-Tethys
1786:
1746:
1742:Paraná Basin
1694:
1654:
1642:northeastern
1602:
1563:
1523:
1456:
1401:
1385:
1368:jawed fishes
1349:
1324:Agoniatitida
1294:
1282:
1279:Subdivisions
1243:and eastern
1230:
1218:
1195:
1172:
1105:
1101:sponge reefs
1068:, appeared.
1056:
989:
980:
956:land animals
934:had evolved
928:coal forests
909:life on land
902:
795:
793:
713:
644:
526:
433:Rhynie chert
312:
303:
301:
292:
281:
80:
40:
6570:Hadean Eon
6348:Ordovician
6119:Cretaceous
6019:Quaternary
4864:11336/97957
4517:3 September
4244:Coral Reefs
4093:11 November
4006:: 257–284.
3979:11 November
3960:: 279–297.
3932:11336/81577
3856:15 December
3676:: 104–125.
3602:14 December
3197:24 December
3114:Wells, John
2713:bony fishes
2630:hederelloid
2612:, a unique
2498:Shark-like
2369:vertebrates
2301:carbon sink
2244:dichotomous
2105:autotrophic
2023:fresh water
2014:Bactritoids
1990:hederellids
1986:brachiopods
1840:Tarim Block
1836:North China
1797:South China
1789:archipelago
1634:inland seas
1622:Ferrel cell
1618:Hadley cell
1594:Scandinavia
1542:Rheic Ocean
1530:Panthalassa
1328:Goniatitida
1267:had a warm
1131:South China
1127:Rheic Ocean
1078:coral reefs
1074:brachiopods
1040:pelvic fins
916:land plants
871:Phanerozoic
869:during the
759: /
709:FAD of the
685: /
558:Nickname(s)
6637:Categories
6572:(4–4.6 Ga)
6536:(2.5–4 Ga)
6465:(1–1.6 Ga)
6071:Paleogene
5909:Lochkovian
5822:"Devonian"
5765:"Devonian"
5578:: 116839.
5523:: 102984.
5233:: 104085.
4986:Paleoworld
4430:8 November
4384:24 January
4358:8 November
4074:: 109097.
3802:: 103129.
3736:"Devonian"
3142:"Devonian"
3004:7 December
2966:7 December
2830:References
2790:Categories
2705:acritarchs
2578:brachiopod
2504:, several
2444:pustulosus
2413:arthrodire
2262:horsetails
2258:lycophytes
2220:herbivores
2193:Piscichnus
2048:placoderms
2006:trilobites
1974:See also:
1933:(France),
1915:subduction
1860:Ural Ocean
1757:kimberlite
1702:South Pole
1665:island arc
1638:midwestern
1566:Euramerica
1479:Antarctica
1336:cephalopod
1332:Clymeniida
1320:nautiloids
1317:bactritoid
1301:Lochkovian
1196:While the
1094:extinction
1070:Trilobites
1063:cephalopod
1057:The first
1029:freshwater
1001:dominating
997:placoderms
986:jawed fish
976:Ordovician
960:arthropods
744:43°33′20″N
673:13°47′31″E
670:49°51′18″N
642:Graptolite
601:Definition
494:Widespread
349:Lochkovian
137:Chronology
6599:See also:
6379:Cambrian
6312:Silurian
6281:Devonian
6176:Triassic
6145:Jurassic
5951:Famennian
5747:210944155
5657:131270834
5649:0305-8719
5610:233578058
5602:0012-821X
5553:198415606
5545:0921-8181
5411:0036-8075
5358:241766371
5267:249616013
5087:The Times
5013:Cooksonia
4971:130053031
4694:131202472
4686:0022-3360
4353:236921239
4293:: 61–75.
4266:234012936
4187:129628791
4088:0031-0182
3974:0031-0182
3832:212928195
3824:0921-8181
3649:226643402
3597:0016-7606
3416:7 January
3100:206514545
2709:conodonts
2556:trilobite
2541:Wisconsin
2461:Onychodus
2417:Famennian
2415:from the
2239:Cooksonia
2187:tetrapods
2163:myriapods
2155:scorpions
2143:bacterial
2097:carbonate
2093:Australia
1982:bryozoans
1943:Franconia
1883:Manchuria
1817:Cimmerian
1809:Indochina
1761:Australia
1730:Patagonia
1722:Chaitenia
1710:accretion
1606:Greenland
1570:Laurentia
1558:Laurussia
1548:Laurussia
1515:Laurussia
1475:Australia
1392:Famennian
1313:ammonoids
1198:rock beds
1123:Laurussia
1106:Devonian
1059:ammonites
1048:hindlimbs
1044:forelimbs
1025:tetrapods
968:arachnids
964:myriapods
938:and true
864:Paleozoic
747:3°21′26″E
545:Etymology
391:Famennian
284:Paleozoic
6643:Devonian
6224:Permian
6045:Neogene
5946:Frasnian
5935:Givetian
5930:Eifelian
5838:"Museum"
5699:19 March
5462:33010274
5427:43002817
5419:17788674
5363:19 March
5189:Archived
5155:20642725
5089:. London
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4587:Episodes
4568:30051837
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3509:3 August
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3407:Archived
3389:Episodes
3192:BBC News
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2730:See also
2698:Big Five
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2283:. These
2173:Cambrian
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1630:hematite
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1511:tectonic
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1459:Gondwana
1443:icehouse
1434:microbes
1413:conodont
1404:glaciers
1388:Frasnian
1364:agnathan
1360:Givetian
1356:Eifelian
1340:Mesozoic
1257:climates
1115:Gondwana
1086:Proetida
1066:molluscs
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978:period.
972:hexapods
962:such as
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370:Eifelian
304:Devonian
294:Silurian
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5826:Palaeos
5727:Bibcode
5719:PALAIOS
5580:Bibcode
5525:Bibcode
5391:Bibcode
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4192:4 April
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3678:Bibcode
3544:Bibcode
3492:Bibcode
3072:Bibcode
3064:Science
2884:Bibcode
2537:crinoid
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2375:Gallery
2365:erosion
2183:insects
1939:Bohemia
1911:Pangaea
1907:equator
1848:Siberia
1805:terrane
1801:Annamia
1753:granite
1738:plutons
1718:Cuyania
1650:Belgium
1646:England
1574:Baltica
1416:apatite
1398:Climate
1305:Pragian
1249:Equator
1163:Torquay
1153:History
1147:Pangaea
1119:Siberia
1098:calcite
1096:of all
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640:of the
507:←
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466:←
445:←
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234:–
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5093:1 May
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2962:: 1–8
2804:Notes
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2254:woody
2226:Many
2151:mites
2147:soils
2101:algae
2083:Reefs
1749:Tibet
1726:Chile
1657:Idaho
1483:India
1430:reefs
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1175:Devon
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940:roots
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5798:2005
5701:2021
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5645:ISSN
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5365:2021
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5151:PMID
5095:2010
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4701:2015
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4519:2022
4469:PMID
4432:2022
4386:2019
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4225:2023
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4146:2023
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3970:ISSN
3858:2017
3820:ISSN
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3455:PMID
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3252:ISBN
3199:2016
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3088:PMID
3006:2020
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